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Zhang X, Yang Y, Liu L, Sui X, Bermudez RS, Wang L, He W, Xu H. Insights into the efficient degradation mechanism of extracellular proteases mediated by Purpureocillium lilacinum. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1404439. [PMID: 39040909 PMCID: PMC11260826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Protease secretion is crucial for degrading nematode cuticles using nematophagous fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum, but the secretion pattern of protease remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the degradation mechanism of proteases by investigating the characteristics of protease secretion under various carbon and nitrogen sources, and different carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios in P. lilacinum. The results showed that corn flour as a carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source specifically induced protease secretion in P. lilacinum. P. lilacinum produced significant amounts of gelatinase and casein enzyme at C:N ratios of 10:1, 20:1, and 40:1, indicating that higher C:N ratios were more beneficial for secreting extracellular proteases. Proteomic analysis revealed 14 proteases, including 4 S8 serine endopeptidases and one M28 aminopeptidase. Among four S8 serine peptidases, Alp1 exhibited a high secretion level at C:N ratio less than 5:1, whereas PR1C, PR1D, and P32 displayed higher secretion levels at higher C:N ratios. In addition, the transcription levels of GATA transcription factors were investigated, revealing that Asd-4, A0A179G170, and A0A179HGL4 were more prevalent at a C:N ratio of 40:1. In contrast, the transcription levels of SREP, AreA, and NsdD were higher at lower C:N ratios. The putative regulatory profile of extracellular protease production in P. lilacinum, induced by different C:N ratios, was analyzed. The findings offered insights into the complexity of protease production and aided in the hydrolytic degradation of nematode cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Sui
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | | | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxing He
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Huilian Xu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
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Patidar P, Prasad L, Sagar S, Sirohi A, Saharan MS, Dhillon MK, Singh VK, Bag TK. Chemo-profiling of Purpureocillium lilacinum and Paecilomyces variotii isolates using GC-MS analysis, and evaluation of their metabolites against M. incognita. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297925. [PMID: 38358978 PMCID: PMC10868743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Nematophagous fungi are the best alternatives to chemical nematicides for managing nematodes considering environmental health. In the current study, activity of metabolites from ten isolates of Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) and two isolates of Paecilomyces variotii Bainier (Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae), were examined to inhibit the hatching of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) eggs. At 100%, 50%, and 25% concentrations, respectively, the culture filtrate of the isolate P. lilacinum 6887 prevented 97.55%, 90.52%, and 62.97% of egg hatching. Out of all the isolates, Pl 6887, Pl 6553, and Pl 2362 showed the greatest results in the hatching inhibition experiment.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed a variety of nematicidal compounds from different isolates. A total of seven nematicidal compounds, including four very potent nematicidal fatty acids were found in the isolate Pl 6553. Secondary metabolites of the same isolate possess the highest M. incognita juvenile mortality, i.e., 43.33% and 92% after 48 hrs of treatment at 100 and 200 ppm concentrations, respectively. Significant difference was observed in juvenile mortality percentage among the isolate having highest and lowest nematicidal compounds. Nematicidal fatty acids like myristic and lauric acid were found for the first time in P. lilacinum. Multiple vacuole-like droplets were found inside the unhatched eggs inoculated with the culture filtrate of isolate Pl 6887, and also in the juveniles that perished in the ethyl acetate extract of isolate Pl 6553.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Patidar
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Lakshman Prasad
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushma Sagar
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahender Singh Saharan
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Dhillon
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaibhav Kumar Singh
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Tusar Kanti Bag
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Hawar SN, Taha ZK, Hamied AS, Al-Shmgani HS, Sulaiman GM, Elsilk SE. Antifungal Activity of Bioactive Compounds Produced by the Endophytic Fungus Paecilomyces sp. (JN227071.1) against Rhizoctonia solani. Int J Biomater 2023; 2023:2411555. [PMID: 37122583 PMCID: PMC10139814 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2411555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologically active natural compounds are molecules produced by plants or plant-related microbes, such as endophytes. Many of these metabolites have a wide range of antimicrobial activities and other pharmaceutical properties. This study aimed to evaluate (in vitro) the antifungal activities of the secondary metabolites obtained from Paecilomyces sp. against the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The endophytic fungus Paecilomyces was isolated from Moringa oleifera leaves and cultured on potato dextrose broth for the production of the fungal metabolites. The activity of Paecilomyces filtrate against the radial growth of Rhizoctonia solani was tested by mixing the filtrate with potato dextrose agar medium at concentrations of 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%, for which the percentages of inhibition of the radial growth were 37.5, 50, 52.5, and 56.25%, respectively. The dual culture method was conducted on PDA medium to observe the antagonistic nature of the antibiotic impacts of Paecilomyces sp. towards the pathogenic fungus. The strength of the antagonistic impacts was manifested by a 76.25% inhibition rate, on a scale of 4 antagonistic levels. Ethyl acetate extract of Paecilomyces sp. was obtained by liquid-liquid partition of the broth containing the fungus. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified the presence of important chemical components e.g., (E) 9, cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (48.607), 1-Heptacosanol, 1-Nonadecene, Cyclotetracosane (5.979), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl 2-methylpropyl ester, di-sec-butyl phthalate (3.829), 1-Nonadecene, n-Nonadecanol-1, Behenic alcohol (3.298), n-Heptadecanol-1, 1-hexadecanol, n-Pentadecanol (2.962), Dodecanoic acid (2.849), 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl ester, oleic acid, 9-Octadecenal, and (Z)-(2.730). These results suggest that secondary metabolites of the endophytic Paecilomyces possess antifungal properties and could potentially be utilized in various applications, such as environmental protection and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya Naeema Hawar
- Biology Department, College of Education for Pure Science, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Zainab K. Taha
- Ministry of Education, First Resafa Education Directorate, Al-Mutamizat High School for Girls, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Atyaf Saied Hamied
- Biology Department, College of Education for Pure Science, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hanady S. Al-Shmgani
- Biology Department, College of Education for Pure Science, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ghassan M. Sulaiman
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sobhy E. Elsilk
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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Lara da Costa G, Escórcio Ferreira I, Corrêa-Moreira D, Marinho A, Benedito de Almeida A, Antônio Pereira S, Moraes Borba C, Marques Evangelista Oliveira M. Soil samples from sporotrichosis transmission belt area: Searching for fungal species and their antagonistic activity against Sporothrix brasiliensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1033969. [PMID: 36530440 PMCID: PMC9751316 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1033969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1998, the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has become a public health problem regarding sporotrichosis, a disease caused by Sporothrix spp. involving contact with infected cats. Efforts to isolate these species from environmental sources are not always successful. In our study, soil from residences situated in cities of Rio de Janeiro where cats with sporotrichosis live was collected and cultured an attempt to isolate Sporothrix spp. but it was not successful. However, other saprophytic fungal species were isolated from soil and identified and among them Purpureocillium lilacinum was the most frequent. From there, we decided to study the in vitro interaction of this species with S. brasiliensis, the principal agent that causes sporotrichosis in this state. The results showed that ten isolates of P. lilacinum inhibited the radial mycelial growth of S. brasiliensis with different percentage of inhibition. The interaction between them revealed the pattern described as overgrowth by antagonist. In conclusion, our data suggest that fungal species with very fast growth and capable of producing metabolites could hinder the growth of Sporothrix spp., it also opens the way for the identification of secondary metabolites with biological activity that could be tested against pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Lara da Costa
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella Escórcio Ferreira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielly Corrêa-Moreira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Postdoctoral in Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,*Correspondence: Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira, ; Danielly Corrêa-Moreira,
| | - Anna Marinho
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adilson Benedito de Almeida
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antônio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cintia Moraes Borba
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,*Correspondence: Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira, ; Danielly Corrêa-Moreira,
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Lax P, Passone MA, Becerra AG, Sosa AL, Ciancio A, Finetti-Sialer MM, Rosso LC. Sustainable strategies for management of the "false root-knot nematode" Nacobbus spp. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1046315. [PMID: 36570909 PMCID: PMC9774502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1046315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The genus Nacobbus, known as the false root-knot nematode, is native to the American continent and comprises polyphagous species adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions. Alone or in combination with other biotic and abiotic factors, Nacobbus spp. can cause significant economic yield losses on main food crops such as potato, sugar beet, tomato, pepper and bean, in South and North America. Although the genus distribution is restricted to the American continent, it has quarantine importance and is subject to international legislation to prevent its spread to other regions, such as the European Union. The management of Nacobbus spp. remains unsatisfactory due to the lack of information related to different aspects of its life cycle, survival stages in the soil and in plant material, a rapid and reliable diagnostic method for its detection and the insufficient source of resistant plant genotypes. Due to the high toxicity of chemical nematicides, the search for alternatives has been intensified. Therefore, this review reports findings on the application of environmentally benign treatments to manage Nacobbus spp. Biological control strategies, such as the use of different organisms (mainly bacteria, fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes) and other eco-compatible approaches (such as metabolites, essential oils, plant extracts, phytohormones and amendments), either alone or as part of a combined control strategy, are discussed. Knowledge of potential sources of resistance for genetic improvement for crops susceptible to Nacobbus spp. are also reported. The sustainable strategies outlined here offer immediate benefits, not only to counter the pathogen, but also as good alternatives to improve crop health and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lax
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María A. Passone
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Ambiental (ECOMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Rio Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Alejandra G. Becerra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana L. Sosa
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Ambiental (ECOMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Rio Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Aurelio Ciancio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Laura C. Rosso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
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Taleb RO, Sahir-halouane F, Harrat Z, Saker R, Belaouni HA, Matmoura A, Boubidi SC, Bouras N, Meklat A, Verheecke-vaessen C. Isolation and characterization of five Purpureocillium strains from Algerian soils and assessment of their larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shen J, Zhang C, Zhang S, Chen F, Pei F, Zhou S, Lin H. Screening, isolation and mechanism of a nematicidal extract from actinomycetes against the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Mhatre PH, Divya KL, Venkatasalam EP, Watpade S, Bairwa A, Patil J. Management of potato cyst nematodes with special focus on biological control and trap cropping strategies. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3746-3759. [PMID: 35638382 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Potato cyst nematodes (PCNs; Globodera spp.) are one of the most difficult pests of potato to manage worldwide. Indiscriminate use of pesticides and their hazardous effects discourage the use of many chemicals for the management of PCNs. As a result, biological control agents and trap crops have received more attention from growers as safer ways to manage PCNs. The biological control agents such as Pochonia chlamydosporia, Purpureocillium lilacinum, Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus spp., Pasteuria spp., and others are recognized as potential candidates for the management of PCNs. Moreover recently, the use of trap crop Solanum sisymbriifolium also showed promise by drastically reducing soil populations of PCNs. Integration of these management strategies along with other practices including identification, conservation, and multiplication of native antagonists, will facilitate efficient management of the PCNs in potato cropping system. Some of the promising research approaches that are being used against PCNs are addressed in this review. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank Hanuman Mhatre
- Division of Plant Protection, ICAR - Central Potato Research Institute, The Nilgiris, India
| | - K L Divya
- Division of Plant Protection, ICAR - Central Potato Research Institute, The Nilgiris, India
| | - E P Venkatasalam
- Division of Plant Protection, ICAR - Central Potato Research Institute, The Nilgiris, India
| | - Santosh Watpade
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Aarti Bairwa
- Division of Plant Protection, ICAR - Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Jagadeesh Patil
- Division of Germplasm Collection and Characterisation, ICAR - National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India
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Pathogenicity and Metabolites of Purpureocillium lavendulum YMF1.00683 against Meloidogyne incognita. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070795. [PMID: 35890039 PMCID: PMC9320282 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lavendulum is a biological control agent with several registered products that can parasitize the eggs and larvae of various pathogenic nematodes. In this study, the pathogenicity and secondary metabolites of the fungus P. lavendulum YMF1.00683 were investigated. The strain YMF1.00683 had infection efficiency against the plant root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The strain’s process of infecting nematodes was observed under a microscope. Moreover, seven metabolites, including a new sterol (1), were isolated and identified from cultures of YMF1.0068 in Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. A bioassay showed that 5-methoxymethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (7) is toxic to M. incognita and affects the egg hatching. It caused 98.23% mortality in M. incognita and could inhibit 80.78% of the hatching eggs at 400 μg/mL over a period of 96 h. Furthermore, 5-methoxymethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (7) showed a strong avoidance effect at 40 ppm, and its chemotactic index value was −0.37. The results indicate that P. lavendulum could produce active metabolites against M. incognita.
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Liu R, Bao ZX, Li GH, Li CQ, Wang SL, Pan XR, Zhang KQ, Zhao PJ. Identification of Nematicidal Metabolites from Purpureocillium lavendulum. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071343. [PMID: 35889062 PMCID: PMC9325011 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lavendulum is a fungus with promising biocontrol applications. Here, transcriptome data acquired during the infection of Caenorhabditis elegans by Purpureocillium lavendulum showed that the transcription of metabolite synthesis genes was significantly up-regulated after 24 and 48 h of the fungus-nematode interaction. Then, the up-regulated transcription level of lipoxygenase was confirmed by RT-qPCR. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis of differential metabolites revealed that this interaction resulted in the emergence of new metabolites or enhanced the production of metabolites. The results of the UPLC-MS analysis and the nematicidal assay were used to establish optimal culturing conditions under which 12 metabolites, including 3 hydroxylated C18 fatty acids and 9 steroids, were isolated and identified. Among them, hydroxylated fatty acids showed pronounced nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita, and two degradative sterols showed chemotaxis activity to M. incognita. This study lays a foundation for the function of lipoxygenase and its products during the infection of Purpureocillium lavendulum.
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Sosa AL, Girardi NS, Rosso LC, Etcheverry MG, Passone MA. In vitro compatibility of Brassicaceae extracts with nematophagous fungi and their effects against Nacobbus celatus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:138. [PMID: 35701691 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nacobbus celatus sp. n. is one of the main root-knot nematodes in the field destined for horticultural production of the central region of Argentine due to its ability to infect several host plants. The lack of new and safe active ingredients against this nematode has restricted control alternatives for growers. Egg-parasitic fungi and biofumigation with brassicaceae have been considered as potential candidates for the development of bionematicides. Nematicidal effects of Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) and Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) aqueous extracts (AEs) against second-stage juveniles (J2) of N. celatus were evaluated in vitro. Fisher LSD tests evidenced significant nematicidal (α = 0.05) effects of the two AEs tested, with LD100 of 250 and 500 μL mL-1 for broccoli and cabbage, respectively. Compatibility assays between AEs and five nematophagous fungi were performed on soil extract medium conditioned at 0.99 water activity and incubated at 30, 25 and 20 °C. Purpureocillium lilacinum SR14 was the fungal strain that showed compatibility at levels of spore viability, growth rate and conidia productions at LD50 (125 μL mL-1) and LD25 (60 μL mL-1) of broccoli aqueous extract (BAE) and enhanced the nematophagous effect. Moreover, phytotoxic studies revealed that 125 μL mL-1 of BAE applied at the transplantation time could be safely used without affecting tomato culture. In conclusion, the integrated application of BAE with P. lilacinum SR14, which combines two action mechanisms, represents a promising integrated strategy to management phytoparasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Sosa
- CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nac. 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto, Argentina.
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N°36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Natalia Soledad Girardi
- CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nac. 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Laura Cristina Rosso
- CNR - Istituto Per La Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Sede Di Bari, Via G. Amendola, 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Graciela Etcheverry
- CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nac. 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - María Alejandra Passone
- CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nac. 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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In vitro characterization bioassays of the nematophagous fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum: Evaluation on growth, extracellular enzymes, mycotoxins and survival in the surrounding agroecosystem of tomato. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:300-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Huilgol SN, Nandeesha KL, Banu H. Fungal Biocontrol Agents: An Eco-friendly Option for the Management of Plant Diseases to Attain Sustainable Agriculture in India. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Insect-fungal-interactions: A detailed review on entomopathogenic fungi pathogenicity to combat insect pests. Microb Pathog 2021; 159:105122. [PMID: 34352375 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Global food security is threatened by insect pests of economically important crops. Chemical pesticides have been used frequently for the last few decades to manage insect pests throughout the world. However, these chemicals are hazardous for human health as well as the ecosystem. In addition, several pests have evolved resistance to many chemicals. Finding environment friendly alternatives lead the researchers to introduce biocontrol agents such as entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). These fungi include various genera that can infect and kill insects efficiently. Moreover, EPFs have considerable host specificity with a mild effect on non-target organisms and can be produced in bulk quantity quickly. However, insights into the biology of EPF and mechanism of action are of prime significance for their efficient utilization as a biocontrol agent. This review focuses on EPF-mediated insect management by explaining particular EPF strains and their general mode of action. We have comprehensively discussed which criteria should be used for the selection of pertinent EPF, and which aspects can impact the EPF efficiency. Finally, we have outlined various advantages of EPF and their limitations. The article summarizes the prospects related to EPF utilization as biocontrol agents. We hope that future strategies for the management of insects will be safer for our planet.
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Chalivendra S. Microbial Toxins in Insect and Nematode Pest Biocontrol. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147657. [PMID: 34299280 PMCID: PMC8303606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrate pests, such as insects and nematodes, not only cause or transmit human and livestock diseases but also impose serious crop losses by direct injury as well as vectoring pathogenic microbes. The damage is global but greater in developing countries, where human health and food security are more at risk. Although synthetic pesticides have been in use, biological control measures offer advantages via their biodegradability, environmental safety and precise targeting. This is amply demonstrated by the successful and widespread use of Bacillusthuringiensis to control mosquitos and many plant pests, the latter by the transgenic expression of insecticidal proteins from B. thuringiensis in crop plants. Here, I discuss the prospects of using bacterial and fungal toxins for pest control, including the molecular basis of their biocidal activity.
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Elsherbiny EA, Taher MA, Abd El-Aziz MH, Mohamed SY. Action mechanisms and biocontrol of Purpureocillium lilacinum against green mould caused by Penicillium digitatum in orange fruit. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1378-1390. [PMID: 33484589 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study evaluated, for the first time, the inhibitory effects of the filtrate of Purpureocillium lilacinum against Penicillium digitatum. METHODS AND RESULTS No direct contact between P. lilacinum and P. digitatum was observed during the dual culture test and the inhibition zone was 6·1 mm. The filtrate of P. lilacinum completely inhibited P. digitatum growth and spore germination at the concentration of 64%. The filtrate increased the permeability of the cell membrane and the content of MDA in P. digitatum. The ergosterol content in P. digitatum was strongly inhibited at 32% by 81·1%. The green mould incidence and severity in filtrate-treated fruit at 64% were 71·7 and 80·7% lower than in the control, respectively. The filtrate enhanced the activity of PAL, PPO and POD enzymes in orange fruit. The POD and PAL gene expression levels were significantly upregulated in the fruit treated with the filtrate. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the antifungal mechanism of P. lilacinum filtrate against P. digitatum is mainly by the damage of the fungal cell membrane and its components. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work provides the pioneer evidence on the application of P. lilacinum filtrate as a novel biocontrol agent for orange green mould.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Elsherbiny
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M A Taher
- Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M H Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - S Y Mohamed
- Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Paecilomyces and Its Importance in the Biological Control of Agricultural Pests and Diseases. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121746. [PMID: 33321854 PMCID: PMC7763231 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating beneficial microorganisms in crop production is the most promising strategy for maintaining agricultural productivity and reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Numerous microorganisms have been described in the literature as biological control agents for pests and diseases, although some have not yet been commercialised due to their lack of viability or efficacy in different crops. Paecilomyces is a cosmopolitan fungus that is mainly known for its nematophagous capacity, but it has also been reported as an insect parasite and biological control agent of several fungi and phytopathogenic bacteria through different mechanisms of action. In addition, species of this genus have recently been described as biostimulants of plant growth and crop yield. This review includes all the information on the genus Paecilomyces as a biological control agent for pests and diseases. Its growth rate and high spore production rate in numerous substrates ensures the production of viable, affordable, and efficient commercial formulations for agricultural use.
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Functional Characterization of Core Regulatory Genes Involved in Sporulation of the Nematophagous Fungus Purpureocillium lavendulum. mSphere 2020; 5:5/5/e00932-20. [PMID: 33115838 PMCID: PMC8534313 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00932-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematophagous fungus Purpureocillium lavendulum is a natural enemy of plant-parasitic nematodes, which cause severe economic losses in agriculture worldwide. The production of asexual spores (conidia) in P. lavendulum is crucial for its biocontrol activity against nematodes. In this study, we characterized the core regulatory genes involved in conidiation of P. lavendulum at the molecular level. The central regulatory pathway is composed of three genes, P. lavendulumbrlA (PlbrlA), PlabaA, and PlwetA, which regulate the early, middle, and late stages of asexual development, respectively. The deletion of PlbrlA completely inhibited conidiation, with only conidiophore stalks produced. PlAbaA determines the differentiation of conidia from phialides. The deletion of PlwetA affected many phenotypes related to conidial maturation, including abscission of conidia from conidium strings, thickening of the cell wall layers, vacuole generation inside the cytoplasm, production of trehalose, tolerance to heat shock, etc. Comparative analyses showed that the upstream regulators of the core regulatory pathway of conidiation, especially the “fluffy” genes, were different from those in Aspergillus. Besides their roles in conidiation, the central regulators also influence the production of secondary metabolites, such as the leucinostatins, in P. lavendulum. Our study revealed a set of essential genes controlling conidiation in P. lavendulum and provided a framework for further molecular genetic studies on fungus-nematode interactions and for the biocontrol of plant-parasitic nematodes. IMPORTANCE Plant-parasitic nematodes cause serious damage to crops throughout the world. Purpureocillium lavendulum is a nematophagous fungus which is a natural enemy of nematodes and a potential biocontrol agent against plant-parasitic nematodes. The conidia play an important role during infection of nematodes. In this study, we identified and characterized genes involved in regulating asexual development of P. lavendulum. We found that these genes not only regulate conidiation but also influence secondary-metabolite production. This work provides a basis for future studies of fungus-nematode interactions and nematode biocontrol.
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Du D, Lu L, Hu X, Pu Z, Huang Z, Chen G, Liu S, Lyu J. Virulence of Purpureocillium lilacinum strain ZJPL08 and efficacy of a wettable powder formulation against the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1823881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danchao Du
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Lianming Lu
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiurong Hu
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhanxu Pu
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhendong Huang
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shunmin Liu
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jia Lyu
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Liu R, Khan RAA, Yue Q, Jiao Y, Yang Y, Li Y, Xie B. Discovery of a new antifungal lipopeptaibol from Purpureocillium lilacinum using MALDI-TOF-IMS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:689-695. [PMID: 32423807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are considered to be rich in biologically active natural products for agricultural and medicinal purposes. The discovery and accurate identification of the bioactive fungal natural products is important for their efficient utilization. During the course of our continuing search for the new natural products from the fungal agents, we found the well-known bio-control fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum showed in vitro activity against Botrytis cinerea, an airborne plant pathogenic fungus causing gray mold disease in many vegetables and fruits. The co-culture of two fungi on agar plate showed that P. lilacinum inhibited the growth of B. cinerea which means P. lilacinum has potential to produce some bioactive secondary metabolites against B. cinerea. In this study, we applied matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-IMS), as a fast identification tool, for the discovery of a new antifungal lipopeptaibol (leucinostatin Z) from P. lilacinum against B. cinerea. The planar structure of leucinostatin Z was further established by using the LC-HRESI-MS-MS analysis. MALDI-TOF-IMS is becoming a new approach that allows us to observe the bioactive natural products directly on growth media between the colonies of two fungi, which is faster and more effective than the traditional techniques to discover new bioactive compounds in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Raja Asad Ali Khan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qun Yue
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Niu X, Thaochan N, Hu Q. Diversity of Linear Non-Ribosomal Peptide in Biocontrol Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E61. [PMID: 32408496 PMCID: PMC7345191 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol fungi (BFs) play a key role in regulation of pest populations. BFs produce multiple non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) and other secondary metabolites that interact with pests, plants and microorganisms. NRPs-including linear and cyclic peptides (L-NRPs and C-NRPs)-are small peptides frequently containing special amino acids and other organic acids. They are biosynthesized in fungi through non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs). Compared with C-NRPs, L-NRPs have simpler structures, with only a linear chain and biosynthesis without cyclization. BFs mainly include entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, that are used to control insect pests and phytopathogens in fields, respectively. NRPs play an important role of in the interactions of BFs with insects or phytopathogens. On the other hand, the residues of NRPs may contaminate food through BFs activities in the environment. In recent decades, C-NRPs in BFs have been thoroughly reviewed. However, L-NRPs are rarely investigated. In order to better understand the species and potential problems of L-NRPs in BFs, this review lists the L-NRPs from entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, summarizes their sources, structures, activities and biosynthesis, and details risks and utilization prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Narit Thaochan
- Pest Management Biotechnology and Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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Moussa AY, Lambert C, Stradal TE, Ashrafi S, Maier W, Stadler M, Helaly SE. New Peptaibiotics and a Cyclodepsipeptide from Ijuhya vitellina: Isolation, Identification, Cytotoxic and Nematicidal Activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9030132. [PMID: 32235703 PMCID: PMC7148537 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal associations with nematodes have attracted scientific attention because of the need to develop new biocontrol agents. In this context, Ijuhya vitellina, an antagonistic fungus previously isolated from the plant parasitic cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi, was selected to carry out an in-depth metabolomic study for its active metabolites. Herein, three new nonapeptide peptaibols with leucinostatin based sequences were isolated and identified by 1, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS-MS. The absolute configuration was assigned based on Marfay’s analysis and Mosher ester formation. The new leucinostatins manifested moderate nematicidal effect against the plant pathogenic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans with LD90 values ranging from 5 to 7 µg/mL. Furthermore, a cyclodepsipeptide, named arthrichitin D, with five amino acid residues attached to a 3-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylhexadeca-4,6-dienoic fatty acid chain was discovered and showed weak nematicidal effect against Caenorhabditis elegans. Chaetoglobosin B and its 19-O-acetyl derivative were also obtained as minor metabolites, and the activity of chaetoglobosin B on the actin cytoskeleton of mammalian cells was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaimaa Y. Moussa
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain shams University, Abbassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Christopher Lambert
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.L.); (T.E.B.S.)
| | - Theresia E.B. Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.L.); (T.E.B.S.)
| | - Samad Ashrafi
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI)–Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.A.); (W.M.)
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI)–Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.A.); (W.M.)
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.E.H.)
| | - Soleiman E. Helaly
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, 81528 Aswan, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.E.H.)
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Strom N, Hu W, Haarith D, Chen S, Bushley K. Corn and Soybean Host Root Endophytic Fungi with Toxicity Toward the Soybean Cyst Nematode. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:603-614. [PMID: 31631807 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-19-0243-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although fungal endophytes are commonly investigated for their ability to deter microbial plant pathogens, few studies have examined the activity of fungal root endophytes against nematodes. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines), the most severe yield-limiting pathogen of soybean (Glycine max), is commonly managed through rotation of soybean with corn (Zea mays), a nonhost of the SCN. A total of 626 fungal endophytes were isolated from surface-sterilized corn and soybean roots from experimental plots in which soybean and corn had been grown under annual rotation and under 1, 3, 5, and 35 years of continuous monoculture. Fungal isolates were grouped into 401 morphotypes, which were clustered into 108 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on 99% sequence similarity of the full internal transcribed spacer region. Morphotype representatives within each OTU were grown in malt extract broth and in a secondary metabolite-inducing medium buffered with ammonium tartrate, and their culture filtrates were tested for nematicidal activity against SCN juveniles. A majority of OTUs containing isolates with nematicidal culture filtrates were in the order Hypocreales, with the genus Fusarium being the most commonly isolated nematicidal genus from corn and soybean roots. Less commonly isolated taxa from soybean roots included the nematophagous fungi Hirsutella rhossiliensis, Metacordyceps chlamydosporia, and Arthrobotrys iridis. Root endophytic fungal diversity in soybean was positively correlated with SCN density, suggesting that the SCN plays a role in shaping the soybean root endophytic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Strom
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Weiming Hu
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Deepak Haarith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Senyu Chen
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN
| | - Kathryn Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
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Potential insecticidal activity of Sarocladium strictum, an endophyte of Cynanchum acutum, against Spodoptera littoralis, a polyphagous insect pest. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Kumar KK. Fungi: A Bio-resource for the Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Elbanhawy AA, Elsherbiny EA, Abd El-Mageed AE, Abdel-Fattah GM. Potential of fungal metabolites as a biocontrol agent against cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover and the possible mechanisms of action. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 159:34-40. [PMID: 31400782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the insecticidal activity of the different organic extracts from the entomopathogenic fungi, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Metarhizium anisopliae, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Trichoderma longibrachiatum towards cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii. The methanol extracts from the mycelia and spores of C. cladosporioides and P. lilacinum exhibited the highest insecticidal activity against A. gossypii compared with other extracts, which LC50 values were recorded to be 57.60 and 94.18 ppm, respectively. The major constituents identified in both methanol extracts by GC-MS analysis were linoleic acid and palmitic acid. The methanol extracts of C. cladosporioides and P. lilacinum caused a voluminous increase in the total carbohydrates content of A. gossypii adults, while the total protein content was significantly decreased by both extracts. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly reduced by methanol extracts. The P. lilacinum extract caused a considerable reduction in the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), α- and β-esterase by 28.9, 27.9 and 23.4%, respectively. Both extracts induced a significant increase in phenoloxidase and chitinase activity of A. gossypii adults. These results suggest that C. cladosporioides and P. lilacinum methanol extracts could be used as a promising approach for the management of A. gossypii in many economically crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A Elbanhawy
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Elsherbiny A Elsherbiny
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed E Abd El-Mageed
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gamal M Abdel-Fattah
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Functional genetic analysis of the leucinostatin biosynthesis transcription regulator lcsL in Purpureocillium lilacinum using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6187-6194. [PMID: 31175427 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum is a promising commercial agent for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes and plant pathogens. Leucinostatins are a family of lipopeptides produced by P. lilacinum that are synthesized, modified, and regulated by a gene cluster consisting of 20 genes. Sequence analyses have indicated that lcsL, a gene in the lcs cluster, is a putative bZIP transcription factor. In this study, the CRISPR-Cas9 system was introduced to increase the efficiency of homologous recombination for the disruption of lcsL. The expression of genes in the cluster was significantly reduced in lcsL disruption mutants, and the output of leucinostatins was decreased to undetectable levels. In the lcsL overexpression strain, the expression of genes in the cluster and the yield of leucinostatins were all increased. The antagonism of both the wild type and mutant against Phytophthora infestans was also consistent with the gene expression and the output of leucinostatins. These results indicate that the gene lcsL is crucial for the regulating the synthesis of leucinostatins.
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Lacatena F, Marra R, Mazzei P, Piccolo A, Digilio MC, Giorgini M, Woo SL, Cavallo P, Lorito M, Vinale F. Chlamyphilone, a Novel Pochonia chlamydosporia Metabolite with Insecticidal Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040750. [PMID: 30791467 PMCID: PMC6412625 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites from a collection of selected fungal isolates have been screened for insecticidal activity against the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Crude organic extracts of culture filtrates from six fungal isolates (Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Penicillium griseofulvum, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Talaromyces pinophilus) caused mortality of aphids within 72 h after treatment. In this work, bioassay-guided fractionation has been used to characterize the main bioactive metabolites accumulated in fungal extracts. Leucinostatins A, B and D represent the bioactive compounds produced by P. lilacinus. From P. griseofulvum and B. bassiana extracts, griseofulvin and beauvericin have been isolated, respectively; 3-O-Methylfunicone and a mixture of destruxins have been found in the active fractions of T. pinophilum and M. anisopliae, respectively. A novel azaphilone compound, we named chlamyphilone, with significant insecticidal activity, has been isolated from the culture filtrate of P. chlamydosporia. Its structure has been determined using extensive spectroscopic methods and chemical derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lacatena
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Roberta Marra
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Mazzei
- Dipartimento di Farmacia (DIFARMA), Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Spettroscopia di Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare, per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Spettroscopia di Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare, per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Massimo Giorgini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IPSP-CNR), 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Sheridan L Woo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IPSP-CNR), 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Pierpaolo Cavallo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello", Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
- Istituto Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISC-CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IPSP-CNR), 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IPSP-CNR), 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
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Nematodes avoid and are killed by Bacillus mycoides-produced styrene. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 159:129-136. [PMID: 30268676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are obligate parasites that feed on plant roots and cause serious crop losses worldwide. Bacillus species (Bacilliaceae) can produce nematicidal metabolites and have shown good potential for biological control of nematodes. In this study, Bacillus mycoides strain R2 isolated from rhizosphere soil of tomato plants exhibited high nematicidal activity against the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. In a pot experiment, control efficiency of B. mycoides R2 on M. incognita was as high as 90.94%. The nematicidal compound was isolated and identified as styrene. The median lethal concentration of styrene against M. incognita was 4.55 μg/ml (m/v). The volatile styrene caused avoidance and killed nematodes primarily by the olfactory neuron and G protein signal pathway. C. elegans detected styrene with the AWB neuron; the signal was then transmitted to the downstream G protein coupled receptors CHE-3, DOP-3, and STR-2. Then signal activated G protein GPA-3 and GPA-7. The signal was then transmitted to ion channels (CNGs channel and TRPV channel), causing calcium ion internal flow and a stress response towards the increased concentration of intracellular calcium. Styrene should be registered as a nematode repellent and biocontrol agent for protection of crops against root-knot nematode attack.
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Mullowney MW, McClure RA, Robey MT, Kelleher NL, Thomson RJ. Natural products from thioester reductase containing biosynthetic pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:847-878. [PMID: 29916519 PMCID: PMC6146020 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00013a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2018 Thioester reductase domains catalyze two- and four-electron reductions to release natural products following assembly on nonribosomal peptide synthetases, polyketide synthases, and their hybrid biosynthetic complexes. This reductive off-loading of a natural product yields an aldehyde or alcohol, can initiate the formation of a macrocyclic imine, and contributes to important intermediates in a variety of biosyntheses, including those for polyketide alkaloids and pyrrolobenzodiazepines. Compounds that arise from reductase-terminated biosynthetic gene clusters are often reactive and exhibit biological activity. Biomedically important examples include the cancer therapeutic Yondelis (ecteinascidin 743), peptide aldehydes that inspired the first therapeutic proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and numerous synthetic derivatives and antibody drug conjugates of the pyrrolobenzodiazepines. Recent advances in microbial genomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics, and reactivity-based labeling have facilitated the detection of these compounds for targeted isolation. Herein, we summarize known natural products arising from this important category, highlighting their occurrence in Nature, biosyntheses, biological activities, and the technologies used for their detection and identification. Additionally, we review publicly available genomic data to highlight the remaining potential for novel reductively tailored compounds and drug leads from microorganisms. This thorough retrospective highlights various molecular families with especially privileged bioactivity while illuminating challenges and prospects toward accelerating the discovery of new, high value natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Mullowney
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ryan A McClure
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Matthew T Robey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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31
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Devi G. Utilization of Nematode Destroying Fungi for Management of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes-A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nematode destroying fungi are potential biocontrol agent for management of plant-parasitic nematodes. They inhibit nematode population through trapping devices or by means of enzymes and metabolic products. They regulate nematode behavior by interfering plant-nematode recognition, and promote plant growth. For more effective biocontrol, thorough understanding of the biology of nematode destroying fungi, targeted nematode pest and the soil ecology and environmental condition in the field is necessary. This review highlights different types of nematode destroying fungi, their mode of action as well as commercial products based on reports published in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Devi
- Department of Nematology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India
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32
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Microbial and viral chitinases: Attractive biopesticides for integrated pest management. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:818-838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Stubbing LA, Kavianinia I, Brimble MA. Synthesis of AHMOD-containing aminolipopeptides, unique bioactive peptaibiotics. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:3542-3549. [PMID: 28398442 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An interesting family of bioactive aminolipopeptides contain the unusual building block 2-amino-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-oxodecanoic acid (AHMOD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A. Stubbing
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
| | - Iman Kavianinia
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
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Xie J, Li S, Mo C, Xiao X, Peng D, Wang G, Xiao Y. Genome and Transcriptome Sequences Reveal the Specific Parasitism of the Nematophagous Purpureocillium lilacinum 36-1. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1084. [PMID: 27486440 PMCID: PMC4949223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum is a promising nematophagous ascomycete able to adapt diverse environments and it is also an opportunistic fungus that infects humans. A microbial inoculant of P. lilacinum has been registered to control plant parasitic nematodes. However, the molecular mechanism of the toxicological processes is still unclear because of the relatively few reports on the subject. In this study, using Illumina paired-end sequencing, the draft genome sequence and the transcriptome of P. lilacinum strain 36-1 infecting nematode-eggs were determined. Whole genome alignment indicated that P. lilacinum 36-1 possessed a more dynamic genome in comparison with P. lilacinum India strain. Moreover, a phylogenetic analysis showed that the P. lilacinum 36-1 had a closer relation to entomophagous fungi. The protein-coding genes in P. lilacinum 36-1 occurred much more frequently than they did in other fungi, which was a result of the depletion of repeat-induced point mutations (RIP). Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses revealed the genes that were involved in pathogenicity, particularly in the recognition, adhesion of nematode-eggs, downstream signal transduction pathways and hydrolase genes. By contrast, certain numbers of cellulose and xylan degradation genes and a lack of polysaccharide lyase genes showed the potential of P. lilacinum 36-1 as an endophyte. Notably, the expression of appressorium-formation and antioxidants-related genes exhibited similar infection patterns in P. lilacinum strain 36-1 to those of the model entomophagous fungi Metarhizium spp. These results uncovered the specific parasitism of P. lilacinum and presented the genes responsible for the infection of nematode-eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Chenmi Mo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
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35
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Wang G, Liu Z, Lin R, Li E, Mao Z, Ling J, Yang Y, Yin WB, Xie B. Biosynthesis of Antibiotic Leucinostatins in Bio-control Fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum and Their Inhibition on Phytophthora Revealed by Genome Mining. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005685. [PMID: 27416025 PMCID: PMC4946873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum of Ophiocordycipitaceae is one of the most promising and commercialized agents for controlling plant parasitic nematodes, as well as other insects and plant pathogens. However, how the fungus functions at the molecular level remains unknown. Here, we sequenced two isolates (PLBJ-1 and PLFJ-1) of P. lilacinum from different places Beijing and Fujian. Genomic analysis showed high synteny of the two isolates, and the phylogenetic analysis indicated they were most related to the insect pathogen Tolypocladium inflatum. A comparison with other species revealed that this fungus was enriched in carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), proteases and pathogenesis related genes. Whole genome search revealed a rich repertoire of secondary metabolites (SMs) encoding genes. The non-ribosomal peptide synthetase LcsA, which is comprised of ten C-A-PCP modules, was identified as the core biosynthetic gene of lipopeptide leucinostatins, which was specific to P. lilacinum and T. ophioglossoides, as confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, gene expression level was analyzed when PLBJ-1 was grown in leucinostatin-inducing and non-inducing medium, and 20 genes involved in the biosynthesis of leucionostatins were identified. Disruption mutants allowed us to propose a putative biosynthetic pathway of leucinostatin A. Moreover, overexpression of the transcription factor lcsF increased the production (1.5-fold) of leucinostatins A and B compared to wild type. Bioassays explored a new bioactivity of leucinostatins and P. lilacinum: inhibiting the growth of Phytophthora infestans and P. capsici. These results contribute to our understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of leucinostatins and may allow us to utilize P. lilacinum better as bio-control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Runmao Lin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Erfeng Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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36
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Sharma A, Sharma S, Mittal A, Naik SN. Evidence for the involvement of nematocidal toxins of Purpureocillium lilacinum 6029 cultured on Karanja deoiled cake liquid medium. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:82. [PMID: 27038952 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In present study, in vitro nematocidal bioassays, FT-IR and HPLC analysis were employed to demonstrate the involvement of toxins of Purpureocillium lilacinum in killing root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita). During growth study, maximum mycelial biomass (10.52 g/l) in de-oiled Karanja cake medium was achieved on 8th day while complete mortality of nematodes was obtained by 6th day filtrate (FKSM). Maximum production of crude nematocidal toxin was recorded on 7th day suggesting that the toxin production was paralleled with growth of the fungus. The median lethal concentration (LC50) determined for the crude toxin from 6th day to 10th day ranged from 89.41 to 43.21 ppm. The median lethal time (LT50) for the crude toxin of FKSM was found to be 1.46 h. This is the first report of implementing a comparative infra-red spectroscopy coupled with HPLC analysis to predict the presence of nematocidal toxin in the fungal filtrate cultured on Karanja deoiled cake liquid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sharma
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 289, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Satyawati Sharma
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 289, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Aditya Mittal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - S N Naik
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 289, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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37
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Song Z, Shen L, Zhong Q, Yin Y, Wang Z. Liquid culture production of microsclerotia of Purpureocillium lilacinum for use as bionematicide. NEMATOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The production of microsclerotia by Purpureocillium lilacinum in liquid culture for use as a biocontrol agent for management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, has not been described. To investigate the potential for microsclerotia production, P. lilacinum strain CQPL01 was cultured in liquid media containing various concentrations of ferrous sulphate. Under these conditions mycelia began to form microsclerotia. The maximum yield (11.8 × 104 microsclerotia ml−1) was obtained in medium containing 0.2 g l−1 ferrous sulphate and the greatest production of conidia (1.3 × 108 conidia g−1) was obtained by the culture of air-dried microsclerotia in aqueous agar medium. Subsequently, the viability of microsclerotia, including stress resistance, storage stability and pathogenicity against M. incognita, was investigated. The microsclerotia exhibited excellent nematophagous ability and greater thermotolerance and UV-B radiation tolerance compared to conidia. These results suggested that microsclerotia propagules might be superior to the use of conidia in P. lilacinum biocontrol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Song
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Shen
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhong
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youping Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongkang Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
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Degenkolb T, Vilcinskas A. Metabolites from nematophagous fungi and nematicidal natural products from fungi as an alternative for biological control. Part I: metabolites from nematophagous ascomycetes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3799-812. [PMID: 26715220 PMCID: PMC4824826 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes are estimated to cause global annual losses of more than US$ 100 billion. The number of registered nematicides has declined substantially over the last 25 years due to concerns about their non-specific mechanisms of action and hence their potential toxicity and likelihood to cause environmental damage. Environmentally beneficial and inexpensive alternatives to chemicals, which do not affect vertebrates, crops, and other non-target organisms, are therefore urgently required. Nematophagous fungi are natural antagonists of nematode parasites, and these offer an ecophysiological source of novel biocontrol strategies. In this first section of a two-part review article, we discuss 83 nematicidal and non-nematicidal primary and secondary metabolites found in nematophagous ascomycetes. Some of these substances exhibit nematicidal activities, namely oligosporon, 4',5'-dihydrooligosporon, talathermophilins A and B, phomalactone, aurovertins D and F, paeciloxazine, a pyridine carboxylic acid derivative, and leucinostatins. Blumenol A acts as a nematode attractant. Other substances, such as arthrosporols and paganins, play a decisive role in the life cycle of the producers, regulating the formation of reproductive or trapping organs. We conclude by considering the potential applications of these beneficial organisms in plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Degenkolb
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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39
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Yang F, Abdelnabby H, Xiao Y. A mutant of the nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) is a novel biocontrol agent for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Microb Pathog 2015; 89:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yang F, Abdelnabby H, Xiao Y. The role of a phospholipase (PLD) in virulence of Purpureocillium lilacinum (Paecilomyces lilacinum). Microb Pathog 2015; 85:11-20. [PMID: 26026833 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases are key enzymes in pathogenic fungi that cleave host phospholipids, resulting in membrane destabilization and host cell penetration. However, understanding the role of phospholipases on the virulence of the filamentous fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum has been still rather limited. In this study, pld gene was characterized. It encodes the protein phospholipase D (PLD) in P. lilacinum. This gene, 3303 bp open reading frame fragment (ORF), encodes a protein of 1100 amino acids with high similarity to the same gene from Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus fumigatus. Secondary structure prediction showed two PLD phosphodiesterase domains (437-464 bp and 885-912 bp). The pld gene was significantly regulated during infection of Meloidogyne incognita eggs by P. lilacinum. The expression of pld gene using RT-PCR was the highest at 36 and 48 h, which introduce evidence that the presence of M. incognita may induce the expression of the pld gene in P. lilacinum. In addition, maltose and l-alanine were found to increase the expression of pld gene. An acidic environment (pH 3.0-4.0) and moderate temperatures (27-29 °C) are favorable for pld expression in P. lilacinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hazem Abdelnabby
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Qaliubia 13736, Egypt
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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41
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Munawar M, Khan SA, Javed N, Ul Haq I, Gondal AS. Bio-management of tomato wilt complex caused by Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. NEMATOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential of biocontrol agentsPurpureocillium lilacinum(Paecilomyceslilacinus) andTrichodermaharzianumwas evaluated against tomato wilt complex, caused by a combination ofMeloidogyne incognitaandFusarium oxysporumf. sp.lycopersici, under both laboratory and field conditions. Biocontrol agents at spore concentration of 1 × 106spores ml−1were applied alone and in combined treatments. The results of combined application revealed maximum mortality and inhibition of hatching ofM. incognitaunderin vitroconditions. Combined application of both antagonistic fungi was found to be more effective in mycelial inhibition ofFusarium oxysporumf. sp.lycopersici. In glasshouse trials, application ofT. harzianumpromoted overall plant growth, followed by combined application ofP. lilacinumandT. harzianum; nematode development parameters and fungus damage were significantly reduced. Under field conditions, the combined application ofP. lilacinumandT. harzianumincreased the number of leaves, shoot length, shoot weight and root length, and decreased root weight, with minimum number of females and egg masses ofM. incognitaper root system and mycelia inhibition ofF. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Munawar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Aleem Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazir Javed
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Ul Haq
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Shahzad Gondal
- Department of Plant Pathology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Nematicidal activity of Paecilomyces lilacinus 6029 cultured on Karanja cake medium. Microb Pathog 2014; 75:16-20. [PMID: 25193498 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antagonistic fungi parasitize root-knot nematodes through secretion of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites. In present study, in vitro bioassay showed that Paecilomyces lilacinus 6029 culture filtrate from Karanja cake medium killed 100% Meloidogyne incognita larvae while only 78.28% mortality was recorded by Czapeck-Dox filtrate within 12 h of exposure. The filtrate, irrespective of culture medium, was found to be more nematotoxic when incubated for 15 days. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy predicted the presence of phenolic and alcoholic compounds in the filtrate. Furthermore, the active metabolites in fungal filtrate were partially characterized. pH stability test revealed that nematotoxicity of the filtrate appeared at all range of pH with low pH filtrate possessing more toxicity against M. incognita. Interestingly, buffers of same pH value did not show any nematicidal effect. No significant difference in nematicidal activity was observed between boiled (98.2% mortality) and unboiled culture filtrate (100% mortality). Ethyl acetate and lyophilized aqueous extracts produced higher nematicidal activity than a hexane extract indicating polar nature of active compounds produced by P. lilacinus 6029.
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Statistical optimization of growth media for Paecilomyces lilacinus 6029 using non-edible oil cakes. ANN MICROBIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Castillo JD, Lawrence KS, Kloepper JW. Biocontrol of the Reniform Nematode by Bacillus firmus GB-126 and Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 on Cotton. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:967-976. [PMID: 30722537 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-12-0978-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to increased restrictions on the use of chemical nematicides, alternative nematode management strategies, including biocontrol, are needed. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of Bacillus firmus GB-126 and Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 in commercial formulations applied separately or concomitantly to manage Rotylenchulus reniformis in cotton grown under greenhouse, microplot, and field conditions. In the greenhouse, seed treated with B. firmus (1.4 × 107 CFU/seed), an application of P. lilacinus (0.3% vol/vol of water), or the combination of B. firmus and P. lilacinus reduced the number of females, eggs, and vermiforms of R. reniformis (P ≤ 0.02) and increased populations of free-living nematodes (P ≤ 0.01). In microplots and field conditions, populations of R. reniformis vermiforms decreased when exposed to B. firmus and P. lilacinus biocontrol agents at midseason (P ≤ 0.04). Furthermore, stem diameter and free-living nematode numbers increased (P ≤ 0.01) with the combination of B. firmus and P. lilacinus. In the field, numbers of females, eggs, and vermiform life stages at the end of the growing season decreased in the presence of the biocontrol agents applied individually or concomitantly (P ≤ 0.01). Cotton yields from the application of B. firmus GB-126 and P. lilacinus 251 were similar to those from aldicarb, the chemical nematicide standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Castillo
- Auburn University Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Kathy S Lawrence
- Auburn University Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Joseph W Kloepper
- Auburn University Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn, AL 36849
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Teles APC, Takahashi JA. Paecilomide, a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Paecilomyces lilacinus. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liang L, Meng Z, Ye F, Yang J, Liu S, Sun Y, Guo Y, Mi Q, Huang X, Zou C, Rao Z, Lou Z, Zhang KQ. The crystal structures of two cuticle-degrading proteases from nematophagous fungi and their contribution to infection against nematodes. FASEB J 2009; 24:1391-400. [PMID: 20007510 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-136408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cuticle-degrading proteases are involved in the breakdown of cuticle/eggshells of nematodes or insects, a hard physical barrier against fungal infections. Understanding the 3-dimensional structures of these proteins can provide crucial information for improving the effectiveness of these fungi in biocontrol applications, e.g., by targeted protein engineering. However, the structures of these proteases remain unknown. Here, we report the structures of two cuticle-degrading proteases from two species of nematophagous fungi. The two structures were solved with X-ray crystallography to resolutions of 1.65 A (Ver112) and 2.1 A (PL646), respectively. Crystal structures of PL646 and Ver112 were found to be very similar to each other, and similar to that of proteinase K from another fungus Tritirachium album. Differences between the structures were found among residues of the substrate binding sites (S1 and S4). Experimental studies showed that the enzymes differed in hydrolytic activity to synthetic peptide substrates. Our analyses of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic and electrostatic features of these two proteins suggest that their surfaces likely play important roles during fungal infection against nematodes. The two crystal structures provide a solid basis for investigating the relationship between structure and function of cuticle-degrading proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianming Liang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, China
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Nematicidal activity of Paecilomyces spp. and isolation of a novel active compound. J Microbiol 2009; 47:248-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-009-0012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ishiyama A, Otoguro K, Iwatsuki M, Iwatsuki M, Namatame M, Nishihara A, Nonaka K, Kinoshita Y, Takahashi Y, Masuma R, Shiomi K, Yamada H, Omura S. In vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal activities of three peptide antibiotics: leucinostatin A and B, alamethicin I and tsushimycin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2009; 62:303-8. [PMID: 19407848 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2009.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the course of our screening for antitrypanosomal compounds from soil microorganisms, as well as from the antibiotics library of the Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, we found three peptide antibiotics, leucinostatin (A and B), alamethicin I and tsushimycin, which exhibited potent or moderate antitrypanosomal activity. We report here the in vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal properties and cytotoxicities of leucinostatin A and B, alamethicin I and tsushimycin compared with suramin. We also discuss their possible mode of action. This is the first report of in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity of leucinostatin A and B, alamethicin I and tsushimycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Ishiyama
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Center for Basic Research, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infectious Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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