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Zhang S, Wang S, Fang Z, Lang BF, Zhang YJ. Characterization of the mitogenome of Gongronella sp. w5 reveals substantial variation in Mucoromycota. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2587-2601. [PMID: 35318523 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Gongronella is a genus of fungi in Mucorales (Mucoromycota). Some of its members have important biotechnological applications, but until now, not a single mitogenome has been characterized in Gongronella. Here, we present the complete mitogenome assembly of Gongronella sp. w5, a soil isolate known to interact with plants and several fungi. Its 36,593-bp circular mitogenome encodes the large and small subunit rRNAs, 14 standard mitochondrial proteins, 24 tRNAs, three free-standing ORF proteins, and the RNA subunit of RNase P (rnpB). These genes arrange in an order novel to known fungal mitogenomes. Three group I introns are present in the cob, cox1, and nad5 genes, respectively, and they are probably acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrion-encoded proteins supports the grouping of Gongronella sp. w5 with Absidia glauca, forming the Cunninghamellaceae clade within Mucoromycota. Gongronella and most other Mucoromycota species are predicted to use the standard genetic code in mitochondrial translation, rather than code 4 assigned by GenBank. A comparison among seven publicly available mitogenomes in Mucoromycota reveals the presence of the same 14 typical protein-coding genes plus rnpB, yet substantial variation in mitogenome size, intron number, gene order, and orientation. In this comparison, the uniqueness of Gongronella is evident from similarly large differences to its closest phylogenetic neighbor, A. glauca. This study promotes our understanding of fungal evolution in Mucoromycota. KEY POINTS: • This study reports the first mitogenome in Gongronella, which presents a novel gene order. • Different Mucoromycota mitogenomes show substantial variation of gene organizations. • Most Mucoromycota species use the standard genetic code to translate mitochondrial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - B Franz Lang
- Département de Biochimie, Centre Robert Cedergren, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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Chen D, Chen C, Zheng X, Chen J, He W, Lin C, Chen H, Chen Y, Xue T. Chitosan Oligosaccharide Production Potential of Mitsuaria sp. C4 and Its Whole-Genome Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:695571. [PMID: 34421850 PMCID: PMC8374441 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.695571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide is a kind of functional food, which is the degradation product of chitosan (COS) catalyzed by the endo-chitosanase (COSE) enzyme. A COSE with a molecular weight of 34 kDa was purified and characterized from a newly isolated Mitsuaria sp. C4 (C4), and a 38.46% recovery rate and 4.79-fold purification were achieved. The purified C4 COSE exhibited optimum activity at 40°C and pH 7.2 and was significantly inhibited in the presence of Cu2+ and Fe3+. The Km and Vmin of the COSE toward COS were 2.449 g/L and 0.042 g/min/L, respectively. The highest COSE activity reached 8.344 U/ml after optimizing, which represented a 1.34-fold of increase. Additionally, chitooligosaccharide obtained by COSE hydrolysis of COS was verified by using thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Whole-genome sequencing demonstrated that the C4 strain contains 211 carbohydrate enzymes, our purified COSE belonging to GHs-46 involved in carbohydrate degradation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the novel COSE obtained from the C4 strain was clustered into the degree of polymerization = two to three groups, which can perform catalysis in a similar manner to produce (GlcN)2 and (GlcN)3. This work indicates that the C4 strain could be a good resource for enhancing carbohydrate degradation and might represent a useful tool for chitooligosaccharide production in the functional food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Congcong Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuehai Zheng
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiannan Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenjin He
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huibin Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youqiang Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Xue
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Sun H, Gao L, Xue C, Mao X. Marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes: Status and prospects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2767-2796. [PMID: 33337030 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes have recently been studied extensively. They are particularly interesting as they catalyze the cleavage of glycosidic bonds in polysaccharide macromolecules and produce oligosaccharides with low degrees of polymerization. Numerous findings have demonstrated that marine polysaccharides and their biotransformed products possess beneficial properties including antitumor, antiviral, anticoagulant, and anti-inflammatory activities, and they have great value in healthcare, cosmetics, the food industry, and agriculture. Exploitation of enzymes that can degrade marine polysaccharides is in the ascendant, and is important for high-value use of marine biomass resources. In this review, we describe research and prospects regarding the classification, biochemical properties, and catalytic mechanisms of the main types of marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes, focusing on chitinase, chitosanase, alginate lyase, agarase, and carrageenase, and their product oligosaccharides. The state-of-the-art discussion of marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes and their properties offers information that might enable more efficient production of marine oligosaccharides. We also highlight current problems in the field of marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes and trends in their development. Understanding the properties, catalytic mechanisms, and modification of known enzymes will aid the identification of novel enzymes to degrade marine polysaccharides and facilitation of their use in various biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Han Y, Guan F, Sun J, Wu N, Tian J. Identification of a chitosanase from the marine metagenome and its molecular improvement based on evolution data. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6647-6657. [PMID: 32548690 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides have important application value in the fields of food and agriculture. Chitosanase can degrade chitosan to obtain chitooligosaccharides. The marine metagenome contains many genes related to the degradation of chitosan. However, it is difficult to mine valuable genes from large gene resources. This study proposes a method to screen chitosanases directly from the marine metagenome. Chitosanase gene chis1754 was identified from the metagenome and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The optimal temperature and pH of CHIS1754 were 55 °C and 5.5, respectively. A mutant, CHIS1754T, with 15 single point mutations designed based on molecular evolution data was also expressed in E. coli. The results indicated that the thermal stability of CHIS1754T was significantly improved, as the Tm showed an increase of ~ 7.63 °C. Additionally, the kcat/Km of CHIS1754T was 4.8-fold higher than that of the wild type. This research provides new theories and foundations for the excavation, modification, and industrial application of chitosanases. KEY POINTS: A chitosanase gene, chis1754, was firstly identified from marine metagenome. A multi-site mutant was designed to improve enzyme stability and activity. The kcat/Kmof the designed mutant was 4.8-fold higher than that of the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuo Han
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Feifei Guan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jilu Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Ningfeng Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jian Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China. .,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Liang TW, Huang CT, Dzung NA, Wang SL. Squid pen chitin chitooligomers as food colorants absorbers. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:681-96. [PMID: 25608726 PMCID: PMC4306958 DOI: 10.3390/md13010681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising applications of chitosanase is the conversion of chitinous biowaste into bioactive chitooligomers (COS). TKU033 chitosanase was induced from squid pen powder (SPP)-containing Bacillus cereus TKU033 medium and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography. The enzyme was relatively more thermostable in the presence of the substrate and had an activity of 93% at 50 °C in a pH 5 buffer solution for 60 min. Furthermore, the enzyme used for the COS preparation was also studied. The enzyme products revealed various mixtures of COS that with different degrees of polymerization (DP), ranging from three to nine. In the culture medium, the fermented SPP was recovered, and it displayed a better adsorption rate (up to 96%) for the disperse dyes than the water-soluble food colorants, Allura Red AC (R40) and Tartrazne (Y4). Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) analysis proved that the adsorption of the dyes onto fermented SPP was a physical adsorption. Results also showed that fermented SPP was a favorable adsorber and could be employed as low-cost alternative for dye removal in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen Liang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingchuan Rd., Tamsui, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Nguyen Anh Dzung
- Institute of Biotechnology & Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 63000, Vietnam.
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingchuan Rd., Tamsui, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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Zhang P, Zhou W, Wang P, Wang L, Tang M. Enhancement of chitosanase production by cell immobilization of Gongronella sp. JG. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:189-95. [PMID: 24159305 PMCID: PMC3804199 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosanase production of Gongronella sp. JG cells immobilized in calcium alginate gel and polyurethane foam was compared with that of the free cells, there was a 60% increase in the enzyme yield (2429 U/L) compared to the highest yield obtained from free cells (1513 U/L). The optimal immobilization parameters (concentrations of sodium alginate, calcium chloride, bead inoculums, bead diameter, etc) for the enhanced production of chitosanase were determined as: sodium alginate 2% (w/v), 0.1 M calcium chloride, inoculum 10 mL beads to 100 mL production media and 2.7 mm bead diameter. Maximum chitosanase production was achieved with initial pH of 5.5 and temperature of 30 °C. The alginate beads had well stability, retained 85% ability of enzyme production even after 7 cycles of repeated batch fermentation. These results showed the immobilization technique was a feasible and economical method for chitosansase production by Gongronella sp. JG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, P.R. China. ; School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province, P.R. China
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7
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Zhang J, Xia W, Liu P, Cheng Q, Tahirou T, Gu W, Li B. Chitosan modification and pharmaceutical/biomedical applications. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1962-87. [PMID: 20714418 PMCID: PMC2920537 DOI: 10.3390/md8071962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan has received much attention as a functional biopolymer for diverse applications, especially in pharmaceutics and medicine. Our recent efforts focused on the chemical and biological modification of chitosan in order to increase its solubility in aqueous solutions and absorbability in the in vivo system, thus for a better use of chitosan. This review summarizes chitosan modification and its pharmaceutical/biomedical applications based on our achievements as well as the domestic and overseas developments: (1) enzymatic preparation of low molecular weight chitosans/chitooligosaccharides with their hypocholesterolemic and immuno-modulating effects; (2) the effects of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives on blood hemostasis; and (3) synthesis of a non-toxic ion ligand--D-Glucosaminic acid from oxidation of D-Glucosamine for cancer and diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenshui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Jiangsu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Talba Tahirou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxiu Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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