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Goel L, Gupta P, Kumar L, Velpandian T, Singh A, Luthra K, Gupta YK. Effect of CYP2C19 polymorphism on response to bortezomib-based therapy in multiple myeloma patients. Am J Med Sci 2024; 368:18-24. [PMID: 38561047 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bortezomib, a commonly used anti-myeloma drug, is metabolized by liver microsomal enzymes which may be polymorphic and responsible for lack of response in 30% patients. Hence, the association of CYP2C19 polymorphism with treatment response was explored in this study. METHODS Treatment naive multiple myeloma (MM) patients, eligible for bortezomib-based induction treatment, were recruited as per the inclusion - exclusion criteria. The genotyping of CYP2C19 was done using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for *2, *3 and *17 alleles. The incidence and severity of peripheral neuropathy were noted at follow-up visits and graded as per CTCAE criteria ver 5.0. RESULTS Total 220 patients were recruited from August 2016 till May 2021; with a mean age of 55.6 (9.5) years and 65.9% males. Bortezomib+cyclophosphamide+dexamethasone (41.8%) and bortezomib+lenalidomide+dexamethasone (38.2%) were the most prescribed regimens. The CYP2C19 was polymorphic in 38.6%, 2.3% and 23.7% patients for *2, *3 and *17 allele respectively. There were 195 treatment responders and 25 non-responders, and CYP2C19*2 allele was different between responders and non-responders (p = 0.02). All extensive metabolisers (n = 54) were noted to be treatment responders. Peripheral neuropathy was reported by 23.2% patients. The frequency of peripheral neuropathy was somewhat lower in patients having either *2/*2 or *3/*3 allele pattern for CYP2C19 (p = 0.44). CONCLUSIONS Polymorphism in CYP2C19 enzyme is likely to have an impact on bortezomib treatment response and peripheral neuropathy. The study suggests the role of pharmacogenetics in personalised treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavisha Goel
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Pooja Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Alonso Llorente A, Salgado Garrido J, Teijido Hermida Ó, González Andrade F, Valiente Martín A, Fanlo Villacampa AJ, Vicente Romero J. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19 in ecuadorian population: An interethnic approach. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28566. [PMID: 38586400 PMCID: PMC10998100 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction CYP2C19 is a highly polymorphic gene responsible for metabolizing commonly used drugs. CYP2C19*2,*3 (loss of activity alleles) and *17 (increased activity allele) are the principal alleles included in clinical guidelines, however their prevalence varies among different ethnicities. Ecuadorian population is formed by Mestizos, Afrodescendants and Native Americans and frequency of CYP2C19 alleles could be different among them. The objective of this study was to establish the frequency of these variants in the different populations of Ecuador and to compare them with other populations. Materials and methods DNA from 105 Afrodescendants, 75 Native Americans of the Kichwa ethnicity, and 33 Mestizos Ecuadorians was analyzed by nested-PCR to identify CYP2C19*17 carriers. CYP2C19*2 allele was analyzed in DNA from 78 Afrodescendants, 29 Native Americans of the Kichwa, and 16 Mestizos by TaqMan Allelic Discrimination Assay. CYP2C19*3 was analyzed in 33 Afrodescendants by nested-PCR. Results The global frequencies of the alternate alleles were 14.22% (CYP2C19*2) and 2.10% (CYP2C19*17). No differences (p > 0.05) were observed among the subgroups. No CYP2C19*3 carrier was identified. CYP2C19*2 frequencies in Ecuador were similar to the ones reported in Europe, Africa and Middle East countries and to some American populations. Low CYP2C19*17 frequencies, like the ones in our population, were also observed in East and South Asia and in Native American groups. Discussion Absence of differences in the ethnic groups in Ecuador for CYP2C19*2 and *17 could be due to either a bias in sample selection (ethnic group was assed by self-identification) or to a high interethnic admixture in the Ecuadorian population that would had diluted genetic differences. In addition, CYP2C19*2, *3, and *17 alleles frequencies in our study suggest that Ecuadorians ancestry is mostly of Native American origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Alonso Llorente
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Catalunya, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
- IRBLleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida Fundació Dr. Pifarre, Lleida, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Josefa Salgado Garrido
- Medical Genetics Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Óscar Teijido Hermida
- Navarrabiomed, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Julia Fanlo Villacampa
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Jorge Vicente Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
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Ramakrishnan K, Kesavan R, Venkatraman S, Narayan SK, Kumar RR, Shewade D. Impact of CYP2C9*2 and *3 polymorphisms on valproate-associated adverse drug reactions in individuals living with epilepsy: a case-control study. Per Med 2023; 20:417-424. [PMID: 37811569 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2023-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by repeated seizure activity. Valproate, a commonly used antiepileptic drug, shows large inter-individual variation in plasma valproic levels and causes many adverse drug reactions. Aim: To find the influence of CYP2C9*2 and *3 polymorphisms on valproate-associated adverse drug reactions and plasma valproic acid levels in people with epilepsy. Methods: We recruited 158 people with epilepsy (79 cases and 79 controls) from an epilepsy clinic. Steady-state plasma valproic acid levels were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and genotyping of CYP2C9 variants was carried out with helps of RT-PCR. Results: The presence of a mutant heterozygous genotype showed an odds ratio (OR) of 2.82 (95% CI: 1.10-7.24) and the adjusted OR was 5.39 (95% CI: 1.69-17.16). There was no significant difference in steady-state plasma valproate concentration between genotypes. Conclusion: The presence of a mutant heterozygous CYP2C9 genotype possesses five-times the risk of developing adverse drug reactions to valproate in people with epilepsy.
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Yadav AK, Chakkumkollath AK, Helna A, Birla S, Thimmulappa RK, Shambu SK, Vishwanath P, Prashant A. Substantiation of a clopidogrel metabolism-associated gene (CYP2C19) variation among healthy individuals. Indian Heart J 2023; 75:343-346. [PMID: 37217095 PMCID: PMC10568051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is essential to investigate the prevalence of CYP2C19 alleles that affect drug metabolism. This study measures the allelic and genotypic frequencies of CYP2C19 loss-of-function (LoF) alleles CYP2C19∗2, CYP2C19∗3, and gain-of-function (GoF) alleles CYP2C19∗17 in the general population. METHODOLOGY The study involved 300 healthy subjects between the ages of 18 and 85 recruited by simple random sampling. Allele-specific touchdown PCR was employed to identify the various alleles. The genotype and allele frequencies were calculated and checked for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The phenotypic prediction of ultra-rapid metabolizer (UM = ∗17/∗17), extensive metabolizer (EM = ∗1/∗17, ∗1/∗1), intermediate metabolizer (IM = ∗1/∗2, ∗1/∗3, ∗2/∗17) and poor metabolizer (PM = ∗2/∗2, ∗2/∗3, ∗3/∗3) was made based on their genotype. RESULTS The allele frequency of CYP2C19∗2, CYP2C19∗3, and CYP2C19∗17 was 0.365, 0.0033, and 0.18, respectively. The IM phenotype predominated with an overall frequency of 46.67%, including 101 subjects with ∗1/∗2, two subjects with ∗1/∗3, and 37 subjects with ∗2/∗17 genotype. This was followed by EM phenotype with an overall frequency of 35%, including 35 subjects with ∗1/∗17 and 70 subjects with ∗1/∗1 genotype. PM phenotype had an overall frequency of 12.67%, including 38 subjects with ∗2/∗2 genotype, and UM phenotype had an overall frequency of 5.67%, including 17 subjects with ∗17/∗17 genotype. CONCLUSION Given the high allelic frequency of PM in the study population, a pre-treatment test to identify the individual's genotype may be recommended to decide the dosage, monitor the drug response, and avoid adverse drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Kumar Yadav
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Aparna Kodakkat Chakkumkollath
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Aysha Helna
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Siddharth Birla
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Thimmulappa
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Shambu
- Department of Cardiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Prashant Vishwanath
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Akila Prashant
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India; Special Interest Group - Human Genomics and Rare Disorders, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India.
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Markiewicz E, Idowu OC. Evaluation of Personalized Skincare Through in-silico Gene Interactive Networks and Cellular Responses to UVR and Oxidative Stress. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:2221-2243. [PMID: 36284733 PMCID: PMC9588296 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s383790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Personalized approaches in dermatology are designed to match the specific requirements based on the individual genetic makeup. One major factor accounting for the differences in skin phenotypes is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within several genes with diverse roles that extend beyond skin tone and pigmentation. Therefore, the cellular sensitivities to the environmental stress and damage linked to extrinsic aging could also underlie the individual characteristics of the skin and dictate the unique skin care requirements. This study aimed to identify the likely biomarkers and molecular signatures expressed in skin cells of different ethnic backgrounds, which could aid further the design of personalized skin products based on specific demands. Methods Using data mining and in-silico modeling, the association of SNP-affected genes with three major skin types of European, Asian and African origin was analyzed and compared within the structure-function gene interaction networks. Cultured dermal fibroblasts were subsequently subjected to ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress and analyzed for DNA damage and senescent markers. The protective applications of two cosmetic ingredients, Resveratrol and Quercetin, were validated in both cellular and in-silico models. Results Each skin type was characterized by the presence of SNPs in the genes controlling facultative and constitutive pigmentation, which could also underlie the major differences in responses to photodamage, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and barrier homeostasis. Skin-type-specific dermal fibroblasts cultured in-vitro demonstrated distinctive sensitivities to ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress, which could be modulated further by the bioactive compounds with the predicted capacities to interact with some of the genes in the in-silico models. Conclusion Evaluation of the SNP-affected gene networks and likely sensitivities of skin cells, defined as low threshold levels to extrinsic stress factors, can provide a valuable tool for the design and formulation of personalized skin products that match more accurately diverse ethnic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Markiewicz
- Hexis Lab, The Catalyst, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Olusola C Idowu
- Hexis Lab, The Catalyst, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,Correspondence: Olusola C Idowu, HexisLab Limited, The Catalyst, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5TG, UK, Tel +44 1394 825487, Email
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Jiang Z, Wei Y, Huang W, Li B, Zhou S, Liao L, Li T, Liang T, Yu X, Li X, Zhou C, Cao C, Liu T. Population pharmacokinetics of voriconazole and initial dosage optimization in patients with talaromycosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:982981. [PMID: 36225581 PMCID: PMC9549404 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.982981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The high variability and unpredictability of the plasma concentration of voriconazole (VRC) pose a major challenge for clinical administration. The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetics (PPK) model of VRC and identify the factors influencing VRC PPK in patients with talaromycosis. Medical records and VRC medication history of patients with talaromycosis who were treated with VRC as initial therapy were collected. A total of 233 blood samples from 69 patients were included in the study. A PPK model was developed using the nonlinear mixed-effects models (NONMEM). Monte Carlo simulation was applied to optimize the initial dosage regimens with a therapeutic range of 1.0–5.5 mg/L as the target plasma trough concentration. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination adequately described the data. The typical voriconazole clearance was 4.34 L/h, the volume of distribution was 97.4 L, the absorption rate constant was set at 1.1 h-1, and the bioavailability was 95.1%. Clearance was found to be significantly associated with C-reactive protein (CRP). CYP2C19 polymorphisms had no effect on voriconazole pharmacokinetic parameters. Monte Carlo simulation based on CRP levels showed that a loading dose of 250 mg/12 h and a maintenance dose of 100 mg/12 h are recommended for patients with CRP ≤ 96 mg/L, whereas a loading dose of 200 mg/12 h and a maintenance dose of 75 mg/12 h are recommended for patients with CRP > 96 mg/L. The average probability of target attainment of the optimal dosage regimen in CRP ≤ 96 mg/L and CRP > 96 mg/L groups were 61.3% and 13.6% higher than with empirical medication, and the proportion of Cmin > 5.5 mg/L decreased by 28.9%. In conclusion, the VRC PPK model for talaromycosis patients shows good robustness and predictive performance, which can provide a reference for the clinical individualization of VRC. Adjusting initial dosage regimens based on CRP may promote the rational use of VRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Jiang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Lab of Fungi and Mycosis Research and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yinyi Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Weie Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Baise People’s Hospital, Baise, China
| | - Bingkun Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Lab of Fungi and Mycosis Research and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Siru Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liuwei Liao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Lab of Fungi and Mycosis Research and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Lab of Fungi and Mycosis Research and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Tianwei Liang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Lab of Fungi and Mycosis Research and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoshu Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Baise People’s Hospital, Baise, China
| | - Xiuying Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Lab of Fungi and Mycosis Research and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Changjing Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Baise People’s Hospital, Baise, China
- *Correspondence: Changjing Zhou, ; Cunwei Cao, ; TaoTao Liu,
| | - Cunwei Cao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Lab of Fungi and Mycosis Research and Prevention, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Changjing Zhou, ; Cunwei Cao, ; TaoTao Liu,
| | - TaoTao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Changjing Zhou, ; Cunwei Cao, ; TaoTao Liu,
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CYP2C19 & UGT1A6 genetic polymorphisms and the impact on Valproic acid-induced weight gain in people with epilepsy: Prospective genetic association study. Epilepsy Res 2021; 177:106786. [PMID: 34656038 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the association between CYP2C19*2 (681 G > A) and UGT1A6*2 (552A > C) polymorphisms on Valproic acid (VPA)-induced weight gain in People with epilepsy (PWE). METHODS We recruited PWE on VPA monotherapy and genotyped for CYP2C19 and UGT1A6 polymorphisms. Association between CYP2C19 polymorphism and weight gain was the primary outcome parameter. We followed them up monthly for six months and recorded Body mass index (BMI), drug compliance, side effects, food frequency, physical activity. RESULTS Of 108 participants recruited, we assessed the association between the polymorphism and weight gain in 101 PWE for CYP2C19*2 and 103 PWE for UGT1A6*2 polymorphism. The proportion of participants with weight gain was higher in those with poor and intermediate metabolizer genotypes of CYP2C19 (*1/*2 and *2/*2) compared to extensive metabolizers (*1/*1) [53.3 % vs 31.7 %, RR 1.68, 95 % CI (1.01-2.79), P = 0.03]. However, CYP2C19*2 allele did not show an increased risk of weight gain over the CYP2C19*1 allele. No association could be demonstrated with UGT1A6 genotypes and weight gain. In logistic regression analysis, CYP2C19*2 carrier genotype was the independent predictor of weight gain. OR 2.89 [95% CI (1.07-7.84)]. There were no significant association with serum TSH, fT4, testosterone, and valproate levels with CYP2C19 or UGT1A6 polymorphisms. SIGNIFICANCE People with epilepsy carrying CYP2C19 polymorphisms (*1/*2) and (*2/*2) had 3 times higher risk of VPA-induced weight gain compared to wild type (*1/*1).
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Joshi K, Kaur S, Kumar R. Cytochrome P450 2C19 gene polymorphisms (CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3) in chronic myeloid leukemia patients: in vitro and in silico studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:9389-9402. [PMID: 34060427 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1929491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the CYP2C19 have a huge impact on drug processing, out of which CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 are the most common variants associated with reduced metabolism of drugs. Mechanism by which two variants contribute in poor metabolization of drugs and cancer is not well understood. Here, we hypothesized that the mutations in CYP2C19 gene might affect the risk of chronic myeloid leukemia patients (CML). Present study has two main objectives: first to investigate the allele frequencies of CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 associated gene polymorphisms in CML patients and to elucidate the structural stability, conformation and functions of protein encoded by such variants. Genotyping of CYP2C19 was performed in 103 CML patients and 103 matched healthy controls. Heterozygous genotype of CYP2C19*2 was higher in CML patients (13.59%) than the controls (4.85%). Whereas, CYP2C19*3 allele frequency was not observed in cases as well as in controls. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was applied to monitor the structural and conformational effect of above mutants. MD simulation results demonstrated that these mutants formed unstable proteins with distorted conformations, altered residues network and affected drug binding site which led to malfunction of mutant proteins. Hence, the study provides the role of CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to CML population and explored the molecular basis of malignancies caused which may aid in the development of precise medicine or adjusting the drug dosages so as to reduce the chemotherapeutic side effects.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaishiv Joshi
- Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Satbir Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Alkattan A, Alsalameen E. Polymorphisms of genes related to phase-I metabolic enzymes affecting the clinical efficacy and safety of clopidogrel treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:685-695. [PMID: 33931001 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1925249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication described as a prodrug, which cannot exert the antiplatelet effect until being biotransformed to the active metabolite. It is commonly used to reduce the risk of blood coagulation in patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome, or ischemic stroke.Area covered: We reviewed published articles in PubMed and Google Scholar that focused on the mutations of CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, and CYP1A2 genes related to clopidogrel clinical efficacy and safety.Expert opinion: Based on current pharmacogenetic studies, patients carrying CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, CYP2C9*3, and CYP2B6*5 alleles may not respond to clopidogrel due to poor platelet inhibition efficacy revealed among them. In contrast, carriers of CYP2C19*17, CYP3A4*1G, and CYP1A2*1C alleles showed a more significant antiplatelet effect in clopidogrel users and expected to have a protective role as a genetic factor against cardiovascular events. Genotyping for either CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, or CYP1A2 variants is not recommended when considering clopidogrel treatment for patients, as some trials showed specific non-genetic factors (e.g. age and diabetes) that could affect clopidogrel responsiveness. Instead, platelets inhibition tests could be used as predictors of the clinical efficacy of clopidogrel treatment. Other P2Y12 receptor inhibitors should be considered as alternative medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alkattan
- Department of Research and Development, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khaled University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Wang T, Zhou Y, Cao G. Pharmacogenetics of tamoxifen therapy in Asian populations: from genetic polymorphism to clinical outcomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 77:1095-1111. [PMID: 33515076 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-021-03088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with western countries, Asian breast cancer patients have unique pathological and biological characteristics. Most of them are premenopausal women with HR positive. Tamoxifen as the first-line drug for premenopausal women with HR+ is involved in multiple enzymes and transporters during metabolizing and transporting process. Variants that cause decreased or inactive gene products leading to abnormal responses in tamoxifen therapy have well been studied in western countries, whereas such information is much less reported in Asian populations. OBJECTIVE In order to elucidate the relationship between genetic variants and tamoxifen-induced individual drug reactions in different Asian populations and further identify genotypes/phenotypes with potential therapeutic significance. METHODS We reviewed the frequencies of genetic variants in major enzymes and transporter genes involved in the metabolism and transport of tamoxifen across Asian populations as well as significant correlations between genotypes/metabolic phenotypes and metabolites concentrations or BC clinical outcomes. RESULTS Significant inter-ethnic differences in allele frequencies was found among Asian populations, such as CYP2D6*4, *10, *41, CYP2C9*2, ABCB1 C3435T and SLCO1B1*5, and CYP2D6*10/*10 is the most common genotype correlated with adverse clinical outcomes. Moreover, we summarized the barriers and controversies of implementing pharmacogenetics in tamoxifen therapy and concluded that more population-specific pharmacogenetic studies are needed in the future. CONCLUSION This review revealed more systematic pharmacogenomics of genes involved in the metabolism and transport besides CYP2D6, are required to optimize the genotyping strategies and guide the personalized tamoxifen therapy in Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guosheng Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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Parameshwara S, Manjula B, Bhaktha G, Kallaganad G, Ranjith Kumar GK. Clopidogrel resistance in cardiovascular disease patients and its association with gene polymorphisms: A pilot study. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jcpc.jcpc_71_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Juvale IIA, Che Has AT. Possible interplay between the theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1998-2026. [PMID: 33306252 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the oldest known neurological disorders and is characterized by recurrent seizure activity. It has a high incidence rate, affecting a broad demographic in both developed and developing countries. Comorbid conditions are frequent in patients with epilepsy and have detrimental effects on their quality of life. Current management options for epilepsy include the use of anti-epileptic drugs, surgery, or a ketogenic diet. However, more than 30% of patients diagnosed with epilepsy exhibit drug resistance to anti-epileptic drugs. Further, surgery and ketogenic diets do little to alleviate the symptoms of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the underlying mechanisms of pharmacoresistant epilepsy to design newer and more effective anti-epileptic drugs. Several theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy have been suggested over the years, the most common being the gene variant hypothesis, network hypothesis, multidrug transporter hypothesis, and target hypothesis. In our review, we discuss the main theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy and highlight a possible interconnection between their mechanisms that could lead to the development of novel therapies for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Imtiyaz Ahmed Juvale
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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13
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Variations in the frequencies of polymorphisms in the CYP2C9 gene in six major ethnicities of Pakistan. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19370. [PMID: 33168919 PMCID: PMC7652876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 is known to cause significant inter-individual differences in drug response and adverse effects. The frequencies of CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3, both of which are responsible for the low activity of the enzyme, are not known in the Pakistani population. Therefore, we screened various ethnic groups residing in Pakistan for these polymorphisms. A total of 467 healthy human volunteers were recruited from six major ethnicities of Pakistan after written informed consent. Our results indicate that about 20% of the Pakistani population has a genotype containing at least one low activity allele. Ethnic Punjabi and Pathan populations had the highest frequencies of wild type genotypes while Urdu, Seraiki, and Sindhi populations showed higher rates of both low activity genotypes. The Baloch population showed the highest rates of low activity genotypes with less than 50% of the samples showing wild type genotypes, suggesting that more than half of the Baloch population possesses low activity genotypes. The frequencies found in various ethnic groups in Pakistan were comparable with ethnicities in the South Asian region except for the Baloch population. These results suggest that pharmacogenetics screening for low activity genotypes may be a helpful tool for clinicians while prescribing medications metabolized by CYP2C9.
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R H, Ramani P, Ramanathan A, R JM, S G, Ramasubramanian A, K M. CYP2 C9 polymorphism among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and its role in altering the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 130:306-312. [PMID: 32773350 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of CYP2 C9 polymorphism among healthy controls and patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to analyze the risk of disease development. We also investigated the interaction between CYP2 C9 wild type and the polymorphic variants with benzo[a]pyrene by using molecular docking analysis. STUDY DESIGN The study included 46 patients with OSCC and 46 controls. Amplification of the genomic DNA was done by using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction and then analyzed by using agarose gel electrophoresis. Molecular docking was then carried out to determine the interaction of CYP2 C9*1, CYP2 C9*2, and CYP2 C9*3 with benzo[a]pyrene. RESULTS In the OSCC group, CYP2 C9*2 and CYP2 C9*3 polymorphisms were 17.4% and 15.2%, respectively, and in the control group, they were 8.7% and 6.5%, respectively. The OSCC group showed a statistically significant (P = .043) increase in the prevalence of CYP2 C9 polymorphic variants compared with the control group. The docking analysis showed benzo[a]pyrene to bind specifically to the altered single nucleotide catalytic site in the polymorphic CYP2 C9*3 enzyme. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that functionally important CYP2 C9 polymorphism exists among patients with OSCC, with a modest increase in the risk of disease development in those individuals who acquire these poor metabolizing variants. The modified docking of CYP2 C9*3 with benzo[a]pyrene signifies altered metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R
- Senior Lecturer, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Pratibha Ramani
- Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Jancy Merlin R
- Assistant Professor, Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Women's Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gheena S
- Reader, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilasha Ramasubramanian
- Reader, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Monika K
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Akdeniz CS, Cevik M, Canbolat IP, Yurdakul S, Cagatay P, Ciftci C, Karaalp A, Susleyici B. The effects of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene polymorphisms on warfarin maintenance dose in Turkish cardiac patients. Future Cardiol 2020; 16:645-654. [PMID: 32583677 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2020-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Our aim was to examine the effect of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms on warfarin dose requirements in Turkish patients. Materials & methods: 24 warfarin prescribed patients were included and analyzed for eight VKORC1 and 6 CYP2C9 polymorphisms in the study. Results: Patients with CYP2C9 *1/*1 and VKORC1 -1639 GG and GA genotypes required higher warfarin doses in comparison to wild type VKORC1 genotype. Patients with CYP2C9 *1/*3 and VKORC1 -1639 GG genotypes simultaneously, required the lowest dose of warfarin (4.64 mg/day). Patients with CYP2C9 *1/*1 and VKORC1 9041 AA genotype were found to require higher warfarin doses. Conclusion: Our results provide additional evidence to support the hypothesis that CYP2C9 *2, *3, VKORC1 9041 G > A polymorphisms explain considerable proportion of inter-individual variability in warfarin dose requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Selcan Akdeniz
- Department of Cardiology, Demiroglu Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Cevik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Marmara University Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Polat Canbolat
- Department of Cardiology, Demiroglu Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selen Yurdakul
- Department of Cardiology, Demiroglu Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Penbe Cagatay
- Vocational School of Health Service, Department of Medical Services & Technics, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cavlan Ciftci
- Department of Cardiology, Demiroglu Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Atila Karaalp
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Belgin Susleyici
- Department of Molecular Biology, Marmara University Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Seecheran NA, Maharaj A, Boodhai B, Seecheran R, Seecheran V, Persad S, Ramsaroop K, Sandy S, Giddings S, Sakhamuri S, Ali R, Motilal S, Teelucksingh S, Tello-Montoliu A. Prevalence of clOpidogrel 'resIstaNce' in a selected population of patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention at a tertiary cardiovascular centre in Trinidad: the POINT pilot study. Open Heart 2019; 6:e000841. [PMID: 30997117 PMCID: PMC6443217 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This novel, pilot study aimed to assess the estimated prevalence of high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) in Trinidad and Tobago. Methods Patients (n=40) who were awaiting elective percutaneous coronary intervention on maintenance dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin 81 mg daily and clopidogrel 75 mg or loaded at least 48 hours prior were recruited. Platelet reactivity with the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay (Accriva Diagnostics, San Diego, California, USA) was assessed prior to cardiac catheterisation. Results 60.7% (17/28) of the South Asian (Indo-Trinidadians) patients had HPR, whereas 14.3% (1/7) of Africans and 40% (2/5) of mixed ethnicity had HPR. There was a significant association between HPR (P2Y12 reaction units >208) and ethnicity with South Asians (Indo-Trinidadians) (OR 5.4; 95% CI 1.18 to 24.66, p=0.029). Conclusions This pilot study serves to introduce the preliminary observation that the estimated prevalence of HPR is considerably higher within the heterogeneous population in Trinidad at 50% as compared with predominantly Caucasian studies. Furthermore, the HPR is significantly higher in South Asians (Indo-Trinidadians) (>60% of patients) which has severe clinical repercussions considering the cardiovascular disease pandemic. Clopidogrel may not be a satisfactory or optimal antiplatelet agent in this subgroup, and therefore, another more potent antiplatelet such as ticagrelor should be used instead. Further large-scale studies are imperative to confirm these findings. (Funded by the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine; POINT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03667066.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Anand Seecheran
- Clinical Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies at Saint Augustine Faculty of Medical Sciences, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Aarti Maharaj
- Department of Medicine, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Brent Boodhai
- Department of Medicine, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Rajeev Seecheran
- Department of Medicine, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Valmiki Seecheran
- Department of Medicine, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sangeeta Persad
- Department of Medicine, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Koomatie Ramsaroop
- Department of Medicine, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sherry Sandy
- Clinical Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies at Saint Augustine Faculty of Medical Sciences, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Stanley Giddings
- Clinical Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies at Saint Augustine Faculty of Medical Sciences, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sateesh Sakhamuri
- Clinical Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies at Saint Augustine Faculty of Medical Sciences, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Ronan Ali
- Clinical Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies at Saint Augustine Faculty of Medical Sciences, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Shastri Motilal
- Clinical Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies at Saint Augustine Faculty of Medical Sciences, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Surujpal Teelucksingh
- Clinical Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies at Saint Augustine Faculty of Medical Sciences, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Silvado CE, Terra VC, Twardowschy CA. CYP2C9 polymorphisms in epilepsy: influence on phenytoin treatment. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2018; 11:51-58. [PMID: 29636628 PMCID: PMC5880189 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s108113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenytoin (PHT) is an antiepileptic drug widely used in the treatment of focal epilepsy and status epilepticus, and effective in controlling focal seizures with and without tonic-clonic generalization and status epilepticus. The metabolization of PHT is carried out by two oxidative cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP2C19; 90% of this metabolization is done by CYP2C9 and the remaining 10% by CYP2C19. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C9 may reduce the metabolism of PHT by 25-50% in patients with variants *2 and *3 compared to those with wild-type variant *1. The frequency distribution of CYP2C9 polymorphism alleles in patients with epilepsy around the world ranges from 4.5 to 13.6%, being less frequent in African-Americans and Asians. PHT has a narrow therapeutic range and a nonlinear pharmacokinetic profile; hence, its poor metabolization has significant clinical implications as it causes more frequent and more serious adverse effects requiring discontinuation of treatment, even if it had been effective. There is evidence that polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and the use of PHT are associated with an increase in the frequency of some side effects, such as cerebellar atrophy, gingival hypertrophy or acute cutaneous reactions. The presence of HLA-B*15:02 and CYP2C9 *2 or *3 in the same patient increases the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis; hence, PHT should not be prescribed in these patients. In patients with CYP2C9 *1/*2 or *1/*3 alleles (intermediate metabolizers), the usual PHT maintenance dose (5-10 mg/kg/day) must be reduced by 25%, and in those with CYP2C9 *2/*2, *2/*3 or *3/*3 alleles (poor metabolizers), the dose must be reduced by 50%. It is controversial whether CYP2C9 genotyping should be done before starting PHT treatment. In this paper, we aim to review the influence of CYP2C9 polymorphism on the metabolization of PHT and the clinical implications of poor metabolization in the treatment of epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Silvado
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Hospital de Clinicas, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Vera Cristina Terra
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Hospital de Clinicas, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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18
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Biswas M, Bendkhale SR, Deshpande SP, Thaker SJ, Kulkarni DV, Bhatia SJ, Rajadhyaksha AG, Gogtay NJ, Thatte UM. Association between genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 and safety and efficacy of warfarin: Results of a 5 years audit. Indian Heart J 2018; 70 Suppl 3:S13-S19. [PMID: 30595245 PMCID: PMC6309143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 play major role in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin, respectively. Purpose of our study was to assess the utility of pretesting patients for the above mutations in predicting tendency for bleeding and achieving target INR. Methods This was an audit of data collected between July 2011 and December 2016. For safety and efficacy, patients were divided into two subgroups: those with or without bleeding and those who achieved target INR or not. Chi square test was applied to compare the between group differences and crude Odds Ratio (cOR) calculated. Results Among 521 patients evaluated, most common indication for warfarin therapy was valvular heart disease (210/521 = 40%); 36% (187/521) had at least one bleeding episode; 56% (269/479) had below target INR. 26% (136/521) had polymorphic alleles of CYP2C9 and 69% (358/521) had the GG haplotype of VKORC1. Polymorphic alleles of CYP2C9 or AG/AA haplotype had twice the odds of bleeding (cOR = 2.14 and 2.44 respectively) relative to those with wild CYP2C9 allele or GG haplotype. Combined CYP2C9 mutant alleles and/or AG/AA haplotypes had thrice the odds of bleeding (cOR = 3.12) relative to those with wild CYP2C9 alleles and GG haplotype. Those with GG haplotype had twice the odds (cOR = 1.81) and those with GG haplotype along with wild CYP2C9 allele had four times the odds (cOR = 4.27) of not achieving the target INR relative to those with other haplotype/alleles. All these associations were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions Pretesting patients for genetic polymorphisms could aid in individualizing warfarin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansij Biswas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Shital R Bendkhale
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Siddharth P Deshpande
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Saket J Thaker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Dwarkanath V Kulkarni
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Shobna J Bhatia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Anjali G Rajadhyaksha
- Department of Medicine, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Nithya J Gogtay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Urmila M Thatte
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India.
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Novkovic M, Matic D, Kusic-Tisma J, Antonijevic N, Radojkovic D, Rakicevic L. Analysis of the CYP2C19 genotype associated with bleeding in Serbian STEMI patients who have undergone primary PCI and treatment with clopidogrel. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 74:443-451. [PMID: 29260275 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-017-2401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bleeding is one of the possible adverse events during clopidogrel therapy. The CYP2C19 gene is the most significant genetic factor which influences response to clopidogrel treatment. We aimed to examine the contribution of the CYP2C19 gene to bleeding occurrence during clopidogrel therapy in Serbian patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS This case-control study included 53 patients who experienced bleeding and 55 patients without bleeding. Bleeding events were defined and classified using the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria. All patients were prescribed daily doses of clopidogrel during the 1-year follow-up after PCI. The CYP2C19*17 (c.-806C>T, rs12248560), rs11568732 (c.-889T>G, CYP2C19*20), CYP2C19*2 (c.681G>A; rs4244285) and CYP2C19*3 (c.636G>A; rs4986893) variants were analysed in all 108 patients. Additionally, sequencing of all nine exons, 5'UTR and 3'UTR in the rs11568732 carriers was performed. RESULTS Association between bleeding (BARC type ≥ 2) and the CYP2C19*17 variant was not observed [odds ratio (OR), 0.53; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.2-1.1; p = 0.107). The rs11568732 variant showed significant association with bleeding (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.12-12.44; p = 0.025). Also, we found that the rs11568732 variant appears independently of haplotype CYP2C19*3B, which is contrary to the previous findings. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the absence of CYP2C19*17 influence and turn the attention to the potential significance of the rs11568732 variant in terms of adverse effects of clopidogrel. However, it is necessary to conduct an independent conformation study in order to verify this finding. Also, an analysis of the functional implication of the rs11568732 variant is necessary in order to confirm the significance of this variant, both in relation to its influence on gene expression and in relation to its medical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Novkovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Matic
- Emergency Department, Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kusic-Tisma
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Antonijevic
- Emergency Department, Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragica Radojkovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Rakicevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Pharmacogenetics-Based Warfarin Dosing in Patients With Cardiac Valve Replacement: The Effects of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Gene Polymorphisms. Lab Med 2017; 49:25-34. [DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Rao DK, Murthy DK, Shaik NS, Banaganapalli B, Konda K, Rao HP, Ganti E, Ahmed Awan Z, A El-Harouni A, Elango R, Ali Khan I, Shaik NA. Distribution of CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 amino acid substitution alleles in South Indian diabetes patients: A genotypic and computational protein phenotype study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:1171-1179. [PMID: 28686288 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 are two major isoforms of the cytochrome P450 enzyme family, which is involved in drug response, detoxification, and disease development. This study describes the differential distribution of amino acid substitution variants of CYP2C8 (*2-I269F & *3-R139K) and CYP2C9 (*2-C144R & *3-L359A) genes in 234 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and 218 healthy controls from Andhra Pradesh, South India. Single locus genotype analysis has revealed that homozygous recessive genotypes of 2C8*2-TT (P ≤ .03), 2C9*2-TT (P ≤ .02), and heterozygous 2C9*3-AC (P ≤ .006) are seen to be increasingly present in the case group, indicating a significant level of their association with diabetes in Andhra population. The statistical significance of these recessive genotypes has persisted even under their corresponding allelic forms (P ≤ .01). Genotype association results were further examined by computational protein structure and stability analysis to assess the deleteriousness of the amino acid changes. The mutant CYP 2C8 and 2C9 (both *2 and *3) proteins showed structural drifts at both amino acid residue (range 0.43Å-0.77Å), and polypeptide chain levels (range 0.68Å-1.81Å) compared to their wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, the free energy value differences (range -0.915 to -1.38 Kcal/mol) between mutant and native protein structures suggests the deleterious and destabilizing potential of amino acid substitution polymorphisms of CYP genes. The present study confirms the variable distribution of CYP2C8 (*2 and *3) and CYP2C9 (*2 and *3) allelic polymorphisms among South Indian diabetic populations and further warrants the serious attention of CYP gene family, as a putative locus for disease risk assessment and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nazia Sultana Shaik
- Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Babajan Banaganapalli
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Princess Al-Jawahara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hanmantha P Rao
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Eswar Ganti
- Department of General Medicine, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences, Chinoutpalli, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Zuhair Ahmed Awan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf A El-Harouni
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Princess Al-Jawahara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramu Elango
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Princess Al-Jawahara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Ahmad Shaik
- Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Princess Al-Jawahara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Sridharan K, Kataria R, Tolani D, Bendkhale S, Gogtay NJ, Thatte UM. Evaluation of CYP2C19, P2Y12, and ABCB1 polymorphisms and phenotypic response to clopidogrel in healthy Indian adults. Indian J Pharmacol 2017; 48:350-354. [PMID: 27756942 PMCID: PMC4980919 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.186191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CYP2C19 and P2Y12 polymorphisms have been claimed to alter the pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel. ABCB1 polymorphism has been associated with the efflux of clopidogrel resulting in decreased bioavailability. Due to paucity of data from Indian population, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the association of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19, P2Y12, and ABCB1 with inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) by clopidogrel. METHODS Healthy adults (n = 90) of either gender were administered single dose of 300 mg clopidogrel. Baseline, 4 h postdose, and day 7 assessment of platelet aggregation and genotype of CYP2C19, P2Y12, and ABCB1 were carried out using standardized laboratory methods. The difference in the maximum platelet aggregation (MPA) between baseline and 4 h postdose was considered as delta-MPA (DMPA), and percentage change of MPA at 4 h from baseline was considered as IPA. Those with an IPA of <30% were considered as poor responders. Inferential statistics was applied to find out significant difference of these parameters between various groups of genetic polymorphisms. RESULTS Mean (standard deviation [SD]) of MPA (%) at baseline, 4 h postdose, and day 7 were 78 (5), 56 (16), and 71 (8), respectively. Similarly, mean (SD) of DMPA (%) and IPA (%) were 23 (17) and 29 (21), respectively. A total of 54/90 (60%) cases were found to be poor responders to clopidogrel. A wild genotype (*1/*1) of CYP2C19 was observed in 35 (40.2%), 42 (48.3%) had *1/*2, 2 (2.3%) individuals had *1/*3, and 8 (9.2%) had *2/*2 mutant genotypes. Although statistically not significant (P = 0.09), a trend was observed in having decreased inhibition values (both MPA and IPA) as we proceed from wild genotype (*1/*1) to mutant genotypes in the order of *1/*2, *1/*3, and *2/*2. Similarly, in P2Y12, a wild haplotype (H1/H1) was present in 77 (89.5%) and 9 (10.5%) individuals had H1/H2 type. A statistically significant difference in DMPA and IPA was observed with more IPA by clopidogrel in individuals with H2 haplotype. No association was observed between the carriers and noncarriers of mutant (T) allele of ABCB1. CONCLUSION A trend of decrease in the IPA with CYP2C19 genotypes and an increase in the same with the H2 haplotype of P2Y12 following clopidogrel in Indian healthy adults were observed. Assessment of genetic polymorphisms of the same may aid in personalizing the therapy with clopidogrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Sridharan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rachna Kataria
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Drishti Tolani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shital Bendkhale
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nithya J Gogtay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Urmila M Thatte
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Gao F, Lam CSP, Yeo KK, Machin D, de Carvalho LP, Sim LL, Koh TH, Foo D, Ong HY, Tong KL, Tan HC, Earnest A, Chua T, Chan MYY. Influence of Ethnicity, Age, and Time on Sex Disparities in Long-Term Cause-Specific Mortality After Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003760. [PMID: 27792637 PMCID: PMC5121478 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background We examined the influence of sex, ethnicity, and time on competing cardiovascular and noncardiovascular causes of death following acute myocardial infarction in a multiethnic Asian cohort. Methods and Results For 12 years, we followed a prospective nationwide cohort of 15 151 patients (aged 22–101 years, median age 63 years; 72.3% male; 66.7% Chinese, 19.8% Malay, 13.5% Indian) who were hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction between 2000 and 2005. There were 6463 deaths (4534 cardiovascular, 1929 noncardiovascular). Compared with men, women had a higher risk of cardiovascular death (age‐adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.3, 95% CI 1.2–1.4) but a similar risk of noncardiovascular death (HR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8–1.0). Sex differences in cardiovascular death varied by ethnicity, age, and time. Compared with Chinese women, Malay women had the greatest increased hazard of cardiovascular death (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.6) and a marked imbalance in death due to heart failure or cardiomyopathy (HR 3.4 [95% CI 1.9–6.0] versus HR 1.5 [95% CI 0.6–3.6] for Indian women). Compared with same‐age Malay men, Malay women aged 22 to 49 years had a 2.5‐fold (95% CI 1.6–3.8) increased hazard of cardiovascular death. Sex disparities in cardiovascular death tapered over time, least among Chinese patients and most among Indian patients; the HR comparing cardiovascular death of Indian women and men decreased from 1.9 (95% CI 1.5–2.4) at 30 days to 0.9 (95% CI 0.5–1.6) at 10 years. Conclusion Age, ethnicity, and time strongly influence the association between sex and specific cardiovascular causes of mortality, suggesting that health care policy to reduce sex disparities in acute myocardial infarction outcomes must consider the complex interplay of these 3 major modifying factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - David Machin
- Medical Statistics Group, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Leonardo P de Carvalho
- National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Huay Cheem Tan
- National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arul Earnest
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Mark Yan Yee Chan
- National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Xavier AS, Kumar SV, Sundaram R, Francis J, Shewade DG. Effect of antituberculosis treatment on CYP2C19 enzyme activity in genetically polymorphic South Indian Tamilian population. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:607-615. [PMID: 27393733 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients on antituberculosis therapy (ATT) are more prone to drug interactions in the presence of coexisting illnesses which require drug therapy. Rifampicin is a pleiotropic inducer of CYP enzymes, and isoniazid is an enzyme inhibitor. Genetic variations are common in the gene coding for CYP2C19 enzyme. These variations would be important in predicting the individual variations in CYP2C19 activity. The objectives of the study were to find the net effect of 1-month ATT on CYP2C19 enzyme activity and its association with CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms. Newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients (n = 125) were included in the study. Before commencing ATT, they were given a single dose of omeprazole 20 mg as a probe drug for CYP2C19. Blood sample was collected after 3 h to carry out phenotyping for CYP2C19 enzyme by measuring omeprazole hydroxylation index (OHI) using LC-MS/MS. The phenotyping procedure was repeated after 1 month of ATT. CYP2C19 genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP method. Significant reduction in OHI was observed after 1 month of ATT in all the metabolizer groups. The percentage reduction in OHI was maximum with poor metabolizers, 84.1 (IQR - 74.6, 86.6), and minimum with ultra-rapid metabolizers, 39.6 (IQR - 12.7, 54.7). CYP2C19 enzyme induction is predominant in patients after 1 month of antituberculosis treatment (ATT). Genetic variations in the enzyme could not clearly explain the interindividual differences in induction. There is a potential risk of drug failure/adverse effect in poor metabolizers regardless of their genotype after ATT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphienes Stanley Xavier
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry Union territory, India, 605 006
| | - Saka Vinod Kumar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry Union territory, India, 605 006
| | - Rajan Sundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry Union territory, India, 605 006
| | - Jose Francis
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry Union territory, India, 605 006
| | - Deepak Gopal Shewade
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry Union territory, India, 605 006
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Swar BD, Bendkhale SR, Rupawala A, Sridharan K, Gogtay NJ, Thatte UM, Kshirsagar NA. Evaluation of cytochrome P450 2C9 activity in normal, healthy, adult Western Indian population by both phenotyping and genotyping. Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 48:248-51. [PMID: 27298492 PMCID: PMC4899995 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.182885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) is a member of cytochrome P450 (CYP) family that accounts for nearly 18% of the total CYP protein content in the human liver microsomes and catalyzes almost 15–20% of the drugs. Considering the paucity of data on the polymorphisms of CYP2C9 in Western Indian population, the present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of CYP2C9 polymorphisms (*1, *2 and *3) and correlate it with the activity using flurbiprofen (FLB) as a probe drug. Materials and Methods: A 100 mg FLB capsule was administered to 298 healthy adult participants. Venous blood samples were analyzed at 2 h postdose for the estimation of FLB and 4-hydroxy FLB. Metabolic ratio (MR) was calculated to determine the extent of poor metabolizer (PM) and rapid metabolizer status using probit plot. Genotyping of CYP2C9 polymorphism was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Results: Of the total 298 participants, phenotype was assessable in 288 and genotype was performed in 289 participants. The median (range) MR of the study population was 6.6 (1.65–66.05). Five participants were found to be PMs by phenotype. Of the total 289 participants, 209 (72.3%) (66.7, 77.2) had CYP2C9*1/*1, 25 (8.7%) (5.8, 12.7) with CYP2C9*1/*2, 55 (19%) (14.8, 24.1) had CYP2C9*1/*3, 3 (1%) (0.3, 3.3) had CYP2C9*2/*3 genotype. A significant association between phenotype and genotype was observed. Conclusion: To conclude, the present study found significant association of CYP2C9 activity by both phenotype and genotype and these findings have to be corroborated in different kinds of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkrishna D Swar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shital R Bendkhale
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abbas Rupawala
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kannan Sridharan
- Department of Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | - Nithya J Gogtay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Urmila M Thatte
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilima A Kshirsagar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Chaudhary N, Kabra M, Gulati S, Gupta YK, Pandey RM, Bhatia BD. Frequencies of CYP2C9 polymorphisms in North Indian population and their association with drug levels in children on phenytoin monotherapy. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:66. [PMID: 27179628 PMCID: PMC4868001 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phenytoin, mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzyme system, has a narrow therapeutic index and may have adverse effects due to inter-individual variation in the dose requirement and genetic polymorphisms. This cross-sectional study was done to study the prevalence of cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 polymorphisms in Indian epileptic children and to see the effect of polymorphisms on serum levels in epileptic children on phenytoin monotherapy. Methods We studied 89 epileptic children of North Indian population, randomly selected, to see the genotypic and allelic frequency of CYP2C9 and its association with drug levels on phenytoin monotherapy. Analysis was done using STATA 9 Software. The results were analyzed as prevalence at 95 % C.I. (Confidence Interval). The difference in mean phenytoin serum levels between wild and mutant alleles was tested using Student`s T test for independent samples. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results CYP2C9*1, *2 & *3 allelic frequencies were 85.4, 4.5 and 10.1 % respectively. CYP2C9*3 allelic group showed significantly higher serum phenytoin levels compared to the wild variants (P = 0.009). There was no statistically significant difference in the dose received (P = 0.12) and side effects of CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 genotypes (P = 0.442 and 0.597 respectively) when compared with wild variant. Conclusion CYP2C9*3 is more common than *2 in the present study. All the polymorphisms demonstrated in our study were heterozygous with no homozygosity. Serum phenytoin levels are higher in polymorphic groups (*3) which suggest their poor metabolizing nature. Genotyping may help to avoid toxicity and concentration-dependent adverse effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0603-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Chaudhary
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. .,Department of Pediatrics, Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal.
| | - Madhulika Kabra
- Genetic Unit, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheffali Gulati
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bal Dev Bhatia
- Department of Pediatrics, Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal
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Analysis of CYP2C9 polymorphisms (*2 and *3) in warfarin therapy patients in Pakistan. Association of CYP2C9 polymorphisms (*2 and*3) with warfarin dose, age, PT and INR. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2016; 40:218-24. [PMID: 25904339 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-015-1215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant characterized by having a narrow therapeutic index and exhibiting a wide range of inter-individual and inter-ethnic variation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in hepatic VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genes causes decreased and increased metabolism of warfarin respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the allele frequency of CYP2C9 polymorphic variants *2 and *3 and the association of these allelic variants with PT/INR and daily/weekly dose of warfarin. Seventy-four patients with heart valve replacement were selected. Patients taking low warfarin dose (4.90-17.50 mg weekly) for at least last 3 months and had a stable INR in the range of 2-3 were included in this study. CYP2C9 polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Among 74 patients, 9 (12.1 %) showed to have *2 allele, whereas 11 (14.1 %) had *3 allele. Genotype frequencies of wild and variant alleles were, 54.1, 17.6, 21.6 and 6.8 % for *1/*1, *1/*2, *1/*3 and *2/*3 respectively. None of the patient was homozygous for *2 and *3. Statistical analysis showed that low warfarin dose (weekly) is significantly associated with *1/*2 and *1/*3 genotypes (p value ≥ 0.001), whereas PT/INR showed no significant association with the any genotypes of CYP2C9. Our study suggest that polymorphic variants of CYP2C9 (*2 and *3) might influence warfarin dose requirements and associated with the low dose of warfarin in patients.
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Interethnic variation of CYP2C19 alleles, 'predicted' phenotypes and 'measured' metabolic phenotypes across world populations. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:113-23. [PMID: 26503820 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the worldwide frequency distribution of CYP2C19 alleles and CYP2C19 metabolic phenotypes ('predicted' from genotypes and 'measured' with a probe drug) among healthy volunteers from different ethnic groups and geographic regions, as well as the relationship between the 'predicted' and 'measured' CYP2C19 metabolic phenotypes. A total of 52 181 healthy volunteers were studied within 138 selected original research papers. CYP2C19*17 was 42- and 24-fold more frequent in Mediterranean-South Europeans and Middle Easterns than in East Asians (P<0.001, in both cases). Contrarily, CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 alleles were more frequent in East Asians (30.26% and 6.89%, respectively), and even a twofold higher frequency of these alleles was found in Native populations from Oceania (61.30% and 14.42%, respectively; P<0.001, in all cases), which may be a consequence of genetic drift process in the Pacific Islands. Regarding CYP2C19 metabolic phenotype, poor metabolizers (PMs) were more frequent among Asians than in Europeans, contrarily to the phenomenon reported for CYP2D6. A correlation has been found between the frequencies of CYP2C19 poor metabolism 'predicted' from CYP2C19 genotypes (gPMs) and the poor metabolic phenotype 'measured' with a probe drug (mPMs) when subjects are either classified by ethnicity (r=0.94, P<0.001) or geographic region (r=0.99, P=0.002). Nevertheless, further research is needed in African and Asian populations, which are under-represented, and additional CYP2C19 variants and the 'measured' phenotype should be studied.
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Tabari MG, Naseri F, Ataby MA, Marjani A. Genetic Polymorphism of Cytochrome p450 (2C9) Enzyme in Iranian Baluch Ethnic Group. Open Biochem J 2015; 9:37-41. [PMID: 26464589 PMCID: PMC4598382 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01509010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to assess and compare the frequencies of the cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 variations in the Baluch ethnic group (n=110) with other ethnic groups. The allele frequencies of CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 were 80.90%, 11.82% and 7.27%, respectively. 70.90%, 11.82%, 8.18%, 4.55%, 2.73% and 1.82% of subjects were with CYP2C9*1/*1, CYP2C9*1/*2, CYP2C9*1/*3, CYP2C9*2/*2, CYP2C9*2/*3 and CYP2C9*3/*3 genotypes, respectively. Different mutants may effect on prediction of drug dose requirements in different ethnic groups. Thus, CYP2C9 variants to be determined for findings high risk groups use optimal dosage of drugs metabolized by this polymorphic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryam Agh Ataby
- Fatima Alzahra Hospital Minodasht, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan Province, Iran
| | - Abdoljalal Marjani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran
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Tzveova R, Dimitrova-Karamfilova A, Saraeva R, Solarova T, Naydenova G, Petrova I, Hristova N, Popov I, Nachev G, Mitev V, Kaneva R. Estimation and validation of acenocoumarol dosing algorithms in Bulgarian patients with cardiovascular diseases. Per Med 2015; 12:209-220. [PMID: 29771648 DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim & Methods: A total of 169 Bulgarian patients were genotyped for CYP2C9*2,*3, VKORC1-1639G>A and VKORC11173C>T. The effect of genetic and nongenetic factors on acenocoumarol dose variability was tested in a derivation cohort of patients and the obtained algorithm was validated in a test cohort. RESULTS & DISCUSSION It was found that VKORC-1639G>A (25.5%), CYP2C9*2 (7.8%), CYP2C9*3 (6.1%), age (13.6%) and diagnosis (6.0%) significantly affected acenocoumarol dose variability in the derivation cohort. These factors with additional factors, such as sex (0.1%, p = 0.76), weight (2.6%, p = 0.14) and amiodarone use (3.0%, p = 0.059) accounted for 46.5% and 23.0% of the dose variability for genetic and clinical models, respectively. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this investigation, validated clinical and pharmacogenetic algorithms for the prediction of a stable anticoagulant dose were developed, specifically designed for the Bulgarian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reni Tzveova
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry & Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Antoaneta Dimitrova-Karamfilova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University National Multi-profile Active Treatment Hospital "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Radoslava Saraeva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry & Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Solarova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University National Multi-profile Active Treatment Hospital "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Galya Naydenova
- Second Department of Cardiology, University NationalMulti-profile Active Treatment Hospital "Dr. G. Stansky"- Pleven, 8A Georgi Kochev str., Pleven 5800, Bulgaria
| | - Irina Petrova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University National Multi-profile Active Treatment Hospital "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Nataliya Hristova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University National Multi-profile Active Treatment Hospital "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Popov
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry & Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Gencho Nachev
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University National Multi-profile Active Treatment Hospital "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Vanio Mitev
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry & Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry & Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
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Chawla PK, Nanday SR, Dherai AJ, Soman R, Lokhande RV, Naik PR, Ashavaid TF. Correlation of CYP2C19 genotype with plasma voriconazole levels: a preliminary retrospective study in Indians. Int J Clin Pharm 2015; 37:925-30. [PMID: 26024717 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-015-0143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voriconazole is an antifungal drug essentially metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP2C19) isozyme. Plasma voriconazole levels exhibit wide inter-individual variability due to several factors like age, weight, food or drug interactions or CYP2C19 polymorphisms. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we assessed the correlation of voriconazole levels with CYP2C19 genotype in patients on voriconazole therapy. SETTING Biochemistry Department of a 480 inpatient bed tertiary care hospital in India. METHODS Plasma voriconazole estimation was done in seventy-two patients on standard weight based voriconazole therapy by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) while genotype assessment for the CYP2C19*2 and *3 was done by PCR-RFLP and *17 by ARMS-PCR. Statistical analysis and genotype-phenotype correlation was done by comparing the drug levels with the CYP2C19 genotype. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE CYP2C19 polymorphisms influence voriconazole metabolism. RESULTS A wide variability is seen in plasma levels with only 51% attaining therapeutic levels. The allele frequency of *2, *3 and *17 variant were found to be 33.3, 0.7 and 18% respectively. The drug levels in carriers of *2 allele (poor metabolizers) was twofold higher than that in extensive metabolizers. However, the influence of *2 allele was compromised in presence of *17 allele and patients had low voriconazole levels. In addition to the genotype, co-medication and clinical condition remarkably influenced voriconazole concentration. CONCLUSION Plasma voriconazole levels are influenced by CYP2C19 variants, drug interactions and clinical condition of the patient. Genotype assessment at initiation of therapy followed by drug monitoring would help optimizing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna K Chawla
- Research Laboratories, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, V.S. Marg, Mahim, Mumbai, 400016, India
| | - Shweta R Nanday
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, P.D. Hinduja Hospital & Medical Research Centre, V.S. Marg, Mahim, Mumbai, 400016, India
| | - Alpa J Dherai
- Research Laboratories, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, V.S. Marg, Mahim, Mumbai, 400016, India.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, P.D. Hinduja Hospital & Medical Research Centre, V.S. Marg, Mahim, Mumbai, 400016, India
| | - Rajeev Soman
- Department of Internal Medicine, P.D. Hinduja Hospital & Medical Research Centre, V.S. Marg, Mahim, Mumbai, 400016, India
| | - Rohan V Lokhande
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, P.D. Hinduja Hospital & Medical Research Centre, V.S. Marg, Mahim, Mumbai, 400016, India
| | - Prasad R Naik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, P.D. Hinduja Hospital & Medical Research Centre, V.S. Marg, Mahim, Mumbai, 400016, India
| | - Tester F Ashavaid
- Research Laboratories, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, V.S. Marg, Mahim, Mumbai, 400016, India. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, P.D. Hinduja Hospital & Medical Research Centre, V.S. Marg, Mahim, Mumbai, 400016, India.
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A study on the impact of CYP2C19 genotype and platelet reactivity assay on patients undergoing PCI. Indian Heart J 2015; 67:114-21. [PMID: 26071289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A thorough understanding of the patient's genotype and their functional response to a medication is necessary for improving event free survival. Several outcome studies support this view particularly if the patient is to be started on clopidogrel due to the prevalence of clopidogrel resistance. Such guided therapy has reduced the incidence of Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE) after stent implantation. METHODS Between August 2013 and August 2014, 200 patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were prescribed any one of the anti-platelet medications such as clopidogrel, prasugrel or ticagrelor and offered testing to detect CYP2C19 gene mutations along with a platelet reactivity assay (PRA). Intended outcome was modification of anti-platelet therapy defined as either dose escalation of clopidogrel or replacement of clopidogrel with prasugrel or ticagrelor for the patients in clopidogrel arm, and replacement of ticagrelor or prasugrel with clopidogrel if those patients were non-carrier of mutant genes and also if they demonstrated bleeding tendencies in the ticagrelor and prasugrel arms. CONCLUSION Clopidogrel resistance was observed to be 16.5% in our study population. PRA was useful in monitoring the efficacy of thienopyridines. By having this test, one can be safely maintained on clopidogrel in non-carriers, or with increased dose of clopidogrel in intermediate metabolizers or with newer drugs such as ticagrelor or prasugrel in poor metabolizers. Patients on ticagrelor and prasugrel identified as non-carriers of gene mutations for clopidogrel metabolism could be offered clopidogrel resulting in economic benefits to the patients. Patients at high risk of bleeding were also identified by the PRA.
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Giri AK, Khan NM, Basu A, Tandon N, Scaria V, Bharadwaj D. Pharmacogenetic landscape of clopidogrel in north Indians suggest distinct interpopulation differences in allele frequencies. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:643-53. [PMID: 24798721 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Clopidogrel, a widely used antiplatelet drug, exhibits high interindividual variability; more than 80% of which could be explained by genetic polymorphisms. We built an allele frequency map of variants affecting clopidogrel response in north Indians. MATERIALS & METHODS We mined a cross-sectional population-scale genome-wide dataset of 2128 Indo-Europeans residing in north India for presence of variants associated with pharmacogenetics of clopidogrel. RESULTS Our analysis reveals significant differences in population-scale allele frequencies between Indians and the global population. Indians had a higher allele frequency for variants in the CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and P2RY1 genes whereas lower frequency for the ABCB1, CYP1A2, CYP2C19*2C, CYP3A5 and PON1 genes compared with the global population. Furthermore, from our study we proposed a model to explain the higher prevalence of clopidogrel metabolizers in north Indians. CONCLUSION This is the largest population-scale genetic epidemiology study that provides a high-resolution map of variants associated with clopidogrel response that could be potentially valuable to clinicians to rationally plan appropriate dosage for therapy in resource poor conditions based on population level allele frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Giri
- Genomics & Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Delhi-110 020, India
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An acenocoumarol dosing algorithm exploiting clinical and genetic factors in South Indian (Dravidian) population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 71:173-81. [PMID: 25519826 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-014-1791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the influence of CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2, and GGCX genetic polymorphisms on mean daily dose of acenocoumarol in South Indian patients and to develop a new pharmacogenetic algorithm based on clinical and genetic factors. METHODS Patients receiving acenocoumarol maintenance therapy (n = 230) were included in the study. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2, and GGCX were genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. RESULTS The mean daily acenocoumarol maintenance dose was found to be 3.7 ± 2.3 (SD) mg/day. The CYP2C9 *1*2, CYP2C9 *1*3, and CYP2C9 *2*3 variant genotypes significantly reduced the dose by 56.7 % (2.0 mg), 67.6 % (1.6 mg), and 70.3 % (1.5 mg) than wild-type carriers 4.1 mg, p < 0.0001. The genetic variants of CYP2C9 and GGCX (rs11676382) were found to be associated with lower acenocoumarol dose, whereas CYP4F2 (rs2108622) was associated with higher doses. Age, body mass index (BMI), variation of CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2, and GGCX were the major determinants of acenocoumarol maintenance dose, accounting for 61.8 % of its variability (adjusted r (2) = 0.615, p < 0.0001). Among the VKORC1 variants, rs9923231 alone contributed up to 28.6 % of the acenocoumarol dose variation. CONCLUSION VKORC1 rs9923231 polymorphism had the highest impact on acenocoumarol daily dose. A new pharmacogenetic algorithm was established to determine the acenocoumarol dose in South Indian population.
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Mahadevan L, Yesudas A, Sajesh PK, Revu S, Kumar P, Santhosh D, Santhosh S, Sashikumar JM, Gopalakrishnan VK, Boben J, Rajesh C. Prevalence of genetic variants associated with cardiovascular disease risk and drug response in the Southern Indian population of Kerala. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2014; 20:175-84. [PMID: 25400347 PMCID: PMC4228570 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.142896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study reports the prevalence of five clinically significant variants associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disorders, and variable responses of individuals to commonly prescribed cardiovascular drugs in a South Indian population from the state of Kerala. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genomic DNA isolated from 100 out-patient samples from Kerala were sequenced to examine the frequency of clinically relevant polymorphisms in the genes MYBPC3 (cardiomyopathy), SLCO1B1 (statin-induced myopathy), CYP2C9, VKORC1 (response to warfarin) and CYP2C19 (response to clopidogrel). RESULTS: Our analyses revealed the frequency of a 25 bp deletion variant of MYBPC3 associated with risk of cardiomyopathy was 7%, and the SLCO1B1 “C” allele associated with risk for statin-induced myopathy was 15% in this sample group. Among the other variants associated with dose-induced toxicity of warfarin, VKORC1 (c.1639G>A), was detected at 22%, while CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*2 alleles were present at a frequency of 15% and 3% respectively. Significantly, the tested sample population showed high prevalence (66%) of CYP2C19*2 variant, which determines response to clopidogrel therapy. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified that certain variants associated with cardiovascular disease and related drug response in the five genes, especially those in VKORC1, CYP2C19 and MYBPC3, are highly prevalent in the Kerala population, with almost 2 times higher prevalence of CYP2C19*2 variant compared with other regions in the country. Since the variants chosen in this study have relevance in disease phenotype and/or drug response, and are detected at a higher frequency, this study is likely to encourage clinicians to perform genetic testing before prescribing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Mahadevan
- MedGenome (Division of Molecular Diagnostics), SciGenom Labs Pvt. Ltd, CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Ancy Yesudas
- MedGenome (Division of Molecular Diagnostics), SciGenom Labs Pvt. Ltd, CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - P K Sajesh
- MedGenome (Division of Molecular Diagnostics), SciGenom Labs Pvt. Ltd, CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - S Revu
- MedGenome (Division of Molecular Diagnostics), SciGenom Labs Pvt. Ltd, CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Prasanna Kumar
- MedGenome (Division of Molecular Diagnostics), SciGenom Labs Pvt. Ltd, CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Devi Santhosh
- MedGenome (Division of Molecular Diagnostics), SciGenom Labs Pvt. Ltd, CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Sam Santhosh
- MedGenome (Division of Molecular Diagnostics), SciGenom Labs Pvt. Ltd, CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - J M Sashikumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V K Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joji Boben
- Meditrina Cardiac Centre, St. Thomas Hospital, Changanassery, Kerala, India
| | - Changanamkandath Rajesh
- MedGenome (Division of Molecular Diagnostics), SciGenom Labs Pvt. Ltd, CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, India
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VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotype distribution in Asian countries. Thromb Res 2014; 134:537-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Effect of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic variations on warfarin dose requirements in Indian patients. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1375-82. [PMID: 24399734 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warfarin, an oral anticoagulant is used in patients who are at increased risk of developing blood clots. The management of warfarin therapy is challenging because it shows large inter and intra individual variability in patient response due to factors like age, gender, diet, concurrent drug interactions and variations in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes. Studies implicate that polymorphisms in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genes are associated with reduced doses of warfarin. The aim of our current study was to characterize the effects of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 gene variations that contribute to variability in warfarin dosing in Indian patients. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from 103 patients undergoing warfarin therapy. Their mean daily warfarin dose, INR and demographics were recorded and genotyping of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 gene was performed by PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS Individuals with wild type genotypes required highest mean warfarin dosage of 4.72 mg/day while VKORC1 variants required 3.6 mg/day to maintain their therapeutic INR. CYP2C9*2 genotype was not found to affect the warfarin maintenance dosages. The odds ratio for developing supra therapeutic INR in patients carrying VKORC1 variant allele when compared to wild types was 13.96 (95% CI; 4.85 - 44.65. Other factors affecting warfarin dosages were age and weight. CONCLUSION Inclusion of pharmacogenetic data along with clinical parameters would help better predict warfarin doses in Indian patients.
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Paul S, Chaudhuri T, Pant MC, Parmar D, Srivastava K. Association of cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphism with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and response to concurrent cisplatin-based radical chemoradiation. South Asian J Cancer 2014; 3:154-8. [PMID: 25136521 PMCID: PMC4134605 DOI: 10.4103/2278-330x.136771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The aim of the present study is to investigate the association between polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) enzyme with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and response in patients receiving cisplatin-based radical chemoradiation (CT-RT). Materials and Methods: Four hundred and sixty patients suffering from locally advanced HNSCC and an equal number of healthy controls were genotyped for CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*013, leading to poor metabolizers (PMs) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Each case was assessed thoroughly for treatment response as per the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Results and Analysis: The frequency of heterozygous genotypes of both CYP2C9*2 (27.8%) and CYP2C9*3 (25%) were found to be significantly higher in the HNSCC cases as compared to the healthy controls. Tobacco intake in the form of chewing or smoking and alcohol intake resulted in several folds increase in the risk to HNSCC in the cases carrying variant genotypes of CYP2C9*2 or CYP2C9*013. Further, majority of the cases assessed for response (n = 436) carrying variant alleles of CYP2C9*2 (69.6%) or CYP2C9*3 (65.2%) were found to respond poorly to cisplatin-based radical CT-RT. Conclusion: The data suggests a significant association of the CYP2C9 polymorphism with HNSCC and treatment outcome underlining the importance of pretherapeutic genotyping in determining the treatment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Paul
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Formerly, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Tamojit Chaudhuri
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - M C Pant
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Formerly, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - D Parmar
- Department of Developmental Toxicology and Environmental Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Toxicology and Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kirti Srivastava
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Formerly, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
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Giri AK, Khan NM, Grover S, Kaur I, Basu A, Tandon N, Scaria V, Consortium IGV, Kukreti R, Brahmachari SK, Bharadwaj D. Genetic epidemiology of pharmacogenetic variations in CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and VKORC1 genes associated with warfarin dosage in the Indian population. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:1337-54. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Warfarin, a widely used anticoagulant, exhibits large interindividual variability in dose requirements. CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms in various ethnic groups have been extensively studied as genetic markers associated with variable drug response. However, allele frequencies of these variants have not been assessed in major ethnic groups in the Indian population. Materials & methods: To study the functional variants known to affect warfarin dosing, we reanalyzed genotype microarray datasets generated as a part of genome-wide association studies as well as data from the Indian Genome Variation database. We examined data from 2680 individuals across 24 ethnically diverse Indian subpopulations. Results: Allelic distribution of VKORC1 (-1639G>A) showed a greater degree of variation across Indian subpopulations, with frequencies as low as 6.5% in an out-group subpopulation to >70% in Tibeto–Burmans. Risk allele frequency of CYP4F2*3 (V433M) was higher in north Indians (0.30–0.44), as compared with other world populations, such as African–American (0.12), Caucasian (0.34) and Hispanic (0.23). TheVKORC1 variant (-1639A) was shown to be prevalent amongst Tibeto–Burmans, whereas CYP2C9 (R144C, I359L) and CYP4F2 (V433M) variants were observed in considerable variability amongst Indo–Europeans. The frequency of CYP2C9*3 (I359L) in north Indians was found to be higher than in most Asian populations. Furthermore, geographical distribution patterns of these variants in north India showed an increased trend of warfarin extensive metabolizers from the Himalayan to Gangetic region. Combined allele frequency (CYP2C9*3 and CYP4F2*3) data suggest that poor metabolizers varied in the range of 0.38–1.85% in Indo–Europeans. Conclusion: Based on genotypic distribution, the majority of the Indian subpopulation might require higher doses for stable anticoagulation, whereas careful assessment is required for Tibeto–Burmans who are expected to have intermediate dose requirement. This is the largest global genetic epidemiological study examining variants associated with warfarin that could potentially be valuable to clinicians in optimizing dosage strategies. Original submitted 4 April 2014; Revision submitted 23 May 2014
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Giri
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110 020, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhavan, 2 Rafi Marg Delhi, 110 001, India
| | - Nazir M Khan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110 020, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110 020, India
| | - Ismeet Kaur
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110 020, India
| | - Analabha Basu
- National Institute of BioMedical Genomics, Kalyani, 741 251, India
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhavan, 2 Rafi Marg Delhi, 110 001, India
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Delhi, 110 020, India
| | | | - Ritushree Kukreti
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110 020, India
| | | | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110 020, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhavan, 2 Rafi Marg Delhi, 110 001, India
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Krajčíová Ľ, Petrovič R, Déžiová Ľ, Chandoga J, Turčáni P. Frequency of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms influencing the warfarin pharmacogenetics in Slovak population. Eur J Haematol 2014; 93:320-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ľubica Krajčíová
- 1st Department of Neurology; University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics; Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Robert Petrovič
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics; Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ľudmila Déžiová
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics; Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ján Chandoga
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics; Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Peter Turčáni
- 1st Department of Neurology; University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
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Gulati S, Yadav A, Kumar N, Kumar G, Aggarwal N, Gupta R. Frequency distribution of high risk alleles of CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 genes in Haryana population. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:1186-1193. [PMID: 24814262 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The genotype of an individual can significantly influence the disposition of a chemical, and determine their susceptibility to its toxicity. Many enzymes involved in either activation or detoxification of chemical carcinogen metabolism are polymorphically expressed, with the alleles presenting different enzymatic activities and some of them having been associated with susceptibility to cancer. Cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) constitutes the most important phase I enzyme group responsible for the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous (xenobiotics) substances. The present study was aimed to analyze the frequencies of commonly known polymorphisms of human xenobiotic metabolizing genes (XMG) in the Haryana State population of North India. The study was conducted in 308 healthy Haryana volunteers. DNA was extracted from leucocytes and the genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, CYP2E1*5B and CYP3A4*1B were determined by digesting the PCR Product with restriction enzymes BamHI, SmaI, PstI and PstI respectively. The genotype frequencies of CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, CYP2E1*5B, and CYP3A4*1B were found to be 22.0%, 0.0%, 2.11% and 2.0% respectively. The North Indian population which is known to be Caucasoid Aryans is ethnically different from South Indians known as Caucasoid Dravidians but no significant difference in genetic polymorphism was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Gulati
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) 136119, India.
| | - Anita Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) 136119, India.
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) 136119, India.
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) 136119, India.
| | - Neeraj Aggarwal
- Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) 136119, India.
| | - Ranjan Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) 136119, India.
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Buzoianu AD, Trifa AP, Mureşanu DF, Crişan S. Analysis of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphisms in a population from South-Eastern Europe. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2919-24. [PMID: 22863573 PMCID: PMC4393720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The CYP2C9 enzyme metabolizes a wide range of relevant drugs, among which are oral anticoagulants. VKORC1 is the pharmacodynamic target of the oral anticoagulants. The genetic polymorphisms CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A are the major determinants of the inter-individual variability in the dosage requirements of oral anticoagulants. This study provides a first evaluation of these 3 polymorphisms in a Romanian population. A total of 332 Romanian individuals were genotyped for the CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphisms using the PCR-RFLP technique. Sixty-two individuals (18.7%) were heterozygous for CYP2C9*2, whereas 47 individuals (14.1%) were heterozygous for CYP2C9*3. Fourteen individuals (4.2%) had a CYP2C9*2 homozygous, CYP2C9*3 homozygous or CYP2C9*2/CYP2C9*3 compound heterozygous genotype. These individuals are predicted to have the lowest CYP2C9 enzymatic activity. The allele frequencies of the CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 polymorphisms were 11.3% and 9.3% respectively. For the VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism, there were 170 heterozygotes (51.2%) and 55 (16.6%) homozygotes for the A allele. The frequency of the A allele was 42.2%. Overall, the distribution of the CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphisms observed in our cohort is in accordance with other Caucasian populations. A large number of Romanians are expected to harbour at least one CYP2C9 variant allele and/or one VKORC1 -1639 G>A allele. This frequency has major implications in the pharmacogenomics of oral anticoagulants in Romanians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Kumar DK, Shewade DG, Manjunath S, Ushakiran P, Reneega G, Adithan C. Inter and intra ethnic variation of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex and cytochrome P450 4F2 genetic polymorphisms and their prevalence in South Indian population. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2013; 19:301-10. [PMID: 24339542 PMCID: PMC3841554 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.120817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Genetic variation in the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex (VKORC1) and cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2) genes were found to be strongly associated with the oral anticoagulant (OA) dose requirement. The distribution of genetic variation in these two genes was found to show large inter- and intra-ethnic difference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 470 unrelated, healthy volunteers of South Indians of either sex (age: 18-60 years) were enrolled for the study. A 5 ml of venous blood was collected and the genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted by using phenol-chloroform extraction method. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was used for genotyping. RESULTS: The variant allele frequencies of VKORC1 rs2359612 (T), rs8050894 (C), rs9934438 (T) and rs9923231 (A) were found to be 11.0%, 11.8%, 11.7% and 12.0%, respectively. The variant allele VKORC1 rs7294 was (80.1%) more frequent and the variant allele CYP4F2 * 3 was found to be 41.8% in South Indians. The allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of VKORC1 and CYP4F2 gene were distinct from other compared HapMap populations (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The findings of our study provide the basic genetic information for further pharmacogenetic based investigation of OA therapy in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhakchinamoorthi Krishna Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Indian Council of Medical Research Centre for Advance Research in Pharmacogenomics, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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A novel VKORC1 promoter mutation found causing warfarin resistance, along with –1639G>A promoter mutation—A pilot study on the genetic variation in patients on warfarin therapy in South India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bgm.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Krishna Kumar D, Shewade DG, Loriot MA, Beaune P, Balachander J, Sai Chandran BV, Adithan C. Effect of CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2 and GGCX genetic variants on warfarin maintenance dose and explicating a new pharmacogenetic algorithm in South Indian population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 70:47-56. [PMID: 24019055 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-013-1581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of genetic polymorphisms on warfarin maintenance dose and to explicate an algorithm using the pharmacogenetic and clinical factors to determine the maintenance and/or starting dose of warfarin in South Indian patients receiving warfarin therapy. METHODS Patients receiving stabilized warfarin therapy (n=257) were included in the study. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP2C9 (rs1799853 and rs1057910), VKORC1 (rs9923231, rs7196161, rs2884737, rs9934438, rs8050894, rs2359612 and rs7294), CYP4F2 (rs2108622) and GGCX (rs11676382) were genotyped by the quantitative real time-PCR method. RESULTS The mean daily maintenance dose of warfarin was found to be 4.7 ± 2.1 mg/day. Patients with the CYP2C9*1/*2, *1/*3 and *2/*3 variant genotypes required a 51.0 (2.8 mg), 60.9 (2.3 mg) and 62.2 % (2.2 mg) lower daily maintenance dose of warfarin, respectively, than those patients with the CYP2C9*1/*1 wild-type genotype (5.2 mg) (p<0.0001). The genetic variants of CYP2C9, VKORC1 and GGCX were associated with decreased warfarin dose, except for rs7196161, rs7294 and rs2108622 which were associated with an increased warfarin dose. Genetic variations of CYP2C9 (*2 and *3), VKORC1 (rs9923231, rs7294, rs9934438 and rs2359612), CYP4F2, GGCX and non-genetic factors such as age, body weight, clinical status (post mechanical valve replacement) could explain up to 62.1 % of the overall variation (adjusted r (2) 60.2 %, p<0.0001) in warfarin maintenance dose. CONCLUSION Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2 and GGCX are important predictive factors of warfarin maintenance dose, and the developed algorithm will be useful to predict the required maintenance and/or starting warfarin dose in South Indian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhakchinamoorthi Krishna Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 605 006, India,
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Association of polymorphism in cytochrome P450 2C9 with susceptibility to head and neck cancer and treatment outcome. Appl Transl Genom 2013; 3:8-13. [PMID: 27275407 PMCID: PMC4881805 DOI: 10.1016/j.atg.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present case–control study involving 750 cases and equal number of healthy controls investigates the association of polymorphism in cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and response in patients receiving chemotherapy or combination of radio-chemotherapy. The frequency of heterozygous or homozygous genotypes of CYP2C9*2 & CYP2C9*3, which leads to the poor metabolizer (PM) genotype was significantly higher in HNSCC cases when compared to the healthy controls resulting in significantly increased risk in the cases. Tobacco use in the form of tobacco smoking or tobacco chewing was found to increase the risk several fold in cases when compared to the non-tobacco users. Likewise, alcohol intake in cases with variant genotypes of CYP2C9*2 or CYP2C9*3 also significantly increased the HNSCC risk in cases when compared to non-alcohol users. Further, majority of the cases carrying variant alleles of both CYP2C9*2 or CYP2C9*3 were found to respond poorly to the chemotherapy or combination of radio-chemotherapy. The data suggests a significant association of the CYP2C9 polymorphism with HNSCC and treatment outcome.
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Tabari RG, Marjani A, Ataby OA, Mansourian AR, Samai NM. Genetic Polymorphism of Cytochrome p450 (2C19) Enzyme in Iranian Turkman Ethnic Group. Oman Med J 2013; 28:237-44. [PMID: 23904915 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2013.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Different findings indicate that CYP2C plays a clinical role in determining interindividual and interethnic differences in drug effectiveness. The ethnic differences in the frequency of CYP2C19 mutant alleles continue to be a significant study topic. The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency of allelic variants of CYP2C19 in Turkman ethnic groups and compare them with the frequencies in other ethnic populations. METHODS The study group included 140 unrelated healthy ethnic Turkman subject referred to the Health Center. Genotyping of CYP2C19 alleles (CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2, and CYP2C19*3 alleles) was carried out by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism technique. RESULTS The allele frequency of CYP2C19*1, CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 were 56.43%, 23.57% and 20%, respectively. The result also showed that 39.7% of subjects expressed the CYP2C19*1/*1 genotype. While 42.1%, 9.3%, 9.3% and 1.4% expressed CYP2C19*1/*2, CYP2C19*1/*3, CYP2C19*2/*2 and CYP2C19*3/*3 genotypes, respectively. The genotype CYP2C19*2/*3 was not expressed in this study population. The findings suggested that 10% of subjects were poor metabolizers by expressing CYP2C19*2/*2 and CYP2C19*3/*3 genotypes. Fifty one percent of subjects were intermediate metabolizers having CYP2C19*1/*2, CYP2C19*2/*3 and CYP2C19*1/*3 genotypes and 37.86% were found to be extensive metabolizers expressing CYP2C19*1/*1 genotype. The frequency of intermediate metabolizers genotype was high (51%) in Turkman ethnic groups. CONCLUSION This study showed that the determined allelic variants of CYP2C19 (CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 mutations) in Turkman ethnic group are comparable to other populations. These findings could be useful for the clinicians in different country to determine optimal dosage and effectiveness of drugs metabolized by this polymorphic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robabeh Ghiyas Tabari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran
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Wang YH, Pan PP, Dai DP, Wang SH, Geng PW, Cai JP, Hu GX. Effect of 36 CYP2C9 variants found in the Chinese population on losartan metabolismin vitro. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:270-5. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.820007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Similarity in recombination rate and linkage disequilibrium at CYP2C and CYP2D cytochrome P450 gene regions among Europeans indicates signs of selection and no advantage of using tagSNPs in population isolates. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013; 22:846-57. [PMID: 23089684 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32835a3a6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and recombination rate variations are known to vary considerably between human genome regions and populations mostly because of the combined effects of mutation, recombination, and demographic history. Thus, the pattern of LD is a key issue to disentangle variants associated with complex traits. Here, we aim to describe the haplotype structure and LD variation at the pharmacogenetically relevant cytochrome P450 CYP2C and CYP2D gene regions among European populations. METHODS To assess the haplotype structure, LD pattern, and recombination rate variations in the clinically significant CYP2C and CYP2D regions, we genotyped 143 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across these two genome regions in a diverse set of 11 European population samples and one sub-Saharan African sample. RESULTS Our results showed extended patterns of LD and in general a low rate of recombination at these loci, and a low degree of allele differentiation for the two cytochrome P450 regions among Europeans, with the exception of the Sami and the Finns as European outliers. The Sami sample showed reduced haplotype diversity and higher LD for the two cytochrome P450 regions than the other Europeans, a feature that is proposed to enhance the LD mapping of underlying common complex traits. However, recombination hotspots and LD blocks at these two regions showed highly consistent structures across Europeans including Finns and Sami. Moreover, we showed that the CEPH sample has significantly higher tag transferability among Europeans and a more efficient tagging of both the rare CYP2C9 and the common CYP2C19 functional variants than the Sami. Our data set included CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910) and CYP2C19*2 (rs4244285) enzyme activity-altering variants associated in a recent genome-wide study with acenocoumarol-induced and warfarin-induced anticoagulation or to the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel, respectively. Including these known activity-altering variants, we showed the haplotype variation and high derived allele frequencies of novel recently identified acenocoumarol genome-wide associated SNPs at CYP2C9 (rs4086116) and CYP2C18 (rs12772169, rs1998591, rs2104543, rs1042194) loci in a comprehensive set of 11 European populations. Furthermore, a significant frequency difference of a CYP2C19*2 gene mutation causing variable drug reactions was observed among Europeans. CONCLUSION The CEPH sample representing the general European population as such in the HapMap project seems to be the optimal population sample for the LD mapping of common complex traits among Europeans. Nevertheless, it is still argued that the unique pattern of LD in the Sami may offer an advantage for further association mapping, especially if multiple rare variants play a role in disease etiology. However, besides the activity-altering CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910) and CYP2C19*2 (rs4244285) variants, the high derived allele frequencies of novel recently identified acenocoumarol genome-wide associated SNPs at CYP2C9 (rs4086116) and CYP2C18 (rs12772169, rs1998591, rs2104543, rs1042194) loci variants indicated that the CYP2C region may have been influenced by selection. Thus, this fine-scale haplotype map of the CYP2C and CYP2D regions may help to choose markers for further association mapping of complex pharmacogenetic traits at these loci.
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Kumar DK, Shewade DG, Surendiran A, Adithan C. Genetic variation and haplotype structure of the gene Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1 in the Tamilian population. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2013; 4:53-8. [PMID: 23662025 PMCID: PMC3643344 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.107683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the genetic variation and haplotype structure of Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1 (VKORC1) gene in the Tamilian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was performed on 210 unrelated, healthy volunteers of the Tamilian population, of either sex between the age group of 18-60 years. Five ml of venous blood sample was collected using sodium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) as anticoagulant. DNA was extracted using phenol-chloroform extraction method. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) VKORC1 rs9923231 (G), rs7196161 (T), rs2884737 (T), rs17708472 (C), rs9934438 (C), rs8050894 (G), rs23596121 (C), and rs7294 (A) were studied using real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) method and they were included for constructing five-major haplotype blocks of VKORC1 gene. RESULTS The major alleles of VKORC1 rs9923231 (G), rs7196161 (T), rs2884737 (T), rs17708472 (C), rs9934438 (C), rs8050894 (G), and rs23596121 (C), were found to be at frequencies of 90.0%, 89.2%, 90.9%, 94.1%, 90.7%, 89.5% and 91.2%, respectively. The variant allele of VKORC1 rs7294 (A) was more frequent (83.6%) in the Tamilian population. The frequencies of haplotypes HAP1 (GTTCCGCA), HAP2 (ACGCTCTG), HAP3 (GTTTCGCG), HAP4 (GTTCCGCG) and HAP5 (GCTCCCCG) were found to be 80.0%, 7.4%, 4.7%, 1.5% and 1.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION In the present study the allele- frequency distributions, genotype and haplotype frequencies of the VKORC1 gene was considered. The findings of this study provide the genetic information required for learning the association of VKORC1 genetic variation and oral anticoagulant dose variability among patients receiving oral anticoagulants in the Tamilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhakchinamoorthi Krishna Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
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