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Darvish S, Mahoney SA, Venkatasubramanian R, Rossman MJ, Clayton ZS, Murray KO. Socioeconomic status as a potential mediator of arterial aging in marginalized ethnic and racial groups: current understandings and future directions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 137:194-222. [PMID: 38813611 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00188.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in the United States. However, disparities in CVD-related morbidity and mortality exist as marginalized racial and ethnic groups are generally at higher risk for CVDs (Black Americans, Indigenous People, South and Southeast Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders) and/or development of traditional CVD risk factors (groups above plus Hispanics/Latinos) relative to non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). In this comprehensive review, we outline emerging evidence suggesting these groups experience accelerated arterial dysfunction, including vascular endothelial dysfunction and large elastic artery stiffening, a nontraditional CVD risk factor that may predict risk of CVDs in these groups with advancing age. Adverse exposures to social determinants of health (SDOH), specifically lower socioeconomic status (SES), are exacerbated in most of these groups (except South Asians-higher SES) and may be a potential mediator of accelerated arterial aging. SES negatively influences the ability of marginalized racial and ethnic groups to meet aerobic exercise guidelines, the first-line strategy to improve arterial function, due to increased barriers, such as time and financial constraints, lack of motivation, facility access, and health education, to performing conventional aerobic exercise. Thus, identifying alternative interventions to conventional aerobic exercise that 1) overcome these common barriers and 2) target the biological mechanisms of aging to improve arterial function may be an effective, alternative method to aerobic exercise to ameliorate accelerated arterial aging and reduce CVD risk. Importantly, dedicated efforts are needed to assess these strategies in randomized-controlled clinical trials in these marginalized racial and ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Darvish
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Sophia A Mahoney
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | | | - Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Zachary S Clayton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Kevin O Murray
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
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Murray KO, Maurer GS, Gioscia-Ryan RA, Zigler MC, Ludwig KR, D'Alessandro A, Reisz JA, Rossman MJ, Seals DR, Clayton ZS. The plasma metabolome is associated with preservation of physiological function following lifelong aerobic exercise in mice. GeroScience 2024; 46:3311-3324. [PMID: 38265578 PMCID: PMC11009171 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Declines in physiological function with aging are strongly linked to age-related diseases. Lifelong voluntary aerobic exercise (LVAE) preserves physiological function with aging, possibly by increasing cellular quality control processes, but the circulating molecular transducers mediating these processes are incompletely understood. The plasma metabolome may predict biological aging and is impacted by a single bout of aerobic exercise. Here, we conducted an ancillary analysis using plasma samples, and physiological function data, from previously reported studies of LVAE in male C57BL/6N mice randomized to LVAE (wheel running) or sedentary (SED) (n = 8-9/group) to determine if LVAE alters the plasma metabolome and whether these changes correlated with preservation of physiological function with LVAE. Physical function (grip strength, coordination, and endurance) was assessed at 3 and 18 months of age; vascular endothelial function and the plasma metabolome were assessed at 19 months. Physical function was preserved (%decline; mean ± SEM) with LVAE vs SED (all p < 0.05)-grip strength, 0.4 ± 1.7% vs 12 ± 4.0%; coordination, 10 ± 4% vs 73 ± 10%; endurance, 1 ± 15% vs 61 ± 5%. Vascular endothelial function with LVAE (88.2 ± 2.0%) was higher than SED (79.1 ± 2.5%; p = 0.03) and similar to the young controls (91.4 ± 2.9%). Fifteen metabolites were different with LVAE compared to SED (FDR < 0.05) and correlated with the preservation of physiological function. Plasma spermidine, a polyamine that increases cellular quality control (e.g., autophagy), correlated with all assessed physiological indices. Autophagy (LC3A/B abundance) was higher in LVAE skeletal muscle compared to SED (p < 0.01) and inversely correlated with plasma spermidine (r = - 0.5297; p = 0.054). These findings provide novel insight into the circulating molecular transducers by which LVAE may preserve physiological function with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O Murray
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Grace S Maurer
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Rachel A Gioscia-Ryan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Melanie C Zigler
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Katelyn R Ludwig
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Zachary S Clayton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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Jones R, Robinson AT, Beach LB, Lindsey ML, Kirabo A, Hinton A, Erlandson KM, Jenkins ND. Exercise to Prevent Accelerated Vascular Aging in People Living With HIV. Circ Res 2024; 134:1607-1635. [PMID: 38781293 PMCID: PMC11126195 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Given advances in antiretroviral therapy, the mortality rate for HIV infection has dropped considerably over recent decades. However, people living with HIV (PLWH) experience longer life spans coupled with persistent immune activation despite viral suppression and potential toxicity from long-term antiretroviral therapy use. Consequently, PLWH face a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk more than twice that of the general population, making it the leading cause of death among this group. Here, we briefly review the epidemiology of CVD in PLWH highlighting disparities at the intersections of sex and gender, age, race/ethnicity, and the contributions of social determinants of health and psychosocial stress to increased CVD risk among individuals with marginalized identities. We then overview the pathophysiology of HIV and discuss the primary factors implicated as contributors to CVD risk among PLWH on antiretroviral therapy. Subsequently, we highlight the functional evidence of premature vascular dysfunction as an early pathophysiological determinant of CVD risk among PLWH, discuss several mechanisms underlying premature vascular dysfunction in PLWH, and synthesize current research on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying accelerated vascular aging in PLWH, focusing on immune activation, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. We consider understudied aspects such as HIV-related changes to the gut microbiome and psychosocial stress, which may serve as mechanisms through which exercise can abrogate accelerated vascular aging. Emphasizing the significance of exercise, we review various modalities and their impacts on vascular health, proposing a holistic approach to managing CVD risks in PLWH. The discussion extends to critical future study areas related to vascular aging, CVD, and the efficacy of exercise interventions, with a call for more inclusive research that considers the diversity of the PLWH population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Jones
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Lauren B. Beach
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern, Chicago, IL
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern, Chicago, IL
| | - Merry L. Lindsey
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN
- Research Service, Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Nathaniel D.M. Jenkins
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Carlini NA, Harber MP, Fleenor BS. Acute effects of MitoQ on vascular endothelial function are influenced by cardiorespiratory fitness and baseline FMD in middle-aged and older adults. J Physiol 2024; 602:1923-1937. [PMID: 38568933 DOI: 10.1113/jp285636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A key mechanism promoting vascular endothelial dysfunction is mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS). Aerobic exercise preserves endothelial function in preclinical models by lowering mtROS. However, the effects of mtROS on endothelial function in exercising and non-exercising adults is limited. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study design 23 (10 M/13 F, age 62.1 ± 11.5 years) middle-aged and older (MA/O, ≥45 years) adults were divided into two groups: exercisers (EX, n = 11) and non-exercisers (NEX, n = 12). All participants had endothelial function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation, FMDBA) measured before and ∼1 h after mitoquinone mesylate (MitoQ) (single dose, 80 mg) and placebo supplementation. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the effects of MitoQ and placebo on FMDBA. Pearson correlations assessed the association between the change in FMDBA with MitoQ and baseline FMDBA and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Compared with placebo, MitoQ increased FMDBA in NEX by + 2.1% (MitoQ pre: 4.9 ± 0.4 vs. post: 7.0 ± 0.4 %, P = 0.004, interaction) but not in EX (P = 0.695, interaction). MitoQ also increased endothelial function in adults with a FMDBA <6% (P < 0.0001, interaction) but not >6% (P = 0.855, interaction). Baseline FMDBA and CRF were correlated (r = 0.44, P = 0.037), whereas the change in FMDBA with MitoQ was inversely correlated with CRF (r = -0.66, P < 0.001) and baseline FMDBA (r = -0.73, P < 0.0001). The relationship between the change in FMDBA and baseline FMDBA remained correlated after adjusting for CRF (r = -0.55, P = 0.007). These data demonstrate that MitoQ acutely improves FMDBA in NEX and EX adults who have a baseline FMDBA <6%. KEY POINTS: A key age-related change contributing to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is vascular endothelial dysfunction due to increased mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS). Aerobic exercise preserves endothelial function via suppression of mtROS in preclinical models but the evidence in humans is limited. In the present study, a single dose of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, mitoquinone mesylate (MitoQ), increases endothelial function in non-exercisers with lower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) but not in exercisers with higher CRF. The acute effects of MitoQ on endothelial function in middle-aged and older adults (MA/O) are influenced by baseline endothelial function independent of CRF. These data provide initial evidence that the acute MitoQ-enhancing effects on endothelial function in MA/O adults are influenced, in part, via CRF and baseline endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Carlini
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthew P Harber
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Bradley S Fleenor
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
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Mahoney SA, VanDongen NS, Greenberg NT, Venkatasubramanian R, Rossman MJ, Widlansky ME, Brunt VE, Bernaldo de Quirós Y, Seals DR, Clayton ZS. Role of the circulating milieu in age-related arterial dysfunction: a novel ex vivo approach. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H1279-H1290. [PMID: 38517225 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00014.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The circulating milieu, bioactive molecules in the bloodstream, is altered with aging and interfaces constantly with the vasculature. This anatomic juxtaposition suggests that circulating factors may actively modulate arterial function. Here, we developed a novel, translational experimental model that allows for direct interrogation of the influence of the circulating milieu on age-related arterial dysfunction (aortic stiffening and endothelial dysfunction). To do so, we exposed young and old mouse arteries to serum from young and old mice and young and midlife/older (ML/O) adult humans. We found that old mouse and ML/O adult human, but not young, serum stiffened young mouse aortic rings, assessed via elastic modulus (mouse and human serum, P = 0.003 vs. young serum control), and impaired carotid artery endothelial function, assessed by endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) (mouse serum, P < 0.001; human serum, P = 0.006 vs. young serum control). Furthermore, young mouse and human, but not old, serum reduced aortic elastic modulus (mouse serum, P = 0.009; human serum, P < 0.001 vs. old/MLO serum control) and improved EDD (mouse and human serum, P = 0.015 vs. old/MLO serum control) in old arteries. In human serum-exposed arteries, in vivo arterial function assessed in the human donors correlated with circulating milieu-modulated arterial function in young mouse arteries (aortic stiffness, r = 0.634, P = 0.005; endothelial function, r = 0.609, P = 0.004) and old mouse arteries (aortic stiffness, r = 0.664, P = 0.001; endothelial function, r = 0.637, P = 0.003). This study establishes novel experimental approaches for directly assessing the effects of the circulating milieu on arterial function and implicates changes in the circulating milieu as a mechanism of in vivo arterial aging.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Changes in the circulating milieu with advancing age may be a mechanism underlying age-related arterial dysfunction. Ex vivo exposure of young mouse arteries to the circulating milieu from old mice or midlife/older adults impairs arterial function whereas exposure of old mouse arteries to the circulating milieu from young mice or young adults improves arterial function. These findings establish that the circulating milieu directly influences arterial function with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia A Mahoney
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Nicholas S VanDongen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Nathan T Greenberg
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | | | - Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Michael E Widlansky
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Vienna E Brunt
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Yara Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
- Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Zachary S Clayton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
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Noone J, Mucinski JM, DeLany JP, Sparks LM, Goodpaster BH. Understanding the variation in exercise responses to guide personalized physical activity prescriptions. Cell Metab 2024; 36:702-724. [PMID: 38262420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that contribute to exercise response variation is the first step in achieving the goal of developing personalized exercise prescriptions. This review discusses the key molecular and other mechanistic factors, both extrinsic and intrinsic, that influence exercise responses and health outcomes. Extrinsic characteristics include the timing and dose of exercise, circadian rhythms, sleep habits, dietary interactions, and medication use, whereas intrinsic factors such as sex, age, hormonal status, race/ethnicity, and genetics are also integral. The molecular transducers of exercise (i.e., genomic/epigenomic, proteomic/post-translational, transcriptomic, metabolic/metabolomic, and lipidomic elements) are considered with respect to variability in physiological and health outcomes. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges that impede our ability to develop effective personalized exercise prescriptions. The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) aims to fill significant gaps in the understanding of exercise response variability, yet further investigations are needed to address additional health outcomes across all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Noone
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | | | - James P DeLany
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
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Matsuo R, Ikeda A, Tomooka K, Naito Y, Uesugi Y, Maruyama K, Kawamura R, Takata Y, Osawa H, Saito I, Tanigawa T. Longitudinal Changes in Arterial Stiffness Associated with Physical Activity Intensity: The Toon Health Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2024; 31:171-179. [PMID: 37661423 PMCID: PMC10857839 DOI: 10.5551/jat.64173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Several studies have revealed an association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and arterial stiffness, which is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, a few studies have considered the difference in the longitudinal effect of its intensity in a large general population. Therefore, we examined the effect of MVPA intensity on longitudinal changes in arterial stiffness. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study involving 1,982 Japanese men and women. Arterial stiffness was measured using the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) at baseline and 5-year follow-up. Physical activity was quantified using the Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study Physical Activity Questionnaire and categorized into quartiles as MVPA levels. Linear mixed models were used to examine the differences at baseline and the rate of changes in CAVI associated with MVPA levels for over 5 years. RESULTS The multivariable-adjusted mean differences in CAVI at baseline were significantly lower in the third (β=-0.019 [95% confidence interval {CI}=-0.033 to -0.005]) and fourth (β=-0.018 [95% CI=-0.035 to -0.001]) quartiles of the MVPA group compared with those in the lowest quartile of MVPA, and the significant effect persisted 5 years later. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study provides evidence to support the existence of a threshold for beneficial levels of MVPA in the prevention of arterial stiffness. Furthermore, this study suggests that exceeding this threshold may exert similar effects on arterial stiffness. These findings suggest that an optimal level of MVPA exists for preventing arterial stiffness, and exceeding this threshold may not engender additional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Matsuo
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Ikeda
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Juntendo University Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Kiyohide Tomooka
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Yoshihiko Naito
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women’s University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Uesugi
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women’s University, Hyogo, Japan
- Kyoto College of Nutritional & Medical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koutatsu Maruyama
- Laboratory of Community Health and Nutrition, Special Course of Food and Health Science, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Kawamura
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takata
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Osawa
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanigawa
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Gimblet CJ, Ernst JW, Bos KD, Stroud AK, Donato AJ, Jalal DI, Pierce GL. Effect of acute heparin administration on glycocalyx thickness and endothelial function in healthy younger adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:330-336. [PMID: 38126088 PMCID: PMC11212829 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00767.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a dynamic, gel-like layer that is critical to normal vascular endothelial function. Heparin impairs the endothelial glycocalyx and reduces vascular endothelial function in a murine model; however, this has yet to be tested in healthy humans. We hypothesized that a single bolus dose of heparin would increase circulating glycocalyx components and decrease endothelial glycocalyx thickness resulting in blunted brachial artery vasodilation in healthy younger adults. Healthy adults (n = 19, aged 18-39 yr, 53% female) underwent measurements of the endothelial glycocalyx and vascular endothelial function at baseline and after a single bolus 5,000 U dose of heparin. The glycocalyx components syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate were measured from plasma samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Glycocalyx thickness was determined as perfused boundary region (PBR) in sublingual microvessels using the GlycoCheck. Endothelial function was measured via ultrasonography and quantified as brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Following acute heparin administration, there was no increase in syndecan-1 or heparan sulfate (P = 0.90 and P = 0.49, respectively). In addition, there was no change in PBR 4-7 µm (P = 0.55), PBR 10-25 µm (P = 0.63), or 4-25 µm (P = 0.49) after heparin treatment. Furthermore, we did not observe a change in FMDmm (P = 0.23), FMD% (P = 0.35), or plasma nitrite concentrations (P = 0.10) in response to heparin. Finally, time to peak dilation and peak FMD normalized to shear stress were unchanged following heparin (P = 0.59 and P = 0.21, respectively). Our pilot study suggests that a single bolus intravenous dose of heparin does not result in endothelial glycocalyx degradation or vascular endothelial dysfunction in healthy younger adults.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The endothelial glycocalyx's role in modulating vascular endothelial dysfunction with aging and disease is becoming increasingly recognized. This study presents novel findings that acute heparin administration is not a feasible method to experimentally degrade the endothelial glycocalyx and measure concurrent changes in vascular endothelial function in healthy humans. Alternative approaches will be needed to translate findings from preclinical studies and test the effects of acute endothelial glycocalyx degradation on vascular endothelial function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Gimblet
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Jackson W Ernst
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Kyle D Bos
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Amy K Stroud
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Diana I Jalal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Gary L Pierce
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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Moreau KL, Clayton ZS, DuBose LE, Rosenberry R, Seals DR. Effects of regular exercise on vascular function with aging: Does sex matter? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H123-H137. [PMID: 37921669 PMCID: PMC11208002 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00392.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Vascular aging, featuring endothelial dysfunction and large elastic artery stiffening, is a major risk factor for the development of age-associated cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Vascular aging is largely mediated by an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased inflammation leading to reduced bioavailability of the vasodilatory molecule nitric oxide and remodeling of the arterial wall. Other cellular mechanisms (i.e., mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired stress response, deregulated nutrient sensing, cellular senescence), termed "hallmarks" or "pillars" of aging, may also contribute to vascular aging. Gonadal aging, which largely impacts women but also impacts some men, modulates the vascular aging process. Regular physical activity, including both aerobic and resistance exercise, is a first-line strategy for reducing CVD risk with aging. Although exercise is an effective intervention to counter vascular aging, there is considerable variation in the vascular response to exercise training with aging. Aerobic exercise improves large elastic artery stiffening in both middle-aged/older men and women and enhances endothelial function in middle-aged/older men by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and preserving nitric oxide bioavailability; however, similar aerobic exercise training improvements are not consistently observed in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. Sex differences in adaptations to exercise may be related to gonadal aging and declines in estrogen in women that influence cellular-molecular mechanisms, disconnecting favorable signaling in the vasculature induced by exercise training. The present review will summarize the current state of knowledge on vascular adaptations to regular aerobic and resistance exercise with aging, the underlying mechanisms involved, and the moderating role of biological sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie L Moreau
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Zachary S Clayton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Lyndsey E DuBose
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Ryan Rosenberry
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
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Li P, Liu Z, Wan K, Wang K, Zheng C, Huang J. Effects of regular aerobic exercise on vascular function in overweight or obese older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:313-325. [PMID: 37520931 PMCID: PMC10372915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obese older adults have a high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Aerobic exercise is a valuable strategy to improve vascular health, but the effects of aerobic exercise on vascular endothelial function in obese and overweight older adults remain controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on vascular function in obese and overweight older adults with or without comorbidity. Methods A systematic literature search for related studies published in English was conducted between January 1989 and October 30, 2022, in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. A random effects model was chosen for meta-analysis, which calculated the effect sizes of control and intervention groups after exercise intervention using standardized mean differences (SMDs) corrected for Hedges' g bias and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results Twenty-six studies containing 1418 participants were included in the study. After excluding three studies contributing to higher heterogeneity by sensitivity analysis, there are small effects of regular aerobic exercise on vascular function of obese and overweight older adults, including flow-mediated dilation (FMD) [SMD = 0.21, 95% CI (0.02, 0.41), z = 2.16, df = 19, I2 = 52.2%, P = 0.031] and pulse wave velocity (PWV) [SMD = -0.24, 95% CI (-0.46, -0.02), z = 2.17, df = 10, I2 = 8.6%, P = 0.030], and no significant effect was observed on augmentation index (Aix). Subgroup analysis showed small effects of regular aerobic exercise on FMD [SMD = 0.37, 95% CI (0.13, 0.61), z = 3.05, df = 9, I2 = 52.6%, P = 0.002] in the overweight not obese subgroup (25 = BMI <30 kg/m2), but no significant effect on the obese subgroup (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Regular aerobic exercise for more than 24 weeks improved FMD by small effect sizes [SMD = 0.48, 95% CI (0.04, 0.93), z = 2.12, df = 5, I2 = 56.4%, P = 0.034] and for more than three times per week improved FMD by moderate effect sizes [SMD = 0.55, 95% CI (0.12, 0.98), z = 2.50, df = 3, I2 = 31.1%, P = 0.012] in obese and overweight older adults with or without CVD. Conclusion In obese and overweight older adults with or without comorbidity, regular aerobic exercise for more than 24 weeks improved FMD by small effect sizes and exercise for more than three times per week improved FMD by moderate effect sizes and regular aerobic exercise reduced PWV by small effect sizes and had no influence on Aix. Taken together, it was recommended that obese and overweight older adults should adhere to regular aerobic exercise, training at least 3 times per week for better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziqing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kewen Wan
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kangle Wang
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Junhao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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11
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Leslie E, Luna V, Gibson AL. Older Adult Aerobic Capacity, Muscular Strength, Fitness and Body Composition After 20+ Years of Exercise Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2023; 16:620-637. [PMID: 37622038 PMCID: PMC10446954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Older adults (≥ 65 years) are recommended to participate in regular exercise to maintain health in late adulthood. The impact of long-term (20+ years) exercise training that align with the American College of Sports Medicine's (ACSM) recommended guidelines has not been evaluated for older adults. To address this, a systematic review and meta-analyses were performed regarding the effects of long-term exercise training on older adult aerobic capacity, muscular fitness, and body composition that meet the ACSM's recommendation for weekly training volume. Ten studies with individuals that performed cardiorespiratory or resistance exercise met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Data from five included studies were analyzed in meta-analyses to determine the relationship between the effects of cardiorespiratory training on fitness and body composition measured in the same subjects. Main findings include higher cardiorespiratory fitness (MD: +11.36 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 5.63 to 17.09 mL/kg/min, p < 0.01) in older adults who performed long-term cardiorespiratory exercise that was found in conjunction with lower percent body fat (MD: -5.41%, 95% CI: -7.65 to -3.17%, p < 0.01). Higher volume of cardiorespiratory exercise beyond the minimum recommendations did not impact benefits. Additionally, resistance-trained older adults showed greater muscular strength and lower percent body fat with comparable cardiorespiratory fitness to sedentary older adults. These findings primarily highlight a preservation of cardiorespiratory fitness and lower risk of mortality and cardiometabolic disease risk for older adults who participate in long-term cardiorespiratory and exercise that meet the ACSM's recommended weekly training volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Leslie
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, University of California, San Diego - School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Vincent Luna
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ann L Gibson
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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12
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Carlini NA, Romanowski S, Rabalais EN, Kistler BM, Campbell MS, Krishnakumar IM, Harber MP, Fleenor BS. Coconut sugar derived from coconut inflorescence sap lowers systolic blood pressure and arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults: a pilot study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:508-514. [PMID: 36656985 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00394.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutraceutical-based interventions hold promise to reduce blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness, which are two cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. However, the effects of coconut sap powder (CSP), an Asian sweetener and novel nutraceutical, on BP and arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults (MA/O, ≥45 yr) has yet to be established. We hypothesized CSP will decrease BP and arterial stiffness in MA/O adults. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study design, 19 (age 55.3 ± 2.1 yr) MA/O adults completed measures of brachial and carotid BP, and arterial stiffness [carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), common carotid artery (CCA) β-stiffness, compliance, distensibility, and Young's and Peterson's Elastic moduli] before and after 8 wk of CSP (1.5 g/day) or placebo (1.5 g/day). A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare group mean differences. Compared with placebo, CSP lowered brachial systolic BP (SBP) (CSP pre: 117.4 ± 2.9 vs. post: 109.0 ± 2.4 mmHg, P < 0.05), but not carotid SBP (P = 0.12). CSP also lowered Young's (CSP pre: 5,514.4 ± 1,115.4 vs. post: 3,690.6 ± 430.9 kPa) and Peterson's elastic moduli (CSP pre: 22.2 ± 4.4 vs. post: 19.2 ± 4.5 kPa) (P < 0.05, both). A trend for CSP to lower CCA β-stiffness (P = 0.06) and increase CCA compliance (P = 0.07) was also observed. Arterial stiffness assessed by cfPWV did not change (P > 0.05). No inflammatory or antioxidant biomarkers were affected by CSP. In summary, 8 wk of CSP lowers brachial SBP and CCA mechanical stiffness indicating a potential cardioprotective effect in MA/O adults.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness are important predictors of cardiovascular health with aging. Nutraceuticals are an easy-to-implement lifestyle strategy demonstrating promise to effectively lower BP and arterial stiffness with aging and ultimately cardiovascular disease risk. We demonstrate that coconut sap powder (CSP), a traditional Asian sweetener, lowers brachial systolic BP and carotid artery mechanical stiffness in middle-aged and older (MA/O) adults. These findings provide initial evidence for the CSP-related cardioprotective effects in MA/O adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Carlini
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Spencer Romanowski
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Emily N Rabalais
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Brandon M Kistler
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Marilyn S Campbell
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | | | - Matthew P Harber
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Bradley S Fleenor
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
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13
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Murray KO, Mahoney SA, Venkatasubramanian R, Seals DR, Clayton ZS. Aging, aerobic exercise, and cardiovascular health: Barriers, alternative strategies and future directions. Exp Gerontol 2023; 173:112105. [PMID: 36731386 PMCID: PMC10068966 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction, namely arterial dysfunction, is a key antecedent to the development of CV disease (CVD). Arterial dysfunction with aging is characterized by impaired vascular endothelial function and stiffening of the large elastic arteries, each of which is an independent predictor of CVD. These processes are largely mediated by an excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increase in chronic, low-grade inflammation that ultimately leads to a reduction in bioavailability of the vasodilatory molecule nitric oxide. Additionally, there are other fundamental aging mechanisms that may contribute to excessive ROS and inflammation termed the "hallmarks of aging"; these additional mechanisms of arterial dysfunction may represent therapeutic targets for improving CV health with aging. Aerobic exercise is the most well-known and effective intervention to prevent and treat the effects of aging on CV dysfunction. However, the majority of mid-life and older (ML/O) adults do not meet recommended exercise guidelines due to traditional barriers to aerobic exercise, such as reduced leisure time, motivation, or access to fitness facilities. Therefore, it is a biomedical research priority to develop and implement time- and resource-efficient alternative strategies to aerobic exercise to reduce the burden of CVD in ML/O adults. Alternative strategies that mimic or are inspired by aerobic exercise, that target pathways specific to the fundamental mechanisms of aging, represent a promising approach to accomplish this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O Murray
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Sophia A Mahoney
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | | | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Zachary S Clayton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America.
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14
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Kariya H, Yamaoka-Tojo M, Hamazaki N, Obara S, Kitasato L, Matsunaga A, Ako J. Association between instrumental activities of daily living frequency and clinical outcomes in older patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2023; 22:64-72. [PMID: 35670158 DOI: 10.1093/eurjcn/zvac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Impairment in activities of daily living (ADL) is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in older patients. Nevertheless, the effects of instrumental ADL (IADL) frequency on prognosis in older patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are unclear. We investigate the associations between IADL frequency and all-cause mortality and hospital readmission due to cardiovascular events in older patients with CVD. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 638 consecutive outpatients ≥65 years old with CVD were enrolled. A questionnaire, including Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) parameters, was used to determine IADL frequency at the start of the study as the baseline observation. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality, and the secondary endpoint was readmission for cardiovascular events. We examined the relationship between IADL frequency and each endpoint. Among the 632 patients evaluated {median age 74.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 70.0-78.0] years; 439 males}, there were 39 deaths and 105 cardiovascular events during the median follow-up period of 4.0 (IQR, 2.3-4.0) years. After adjusting for clinical confounding factors, the hazard ratios for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in the FAI points were 0.957 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.920-0.996] and 0.973 (95% CI, 0.950-0.997), respectively. CONCLUSION A higher IADL frequency was independently associated with better outcomes in older patients with CVD, suggesting that the preservation of instrumental activities should be focused on as the components of cardiovascular rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Kariya
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Minako Yamaoka-Tojo
- Kitasato University Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Hamazaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shinichi Obara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Lisa Kitasato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Matsunaga
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Junya Ako
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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15
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Association between atherogenic risk-modulating proteins and endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation in coronary artery disease patients. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:367-380. [PMID: 36305972 PMCID: PMC9894982 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endothelial dysfunction is an early and integral event in the development of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). Reduced NO bioavailability, oxidative stress, vasoconstriction, inflammation and senescence are all implicated in endothelial dysfunction. However, there are limited data examining associations between these pathways and direct in vivo bioassay measures of endothelial function in CAD patients. This study aimed to examine the relationships between in vivo measures of vascular function and the expression of atherogenic risk-modulating proteins in endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from the radial artery of CAD patients. METHODS Fifty-six patients with established CAD underwent trans-radial catheterization. Prior to catheterization, radial artery vascular function was assessed using a) flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and b) exercise-induced dilation in response to handgrip (HE%). Freshly isolated ECs were obtained from the radial artery during catheterization and protein content of eNOS, NAD(P)H oxidase subunit NOX2, NFκB, ET-1 and the senescence markers p53, p21 and p16 were evaluated alongside nitrotyrosine abundance and eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation. RESULTS FMD was positively associated with eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation (r = 0.290, P = 0.037), and protein content of p21 (r = 0.307, P = 0.027) and p16 (r = 0.426, P = 0.002). No associations were found between FMD and markers of oxidative stress, vasoconstriction or inflammation. In contrast to FMD, HE% was not associated with any of the EC proteins. CONCLUSION These data revealed a difference in the regulation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation measured in vivo between patients with CAD compared to previously reported data in subjects without a clinical diagnosis, suggesting that eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation may be the key to maintain vasodilation in CAD patients.
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16
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Murray KO, Berryman-Maciel M, Darvish S, Coppock ME, You Z, Chonchol M, Seals DR, Rossman MJ. Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant supplementation for improving age-related vascular dysfunction in humans: A study protocol. Front Physiol 2022; 13:980783. [PMID: 36187760 PMCID: PMC9520456 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.980783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and aging is the primary risk factor for the development of CVD. The increased risk of CVD with aging is largely mediated by the development of vascular dysfunction. Excessive production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) is a key mechanism of age-related vascular dysfunction. Therefore, establishing the efficacy of therapies to reduce mtROS to improve vascular function with aging is of high biomedical importance. Previously, in a small, randomized, crossover-design pilot clinical trial, our laboratory obtained initial evidence that chronic oral supplementation with the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant MitoQ improves vascular function in healthy older adults. Here, we describe the protocol for an ongoing R01-funded phase IIa clinical trial to establish the efficacy of MitoQ as a therapy to improve vascular function in older adults (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04851288).Outcomes: The primary outcome of the study is nitric oxide (NO)-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) as assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA). Secondary outcomes include mtROS-mediated suppression of EDD, aortic stiffness as measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, carotid compliance and β-stiffness index, and intima media thickness. Other outcomes include the assessment of endothelial mitochondrial health and oxidative stress in endothelial cells obtained by endovascular biopsy; the effect of altered circulating factors following MitoQ treatment on endothelial cell NO bioavailability and whole cell and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production ex vivo; and circulating markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and inflammation.Methods: We are conducting a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group, phase IIa clinical trial in 90 (45/group) healthy older men and women 60 years of age or older. Participants complete baseline testing and are then randomized to either 3 months of oral MitoQ (20 mg; once daily) or placebo supplementation. Outcome measures are assessed at the midpoint of treatment, i.e., 6 weeks, and again at the conclusion of treatment.Discussion: This study is designed to establish the efficacy of chronic supplementation with the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant MitoQ for improving vascular endothelial function and reducing large elastic artery stiffness in older adults, and to investigate the mechanisms by which MitoQ supplementation improves endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O. Murray
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Morgan Berryman-Maciel
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Sanna Darvish
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - McKinley E. Coppock
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Zhiying You
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Douglas R. Seals
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Matthew J. Rossman
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew J. Rossman,
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Craighead DH, Freeberg KA, McCarty NP, Rossman MJ, Moreau KL, You Z, Chonchol M, Seals DR. Inspiratory muscle strength training for lowering blood pressure and improving endothelial function in postmenopausal women: comparison with “standard of care” aerobic exercise. Front Physiol 2022; 13:967478. [PMID: 36105300 PMCID: PMC9465043 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.967478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High blood pressure (BP), particularly systolic BP (SBP), is the major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and related disorders of aging. SBP increases markedly with aging in women such that the prevalence of above-normal SBP (i.e., ≥120 mmHg) in postmenopausal women exceeds rates in age-matched men. This increase in SBP is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction, mediated by excessive reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress and consequent reductions in nitric oxide bioavailability. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is a recommended lifestyle strategy for reducing SBP. However, adherence to aerobic exercise guidelines among postmenopausal women is low (<30%) and aerobic exercise does not consistently enhance endothelial function in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) is a time-efficient, adherable lifestyle intervention that involves inhaling against resistance through a handheld device (30 breaths/day). Here, we present the protocol for a randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of 3 months of high-resistance IMST compared to guideline-based, “standard-of-care” aerobic exercise training for decreasing SBP and improving endothelial function in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women with above-normal SBP (120–159 mmHg) at baseline (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05000515). Methods: A randomized, single-blind, parallel-group design clinical trial will be conducted in 72 (36/group) estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women with above-normal SBP. Participants will complete baseline testing and then be randomized to either 3 months of high-resistance IMST (30 breaths/day, 6 days/week, 75% maximal inspiratory pressure) or moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training (brisk walking 25 min/day, 6 days/week, 40–60% heart rate reserve). Outcome measures will be assessed after 3 months of either intervention. Following end-intervention testing, participants will abstain from their assigned intervention for 6 weeks, after which BP and endothelial function will be assessed to evaluate the potential persistent effects of the intervention on the primary and secondary outcomes. Discussion: This study is designed to compare the effectiveness of time-efficient, high-resistance IMST to guideline-based aerobic exercise training for lowering SBP and improving endothelial function, and interrogating potential mechanisms of action, in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT05000515.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Craighead
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kaitlin A. Freeberg
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Narissa P. McCarty
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Matthew J. Rossman
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kerrie L. Moreau
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Zhiying You
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Douglas R. Seals
- Integrative Physiology of Aging Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Douglas R. Seals,
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El Assar M, Álvarez-Bustos A, Sosa P, Angulo J, Rodríguez-Mañas L. Effect of Physical Activity/Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Muscle and Vascular Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158713. [PMID: 35955849 PMCID: PMC9369066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional status is considered the main determinant of healthy aging. Impairment in skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system, two interrelated systems, results in compromised functional status in aging. Increased oxidative stress and inflammation in older subjects constitute the background for skeletal muscle and cardiovascular system alterations. Aged skeletal muscle mass and strength impairment is related to anabolic resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress and inflammation as well as a reduced antioxidant response and myokine profile. Arterial stiffness and endothelial function stand out as the main cardiovascular alterations related to aging, where increased systemic and vascular oxidative stress and inflammation play a key role. Physical activity and exercise training arise as modifiable determinants of functional outcomes in older persons. Exercise enhances antioxidant response, decreases age-related oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory signals, and promotes the activation of anabolic and mitochondrial biogenesis pathways in skeletal muscle. Additionally, exercise improves endothelial function and arterial stiffness by reducing inflammatory and oxidative damage signaling in vascular tissue together with an increase in antioxidant enzymes and nitric oxide availability, globally promoting functional performance and healthy aging. This review focuses on the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in aged musculoskeletal and vascular systems and how physical activity/exercise influences functional status in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam El Assar
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario de Getafe, 28905 Getafe, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Álvarez-Bustos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Sosa
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario de Getafe, 28905 Getafe, Spain
| | - Javier Angulo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Histología-Investigación, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional en Cardiología (IRYCIS-UFV), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, 28905 Getafe, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-683-93-60 (ext. 6411)
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19
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Clayton ZS, Craighead DH, Darvish S, Coppock M, Ludwig KR, Brunt VE, Seals DR, Rossman MJ. Promoting healthy cardiovascular aging: emerging topics. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR AGING 2022; 2:43. [PMID: 36337728 PMCID: PMC9632540 DOI: 10.20517/jca.2022.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of age-related cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction increases the risk of CV disease as well as other chronic age-associated disorders, including chronic kidney disease, and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Major manifestations of age-associated CV dysfunction that increase disease risk are vascular dysfunction, primarily vascular endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening, and elevated systolic blood pressure. Declines in nitric oxide bioavailability secondary to increased oxidative stress and inflammation are established mechanisms of CV dysfunction with aging. Moreover, fundamental mechanisms of aging, termed the "hallmarks of aging" extend to the CV system and, as such, may be considered "hallmarks of CV aging". These mechanisms represent viable therapeutic targets for treating CV dysfunction with aging. Healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as regular aerobic exercise and certain dietary patterns, are considered "first-line" strategies to prevent and/or treat age-associated CV dysfunction. Despite the well-established benefits of these strategies, many older adults do not meet the recommended guidelines for exercise or consume a healthy diet. Therefore, it is important to establish alternative and/or complementary evidence-based approaches to prevent or reverse age-related CV dysfunction. Targeting fundamental mechanisms of CV aging with interventions such as time-efficient exercise training, food-derived molecules, termed nutraceuticals, or select synthetic pharmacological agents represents a promising approach. In the present review, we will highlight emerging topics in the field of healthy CV aging with a specific focus on how exercise, nutrition/dietary patterns, nutraceuticals and select synthetic pharmacological compounds may promote healthy CV aging, in part, by targeting the hallmarks of CV aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Clayton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Daniel H Craighead
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sanna Darvish
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - McKinley Coppock
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Katelyn R Ludwig
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Vienna E Brunt
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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20
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Kuczmarski AV, Welti LM, Moreau KL, Wenner MM. ET-1 as a Sex-Specific Mechanism Impacting Age-Related Changes in Vascular Function. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 2:727416. [PMID: 35822003 PMCID: PMC9261354 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.727416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death in developed countries. Globally, the population of adults over the age of 60 is expected to double by the year 2050. CVD prevalence and mortality rates differ between men and women as they age in part due to sex-specific mechanisms impacting the biological processes of aging. Measures of vascular function offer key insights into cardiovascular health. Changes in vascular function precede changes in CVD prevalence rates in men and women and with aging. A key mechanism underlying these changes in vascular function is the endothelin (ET) system. Studies have demonstrated sex and sex hormone effects on endothelin-1 (ET-1), and its receptors ETA and ETB. However, with aging there is a dysregulation of this system resulting in an imbalance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Thus, ET-1 may play a role in the sex differences observed with vascular aging. While most research has been conducted in pre-clinical animal models, we describe more recent translational data in humans showing that the ET system is an important regulator of vascular dysfunction with aging and acts through sex-specific ET receptor mechanisms. In this review, we present translational evidence (cell, tissue, animal, and human) that the ET system is a key mechanism regulating sex-specific changes in vascular function with aging, along with therapeutic interventions to reduce ET-mediated vascular dysfunction associated with aging. More knowledge on the factors responsible for the sex differences with vascular aging allow for optimized therapeutic strategies to attenuate CVD risk in the expanding aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Kuczmarski
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Laura M Welti
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Denver Veterans Administrative Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Megan M Wenner
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
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21
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Craighead DH, Freeberg KA, Maurer GS, Myers VH, Seals DR. Translational Potential of High-Resistance Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2022; 50:107-117. [PMID: 35394978 PMCID: PMC9203907 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction increases the risk for CV diseases. Aerobic exercise training can improve CV function, but only a minority of adults meet aerobic exercise guidelines. High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training is a time-efficient lifestyle intervention that may promote adherence and improve CV function. However, further investigation is needed to translate inspiratory muscle strength training into the public health domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Craighead
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kaitlin A. Freeberg
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Grace S. Maurer
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | | | - Douglas R. Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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22
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Tryfonos A, Rasoul D, Sadler D, Shelley J, Mills J, Green DJ, Dawson EA, Cocks M. Elevated shear rate-induced by exercise increases eNOS ser 1177 but not PECAM-1 Tyr 713 phosphorylation in human conduit artery endothelial cells. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:561-570. [PMID: 35195045 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2046175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although evidence demonstrates the fundamental role of shear stress in vascular health, predominantly through the release of nitric oxide (NO), the mechanisms by which endothelial cells (EC)s sense and transduce shear are poorly understood. In cultured ECs tyrosine phosphorylation of PECAM-1 has been shown to activate eNOS in response to shear stress. However, in the human skeletal muscle microcirculation PECAM-1 was not activated in response to exercise or passive leg movement. Given this contradiction, this study aimed to assess the effect of exercise on conduit artery PECAM-1 and eNOS activation in humans. Eleven males were randomised to two groups; 30 minutes of handgrip exercise (n = 6), or a time-control group (n = 5). Protein content of eNOS and PECAM-1, alongside eNOS Ser1177 and PECAM-1 Tyr713 phosphorylation were assessed in ECs obtained from the radial artery pre- and post-intervention. Handgrip exercise resulted in a 5-fold increase in mean shear rate in the exercise group, with no change in the control group (group*time, P < 0.001). There was a 54% increase in eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation in the exercise group, when compared to control group (group*time, P = 0.016), but no change was reported in PECAM-1 Tyr713 phosphorylation in either group (group*time, P > 0.05). eNOS and PECAM-1 protein content were unchanged (group*time, P > 0.05). Our data show that exercise-induced elevations in conduit artery shear rate increase eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation but not PECAM-1 Tyr713 phosphorylation. This suggests PECAM-1 phosphorylation may not be involved in the vascular response to acute but prolonged elevations in exercise-induced shear rate in conduit arteries of healthy, active men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tryfonos
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Debar Rasoul
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Sadler
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - James Shelley
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Mills
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Ellen A Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
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23
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Babcock MC, DuBose LE, Witten TL, Stauffer BL, Hildreth KL, Schwartz RS, Kohrt WM, Moreau KL. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Are Associated With Age-Related Endothelial Dysfunction in Men With Low Testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e500-e514. [PMID: 34597384 PMCID: PMC8764347 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vascular aging, including endothelial dysfunction secondary to oxidative stress and inflammation, increases the risk for age-associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). Low testosterone in middle-aged/older men is associated with increased CVD risk. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that low testosterone contributes to age-associated endothelial dysfunction, related in part to greater oxidative stress and inflammation. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 58 healthy, nonsmoking men categorized as young (N = 20; age 29 ± 4 years; testosterone 500 ± 58 ng/dL), middle-aged/older with higher testosterone (N = 20; age 60 ± 6 years; testosterone 512 ± 115 ng/dL), and middle-aged/older lower testosterone (N = 18; age 59 ± 8 years; testosterone 269 ± 48 ng/dL). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) was measured during acute infusion of saline (control) and vitamin C (antioxidant). Markers of oxidative stress (total antioxidant status and oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), inflammation (interleukin [IL]-6 and C-reactive protein [CRP]), and androgen deficiency symptoms were also examined. RESULTS During saline, FMDBA was reduced in middle-aged/older compared with young, regardless of testosterone status (P < 0.001). FMDBA was reduced in middle-aged/older lower testosterone (3.7% ± 2.0%) compared with middle-aged/older higher testosterone (5.7% ± 2.2%; P = 0.021), independent of symptoms. Vitamin C increased FMDBA (to 5.3% ± 1.6%; P = 0.022) in middle-aged/older lower testosterone but had no effect in young (P = 0.992) or middle-aged/older higher testosterone (P = 0.250). FMDBA correlated with serum testosterone (r = 0.45; P < 0.001), IL-6 (r = -0.41; P = 0.002), and CRP (r = -0.28; P = 0.041). CONCLUSION Healthy middle-aged/older men with low testosterone appear to have greater age-associated endothelial dysfunction, related in part to greater oxidative stress and inflammation. These data suggest that low testosterone concentrations may contribute to accelerated vascular aging in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Babcock
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lyndsey E DuBose
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Teresa L Witten
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brian L Stauffer
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kerry L Hildreth
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Robert S Schwartz
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Denver, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence: Kerrie L. Moreau, Ph.D., University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, 12631 East 17th Ave., Mail Stop B179, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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24
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Tombor LS, Dimmeler S. Why is endothelial resilience key to maintain cardiac health? Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:35. [PMID: 35834003 PMCID: PMC9283358 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial injury as induced by myocardial infarction results in tissue ischemia, which critically incepts cardiomyocyte death. Endothelial cells play a crucial role in restoring oxygen and nutrient supply to the heart. Latest advances in single-cell multi-omics, together with genetic lineage tracing, reveal a transcriptional and phenotypical adaptation to the injured microenvironment, which includes alterations in metabolic, mesenchymal, hematopoietic and pro-inflammatory signatures. The extent of transition in mesenchymal or hematopoietic cell lineages is still debated, but it is clear that several of the adaptive phenotypical changes are transient and endothelial cells revert back to a naïve cell state after resolution of injury responses. This resilience of endothelial cells to acute stress responses is important for preventing chronic dysfunction. Here, we summarize how endothelial cells adjust to injury and how this dynamic response contributes to repair and regeneration. We will highlight intrinsic and microenvironmental factors that contribute to endothelial cell resilience and may be targetable to maintain a functionally active, healthy microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas S. Tombor
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany ,Faculty for Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany ,Faculty for Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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25
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Gopcevic KR, Gkaliagkousi E, Nemcsik J, Acet Ö, Bernal-Lopez MR, Bruno RM, Climie RE, Fountoulakis N, Fraenkel E, Lazaridis A, Navickas P, Rochfort KD, Šatrauskienė A, Zupkauskienė J, Terentes-Printzios D. Pathophysiology of Circulating Biomarkers and Relationship With Vascular Aging: A Review of the Literature From VascAgeNet Group on Circulating Biomarkers, European Cooperation in Science and Technology Action 18216. Front Physiol 2021; 12:789690. [PMID: 34970157 PMCID: PMC8712891 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.789690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of the arteries is a product of sustained exposure to various deleterious factors and progresses with time; a phenomenon inherent to vascular aging. Oxidative stress, inflammation, the accumulation of harmful agents in high cardiovascular risk conditions, changes to the extracellular matrix, and/or alterations of the epigenetic modification of molecules, are all vital pathophysiological processes proven to contribute to vascular aging, and also lead to changes in levels of associated circulating molecules. Many of these molecules are consequently recognized as markers of vascular impairment and accelerated vascular aging in clinical and research settings, however, for these molecules to be classified as biomarkers of vascular aging, further criteria must be met. In this paper, we conducted a scoping literature review identifying thirty of the most important, and eight less important, biomarkers of vascular aging. Herein, we overview a selection of the most important molecules connected with the above-mentioned pathological conditions and study their usefulness as circulating biomarkers of vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R. Gopcevic
- Laboratory for Analytics of Biomolecules, Department of Chemistry in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenia Gkaliagkousi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - János Nemcsik
- Department of Family Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Health Service of ZUGLO, Department of Family Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ömür Acet
- Vocational School of Health Science, Pharmacy Services Program, Tarsus University, Tarsus, Turkey
| | - M. Rosa Bernal-Lopez
- Internal Medicine Department, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga, University of Malaga, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Bruno
- Unversite de Paris, INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Rachel E. Climie
- Unversite de Paris, INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Sports Cardiology Lab, Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nikolaos Fountoulakis
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London - Waterloo Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emil Fraenkel
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Antonios Lazaridis
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Petras Navickas
- Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Keith D. Rochfort
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Agnė Šatrauskienė
- Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Centre of Cardiology and Angiology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jūratė Zupkauskienė
- Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dimitrios Terentes-Printzios
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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26
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Kozakova M, Palombo C. Vascular Ageing and Aerobic Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10666. [PMID: 34682413 PMCID: PMC8535583 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of vascular function, in particular endothelial dysfunction and large elastic artery stiffening, represents a major link between ageing and cardiovascular risk. Clinical and experimental studies identified numerous mechanisms responsible for age-related decline of endothelial function and arterial compliance. Since most of these mechanisms are related to oxidative stress or low-grade inflammation, strategies that suppress oxidative stress and inflammation could be effective for preventing age-related changes in arterial function. Indeed, aerobic physical activity, which has been shown to improve intracellular redox balance and mitochondrial health and reduce levels of systemic inflammatory markers, also improves endothelial function and arterial distensibility and reduces risk of cardiovascular diseases. The present paper provides a brief overview of processes underlying age-related changes in arterial function, as well as the mechanisms through which aerobic exercise might prevent or interrupt these processes, and thus attenuate vascular ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kozakova
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Carlo Palombo
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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27
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Ding YN, Wang HY, Chen HZ, Liu DP. Targeting senescent cells for vascular aging and related diseases. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 162:43-52. [PMID: 34437878 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a serious threat to human health, especially in the elderly. Vascular aging makes people more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases due to significant dysfunction or senescence of vascular cells and maladaptation of vascular structure and function; moreover, vascular aging is currently viewed as a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. To emphasize the relationship between senescent cells and vascular aging, we first summarize the roles of senescent vascular cells (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and immune cells) in the vascular aging process and inducers that contribute to cellular senescence. Then, we present potential strategies for directly targeting senescent cells (senotherapy) or preventively targeting senescence inducers (senoprevention) to delay vascular aging and the development of age-related vascular diseases. Finally, based on recent research, we note some important questions that still need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Nan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Pei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Time-efficient, high-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training for cardiovascular aging. Exp Gerontol 2021; 154:111515. [PMID: 34389471 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death in developed and developing societies and aging is the primary risk factor for CVD. Much of the increased risk of CVD in midlife/older adults (i.e., adults aged 50 years and older) is due to increases in blood pressure, vascular endothelial dysfunction and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. Aerobic exercise training is an effective lifestyle intervention to improve CV function and decrease CVD risk with aging. However, <40% of midlife/older adults meet guidelines for aerobic exercise, due to time availability-related barriers and other obstacles to adherence. Therefore, there is a need for new lifestyle interventions that not only improve CV function with aging but also promote adherence. High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) is an emerging, time-efficient (5 min/day) lifestyle intervention. Early research suggests high-resistance IMST may promote adherence, lower blood pressure and potentially improve vascular endothelial function. However, additional investigation will be required to more definitively establish high-resistance IMST as a healthy lifestyle intervention for CV aging. This review will summarize the current evidence on high-resistance IMST for improving CV function with aging and will identify key research gaps and future directions.
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29
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Craighead DH, Heinbockel TC, Freeberg KA, Rossman MJ, Jackman RA, Jankowski LR, Hamilton MN, Ziemba BP, Reisz JA, D’Alessandro A, Brewster LM, DeSouza CA, You Z, Chonchol M, Bailey EF, Seals DR. Time-Efficient Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Endothelial Function, NO Bioavailability, and Oxidative Stress in Midlife/Older Adults With Above-Normal Blood Pressure. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020980. [PMID: 34184544 PMCID: PMC8403283 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.020980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) is a novel, time-efficient physical training modality. Methods and Results We performed a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial to investigate whether 6 weeks of IMST (30 breaths/day, 6 days/week) improves blood pressure, endothelial function, and arterial stiffness in midlife/older adults (aged 50-79 years) with systolic blood pressure ≥120 mm Hg, while also investigating potential mechanisms and long-lasting effects. Thirty-six participants completed high-resistance IMST (75% maximal inspiratory pressure, n=18) or low-resistance sham training (15% maximal inspiratory pressure, n=18). IMST was safe, well tolerated, and had excellent adherence (≈95% of training sessions completed). Casual systolic blood pressure decreased from 135±2 mm Hg to 126±3 mm Hg (P<0.01) with IMST, which was ≈75% sustained 6 weeks after IMST (P<0.01), whereas IMST modestly decreased casual diastolic blood pressure (79±2 mm Hg to 77±2 mm Hg, P=0.03); blood pressure was unaffected by sham training (all P>0.05). Twenty-four hour systolic blood pressure was lower after IMST versus sham training (P=0.01). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation improved ≈45% with IMST (P<0.01) but was unchanged with sham training (P=0.73). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured with subject serum sampled after versus before IMST exhibited increased NO bioavailability, greater endothelial NO synthase activation, and lower reactive oxygen species bioactivity (P<0.05). IMST decreased C-reactive protein (P=0.05) and altered select circulating metabolites (targeted plasma metabolomics) associated with cardiovascular function. Neither IMST nor sham training influenced arterial stiffness (P>0.05). Conclusions High-resistance IMST is a safe, highly adherable lifestyle intervention for improving blood pressure and endothelial function in midlife/older adults with above-normal initial systolic blood pressure. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03266510.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew J. Rossman
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
| | - Rachel A. Jackman
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
| | | | | | - Brian P. Ziemba
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
| | - Julie A. Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
| | - L. Madden Brewster
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
| | | | - Zhiying You
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
| | - E. Fiona Bailey
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonAZ
| | - Douglas R. Seals
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
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30
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Abstract
The natural aging process is carried out by a progressive loss of homeostasis leading to a functional decline in cells and tissues. The accumulation of these changes stem from a multifactorial process on which both external (environmental and social) and internal (genetic and biological) risk factors contribute to the development of adult chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Strategies that can slow cellular aging include changes in diet, lifestyle and drugs that modulate intracellular signaling. Exercise is a promising lifestyle intervention that has shown antiaging effects by extending lifespan and healthspan through decreasing the nine hallmarks of aging and age-associated inflammation. Herein, we review the effects of exercise to attenuate aging from a clinical to a cellular level, listing its effects upon various tissues and systems as well as its capacity to reverse many of the hallmarks of aging. Additionally, we suggest AMPK as a central regulator of the cellular effects of exercise due to its integrative effects in different tissues. These concepts are especially relevant in the setting of T2D, where cellular aging is accelerated and exercise can counteract these effects through the reviewed antiaging mechanisms.
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Kirkman DL, Robinson AT, Rossman MJ, Seals DR, Edwards DG. Mitochondrial contributions to vascular endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H2080-H2100. [PMID: 33834868 PMCID: PMC8163660 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00917.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects one in three adults and remains the leading cause of death in America. Advancing age is a major risk factor for CVD. Recent plateaus in CVD-related mortality rates in high-income countries after decades of decline highlight a critical need to identify novel therapeutic targets and strategies to mitigate and manage the risk of CVD development and progression. Vascular dysfunction, characterized by endothelial dysfunction and large elastic artery stiffening, is independently associated with an increased CVD risk and incidence and is therefore an attractive target for CVD prevention and management. Vascular mitochondria have emerged as an important player in maintaining vascular homeostasis. As such, age- and disease-related impairments in mitochondrial function contribute to vascular dysfunction and consequent increases in CVD risk. This review outlines the role of mitochondria in vascular function and discusses the ramifications of mitochondrial dysfunction on vascular health in the setting of age and disease. The adverse vascular consequences of increased mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species, impaired mitochondrial quality control, and defective mitochondrial calcium cycling are emphasized, in particular. Current evidence for both lifestyle and pharmaceutical mitochondrial-targeted strategies to improve vascular function is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Kirkman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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Association between instrumental activities of daily living with the change in left ventricular function in older patients with cardiovascular disease. Heart Vessels 2021; 36:1298-1305. [PMID: 33683410 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-021-01812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular dysfunction is a pathophysiologic characteristic of heart failure. Impaired instrumental activities of daily living are associated with an elevated risk of mortality and heart failure in older adults. Nevertheless, the relationship between these activities and left ventricular function changes remains unclear. We determined whether instrumental activities of daily living are associated with subsequent left ventricular function changes in older cardiovascular disease patients. This retrospective cohort study included 383 outpatients with cardiovascular disease (74.5 ± 5.3 years, 273 males). Patients were divided according to the Frenchay activities index tertile and followed for six months after cardiovascular disease diagnosis. The left ventricular ejection fraction and annular early diastolic velocity (e') were measured for left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, respectively, at baseline and after one year. After adjusting for confounders, changes in the left ventricular ejection fraction were not significantly different. However, changes in the e' in the highest tertile group were significantly greater than in other groups. In the general linear model with multiple regression analysis, Frenchay activities index independently predicted the absolute change in the e'. In older cardiovascular disease patients, higher instrumental activities of daily living were associated with preserved left ventricular relaxation.
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Gioscia-Ryan RA, Clayton ZS, Zigler MC, Richey JJ, Cuevas LM, Rossman MJ, Battson ML, Ziemba BP, Hutton DA, VanDongen NS, Seals DR. Lifelong voluntary aerobic exercise prevents age- and Western diet- induced vascular dysfunction, mitochondrial oxidative stress and inflammation in mice. J Physiol 2020; 599:911-925. [PMID: 33103241 DOI: 10.1113/jp280607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The results of the present study establish the temporal pattern of age-related vascular dysfunction across the adult lifespan in sedentary mice consuming a non-Western diet, and the underlying mechanisms The results demonstrate that consuming a Western diet accelerates and exacerbates vascular ageing across the lifespan in sedentary mice They also show that lifelong voluntary aerobic exercise has remarkable protective effects on vascular function throughout the lifespan, in the setting of ageing alone, as well as ageing compounded by Western diet consumption Overall, the results indicate that amelioration of mitochondrial oxidative stress and inflammation are key mechanisms underlying the voluntary aerobic exercise-associated preservation of vascular function across the lifespan in both the presence and absence of a Western dietary pattern ABSTRACT: Advancing age is the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, driven largely by vascular endothelial dysfunction (impaired endothelium-dependent dilatation, EDD) and aortic stiffening (increased aortic pulse wave velocity, aPWV). In humans, vascular ageing occurs in the presence of differences in diet and physical activity, but the interactive effects of these factors are unknown. We assessed carotid artery EDD and aPWV across the lifespan in mice consuming standard (normal) low-fat chow (NC) or a high-fat/high-sucrose Western diet (WD) in the absence (sedentary, SED) or presence (voluntary wheel running, VWR) of aerobic exercise. Ageing impaired nitric oxide-mediated EDD (peak EDD 88 ± 12% 6 months P = 0.003 vs. 59 ± 9% 27 months NC-SED), which was accelerated by WD (60 ± 18% 6 months WD-SED). In NC mice, aPWV increased 32% with age (423 ± 13 cm/s at 24 months P < 0.001 vs. 321 ± 12 cm/s at 6 months) and absolute values were an additional ∼10% higher at any age in WD mice (P = 0.042 vs. NC-SED). Increases in aPWV with age in NC and WD mice were associated with 30-65% increases in aortic intrinsic wall stiffness (6 vs. 19-27 months, P = 0.007). Lifelong aerobic exercise prevented age- and WD-related vascular dysfunction across the lifespan, and this protection appeared to be mediated by mitigation of vascular mitochondrial oxidative stress and inflammation. Our results depict the temporal impairment of vascular function over the lifespan in mice, acceleration and exacerbation of that dysfunction with WD consumption, the remarkable protective effects of voluntary aerobic exercise, and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Gioscia-Ryan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Zachary S Clayton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Melanie C Zigler
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James J Richey
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lauren M Cuevas
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Micah L Battson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian P Ziemba
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David A Hutton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas S VanDongen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Pedrinolla A, Venturelli M, Fonte C, Tamburin S, Di Baldassarre A, Naro F, Varalta V, Giuriato G, Ghinassi B, Muti E, Smania N, Schena F. Exercise training improves vascular function in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2233-2245. [PMID: 32728820 PMCID: PMC7502067 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04447-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vascular dysfunction has been demonstrated in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Exercise is known to positively affect vascular function. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate exercise-induced effects on vascular function in AD. METHODS Thirty-nine patients with AD (79 ± 8 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to exercise training (EX, n = 20) or control group (CTRL, n = 19). All subjects performed 72 treatment sessions (90 min, 3 t/w). EX included moderate-high-intensity aerobic and strength training. CTRL included cognitive stimuli (visual, verbal, auditive). Before and after the 6-month treatment, the vascular function was measured by passive-leg movement test (PLM, calculating the variation in blood flow: ∆peak; and area under the curve: AUC) tests, and flow-mediated dilation (FMD, %). A blood sample was analyzed for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Arterial blood flow (BF) and shear rate (SR) were measured during EX and CTRL during a typical treatment session. RESULTS EX group has increased FMD% (+ 3.725%, p < 0.001), PLM ∆peak (+ 99.056 ml/min, p = 0.004), AUC (+ 37.359AU, p = 0.037) and VEGF (+ 8.825 pg/ml, p = 0.004). In the CTRL group, no difference between pre- and post-treatment was found for any variable. Increase in BF and SR was demonstrated during EX (BF + 123%, p < 0.05; SR + 134%, p < 0.05), but not during CTRL treatment. CONCLUSION Exercise training improves peripheral vascular function in AD. These ameliorations may be due to the repetitive increase in SR during exercise which triggers NO and VEGF upregulation. This approach might be included in standard AD clinical practice as an effective strategy to treat vascular dysfunction in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pedrinolla
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake, Utah, USA.
| | - Cristina Fonte
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
| | - Angela Di Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabio Naro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Science, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Varalta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gaia Giuriato
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Ghinassi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Smania
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
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Stamatelopoulos K, Tsoltos N, Armeni E, Paschou SA, Augoulea A, Kaparos G, Rizos D, Karagouni I, Delialis D, Ioannou S, Apostolakis M, Makrakis E, Lambrinoudaki I. Physical activity is associated with lower arterial stiffness in normal‐weight postmenopausal women. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 22:1682-1690. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Vascular Laboratory Department of Therapeutics Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsoltos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Eleni Armeni
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Stavroula A. Paschou
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Areti Augoulea
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Georgios Kaparos
- Hormonal and Biochemical Laboratory Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Demetrios Rizos
- Hormonal and Biochemical Laboratory Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Iliana Karagouni
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Dimitris Delialis
- Vascular Laboratory Department of Therapeutics Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Sophia Ioannou
- Vascular Laboratory Department of Therapeutics Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Michail Apostolakis
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Evangelos Makrakis
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Irene Lambrinoudaki
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
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Ahn N, Kim K. Can Active Aerobic Exercise Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Prehypertensive Elderly Women by Improving HDL Cholesterol and Inflammatory Markers? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165910. [PMID: 32824020 PMCID: PMC7459903 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to verify the efficacy of exercise programs designed to prevent and treat hypertension-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD) by analyzing the effects of a 6-month active aerobic exercise program, administered to prehypertensive elderly women, on reducing the risk of developing CVD by enhancing their physical fitness level and improving the detailed markers of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and inflammatory markers. We assigned the elderly women (≥65 years) recruited into normal blood pressure (120–129/80–84; NBP, n = 18) and high-normal blood pressure (130–139/85–89; HNBP, n = 12) groups according to the European guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The exercise program was made up of combined workouts of elastic band resistance exercise and aerobics with dance music. The program took place three times a week for six months, with each session lasting 60 min. We measured pre- and post-intervention body composition, blood pressure, physical fitness level, blood lipids profile, HDL-C, SAA, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, IL-15, CRP, and HSP70 and calculated the Framingham risk scores for comparison. A significant post-intervention reduction in the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was observed in the HNBP group (p < 0.001), with significant increase in HDL-C (p < 0.01) and significant decrease in serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration (p < 0.01). A significant improvement in physical fitness factors such as physical efficiency index (PEI) was also observed in the HNBP group (p < 0.05). The post-intervention TNF-α, IL-6, and SAA concentrations were more significantly lower in the HNBP than in the NBP group (p < 0.05). Compared to the baseline values, a significant decrease in SAA concentration (p < 0.01) and significant increase in HSP70 concentration (p < 0.001) were observed in the HNBP group. The HNBP group’s 10-year CVD risk was also significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The pre–post differences in SBP and DBP were significantly correlated with those in the anti-inflammatory markers IL-4 and IL-15 (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the 6-month active aerobic exercise program of moderate intensity administered to prehypertensive elderly women (≥65 years) had the effect of reducing the 10-year CVD risk through a substantial reduction in SBP, overall physical fitness improvement, increase in HDL-C, decrease in SAA concentration, and substantial decrease in inflammatory biomarkers. It was also confirmed that an increase in anti-inflammatory markers, which showed a small range of increase with respect to the decrease in blood pressure, may have a major effect.
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Associations Among Physical Activity Level and Skeletal Muscle Antioxidants in Older Adults. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:895-901. [PMID: 32788413 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous antioxidants are critical to limiting cellular oxidative damage. METHODS The authors determined if habitual physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with skeletal muscle expression of endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and circulating oxidative stress markers (serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]; oxidized low-density lipoprotein [LDL]) in older adults. Moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was estimated using a validated PA questionnaire in 26 older adults (mean [SD]; M/F = 9/17, age = 68 [4] y, body mass index = 26 [3] kg·m-2). Maximal oxygen consumption was estimated using the YMCA submaximal cycle test. Skeletal muscle endogenous antioxidants and serum 8-OHdG and oxidized LDL were measured. Bivariate and partial correlations (controlling for body mass index) were utilized to determine associations among variables. RESULTS MVPA (1640 [1176] kcal·wk-1) was correlated with superoxide dismutase 2 (r = .55), catalase (r = .55), glutathione peroxidase 1 (r = .48), and 8-OHdG (r = -.41) (all Ps < .05), but not oxidized LDL. MVPA and 8-OHdG were not significantly correlated when controlling for body mass index (r = -.29). Estimated maximal oxygen consumption was correlated with glutathione peroxidase 1 (r = .48; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS These data show that skeletal muscle endogenous antioxidant expression and circulating oxidative damage are associated with habitual MVPA in older adults. Thus, MVPA in older adults may be protective against reactive oxygen species damage due to higher expression of endogenous antioxidants.
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Targeting mitochondrial fitness as a strategy for healthy vascular aging. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1491-1519. [PMID: 32584404 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide and aging is the primary risk factor for CVD. The development of vascular dysfunction, including endothelial dysfunction and stiffening of the large elastic arteries (i.e., the aorta and carotid arteries), contribute importantly to the age-related increase in CVD risk. Vascular aging is driven in large part by oxidative stress, which reduces bioavailability of nitric oxide and promotes alterations in the extracellular matrix. A key upstream driver of vascular oxidative stress is age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction. This review will focus on vascular mitochondria, mitochondrial dysregulation and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and discuss current evidence for prevention and treatment of vascular aging via lifestyle and pharmacological strategies that improve mitochondrial health. We will also identify promising areas and important considerations ('research gaps') for future investigation.
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39
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Gatto NM, Garcia-Cano J, Irani C, Liu T, Arakaki C, Fraser G, Wang C, Lee GJ. Observed Physical Function Is Associated With Better Cognition Among Elderly Adults: The Adventist Health Study-2. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2020; 35:1533317520960868. [PMID: 32996324 PMCID: PMC10623938 DOI: 10.1177/1533317520960868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Lifestyle factors may individually protect against the development of mild cognitive impairment. We investigate the relationships between both self-reported physical activity and measured physical function with cognition in a population of elderly adults, more than half of whom follow vegetarian dietary patterns. Otherwise healthy adults (n = 127, mean age 74.9 ± 7.9 years, 61.3% current vegetarians) were assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. A principal components analysis derived processing speed, executive function, and memory/language factors. Participants reported current levels of vigorous physical activity on questionnaires, and physical function and mobility were measured with the Physical Performance Test (PPT) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test. Generalized linear models estimated β coefficients for cross-sectional associations between cognitive factors and indicators of physical abilities and self-reported physical activity. Better physical function indicated by PPT was associated with higher scores on the processing speed factor (β = 0.21 SDs for each 4.4-point increase in PPT score; p = 0.02). Faster TUG times were also associated with higher processing speed factor scores (β = 0.21 SDs increase for each 2.8 second less TUG time; p = 0.02). Self-reported levels of vigorous physical activity were not associated with any area of cognitive function; the association between PPT, TUG and processing speed was independent of physical activity. Associations between PPT and TUG and processing speed were stronger among participants who followed vegetarian dietary patterns. Better physical function may have an effect on cognition in a context of healthy lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Gatto
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, CA, USA
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Garcia-Cano
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
| | - Crissy Irani
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
| | | | - Gary Fraser
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
| | - Grace J. Lee
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
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Abstract
Sedentary behavior and physical inactivity are among the leading modifiable risk factors worldwide for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. The promotion of physical activity and exercise training (ET) leading to improved levels of cardiorespiratory fitness is needed in all age groups, race, and ethnicities and both sexes to prevent many chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss the negative impact of sedentary behavior and physical inactivity, as well as the beneficial effects of physical activity /ET and cardiorespiratory fitness for the prevention of chronic noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease. We review the prognostic utility of cardiorespiratory fitness compared with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, as well as the increase of physical activity /ET for patients with heart failure as a therapeutic strategy, and ET dosing. Greater efforts at preventing sedentary behavior and physical inactivity while promoting physical activity, ET, and cardiorespiratory fitness are needed throughout the healthcare system worldwide and particularly in the United States in which the burden of cardiometabolic diseases remains extremely high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Lavie
- From the John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.J.L.)
| | - Cemal Ozemek
- From the John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.J.L.)
| | - Salvatore Carbone
- From the John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.J.L.)
| | - Peter T Katzmarzyk
- From the John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.J.L.)
| | - Steven N Blair
- From the John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.J.L.)
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Corpas R, Solana E, De la Rosa A, Sarroca S, Griñán-Ferré C, Oriol M, Corbella E, Rodríguez-Farré E, Vina J, Pallàs M, Bartrés-Faz D, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Sanfeliu C. Peripheral Maintenance of the Axis SIRT1-SIRT3 at Youth Level May Contribute to Brain Resilience in Middle-Aged Amateur Rugby Players. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:352. [PMID: 31956305 PMCID: PMC6951402 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise performed regularly is known to improve health and to reduce the risk of age-related diseases. Furthermore, there is some evidence of cognitive improvement in physically active middle-aged and older adults. We hypothesized that long-term physically active middle-aged men may have developed brain resilience that can be detected with the analysis of peripheral blood markers. We aimed to analyze the activation of pathways potentially modulated by physical activity in a cohort of healthy amateur rugby players (n = 24) and control subjects with low physical activity (n = 25) aged 45–65 years. We had previously reported neuropsychological improvement in immediate memory responses in the player group compared to the controls. Here, we tested the expression of selected genes of longevity, inflammation, redox homeostasis, and trophic signaling in whole blood mRNA. Analyses were also performed on blood samples of young (aged 15–25 years) control subjects with low physical activity (n = 21). Physical activity and other lifestyle factors were thoroughly recorded with standardized questionnaires. Interestingly, middle-aged control subjects showed lower levels of expression of SIRT1, SIRT3, CAT, and SOD1 than the young controls, although rugby players maintained the expression levels of these genes at a young-like level. Middle-aged players showed lower levels of IL1B than the non-physically active groups. However, there was a tendency towards a decrease in trophic and transduction factors in middle-aged groups as compared to the young controls. A statistical study of Spearman’s correlations supported a positive effect of sporting activity on memory and executive functions, and on peripheral gene expression of SIRT1, SIRT3 and downstream genes, in the middle-aged rugby players. Our results indicate that the SIRT1-SIRT3 axis, and associated neuroprotective signaling, may contribute to the anti-aging resilience of the brain mediated by physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Corpas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Solana
- Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian De la Rosa
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Sarroca
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Oriol
- Clinic Institute of Nephrology and Urology (ICNU), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emili Corbella
- Unitat de Risc Vascular Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Rodríguez-Farré
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Vina
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Bartrés-Faz
- Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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Craighead DH, Heinbockel TC, Hamilton MN, Bailey EF, MacDonald MJ, Gibala MJ, Seals DR. Time-efficient physical training for enhancing cardiovascular function in midlife and older adults: promise and current research gaps. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1427-1440. [PMID: 31556835 PMCID: PMC10205162 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00381.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death in developed societies, and "midlife" (50-64 yr) and older (65+) men and women bear the great majority of the burden of CVD. Much of the increased risk of CVD in this population is attributable to CV dysfunction, including adverse changes in the structure and function of the heart, increased systolic blood pressure, and arterial dysfunction. The latter is characterized by increased arterial stiffness and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Conventional aerobic exercise training, as generally recommended in public health guidelines, is an effective strategy to preserve or improve CV function with aging. However, <40% of midlife and older adults meet aerobic exercise guidelines, due in part to time availability-related barriers. As such, there is a need to develop evidence-based time-efficient exercise interventions that promote adherence and optimize CV function in these groups. Two promising interventions that may meet these criteria are interval training and inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST). Limited research suggests these modes of training may improve CV function with time commitments of ≤60 min/wk. This review will summarize the current evidence for interval training and IMST to improve CV function in midlife/older adults and identify key research gaps and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Craighead
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Thomas C Heinbockel
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Makinzie N Hamilton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - E Fiona Bailey
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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GLIEMANN LASSE, RYTTER NICOLAI, TAMARIZ-ELLEMANN ANDREA, EGELUND JON, BRANDT NINA, CARTER HOWARDH, HELLSTEN YLVA. Lifelong Physical Activity Determines Vascular Function in Late Postmenopausal Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:627-636. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Seals DR, Nagy EE, Moreau KL. Aerobic exercise training and vascular function with ageing in healthy men and women. J Physiol 2019; 597:4901-4914. [PMID: 31077372 PMCID: PMC6773490 DOI: 10.1113/jp277764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both men and women in developed societies. Age is the greatest risk factor for CVD due largely to adverse changes to arteries that include stiffening of the large elastic arteries (aortic and carotid arteries) and endothelial dysfunction. Vascular ageing is driven by oxidative stress, which reduces nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and stimulates changes in the extracellular matrix. In women, reductions in circulating oestrogens with menopause interact with ageing processes to induce vascular dysfunction. Regular aerobic exercise is the most evidence-based strategy for reducing CVD risk with ageing in both men and women. Much of this cardiovascular-protective effect of aerobic exercise is likely due to its vascular health-enhancing influence. Large elastic artery stiffening with advancing age is attenuated in healthy adults engaged in aerobic exercise training, and aerobic exercise interventions improve arterial stiffness in previously sedentary middle-aged and older men and postmenopausal women. Regular aerobic exercise also enhances endothelial function with ageing in men (by reducing oxidative stress and preserving NO bioavailability), but not consistently in oestrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, treatment with oestradiol appears to restore the ability of aerobic exercise to improve NO-mediated endothelial function by reducing oxidative stress. Several research gaps exist in our understanding of potential sex differences in the vascular adaptations to regular aerobic exercise. More information is needed on the factors that are responsible for sex differences, including the role of circulating oestrogens in transducing the aerobic exercise training 'stimulus'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R. Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Erzsebet E. Nagy
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kerrie L. Moreau
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Denver Veterans Administrative Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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45
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Superoxide and NADPH oxidase do not modulate skin blood flow in older exercising adults with and without type 2 diabetes. Microvasc Res 2019; 125:103886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2019.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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46
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Craighead DH, Freeberg KA, Seals DR. The protective role of regular aerobic exercise on vascular function with aging. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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47
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Gliemann L, Hellsten Y. The exercise timing hypothesis: can exercise training compensate for the reduction in blood vessel function after menopause if timed right? J Physiol 2019; 597:4915-4925. [DOI: 10.1113/jp277056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Y. Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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48
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Campbell A, Grace F, Ritchie L, Beaumont A, Sculthorpe N. Long-Term Aerobic Exercise Improves Vascular Function Into Old Age: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta Regression of Observational and Interventional Studies. Front Physiol 2019; 10:31. [PMID: 30863313 PMCID: PMC6399418 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an emerging body of literature relating to the effectiveness of frequent aerobic exercise as a prophylactic for age-associated dysfunction of large arteries, yet systematic evaluation and precise estimate of this effect is unknown. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies examining flow mediated dilatation (FMD) of athletic older persons and otherwise healthy sedentary counterparts to (i) compare FMD as a determinant of endothelial function between athletes and sedentary individuals and, (ii) summarize the effect of exercise training on FMD in studies of sedentary aging persons. Studies were identified from systematic search of major electronic databases from inception to January 2018. Study quality was assessed before conducting a random effects meta-analysis to calculate a pooled ES (mean difference) with 95% CI's. Thirteen studies [4 interventional (n = 125); 10 cross-sectional [including one study from the interventional analysis; (n = 485)] with age ranges from 62 to 75 years underwent quantitative pooling of data. The majority of study participants were male. Older athletes had more favorable FMD compared with sedentary controls (2.1%; CI: 1.4, 2.8%; P < 0.001). There was no significant improvement in the vascular function of sedentary cohorts following a period of exercise training (0.7%; CI: −0.675, 2.09%; P = 0.316). However, there was a significant increase in baseline diameter from pre to post intervention (0.1 mm; CI: 0.07, 0.13 mm; P < 0.001). In addition, there was no significant difference in endothelial independent vasodilation between the trained and sedentary older adults (1.57%; CI: −0.13, 3.27%; P = 0.07), or from pre to post exercise intervention (1.48%; CI: −1.34, 4.3%; P = 0.3). In conclusion, long-term aerobic exercise appears to attenuate the decline in endothelial vascular function, a benefit which is maintained during chronological aging. However, currently there is not enough evidence to suggest that exercise interventions improve vascular function in previously sedentary healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Campbell
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
| | - Fergal Grace
- Faculty of Health, School of Health Science & Psychology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise Ritchie
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The number of adults with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or related dementia is expected to increase exponentially. Interventions aimed to reduce the risk and progression of AD and dementia are critical to the prevention and treatment of this devastating disease. Aging and cardiovascular disease risk factors are associated with reduced vascular function, which can have important clinical implications, including brain health. The age-associated increase in blood pressure and impairment in vascular function may be attenuated or even reversed through lifestyle behaviors. Greater volumes of habitual exercise and higher cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with beneficial effects on vascular health and cognition. Exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness may be most important during midlife, as physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness during the middle-aged years are associated with future cognitive function. The extent to which exercise, and more specifically aerobic exercise, influences the cerebral circulation is not well established. In this review, we present our working hypothesis showing how cerebrovascular function may be a mediating factor underlying the association between exercise and cognition, as well as discuss recent studies evaluating the effect of exercise interventions on the cerebral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill N Barnes
- Department of Kinesiology, Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam T Corkery
- Department of Kinesiology, Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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50
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Rossman MJ, LaRocca TJ, Martens CR, Seals DR. Healthy lifestyle-based approaches for successful vascular aging. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1888-1900. [PMID: 30212305 PMCID: PMC6842891 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00521.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes a presentation given at the 2016 Gerontological Society of America Annual Meeting as part of the Vascular Aging Workshop. The development of age-related vascular dysfunction increases the risk of cardiovascular disease as well as other chronic age-associated disorders, including chronic kidney disease and Alzheimer's disease. Healthy lifestyle behaviors, most notably regular aerobic exercise and certain dietary patterns, are considered "first-line" strategies for the prevention and/or treatment of vascular dysfunction with aging. Despite the well-established benefits of these strategies, however, many older adults do not meet the recommended guidelines for exercise or consume a healthy diet. Therefore, it is important to establish alternative and/or complementary evidence-based approaches to prevent or reverse age-related vascular dysfunction. Time-efficient forms of exercise training, hormetic exposure to mild environmental stress, fasting "mimicking" dietary paradigms, and nutraceutical/pharmaceutical approaches to favorably modulate cellular and molecular pathways activated by exercise and healthy dietary patterns may hold promise as such alternative approaches. Determining the efficacy of these novel strategies is important to provide alternatives for adults with low adherence to conventional healthy lifestyle practices for healthy vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Thomas J LaRocca
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Christopher R Martens
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder , Boulder, Colorado
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