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Tsai LH, Chen BY, Su KC, Cheng CY. The status of binocular visual functions among Taiwan high-tech industry engineers and its correlation with computer vision symptom. Sci Rep 2024; 14:826. [PMID: 38191660 PMCID: PMC10774332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
To analyze the status of binocular visual functions, the relationship between binocular visual function and computer vision-related symptoms in the high-tech industry group. The study sample was comprised of 33 participants aged between 20 and 40 years of age. After completing basic information and the Computer Vision Symptom Scale (CVSS-17) questionnaire, the participants underwent a comprehensive examination of binocular visual function. All data were statistically analyzed with SPSS V26.0 software. The value of the binocular vision function of the Taiwan high-tech industry group was significantly different compared with the Scheiman and Morgan standard value. Study subjects were generally found to exhibit larger exophoric at distance, which in turn might lead to a lower ability to maintain binocular fusion to a single image, or recover from fusional disruption at distance. Subjects also experienced accommodation and convergence problems at near at the same time. Age, gender, and refractive errors had no significant impact on CVSS-17 scores, only the duration of computer usage showed a significant effect, particularly for internal symptom factor (ISF) dimensions. In addition, the interaction between the ISF and external symptom factor resulted in more severe visual symptoms. Long-term use of electronic devices may lead to an imbalance in binocular vision function, thereby increasing or exacerbating visual symptoms. If the use of electronic devices is an unchangeable trend, interventions in prescription, visual training or the visual design of electronic products become worthwhile topics for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Hui Tsai
- Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yu Chen
- Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Su
- Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Cheng
- Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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Pan W, Lou L, Chen F, Tang X. Gender Disparities in the Global Burden of Refractive Disorders in Children: An Analysis From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2024; 61:51-58. [PMID: 37227010 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20230421-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate gender disparities in the global burden of refractive disorders in children younger than 15 years by year, age, and national developmental status using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). METHODS Global, regional, and national gender-specific DALY numbers and rates of refractive disorders in children were obtained by year (from 1990 to 2019) and age group (0 to 4, 5 to 9, and 10 to 14 years) from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Data from the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index in 2019 as an indicator of national developmental status were extracted from the Human Development Report. Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses were performed to explore the association between female-to-male DALY rate ratios and national developmental status. RESULTS Gender disparities in DALY numbers and rates of refractive disorders in children have persisted and shown little improvement from 1990 to 2019. Girls had a higher burden than boys of the same age, and gender disparities increased with age (1.120 in preschool children aged 0 to 4 years, 1.124 in younger school-aged children aged 5 to 9 years, and 1.135 in older school-aged children aged 10 to 14 years). Female-to-male DALY rate ratios were negatively related to Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index values (standardized b = -0.189, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Gender disparities in the global burden of refractive disorders in children have persisted for decades, with girls who are older and from lower-income countries having a higher burden than boys. Gender-specific health policies should be made to manage refractive disorders in children. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(1):51-58.].
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Jia Y, Liu J, Ye Q, Zhang S, Feng L, Xu Z, Zhuang Y, He Y, Zhou Y, Chen X, Yao Y, Jiang R, Thompson B, Li J. Factors predicting regression of visual acuity following successful treatment of anisometropic amblyopia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1013136. [PMID: 36388932 PMCID: PMC9659723 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1013136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify factors associated with visual acuity regression following successful treatment of anisometropic amblyopia. Design and method This was a retrospective cohort study. Database records for 100 and 61 children with anisometropic amblyopia who met at least one criterion for successful treatment proposed by the Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (PEDIG) and had at least 1 year of follow-up data available after the criterion was met were analyzed. The study sample was split into two groups, those who regressed within 1 year of successful treatment (no longer met any of the PEDIG criteria for successful treatment) and those who did not. A two-step analysis involving a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and a logistic regression were used to identify predictor variables for increased risk of regression. A broad range of clinical, perceptual, and demographic variables were included in the analyses. Results Sixty-eight (42.5%) children regressed within 1 year of successful treatment. Among the 27 predictor variables considered within the statistical modeling process, the three most important for predicting treatment regression were the extent of amblyopic eye visual acuity improvement, age at first hospital visit and sex. Specifically, lower risk of regression was associated with larger amblyopic eye visual acuity improvement with treatment, younger age at initiation of treatment and female sex. Conclusion Patients who received treatment at a younger age and responded well to treatment had a lower risk of treatment regression. This pattern of results suggests that early detection of amblyopia and strategies that enhance treatment adherence may reduce the risk of treatment regression. The higher risk of regression in boys than girls that we observed may reflect known sex differences in brain development and /or sex differences in environment within our sample of children from South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenglan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunsi He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yusong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rengang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Benjamin Thompson
| | - Jinrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinrong Li
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Ionta S. Visual Neuropsychology in Development: Anatomo-Functional Brain Mechanisms of Action/Perception Binding in Health and Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:689912. [PMID: 34135745 PMCID: PMC8203289 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.689912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is the main entrance for environmental input to the human brain. Even if vision is our most used sensory modality, its importance is not limited to environmental exploration. Rather it has strong links to motor competences, further extending to cognitive and social aspects of human life. These multifaceted relationships are particularly important in developmental age and become dramatically evident in presence of complex deficits originating from visual aberrancies. The present review summarizes the available neuropsychological evidence on the development of visual competences, with a particular focus on the associated visuo-motor integration skills in health and disease. With the aim of supporting future research and interventional settings, the goal of the present review is to constitute a solid base to help the translation of neuropsychological hypotheses into straightforward empirical investigations and rehabilitation/training protocols. This approach will further increase the impact, ameliorate the acceptance, and ease the use and implementation of lab-derived intervention protocols in real-life situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Ionta
- Sensory-Motor Lab (SeMoLa), Department of Ophthalmology-University of Lausanne, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital-Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
The developing visual brain is an integrated system, linking analysis of the visual input to visuomotor control, visual cognition, and attention. Major points in human visual development are the presence of rudimentary pathways present at birth which can control fixation behavior, with subsequent development of specific functions. These functions include the emergence of cortical selectivity; the integration of local signals to provide global representations of motion, shape, and space; the development of visuomotor modules for eye movements, manual reaching, and locomotion; and the development of distinct attentional systems. Measures of these processes in infancy and early childhood can provide indicators of broader brain development in the at-risk child. A key system in development is the dorsal cortical stream. Measures of global motion processing, visuomotor actions, and attention suggest that this system is particularly vulnerable in children with a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Early disorders of the eye (strabismus, cataract) reveal the level of plasticity in the developing visual system and the ways in which early experience can affect the course of functional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette Atkinson
- Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Oliver Braddick
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Read JCA, Rafiq S, Hugill J, Casanova T, Black C, O’Neill A, Puyat V, Haggerty H, Smart K, Powell C, Taylor K, Clarke MP, Vancleef K. Characterizing the Randot Preschool stereotest: Testability, norms, reliability, specificity and sensitivity in children aged 2-11 years. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224402. [PMID: 31697704 PMCID: PMC6837395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To comprehensively assess the Randot Preschool stereo test in young children, including testability, normative values, test/retest reliability and sensitivity and specificity for detecting binocular vision disorders. METHODS We tested 1005 children aged 2-11 years with the Randot Preschool stereo test, plus a cover/uncover test to detect heterotropia. Monocular visual acuity was assessed in both eyes using Keeler Crowded LogMAR visual acuity test for children aged 4 and over. RESULTS Testability was very high: 65% in two-year-olds, 92% in three-year-olds and ~100% in older children. Normative values: In 389 children aged 2-5 with apparently normal vision, 6% of children scored nil (stereoblind). In those who obtained a threshold, the mean log threshold was 2.06 log10 arcsec, corresponding to 114 arcsec, and the median threshold was 100 arcsec. Most older children score 40 arcsec, the best available score. We found a small sex difference, with girls scoring slightly but significantly better. Test/retest reliability: ~99% for obtaining any score vs nil. Agreement between stereo thresholds is poor in children aged 2-5; 95% limit of agreement = 0.7 log10 arcsec: five-fold change in stereo threshold may occur without any change in vision. In children over 5, the test essentially acts only as a binary classifier since almost all non-stereoblind children score 40 arcsec. Specificity (true negative rate): >95%. Sensitivity (true positive rate): poor, <50%, i.e. around half of children with a demonstrable binocular vision abnormality score well on the Randot Preschool. CONCLUSIONS The Randot Preschool is extremely accessible for even very young children, and is very reliable at classifying children into those who have any stereo vision vs those who are stereoblind. However, its ability to quantify stereo vision is limited by poor repeatability in children aged 5 and under, and a very limited range of scores relevant to children aged over 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C. A. Read
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sheima Rafiq
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jess Hugill
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Therese Casanova
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Black
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Adam O’Neill
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Puyat
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Haggerty
- Newcastle Eye Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Smart
- Newcastle Eye Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Powell
- Newcastle Eye Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Taylor
- Newcastle Eye Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Clarke
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
- Newcastle Eye Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen Vancleef
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
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Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Nabovati P, Shahraki FA, Ostadimoghaddam H, Faghihi M, Aghamirsalim M, Doostdar A, Yekta A. Accommodative insufficiency in a student population in Iran. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2019; 12:161-167. [PMID: 29802027 PMCID: PMC6612034 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of accommodative insufficiency (AI) and its relation with age, gender, and refractive errors in a college-age student population in Iran. METHODS The present study was conducted cross-sectionally in 2017. All students had optometric tests including measurement of visual acuity, objective and subjective refraction, as well as binocular vision and accommodative examinations. Amplitude of accommodation was measured with the Donders' push-up method using the Royal Air Force (RAF) rule. Monocular accommodative facility was measured with ±2.00diopter flipper lenses. The accommodative response was tested using dynamic retinoscopy with the monocular estimation method (MEM). RESULTS The prevalence of AI in the studied population was 4.07% (95% CI: 2.61-5.52). The rate was 6.04% (95% CI: 3.58-8.50) in females and 2.01% (95% CI: 0.53-3.48) in males, and logistic regression showed a significantly higher odds of AI in females (OR=3.14, 95% CI: 1.33-7.45, p-value=0.009). The prevalence of AI was 2.59% (95% CI: 0.55-7.56) in the 18-19-year-old age group and 4.08% (95% CI: 0.09-8.07) in the 24-25-year-old group (p-value=0.848). The prevalence of AI among emmetropic, myopic, and hyperopic individuals was 3.74% (95% CI: 1.88-5.61), 4.44% (95% CI: 2.07-6.81), and 5.26% (95% CI: 4.79-16.32), respectively (p-value=0.869). In the multiple regression model, only gender showed significant relationship with AI (Odds ratio=3.14, 95% CI: 1.33-7.45; p-values=0.009). CONCLUSION The prevalence of AI in the present study is lower than the most prevalence rates reported in previous studies. In the present study, gender and AI showed a strong association, such that AI prevalence was significantly higher in females than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Nabovati
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Azad Shahraki
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Ostadimoghaddam
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faghihi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Asgar Doostdar
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Tsang T, Ogren M, Peng Y, Nguyen B, Johnson KL, Johnson SP. Infant perception of sex differences in biological motion displays. J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 173:338-350. [PMID: 29807312 PMCID: PMC5986598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined mechanisms underlying infants' ability to categorize human biological motion stimuli from sex-typed walk motions, focusing on how visual attention to dynamic information in point-light displays (PLDs) contributes to infants' social category formation. We tested for categorization of PLDs produced by women and men by habituating infants to a series of female or male walk motions and then recording posthabituation preferences for new PLDs from the familiar or novel category (Experiment 1). We also tested for intrinsic preferences for female or male walk motions (Experiment 2). We found that infant boys were better able to categorize PLDs than were girls and that male PLDs were preferred overall. Neither of these effects was found to change with development across the observed age range (∼4-18 months). We conclude that infants' categorization of walk motions in PLDs is constrained by intrinsic preferences for higher motion speeds and higher spans of motion and, relatedly, by differences in walk motions produced by men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawny Tsang
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marissa Ogren
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yujia Peng
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bryan Nguyen
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kerri L Johnson
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott P Johnson
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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10
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Tarczy-Hornoch K. Accommodative lag and refractive error in infants and toddlers. J AAPOS 2012; 16:112-7. [PMID: 22424817 PMCID: PMC3336047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure accommodative performance as a function of refractive error in very young children. METHODS This was a prospective study of accommodation lag in multiethnic typically developing children ages 5 to 24 months. Accommodation lag was measured by means of a modified bell retinoscopy technique. Refraction was measured by cycloplegic retinoscopy, and right and left eye results were averaged. The study compared accommodative performance to cycloplegic spherical equivalent and astigmatic refractive error. RESULTS Analysis of data from 189 of 203 subjects revealed that larger lags and lower gain of the accommodative response were more common in younger children, although most children of all ages accommodated well, with 95% having lags <1.25 D. Larger accommodation lags were associated with greater spherical equivalent refractive error, although only with hyperopia ≥4.0 D were lags ≥1.25 D observed in a majority of children. Larger lags in the more hyperopic meridian were seen with increasing hyperopic with-the-rule astigmatism, but lag in the more hyperopic meridian varied little with the amount of myopic or mixed astigmatism. CONCLUSIONS Most 5- to 24-month-old children accommodate well over a range of moderate hyperopic refractive errors, but hyperopia ≥4.0 D is rarely associated with normal accommodative performance. Hyperopic and mixed or myopic astigmatic children show different patterns of accommodation, which may explain the patterns of visual acuity deficits seen in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tarczy-Hornoch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Dobkins KR, Bosworth RG, McCleery JP. Effects of gestational length, gender, postnatal age, and birth order on visual contrast sensitivity in infants. J Vis 2009; 9:19.1-21. [PMID: 19810800 DOI: 10.1167/9.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate effects of visual experience versus preprogrammed mechanisms on visual development, we used multiple regression analysis to determine the extent to which a variety of variables (that differ in the extent to which they are tied to visual experience) predict luminance and chromatic (red/green) contrast sensitivity (CS), which are mediated by the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) subcortical pathways, respectively. Our variables included gestational length (GL), birth weight (BW), gender, postnatal age (PNA), and birth order (BO). Two-month-olds (n = 60) and 6-month-olds (n = 122) were tested. Results revealed that (1) at 2 months, infants with longer GL have higher luminance CS; (2) at both ages, CS significantly increases over a approximately 21-day range of PNA, but this effect is stronger in 2- than 6-month-olds and stronger for chromatic than luminance CS; (3) at 2 months, boys have higher luminance CS than girls; and (4) at 2 months, firstborn infants have higher CS, while at 6 months, non-firstborn infants have higher CS. The results for PNA/GL are consistent with the possibility that P pathway development is more influenced by variables tied to visual experience (PNA), while M pathway development is more influenced by variables unrelated to visual experience (GL). Other variables, including prenatal environment, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Dobkins
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Bharadwaj SR, Candy TR. Cues for the control of ocular accommodation and vergence during postnatal human development. J Vis 2008; 8:14.1-16. [PMID: 19146280 DOI: 10.1167/8.16.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accommodation and vergence help maintain single and focused visual experience while an object moves in depth. The relative importance of retinal blur and disparity, the primary sensory cues to accommodation and vergence, is largely unknown during development; a period when growth of the eye and head necessitate continual recalibration of egocentric space. Here we measured the developmental importance of retinal disparity in 192 typically developing subjects (1.9 months to 46 years). Subjects viewed high-contrast cartoon targets with naturalistic spatial frequency spectra while their accommodation and vergence responses were measured from both eyes using a PowerRefractor. Accommodative gain was reduced during monocular viewing relative to full binocular viewing, even though the fixating eye generated comparable tracking eye movements in the two conditions. This result was consistent across three forms of monocular occlusion. The accommodative gain was lowest in infants and only reached adult levels by 7 to 10 years of age. As expected, the gain of vergence was also reduced in monocular conditions. When 4- to 6-year-old children read 20/40-sized letters, their monocular accommodative gain reached adult-like levels. In summary, binocular viewing appears necessary under naturalistic viewing conditions to generate full accommodation and vergence responses in typically developing humans.
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