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McConnell BM, Cortes Y, Bailey D. Retrospective evaluation of shock index and mortality in dogs with head trauma (2015-2020): 86 cases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2024. [PMID: 39023324 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between shock index (SI) and mortality in dogs with head trauma (HT). A secondary objective was to compare SI with the animal trauma triage (ATT) score and Modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MCGS) score in HT cases. A tertiary aim was to assess if SI is predictive of survival to discharge or improvement in presenting neurologic signs. DESIGN Retrospective study from January 2015 to December 2020. SETTING Tertiary referral level II veterinary trauma center. ANIMALS Eighty-six dogs with evidence of HT presenting through emergency for various traumas compared to 60 healthy control dogs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS SI was calculated using the quotient of heart rate over systolic blood pressure measured on presentation. SI was significantly higher in HT patients than healthy controls (P = 0.0019). SI was not significantly different between traumatic brain injury dogs that died or were euthanized and HT dogs that lived until the time of discharge (P = 0.98). SI was not significantly different between HT dogs that were neurologically normal at the time of discharge and HT dogs that were static or improved but not normal neurologically at the time of discharge (P = 0.84). In HT dogs, SI did not correlate with ATT score (P = 0.16) or MGCS score (P = 0.75). There was no significant difference in SI and length of hospitalization until death or discharge (P = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS SI was significantly higher in HT patients compared to control patients. Interestingly, SI was not correlated with ATT score or MGCS score. The use of SI in HT patients warrants further investigation to assess the efficacy in predicting mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana M McConnell
- Emergency and Critical Care Department, Oradell Animal Hospital, Paramus, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yonaira Cortes
- Emergency and Critical Care Department, Oradell Animal Hospital, Paramus, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dennis Bailey
- Oncology Department, Oradell Animal Hospital, Paramus, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Chen Y, Pang J, Chen Y, Liang Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z. Diallyl trisulfide regulates PGK1/Nrf2 expression and reduces inflammation to alleviate neurological damage in mice after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2024; 1843:149116. [PMID: 38977238 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) has a direct antioxidant capacity and emerges as a promising neuroprotective agent. This study was designed to investigate the role of DATS in traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS TBI mouse models were established using the controlled cortical impact, followed by DATS administration. The effects of DATS on neurological deficit, brain damage, inflammation and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) expression were detected using mNSS test, histological analysis, TUNEL assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence. PC12 cells were subjected to H2O2-induced oxidative injury after pre-treatment with DATS, followed by cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry and ROS production detection. Apoptosis-related proteins and the PGK1/nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway were examined using Western blot. RESULTS DATS ameliorated the cerebral cortex damage, neurological dysfunction and apoptosis, as well as decreased PGK1 expression and expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) in mice after TBI. DATS also enhanced viability, blocked apoptosis and inhibited ROS production in H2O2-induced PC12 cells. DATS downregulated Cleaved-Caspase3, Bax and PGK1 levels, and upregulated Bcl-2 and Nrf2 levels in TBI mouse models and the injured cells. CONCLUSION DATS regulates PGK1/Nrf2 expression and inflammation to alleviate neurological damage in mice after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital), PR China
| | - Jianliang Pang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital) , PR China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital), PR China
| | - Ying Liang
- Injection Room, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital), PR China
| | - Zhengbo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital), PR China
| | - Zhangquan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital), PR China.
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Chromiak AE, Finstad J, Cooper E. Suspected cerebral salt wasting syndrome secondary to traumatic brain injury in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2024; 34:285-290. [PMID: 38809227 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a dog with suspected cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSWS) secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI). CASE SUMMARY A 2-month-old intact male Chihuahua-American Pitbull Terrier mix weighing 1.94 kg presented to a veterinary teaching emergency room after suffering bite wound-penetrating trauma to the head. Treatment was initiated with hyperosmotic agents, fluid resuscitation, and analgesia. The dog's neurologic dysfunction warranted hospitalization and continuous monitoring. Within 24 hours, the dog developed hyponatremia (133 mmol/L compared to 143 mmol/L on presentation [reference interval 142-149 mmol/L]). As the dog had concurrent tachycardia, increase in urine sodium concentration, polyuria, and weight loss, a diagnosis of cerebral salt wasting was suspected. A 2% hypertonic saline constant rate infusion was administered for volume replacement, and the patient showed improvement in clinical signs and blood sodium concentration. The dog was discharged on Day 5. Recheck examination showed significant neurologic improvement with sodium just below the low end of the reference range (141 mmol/L [reference interval 142-149 mmol/L]). NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This is the first description of suspected CSWS in veterinary medicine. Hyponatremia is a common finding in critically ill neurologic people, including those with TBI, and is typically associated with either syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone or CSWS. As treatment recommendations for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and CSWS are diametrically opposed, identifying the presence of hyponatremia and distinguishing between these 2 clinical entities is critical for improving patient care for those with TBI. This case highlights the characteristics and clinical progression regarding the diagnosis and management of suspected CSWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Chromiak
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joanna Finstad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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4
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Mastrocco A, Prittie J, West C, Clark M. A review of the pharmacology and clinical applications of levetiracetam in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2024; 34:9-22. [PMID: 37987141 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and summarize the pharmacology of the antiepileptic drug (AED), levetiracetam (LEV), and to discuss its clinical utility in dogs and cats. DATA SOURCES Veterinary and human peer-reviewed medical literature and the authors' clinical experience. SUMMARY LEV is an AED with mechanisms of action distinct from those of other AEDs. In people and small animals, LEV exhibits linear kinetics, excellent oral bioavailability, and minimal drug-drug interactions. Serious side effects are rarely reported in any species. LEV use is gaining favor for treating epilepsy in small animals and may have wider clinical applications in patients with portosystemic shunts, neuroglycopenia, and traumatic brain injury. In people, LEV may improve cognitive function in patients with dementia. CONCLUSION LEV is a well-tolerated AED with well-documented efficacy in human patients. Although its use is becoming more common in veterinary medicine, its role as a first-line monotherapy in small animal epileptics remains to be determined. This review of the human and animal literature regarding LEV describes its role in epileptic people and animals as well as in other disease states and provides recommendations for clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Mastrocco
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer Prittie
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chad West
- Department of Neurology, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melissa Clark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, Houston, Texas, USA
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5
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Naumenko Y, Yuryshinetz I, Zabenko Y, Pivneva T. Mild traumatic brain injury as a pathological process. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18342. [PMID: 37519712 PMCID: PMC10372741 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as dysfunction or other evidence of brain pathology caused by external physical force. More than 69 million new cases of TBI are registered worldwide each year, 80% of them - mild TBI. Based on the physical mechanism of induced trauma, we can separate its pathophysiology into primary and secondary injuries. Many literature sources have confirmed that mechanically induced brain injury initiates ionic, metabolic, inflammatory, and neurovascular changes in the CNS, which can lead to acute, subacute, and chronic neurological consequences. Despite the global nature of the disease, its high heterogeneity, lack of a unified classification system, rapid fluctuation of epidemiological trends, and variability of long-term consequences significantly complicate research and the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review paper, we systematize current knowledge of biomechanical and molecular mechanisms of mild TBI and provide general information on the classification and epidemiology of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Naumenko
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Department of Sensory Signalization, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Irada Yuryshinetz
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Department of Sensory Signalization, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yelyzaveta Zabenko
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Department of Sensory Signalization, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Pivneva
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Department of Sensory Signalization, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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6
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Armstrong JF. Neurologic Assessment and Critical Care of Exotic Animals: Approach to the Neurologic Exam, Species Differences, Prognostic Scales, Commonly Encountered Conditions, Ancillary Diagnostic Tests, and Caring for Neurologically Impaired Patients. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023:S1094-9194(23)00025-7. [PMID: 37385906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Many disorders of other body systems have been well characterized in exotic species; however, data regarding neurologic conditions is limited. Across some of these species, correlates between feline and canine neurology can be made, but variations in the nervous system anatomy make evaluation more challenging. With accurate neurolocalization a focused list of differential diagnoses can be created. Performing the neurologic examination should be methodical for all patients, and the order and extent of examination may depend upon the patient's clinical condition and cooperation. Applications of objective scale measures (such as coma scales), and ancillary diagnostics (electrodiagnostics, advanced imaging, biopsy techniques, and BAER testing) complement physical assessment and clinicopathologic assessment in these neurologic patients. Once a neurolocalization, likely diagnosis, and prognosis have been established, specific considerations for hospitalization and care of neurologic patients can be implemented while treatment is instituted.
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Zhang Q, Shi R, Hao M, Feng D, Wu R, Shi M. NDRG2 regulates the formation of reactive astrocyte-derived progenitor cells via Notch signaling pathway after brain traumatic injury in rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1149683. [PMID: 37082656 PMCID: PMC10112515 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1149683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to traumatic brain injury, a subpopulation of cortical astrocytes is activated, resulting in acquisition of stem cell properties, known as reactive astrocytes-derived progenitor cells (Rad-PCs). However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown during this process. In this study, we examined the role of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a differentiation- and stress-associated molecule, in Rad-PCs after cortical stab injury in adult rats. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that in the cerebral cortex of normal adult rats, NDRG2 was exclusively expressed in astrocytes. After liu cortical injury, the expression of NDRG2 was significantly elevated around the wound and most cells expressing NDRG2 also expressed GFAP, a reactive astrocyte marker. Importantly, NDRG2-expressing cells were co-labeled with Nestin, a marker for neural stem cells, some of which also expressed cell proliferation marker Ki67. Overexpression of NDRG2 further increased the number of NDRG2/Nestin double-labeling cells around the lesion. In contrast, shRNA knockdown of NDRG2 decreased the number of NDRG2+/Nestin+ cells. Intracerebroventricular administration of stab-injured rats with a Notch antagonist, DAPT, led to a significant decrease in Nestin+/NDRG2+ cells around the injured boundary, but did not affect NDRG2+ cells. Moreover, overexpression or knockdown of NDRG2 led to up- and down-regulation of the expression of Notch intracellular domain NICD and Notch target gene Hes1, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that NDRG2 may play a role in controlling the formation of Rad-PCs in the cerebral cortex of adult rats following traumatic injury, and that Notch signaling pathway plays a key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neurology, Meishan Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, Meishan, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minghua Hao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Armed Police General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongyun Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Shi,
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8
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Ding W, Cai C, Zhu X, Wang J, Jiang Q. Parthenolide ameliorates neurological deficits and neuroinflammation in mice with traumatic brain injury by suppressing STAT3/NF-κB and inflammasome activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108913. [PMID: 35729839 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a set of complex inflammation that results in secondary injury. Parthenolide (PTN) is a sesquiterpene lactone extracted from the herb Tanacetum parthenium (Feverfew) and has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidative stress effects in the central nervous system (CNS)-related diseases. This study focuses on investigating the potential neuroprotective effect of PTN on TBI and the related mechanism. METHODS Bv2 microglia, primary microglia were stimulated by LPS, and HT22 neuron cells were stimulated by OGD/R, and they were treated with different doses of PTN. The expression profiles of pro-inflammatory cytokines, proteins, oxidative stress mediators, STAT3/NF-κB pathway, inflammasomes were detected. Forty male/female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the sham, PTN, TBI, and TBI + PTN groups (10 mice per group). A mouse TBI model was set up with a controlled cortical impact (CCI) device. The modified nerve severity score (mNSS) was implemented to check short-term neurological impairment in mice, and the mice's memory and learning were assessed by the Morris water maze test. The water content in the mice's brains was measured by the dry-wet method. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, Nissl staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were applied for neuronal apoptosis. RESULTS PTN dramatically alleviated LPS-induced inflammation in microglia, and OGD-mediated neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress. In addition, PTN repressed LPS- or OGD-modulated STAT3/NF-κB and NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1), NLRP3, NLR family CARD domain containing 4 (NLRC4) inflammasomes activation. Administering the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic or NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7082 attenuated PTN-mediated effects. In vivo, PTN treatment relieved neural function deficits, brain edema and neuron apoptosis and improved the memory and learning function of TBI mice. Additionally, PTN impeded microglial activation and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain lesions of TBI mice. Furthermore, PTN hindered STAT3/NF-κB and inflammasome activation. CONCLUSION PTN can curb microglial activation and neuron apoptosis by dampening the STAT3/NF-κB pathway, thus exerting neuroprotective effects in TBI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Chen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200 Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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9
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Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Pioglitazone on Traumatic Brain Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:9860855. [PMID: 35757108 PMCID: PMC9232315 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9860855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still a major cause of concern for public health, and out of all the trauma-related injuries, it makes the highest contribution to death and disability worldwide. Patients of TBI continue to suffer from brain injury through an intricate flow of primary and secondary injury events. However, when treatment is provided in a timely manner, there is a significant window of opportunity to avoid a few of the serious effects. Pioglitazone (PG), which has a neuroprotective impact and can decrease inflammation after TBI, activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). The objective of the study is to examine the existing literature to assess the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory impact of PG in TBI. It also discusses the part played by microglia and cytokines in TBI. According to the findings of this study, PG has the ability to enhance neurobehavior, decrease brain edema and neuronal injury following TBI. To achieve the protective impact of PG the following was required: (1) stimulating PPARγ; (2) decreasing oxidative stress; (3) decreasing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) expression; (4) limiting the increase in the number of activated microglia; and (5) reducing mitochondrial dysfunction. The findings indicate that when PIG is used clinically, it may serve as a neuroprotective anti-inflammatory approach in TBI.
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10
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Lefman S, Prittie JE. High-rise syndrome in cats and dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:571-581. [PMID: 35650712 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current literature pertaining to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of injuries sustained from high-rise syndrome in cats and dogs. ETIOLOGY High-rise syndrome is defined as a fall from a height of 2 or more stories that results in a constellation of injuries, including thoracic, abdominal, orthopedic, and orofacial trauma. Animals often fall after slipping from windowsills, engaging in mating behavior, or chasing prey. Cats suffer less severe injuries than dogs due to their "righting reflex" and smaller body mass. Affected animals are younger, and the frequency of falls is higher in warmer months. DIAGNOSIS Physical examination coupled with radiographs, ultrasound, and computed tomography can diagnose a myriad of injuries that include pneumothorax, pleural or abdominal effusion, orthopedic fractures, and orofacial injuries. Bloodwork may identify anemia, thrombocytopenia, or increases in hepatic, renal, or pancreatic values consistent with trauma to these organs. Serial venous or arterial blood gas can help determine the severity of respiratory compromise and influence resuscitative efforts. Traditional coagulation tests and thromboelastography can assess trauma-induced coagulopathy and guide transfusion therapy. THERAPY Animals presenting in shock require hemodynamic stabilization. Initial resuscitation may incorporate crystalloids, colloids, blood products, and analgesics. Thoracic injuries may require oxygen, thoracocentesis, chest tube placement, and mechanical ventilation. Fractures and wounds are decontaminated and splinted/bandaged, with definitive fixation pursued after stabilization. Abdominal injuries are managed medically unless there is severe ongoing bleeding, sepsis, or injury to the urinary tract. PROGNOSIS In feline high-rise syndrome, the prognosis is generally excellent following treatment, with survival exceeding 90%. Canine literature is sparse. The largest retrospective study reported a >90% survival to discharge and a greater need for surgical stabilization in this species. There are no prognostic factors identified that are associated with survival for either species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lefman
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Forest Hills, New York, USA
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11
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Shi M, Chen F, Chen Z, Yang W, Yue S, Zhang J, Chen X. Sigma-1 Receptor: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:685201. [PMID: 34658788 PMCID: PMC8515188 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.685201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is a chaperone receptor that primarily resides at the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (MAM) and acts as a dynamic pluripotent modulator regulating cellular pathophysiological processes. Multiple pharmacological studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of Sig-1R activation on cellular calcium homeostasis, excitotoxicity modulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) clearance, and the structural and functional stability of the ER, mitochondria, and MAM. The Sig-1R is expressed broadly in cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and has been reported to be involved in various neurological disorders. Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced secondary injury involves complex and interrelated pathophysiological processes such as cellular apoptosis, glutamate excitotoxicity, inflammatory responses, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, given the pluripotent modulation of the Sig-1R in diverse neurological disorders, we hypothesized that the Sig-1R may affect a series of pathophysiology after TBI. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the Sig-1R, its mechanistic role in various pathophysiological processes of multiple CNS diseases, and its potential therapeutic role in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanglian Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuyuan Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
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12
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Quesada N, Pelligand L, Doig M, Sanchis‐Mora S. Suspected local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) after several bupivacaine injections through an epidural catheter in a cat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Quesada
- Clinical Science and Services Royal Veterinary College London UK
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13
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Chik C, Hayes GM, Menard J. Development of a veterinary trauma score (VetCOT) in canine trauma patients with performance evaluation and comparison to the animal trauma triage score: A VetCOT registry study. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:708-717. [PMID: 34499798 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a population-derived, parsimonious, and objective risk stratification model for dogs following trauma and compare its predictive performance to the animal trauma triage (ATT) score. DESIGN Observational cohort study using data from the American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Veterinary Committee on Trauma (VetCOT) trauma registry acquired between September 2013 and October 2017. SETTING Nine Level I and Level II veterinary trauma centers. ANIMALS Nine hundred eighty-four dogs assessed within 24 h of traumatic injury. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patient mortality was 10.8%. The VetCOT model was constructed based on 4 variables: plasma lactate and ionized calcium obtained within 6 h of admission, and presence or absence of clinical signs consistent with either head or spinal trauma. The VetCOT score had good discriminatory performance (AUROC = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.83-0.91) comparable to that of the 6 variable ATT score for the same population (area under the receiver operator characteristic [AUROC] = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84-0.90). No statistical difference in discriminatory performance between the 2 scores was identified (P = 0.98). The VetCOT score showed good calibration on this population (Hosmer-Lemeshow test P = 0.93), whereas the ATT score failed to calibrate (P = 0.02) due to overprediction of mortality at low scores. Sensitivity and specificity for outcome of the VetCOT score at a risk probability cutoff of 0.5 for this population were 28.97% and 97.95%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The VetCOT score is a more parsimonious model with comparable discriminatory performance and superior calibration to the ATT score for risk stratification in dogs following trauma. Further prospective validation studies are required to confirm the discriminatory performance of the VetCOT score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Chik
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Galina M Hayes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Julie Menard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, New York, USA
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14
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Cameron S, Weltman JG, Fletcher DJ. The prognostic value of admission point-of-care testing and modified Glasgow Coma Scale score in dogs and cats with traumatic brain injuries (2007-2010): 212 cases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 32:75-82. [PMID: 34432934 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between admission point-of-care parameters and survival to discharge in dogs and cats with traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN Retrospective study 2007-2010. SETTING A rural university teaching hospital and an urban private practice teaching hospital. ANIMALS One hundred thirty-one dogs and 81 cats admitted to the emergency service with evidence of head injury based on history from the owner or physical exam. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In dogs, nonsurvivors had significantly higher glucose concentrations at admission than survivors (median = 8.49 mmol/L [153 mg/dl] vs 6.83 mmol/L [123 mg/dl], p = 0.039). In cats, there was no significant difference in admission glucose between survivors and nonsurvivors (median = 10.21 mmol/L [184 mg/dl] vs 10.93 mmol/L [197 mg/dl], p = 0.17). Modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS) score was available for 105 of the 131 dogs (80%) and was significantly higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors (median = 16 vs 11, p < 0.0001). MGCS was available for 45 of the 81 cats (56%) and was significantly higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors (median = 17 vs 14, p = 0.0005). The relative prognostic value of the admission point-of-care testing parameters and MGCS were assessed using a stepwise linear regression model, which included admission glucose, pH, base excess, sodium, and MGCS. In dogs, only admission glucose was an independent predictor of survival (odds ratio = 1.027, 95% confidence interval, 1.0042-1.05, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, as in people with TBI, increased blood glucose concentrations may have prognostic significance in dogs with TBI but not in cats. In addition, MGCS score may be predictive of survival in both dogs and cats with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starr Cameron
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joel G Weltman
- Emergency and Critical Care Department, Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
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15
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Butler-Ryan R, Wood IC. The functions of repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor in models of epileptogenesis and post-ischemia. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1135-1150. [PMID: 33813634 PMCID: PMC8272694 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a debilitating neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures for which 30% of patients are refractory to current treatments. The genetic and molecular aetiologies behind epilepsy are under investigation with the goal of developing new epilepsy medications. The transcriptional repressor REST (Repressor Element 1-Silencing Transcription factor) is a focus of interest as it is consistently upregulated in epilepsy patients and following brain insult in animal models of epilepsy and ischemia. This review analyses data from different epilepsy models and discusses the contribution of REST to epileptogenesis. We propose that in healthy brains REST acts in a protective manner to homeostatically downregulate increases in excitability, to protect against seizure through downregulation of BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) and its receptor, TrkB (Tropomyosin receptor kinase B). However, in epilepsy patients and post-seizure, REST may increase to a larger degree, which allows downregulation of the glutamate receptor subunit GluR2. This leads to AMPA glutamate receptors lacking GluR2 subunits, which have increased permeability to Ca2+, causing excitotoxicity, cell death and seizure. This concept highlights therapeutic potential of REST modulation through gene therapy in epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Butler-Ryan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Ian C. Wood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
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16
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Pigott A, Rudloff E. Traumatic Brain Injury-A Review of Intravenous Fluid Therapy. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:643800. [PMID: 34307515 PMCID: PMC8299062 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript will review intravenous fluid therapy in traumatic brain injury. Both human and animal literature will be included. Basic treatment recommendations will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armi Pigott
- BluePearl Specialty + Emergency Pet Hospital, Glendale, WI, United States
| | - Elke Rudloff
- BluePearl Specialty + Emergency Pet Hospital, Glendale, WI, United States
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17
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Vallefuoco R, Bird F, Gordo I, Brissot H, Fina C. Titanium mesh osteosynthesis for the treatment of severely comminuted maxillofacial fractures in four dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:903-910. [PMID: 34101195 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major goals in maxillofacial fracture treatment include to restore the dental occlusion, stabilise the major skeletal supports, restore the contour of the face and achieve proper function and appearance of the face. Titanium is considered an optimal material for maxillofacial reconstruction due to its biocompatibility, high strength, minimal inflammatory reaction and minimal imaging artefact. OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical details, surgical technique, pre- and postoperative imaging and short- and long-term follow-up of severely comminuted maxillofacial fractures treated with titanium mesh and titanium screws in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective short case series included four client-owned dogs with maxillofacial fractures. After appropriate medical stabilisation, preoperative CT examination of the head was obtained in all patients for evaluation of fracture configuration and surgical planning. The maxillofacial fractures were stabilised by titanium mesh osteosynthesis. Short- and long-term clinical and radiographic follow-ups were available for all dogs. RESULTS Proper dental occlusion and reconstruction of the anatomic buttresses was achieved in all cases. All dogs recovered uneventfully from the surgery and no complications were recorded on the long-term follow-up up to 43 months. Occlusion was maintained in all dogs, as well as excellent cosmesis of the midface. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Titanium mesh osteosynthesis can achieve sufficient rigidity and lead to uncomplicated healing of severely comminuted maxillofacial fractures. This internal fixation method can be considered a valuable option to treat maxillofacial fractures in particular in cases of large bone defect and midface reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vallefuoco
- Small Animal Surgical Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
| | - F Bird
- Small Animal Surgical Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
| | - I Gordo
- Small Animal Surgical Department, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Brissot
- Small Animal Surgical Department, AzurVet, St-Laurent du Var, France
| | - C Fina
- Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
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18
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Lacitignola L, Samarelli R, Zizzo N, Circella E, Acquafredda C, Stabile M, Lombardi R, Staffieri F, Camarda A. CT Findings and Histological Evaluation of Red Foxes ( Vulpes vulpes) with Chronic Head Trauma Injury: A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041010. [PMID: 33916753 PMCID: PMC8065572 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Large numbers of wild animals are injured every year in road traffic accidents. Scant data are available for rescued wild carnivores, in particular for red foxes. Cases of foxes with head trauma were retrospectively considered for inclusion in this study. Clinical examination, modified Glasgow coma scale (MGCS), computed tomography (CT) examination, therapy, outcome, and post mortem findings of the brain were investigated. In all foxes, cranial vaults lesion occurred in single (67%) or multiple sites (33%). Midline shift and hydrocephalus were observed in this population. The mean survival was 290 (±176) days. In our study, we performed CT scans on average 260 days after fox rescue, and we speculate that persisting clinical signs could be attributed to TBI. In our study, only two foxes were alive at the time of writing. Other foxes were euthanized due to the severity of the clinical signs. CT scans help diagnose chronic lesions and their effect on prognostic judgment for animals released to wildlife environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lacitignola
- Dipartimento Dell’Emergenze e Trapianti di Organo, Sez, Cliniche Veterinarie e P.A., Università Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Rossella Samarelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Sez, Patologia Aviare, Università Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (R.S.); (E.C.); (R.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Sez, Anatomia Patologica, Università Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Elena Circella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Sez, Patologia Aviare, Università Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (R.S.); (E.C.); (R.L.); (A.C.)
- Osservatorio Faunistico Regionale Della Puglia, Via Generale Palmiotti, 70020 Bitetto, Italy
| | - Claudia Acquafredda
- Dottorato di Ricerca in “Trapianti di Tessuti ed Organi e Terapie Cellulari”, Dipartimento Dell’emergenza e dei Trapianti di Organi (DETO), Università Degli Studi di Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70100 Bari, Italy; (C.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Marzia Stabile
- Dottorato di Ricerca in “Trapianti di Tessuti ed Organi e Terapie Cellulari”, Dipartimento Dell’emergenza e dei Trapianti di Organi (DETO), Università Degli Studi di Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70100 Bari, Italy; (C.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberto Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Sez, Patologia Aviare, Università Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (R.S.); (E.C.); (R.L.); (A.C.)
- Osservatorio Faunistico Regionale Della Puglia, Via Generale Palmiotti, 70020 Bitetto, Italy
| | - Francesco Staffieri
- Dipartimento Dell’Emergenze e Trapianti di Organo, Sez, Cliniche Veterinarie e P.A., Università Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Antonio Camarda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Sez, Patologia Aviare, Università Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (R.S.); (E.C.); (R.L.); (A.C.)
- Osservatorio Faunistico Regionale Della Puglia, Via Generale Palmiotti, 70020 Bitetto, Italy
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19
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Wyatt S, Llabres-Diaz F, Lee CY, Beltran E. Early CT in dogs following traumatic brain injury has limited value in predicting short-term prognosis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:181-189. [PMID: 33241888 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is associated with a high risk of mortality in veterinary patients, however publications describing valid prognostic indicators are currently lacking. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to determine whether early CT findings are associated with short-term prognosis following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in dogs. An electronic database was searched for dogs with TBI that underwent CT within 72 h of injury; 40 dogs met the inclusion criteria. CT findings were graded based on a Modified Advanced Imaging System (MAIS) from grade I (normal brain parenchyma) to VI (bilateral lesions affecting the brainstem with or without any foregoing lesions of lesser grades). Other imaging features recorded included presence of midline shift, intracranial hemorrhage, brain herniation, skull fractures, and percentage of total brain parenchyma affected. Outcome measures included survival to discharge and occurrence of immediate onset posttraumatic seizures. Thirty dogs (75%) survived to discharge. Seven dogs (17.5%) suffered posttraumatic seizures. There was no association between survival to discharge and posttraumatic seizures. No imaging features evaluated were associated with the study outcome measures. Therefore, the current study failed to identify any early CT imaging features with prognostic significance in canine TBI patients. Limitations associated with CT may preclude its use for prognostication; however, modifications to the current MAIS and evaluation in a larger study population may yield more useful results. Despite this, CT is a valuable tool in the detection of structural abnormalities following TBI in dogs that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wyatt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Francisco Llabres-Diaz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Chae Youn Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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20
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Vali Y, Gielen I, Soroori S, Ludewig E. The diagnostic value of intravenous contrast computed tomography in addition to plain computed tomography in dogs with head trauma. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:46. [PMID: 33482817 PMCID: PMC7821486 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to evaluate additional findings which can be detected by post-contrast computed tomography (CCT) in relation to plain CT (PCT) findings in patients presented with head trauma. Medical records of canine patients with the history of head trauma from three institutions were reviewed. PCT- and CCT-anonymized images were evaluated by a veterinary radiologist separately. From the categorized findings the following conclusions were drawn as: abnormalities were identified on (A) PCT but missed on CCT, (B) CCT but missed on PCT, (C) both PCT and CCT. Results Thirty-two patients were included. The results showed that findings identified on CCT or PCT (category A and B) but missed on the other series were limited to mild soft tissue and sinus changes. Overall, 61 different fracture areas, 6 injuries of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 4 orbital injuries, 14 nasal cavities with soft tissue density filling, 13 areas of emphysema, 4 symphysis separations, 12 intracranial hemorrhages, 6 cerebral edema, 5 cerebral midline shifts, 3 intracranial aeroceles, 3 brain herniations and 6 intraparenchymal foreign bodies (defined as an abnormal structure located within the brain: e.g. bony fragments, bullet, teeth,..) were identified on both PCT and CCT separately (category C). Severity grading was different in 50% (3/6) of the reported cerebral edema using PCT and CCT images. Conclusion The results showed that PCT is valuable to identify the presence of intracranial traumatic injuries and CCT is not always essential to evaluate vital traumatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Vali
- Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni), Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ingrid Gielen
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarang Soroori
- Department of Radiology and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eberhard Ludewig
- Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni), Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Morrison K, Parmentier T, Bienzle D. Questioning the Use of Zika Virus Injection in Dogs with Advanced-Stage Brain Tumors. Mol Ther 2021; 29:4-6. [PMID: 33333008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Morrison
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Parmentier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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22
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Hoehne SN, Yozova ID, Vidondo B, Adamik KN. Comparison of the effects of 7.2% hypertonic saline and 20% mannitol on electrolyte and acid-base variables in dogs with suspected intracranial hypertension. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:341-351. [PMID: 33236379 PMCID: PMC7848367 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperosmolar agents frequently are used to decrease intracranial pressure but their effects on electrolyte and acid‐base variables have not been prospectively investigated. Objectives Compare duration and magnitude of changes in electrolyte and acid‐base variables after hyperosmolar treatment. Animals Twenty‐eight client‐owned dogs with intracranial hypertension caused by various pathologies. Methods Prospective, randomized, nonblinded, experimental cohort study. Fifteen dogs received a single dose (4 mL/kg) of 7.2% hypertonic saline (HTS), 13 dogs received 20% mannitol (MAN) 1 g/kg IV. Electrolyte and acid‐base variables were measured before (T0), and 5 (T5), 60 (T60), and 120 (T120) minutes after administration. Variables were compared between treatments and among time points within treatment groups. Results Mean plasma sodium and chloride concentrations were higher after HTS than MAN at T5 (158 vs 141 mEq/L; 126 vs 109 mEq/L) and significant differences were maintained at all time points. After HTS, plasma sodium and chloride concentrations remained increased from T0 at all time points. After MAN, plasma sodium and chloride concentrations decreased at T5, but these changes were not maintained at T60 and T120. Plasma potassium concentration was lower at T5 after HTS compared with T0 (3.6 vs 3.9 mEq/L) and compared to MAN (3.6 vs 4.1 mEq/L). At T60 and T120, plasma ionized calcium concentration was lower after HTS than MAN (1.2 vs 1.3 mmol/L). No significant differences were found in acid‐base variables between treatments. Conclusions and Clinical Importance At the administered dose, dogs receiving HTS showed sustained increases in plasma sodium and chloride concentrations, whereas dogs receiving MAN showed transient decreases. Future studies should assess the effects of multiple doses of hyperosmolar agents on electrolyte and acid‐base variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Hoehne
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ivayla D Yozova
- Massey University Pet Emergency Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Beatriz Vidondo
- Department of Clinical Research and Public Health, Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja N Adamik
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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23
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Rapoport K, Mateo I, Peery D, Mazaki-Tovi M, Klainbart S, Kelmer E, Ruggeri M, Shamir MH, Chai O. The prognostic value of the Koret CT score in dogs following traumatic brain injury. Vet J 2020; 266:105563. [PMID: 33323172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common condition in veterinary medicine with relatively high mortality rate. Recently, a study that correlated abnormal computed tomography (CT) findings with outcome in dogs with head trauma established a prognostic scoring system termed Koret CT score (KCTS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the KCTS in making short- and long-term prognosis in dogs presented within 72 h of TBI. Thirty-five dogs that were admitted to a hospital during 2010-2019 with TBI and were CT-scanned within 72 h of injury were included in the study. Retrospectively collected data included signalment, modified Glasgow Coma Scale score (MGCS), CT findings, and outcome, i.e. short-term (defined as 10 days) and long-term (6 months) survival. CT images were reviewed and the KCTS was calculated for all dogs. Association between KCTS and outcome was examined. A significant negative association was found between KCTS and both short- and long-term survival. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve for KCTS for short- and long-term survival was 0.9 and 0.87, respectively. Furthermore, the probability of survival in the short term was predicated by the KCTS in an almost linear fashion and a score of 3 points or less on the KCTS was associated with survival with 85% sensitivity and 100% specificity. These results validate the prognostic value of the KCTS in dogs with TBI and provide a complementary tool for serial clinical and neurological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rapoport
- Department of Neurology and Neurosugery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - I Mateo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Madrid 28691, Spain
| | - D Peery
- Department of Radiology, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - M Mazaki-Tovi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - S Klainbart
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - E Kelmer
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - M Ruggeri
- Department of Neurology and Neurosugery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - M H Shamir
- Department of Neurology and Neurosugery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - O Chai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosugery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Resuscitation Strategies for the Small Animal Trauma Patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:1385-1396. [PMID: 32912607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injuries in small animals are a common cause for presentation to emergency departments. Severe traumatic injury results in a multitude of systemic responses, which can exacerbate initial tissue damage. Trauma resuscitation should focus on the global goals of controlling hemorrhage, improving tissue hypoperfusion, and minimizing ongoing inflammation and morbidity through the concept of "damage-control resuscitation." This approach focuses on the balanced use of blood products, hemorrhage control, and minimizing aggressive crystalloid use. Although these tenets may not be directly applicable to every veterinary patient with trauma, they provide guidance when managing the most severely injured subpopulation of these patients.
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25
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Chai O, Mazaki-Tovi M, Klainbart S, Kelmer E, Shipov A, Shamir MH. Serum Concentrations of Neuron-Specific Enolase in Dogs Following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Comp Pathol 2020; 179:45-51. [PMID: 32958147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to make an accurate prognosis, which is a prerequisite for treatment decisions, is very limited in dogs with traumatic brain injury (TBI). To determine whether serum concentrations of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) have prognostic value in dogs following TBI, we conducted a prospective, observational, controlled clinical study in an intensive care unit of a university teaching hospital. The study population comprised 24 dogs admitted to the hospital within 72 h of a known event of TBI between January 2010 and January 2015, as well as 25 control healthy shelter dogs admitted for elective neutering. Seventeen injured dogs (70%) survived to discharge, four were euthanized and three died within 48 h. Serum samples were obtained from all dogs (in injured dogs, within 72 h of TBI) and NSE concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay. Associations between NSE levels and outcome, Modified Glasgow Coma Scale, time to sampling, age or haemolysis scale were determined. Mean serum NSE concentrations were decreased in dogs with TBI compared with healthy controls (19.4 ± 4.14 ng/ml vs. 24.9 ± 4.6 ng/ml, P <0.001). No association was found between serum NSE concentrations and either survival or severity of neurological impairment. A negative correlation was found between serum NSE concentrations and time from trauma to blood collection (r = -0.50, P = 0.022). These results indicate that serum NSE concentration in dogs following TBI is not an effective marker for severity or outcome. Further studies are warranted to standardize serum NSE measurements in dogs and to determine the peak and half-life levels of this potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Chai
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - M Mazaki-Tovi
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Klainbart
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - E Kelmer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Shipov
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M H Shamir
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Wang H, Zhou XM, Wu LY, Liu GJ, Xu WD, Zhang XS, Gao YY, Tao T, Zhou Y, Lu Y, Wang J, Deng CL, Zhuang Z, Hang CH, Li W. Aucubin alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation via Nrf2-mediated signaling activity in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:188. [PMID: 32539839 PMCID: PMC7294631 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aucubin (Au), an iridoid glycoside from natural plants, has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory bioactivities; however, its effects on a traumatic brain injury (TBI) model remain unknown. We explored the potential role of Au in an H2O2-induced oxidant damage in primary cortical neurons and weight-drop induced-TBI in a mouse model. Methods In vitro experiments, the various concentrations of Au (50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, or 200 μg/ml) were added in culture medium at 0 h and 6 h after neurons stimulated by H2O2 (100 μM). After exposed for 12 h, neurons were collected for western blot (WB), immunofluorescence, and M29,79-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. In vivo experiments, Au (20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg) was administrated intraperitoneally at 30 min, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after modeling. Brain water content, neurological deficits, and cognitive functions were measured at specific time, respectively. Cortical tissue around focal trauma was collected for WB, TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining, Nissl staining, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR), immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 72 h after TBI. RNA interference experiments were performed to determine the effects of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) on TBI mice with Au (40 mg/kg) treatment. Mice were intracerebroventricularly administrated with lentivirus at 72 h before TBI establishment. The cortex was obtained at 72 h after TBI and used for WB and q-PCR. Results Au enhanced the translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus, activated antioxidant enzymes, suppressed excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced cell apoptosis both in vitro and vivo experiments. In the mice model of TBI, Au markedly attenuated brain edema, histological damages, and improved neurological and cognitive deficits. Au significantly suppressed high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)-mediated aseptic inflammation. Nrf2 knockdown in TBI mice blunted the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory neuroprotective effects of the Au. Conclusions Taken together, our data suggest that Au provides a neuroprotective effect in TBI mice model by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory responses; the mechanisms involve triggering Nrf2-induced antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321# Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Yun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321# Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Guang-Jie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321# Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Wei-Dong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321# Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yong-Yue Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321# Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321# Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321# Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321# Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321# Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Chu-Lei Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zong Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321# Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321# Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321# Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Perović M, Jović M, Todorović S, Đorđević AM, Milanović D, Kanazir S, Lončarević-Vasiljković N. Neuroprotective effects of food restriction in a rat model of traumatic brain injury - the role of glucocorticoid signaling. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:537-549. [PMID: 32476608 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1769410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of neurological damage in young and middle aged people. Food restriction (FR) has been shown to act neuroprotectively in animal models of stroke and TBI. Indeed, our previous studies showed that FR attenuates inflammation, through suppression of microglial activation and TNF-α production, suppresses caspase-3-induced neuronal cell death and enhances neuroplasticity in the rat model of TBI. Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a central role in mediating both molecular and behavioral responses to food restriction. However, the exact mechanisms of FR neuroprotection in TBI are still unclear. The goal of the present study was to examine whether FR exerts its beneficial effects by altering the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling alone and/or together with other protective factors. METHODS To this end, we examined the effects of FR (50% of regular daily food intake for 3 months prior to TBI) on the protein levels of total GR, GR phosphoisoform Ser232 (p-GR) and its transcriptional activity, as well as 11β-HSD1, NFκB (p65) and HSP70 as factors related to the GR signaling. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that FR applied prior to TBI significantly changes p-GR levels, and it's transcriptional activity during the recovery period after TBI. Moreover, as a pretreatment, FR modulates other protective factors in response to TBI, such as 11β-HSD1, NF-κB (p65) and HSP70 that act in parallel with GR in it's anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the rat model of brain injury. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that prophylactic FR represents a potent non-invasive approach capable of changing GR signalling, together with other factors related to the GR signaling in the model of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Perović
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Jović
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Smilja Todorović
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Mladenović Đorđević
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Desanka Milanović
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Selma Kanazir
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Lončarević-Vasiljković
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
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Ballocco I, Evangelisti MA, Deiana R, Cubeddu F, Pinna Parpaglia ML, Serra G, Carta G, Manunta ML. A pilot study evaluating the effect of mannitol and hypertonic saline solution in the treatment of increased intracranial pressure in 2 cats and 1 dog naturally affected by traumatic brain injury. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:578-584. [PMID: 31448527 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of iso-osmolar doses of 18% mannitol and 3% sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions in decreasing intracranial pressure (ICP) in animals with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN Prospective uncontrolled interventional study. SETTING Veterinary university teaching hospital. ANIMALS Two cats and 1 dog with TBI with a modified Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8 after hemodynamic stabilization, and with brain magnetic resonance imaging changes suggestive of intracranial hypertension. INTERVENTIONS Animals were surgically instrumented for direct ICP measurement, then randomly treated with iso-osmolar doses of 18% mannitol or 3% NaCl. Direct ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were recorded both before treatment and for 120 minutes following drug administration. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Direct ICP and CPP were recorded both before treatment and at 5 additional time points following administration over the subsequent 120 minutes. Case 1 received 3% NaCl without any response to therapy; refractory posttraumatic hypertension was suspected. Case 2 was treated with 3% NaCl; ICP decreased by 40.7% and CPP increased by 15%; however, these effects were transient. Case 3 received 18% mannitol, and ICP decreased by 19% and CPP increased to normal. However, there was a rebound increase in ICP that was higher than pretreatment values, and CPP decreased slightly before it gradually increased to normal values towards the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS Both mannitol and hypertonic saline decrease ICP and improve CPP, but the effect observed in this pilot study suggests that there might be differences in the duration of these effects. Appropriately designed studies in a larger and homogeneous population are warranted to further investigate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Ballocco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via Vienna SNC, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Deiana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via Vienna SNC, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Cubeddu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via Vienna SNC, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via Vienna SNC, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Carta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via Vienna SNC, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Manunta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via Vienna SNC, Sassari, Italy
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Wang H, Zhou XM, Xu WD, Tao T, Liu GJ, Gao YY, Lu Y, Wu LY, Yu Z, Yuan B, Hang CH, Li W. Inhibition of Elevated Hippocampal CD24 Reduces Neurogenesis in Mice With Traumatic Brain Injury. J Surg Res 2019; 245:321-329. [PMID: 31421380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the adult rodents' brain, CD24 expression is restricted to immature neurons located in the neurogenesis areas. Our previous studies have confirmed that CD24 expression could be markedly elevated in the cerebral cortex after traumatic brain injury (TBI) both in humans and in mice. Although there is a close relationship between CD24 and neurogenesis, it remains unknown about the specific role of CD24 in neurogenesis areas after TBI. Here, the expression of CD24 was detected in the ipsilateral hippocampus by the Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RNA interference was applied to investigate the effects of CD24 on post-traumatic neurogenesis. Brain sections were labeled with CD24 and doublecortin (DCX) via immunofluorescence. The Morris water maze test was used to assess cognitive functions. The results indicated that both mRNA and protein levels of CD24 were markedly elevated in the hippocampus after TBI. Meanwhile, TBI could cause a decrease of DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Downregulation of CD24 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 in the ipsilateral hippocampus. Meanwhile, inhibition of CD24 could reduce the number of DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus area and impair cognitive functions of the TBI mice. These data suggested that hippocampal expression of CD24 might positively regulate neurogenesis and improve cognitive functions after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Dong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Jie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Yue Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Yun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuancheng Renjie Hospital, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
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30
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Kostic D, Carlson R, Henke D, Rohn K, Tipold A. Evaluation of IL-1β levels in epilepsy and traumatic brain injury in dogs. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:29. [PMID: 31208341 PMCID: PMC6580646 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is a common neurological disease in dogs affecting approximately 0.6–0.75% of the canine population. There is much evidence of neuroinflammation presence in epilepsy, creating new possibilities for the treatment of the disease. An increased expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) was reported in epileptogenic foci. We hypothesized that there is an elevation of IL-1β in serum and CSF of dogs with epilepsy, as well as in serum of dogs with TBI, reflecting involvement of this cytokine in pathophysiology of naturally occurring canine epilepsy in a clinical setting. Results IL-1β levels were evaluated in CSF and serum of six healthy and 51 dogs with epilepsy (structural and idiopathic). In 16 dogs with TBI, only serum was tested. IL-1β concentrations in CSF were not detectable. Serum values were not elevated in dogs with TBI in comparison to healthy controls (p > 0.05). However, dogs with epilepsy had increased levels of IL-1β in serum (p = 0.003) regardless of the underlying cause of the disease (p = 0.0045). There was no significant relationship between the variables and IL-1β levels. Statistically noticeable (p = 0.0630) was that approximately 10% of dog with epilepsy (R2 = 0.105) had increased seizure frequency and IL-1β elevation. Conclusion Increased IL-1β levels were detected in the peripheral blood in dogs with idiopathic and structural epilepsy leading to the assumption that there is an involvement of inflammation in pathophysiology of epilepsy which should be considered in the search for new therapeutic strategies for this disease. However, to better understand the pathogenic role of this cytokine in epilepsy, further evaluation of IL-1β in brain tissue is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Draginja Kostic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Centre for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Regina Carlson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Henke
- Animal Clinic am Hasenberg, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Centre for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Cheung W, Fawcett A. Managing a high publicity crowdfunded shelter puppy with head trauma. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hansen SC, Bacek LM, Kuo KW, Taylor AR. Traumatic atlantoaxial subluxation in dogs: 8 cases (2009-2016). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:301-308. [PMID: 31025805 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the utility of advanced imaging in dogs with traumatic atlantoaxial subluxation (TAAS), and to report the presentation, treatment, and outcome for these dogs. DESIGN Retrospective study (2009-2016). SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Eight dogs diagnosed with TAAS with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), or both. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Eight dogs met criteria for inclusion. Of these, 6 were male, median age was 4 years (range, 1.5-11 years), and median body weight was 4.9 kg (range, 3.0-25.0 kg). On presentation, 6/8 (75%) dogs were nonambulatory tetraparetic and the most common injury was trauma inflicted by another animal 5/8 (62.5%). Diagnosis of TAAS was made using a combination of imaging modalities including vertebral column radiographs in 7/8 (87.5%) (of which 71.4% were suspicious for TAAS), CT in 7/8 (87.5%), and MRI in 7/8 (87.5%). In 7/8 (87.5%) dogs, CT and/or MRI offered additional information regarding the extent of injuries. Vertebral fractures were identified in 62.5% (5/8) of dogs. The majority of dogs underwent surgical repair (7/8 [87.5%]). The most common complication was aspiration pneumonia (3/8 [37.5%]). All 8 dogs survived to discharge. At the time of discharge, 4/8 (50%) were ambulatory tetraparetic. The 4 dogs that were nonambulatory tetraparetic at discharge progressed to being ambulatory within 2 months of surgery. CONCLUSIONS Although TAAS is an uncommon occurrence it should be considered a differential for any trauma patient that is presenting with signs of a cranial cervical myelopathy. CT and MRI have been shown to be useful to identify the extent of injuries and to facilitate surgical planning. With appropriate care, these dogs can have an excellent prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya C Hansen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL
| | - Lenore M Bacek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL
| | - Kendon W Kuo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL
| | - Amanda R Taylor
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL
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Wang ZF, Gao C, Chen W, Gao Y, Wang HC, Meng Y, Luo CL, Zhang MY, Chen G, Chen XP, Wang T, Tao LY. Salubrinal offers neuroprotection through suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and apoptosis in a mouse traumatic brain injury model. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 161:12-25. [PMID: 30851432 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex injury that can cause severe disabilities and even death. TBI can induce secondary injury cascades, including but not limited to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis and autophagy. Although the investigators has previously shown that salubrinal, the selective phosphatase inhibitor of p-eIF2α, ameliorated neurologic deficits in murine TBI model, the neuroprotective mechanisms of salubrinal need further research to warrant the preclinical value. This study was undertaken to characterize the effects of salubrinal on cell death and neurological outcomes following TBI in mice and the potential mechanisms. In the current study, ER stress-related proteins including p-eIF2α, GRP78 and CHOP showed peak expressions both in the cortex and hippocampus from day 2 to day 3 after TBI, indicating ER stress was activated in our TBI model. Immunofluorescence staining showed that CHOP co-located NeuN-positive neuron, GFAP-positive astrocyte, Iba-1-positive microglia, CD31-positive vascular endothelial cell and PDGFR-β-positive pericyte in the cortex on day 2 after TBI, and these cells mentioned above constitute the neurovascular unit (NVU). We also found TBI-induced plasmalemma permeability, motor dysfunction, spatial learning and memory deficits and brain lesion volume were alleviated by continuous intraperitoneal administration of salubrinal post TBI. To investigate the underlying mechanisms further, we determined that salubrinal suppressed the expression of ER stress, autophagy and apoptosis related proteins on day 2 after TBI. In addition, salubrinal administration decreased the number of CHOP+/TUNEL+ and CHOP+/LC3+ cells on day 2 after TBI, detected by immunofluorescence. In conclusion, these data imply that salubrinal treatment improves morphological and functional outcomes caused by TBI in mice and these neuroprotective effects may be associated with inhibiting apoptosis, at least in part by suppressing ER stress-autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Feng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hao-Chen Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Community Health Center, Suzhou Western Eco-City, Suzhou 215161, China
| | - Cheng-Liang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ming-Yang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xi-Ping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China.
| | - Lu-Yang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Klainbart S, Bibring U, Strich D, Chai O, Bdolah-Abram T, Aroch I, Kelmer E. Retrospective evaluation of 140 dogs involved in road traffic accidents. Vet Rec 2017; 182:196. [PMID: 29259067 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study has retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 140 dogs sustaining road traffic accident (RTA), and has examined the population characteristics, medical history, injury type, physical examination, emergency laboratory tests and radiography findings, the animal trauma triage (ATT) score, the length of hospitalisation, the complications and the outcome. The survival rate was 83.2 per cent. Younger dogs sustained more frequently lung contusions and limb fractures, while larger dogs more frequently suffered limb fractures, and smaller dogs and older ones sustained more frequently pelvic fractures and sacroiliac luxation (P<0.05 for all). Dogs sustaining orthopaedic injuries required longer hospitalisation (P<0.001). The survival rates of non-ambulatory dogs (P<0.001) and those with neurological abnormalities (P<0.001), abnormal body temperature (P=0.001), hyperglycaemia (P=0.026) or hypoproteinaemia (P=0.04) at presentation were lower compared with those in which these were absent. The number of injured body systems was significantly (P<0.001) and positively associated with death. Dogs surviving RTA to presentation to the hospital have a good prognosis for survival to discharge. Older age, and high ATT score, abnormal body temperature, neurological deficits, hyperglycaemia and hypoproteinaemia at presentation, and occurrence of multiorgan trauma are negative prognostic indicators in such dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Klainbart
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Bibring
- Department of Radiology, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dalia Strich
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Chai
- Department of Neurology, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Bdolah-Abram
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Kelmer
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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35
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Abstract
Head trauma is a common cause of significant morbidity and mortality in dogs and cats. Traumatic brain injury may occur after head trauma. Understanding the pathophysiology of primary and secondary injury after head trauma is essential for management. This article reviews the pathophysiology of head trauma, patient assessment and diagnostics, and treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendon W Kuo
- Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849- 5540, USA.
| | - Lenore M Bacek
- Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849- 5540, USA
| | - Amanda R Taylor
- Neurology/Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849- 5540, USA
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Yozova ID, Howard J, Henke D, Dirkmann D, Adamik KN. Comparison of the effects of 7.2% hypertonic saline and 20% mannitol on whole blood coagulation and platelet function in dogs with suspected intracranial hypertension - a pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:185. [PMID: 28629456 PMCID: PMC5477108 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperosmolar therapy with either mannitol or hypertonic saline (HTS) is commonly used in the treatment of intracranial hypertension (ICH). In vitro data indicate that both mannitol and HTS affect coagulation and platelet function in dogs. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 20% mannitol and 7.2% HTS on whole blood coagulation using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) and platelet function using a platelet function analyzer (PFA®) in dogs with suspected ICH. Thirty client-owned dogs with suspected ICH needing osmotherapy were randomized to receive either 20% mannitol (5 ml/kg IV over 15 min) or 7.2% HTS (4 ml/kg IV over 5 min). ROTEM® (EXTEM® and FIBTEM® assays) and PFA® analyses (collagen/ADP cartridges) were performed before (T0), as well as 5 (T5), 60 (T60) and 120 (T120) minutes after administration of HTS or mannitol. Data at T5, T60 and T120 were analyzed as a percentage of values at T0 for comparison between groups, and as absolute values for comparison between time points, respectively. RESULTS No significant difference was found between the groups for the percentage change of any parameter at any time point except for FIBTEM® clotting time. Within each group, no significant difference was found between time points for any parameter except for FIBTEM® clotting time in the HTS group, and EXTEM® and FIBTEM® maximum clot firmness in the mannitol group. Median ROTEM® values lay within institutional reference intervals in both groups at all time points, whereas median PFA® values were above the reference intervals at T5 (both groups) and T60 (HTS group). CONCLUSIONS Using currently recommended doses, mannitol and HTS do not differ in their effects on whole blood coagulation and platelet function in dogs with suspected ICH. Moreover, no relevant impairment of whole blood coagulation was found following treatment with either solution, whereas a short-lived impairment of platelet function was found after both solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivayla D. Yozova
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Judith Howard
- Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Diana Henke
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Dirkmann
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Essen University Hospital, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Katja N. Adamik
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Khatri-Chhetri R, Chang TC, Khatri-Chhetri N, Huang YL, Pei KJC, Wu HY. A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN ENDANGERED FORMOSAN PANGOLINS (MANIS PENTADACTYLA PENTADACTYLA) FROM SOUTHEASTERN TAIWAN. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1682648515500316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Formosan pangolin, a sub-species of Chinese pangolin is a critically endangered insectivorous mammal found only in Taiwan. Pathological studies are helpful in the diagnosis and investigation of wildlife diseases. Pathological findings in pangolins have not been well documented. The present paper reports the pathological findings of 14 free-ranging Formosan pangolins. External injuries and superficial wounds (6/14) were common finding in gross examination and were mostly found in the legs. Respiratory system (78%, 11/14) lesions included interstitial pneumonia, atelectasis and emphysema. Hepatic changes (43%, 6/14) included necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia, lipidosis and extensive hepatocyte degeneration. Parasites were detected in 57% of pangolins (8/14) studied and included both endoparasites and ectoparasites. Urinary system (21%, 3/14) lesions were interstitial nephritis and nephrolithiasis. Brain lesions were found in three pangolins and included cerebral edema and hemorrhage and ventriculitis. Additional pathological lesions included thyroid gland hyperplasia and left ventricular hypertrophy. The presented pathological findings can aid in the understanding of diseases of pangolins and will contribute knowledge to future investigations on diseases of pangolins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Khatri-Chhetri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chou Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Nabin Khatri-Chhetri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Li Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Kurtis Jai-Chyi Pei
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- Pingtung Rescue Centre for Endangered Wild Animals, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Studies, College of Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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Potential Roles of Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes (MAMs) in Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:1349-1357. [PMID: 28324201 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria have both been shown to be critical in cellular homeostasis. The functions of the ER and mitochondria are independent but interrelated. These two organelles could form physical interactions, known as MAMs, to regulate physiological functions between ER and mitochondria to maintain Ca2+, lipid, and metabolite exchange. Several proteins are located in MAMs, including RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein-2 and sigma-1 receptor to ensure regulation. Recent studies indicated that MAMs participate in inflammation and apoptosis in various conditions. All of these functions are crucial in determining cell fate following traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that MAMs may associate with TBI and could contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, autophagy dysregulation, dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, and oxidative stress. In this review, we summarize the latest understanding of MAM formation and their potential regulatory role in TBI pathophysiology.
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Lončarević-Vasiljković N, Milanović D, Pešić V, Tešić V, Brkić M, Lazić D, Avramović V, Kanazir S. Dietary restriction suppresses apoptotic cell death, promotes Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl mRNA expression and increases the Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio in the rat cortex after cortical injury. Neurochem Int 2016; 96:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tao X, Chen X, Mao X, Hou Z, Hao S, Tian R, Zhu Z, Sun M, Liu B. Protective effects of PARP inhibitor, PJ34, is related to down-regulation of calpain and NF-κB in a mouse model of TBI. Brain Inj 2016:1-11. [PMID: 27119554 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2016.1160151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), calpain and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) are reported to participate in inflammatory reactions in pathological conditions and are involved in traumatic brain injury. The objective of this study was to investigate whether PARP participated in inflammation related to calpain and NF-κB in a mouse model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS PJ34 (10 mg kg-1), a selective PARP inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally 5 minutes and 8 hours after experimental CCI. A neurobehavioural evaluation and a histopathological analysis were then performed and the contusion volume, calpain activity and protein levels were measured in all animals. RESULTS Treatment with PJ34 markedly reduced neurological deficits, decreased contusion volume and attenuated necrotic and apoptotic neuronal cell death 24 hours after CCI. The data showed that the cytosolic and nuclear fractions of calpain and NF-κB were up-regulated in the injured cortex and that these changes were reversed by PJ34. Moreover, PJ34 significantly enhanced the calpastatin and IκB levels and decreased the levels of inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS PARP inhibition by PJ34 suppresses the over-activation of calpain and the production of inflammatory factors that are caused by NF-κB activation and it improves neurological functioning, decreases the contusion volume and attenuates neuronal cell death in a mouse model of CCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Tao
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xuetao Chen
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xiang Mao
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Zonggang Hou
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Shuyu Hao
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Runfa Tian
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Zhendan Zhu
- b Department of Neurotrauma, General Hospital of the Armed Police Force , Beijing , PR China
| | - Ming Sun
- c Department of Neuropharmacology
| | - Baiyun Liu
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
- b Department of Neurotrauma, General Hospital of the Armed Police Force , Beijing , PR China
- d Department of Neurotrauma , Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
- e Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders , Beijing , PR China
- f China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases , Beijing , PR China
- g Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury , Beijing , PR China
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41
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Adamik KN, Yozova ID, Regenscheit N. Controversies in the use of hydroxyethyl starch solutions in small animal emergency and critical care. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 25:20-47. [PMID: 25655725 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To (1) review the development and medical applications of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions with particular emphasis on its physiochemical properties; (2) critically appraise the available evidence in human and veterinary medicine, and (3) evaluate the potential risks and benefits associated with their use in critically ill small animals. DATA SOURCES Human and veterinary original research articles, scientific reviews, and textbook sources from 1950 to the present. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS HES solutions have been used extensively in people for over 30 years and ever since its introduction there has been a great deal of debate over its safety and efficacy. Recently, results of seminal trials and meta-analyses showing increased risks related to kidney dysfunction and mortality in septic and critically ill patients, have led to the restriction of HES use in these patient populations by European regulatory authorities. Although the initial ban on the use of HES in Europe has been eased, proof regarding the benefits and safety profile of HES in trauma and surgical patient populations has been requested by these same European regulatory authorities. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS The veterinary literature is limited mostly to experimental studies and clinical investigations with small populations of patients with short-term end points and there is insufficient evidence to generate recommendations. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there are no consensus recommendations regarding the use of HES in veterinary medicine. Veterinarians and institutions affected by the HES restrictions have had to critically reassess the risks and benefits related to HES usage based on the available information and sometimes adapt their procedures and policies based on their reassessment. Meanwhile, large, prospective, randomized veterinary studies evaluating HES use are needed to achieve relevant levels of evidence to enable formulation of specific veterinary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja N Adamik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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43
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Lam PK, Wang KKW, Ip AWI, Ching DWC, Tong CSW, Lau HCH, Kong THCS, Lai PBS, Wong GKC, Poon WS. Topical Therapy with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Following an Acute Experimental Head Injury Has Benefits in Motor-Behavioral Tests for Rodents. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 122:21-4. [PMID: 27165870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22533-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuroprotective effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported in rodent and in preliminary clinical studies. MSCs are usually transplanted to patients by systemic infusion. However, only a few of the infused MSCs are delivered to the brain because of pulmonary trapping and the blood-brain barrier. In this study, MSCs were topically applied to the site of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the neuroprotective effects were assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS TBI was induced in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with an electromagnetically controlled cortical impact device after craniotomy was performed between the bregma and lambda, 1 mm lateral to the midline. We applied 1.5 million MSCs, derived from the adipose tissue of transgenic green fluorescent protein (GFP)-SD rats, to the exposed cerebral cortex at the injured site. The MSCs were held in position by a thin layer of fibrin. Neurological function in the test (n = 10) and control (n = 10) animals was evaluated using the rotarod test, the water maze test, and gait analysis at different time points. RESULTS Within 5 days following topical application, GFP-positive cells were found in the brain parenchyma. These cells co-expressed with markers of Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nestin, and NeuN. There was less neuronal death in CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus in the test animals. Neurological functional recovery was significantly improved. CONCLUSION Topically applied MSCs can migrate to the injured brain parenchyma and offer neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Lam
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center of Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anthony W I Ip
- Chow Tai Fook-Cheng Yu Tung Surgical Stem cell Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Don W C Ching
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Chow Tai Fook-Cheng Yu Tung Surgical Stem cell Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cindy S W Tong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Chow Tai Fook-Cheng Yu Tung Surgical Stem cell Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Henry C H Lau
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Chow Tai Fook-Cheng Yu Tung Surgical Stem cell Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Themis H C S Kong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Chow Tai Fook-Cheng Yu Tung Surgical Stem cell Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul B S Lai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - George K C Wong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - W S Poon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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44
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury constitutes a significant proportion of cases requiring forensic examination, and it encompasses (1) blunt, nonmissile head injury, especially involving motor vehicle accidents, and (2) penetrating, missile injury produced by a range of high- and lower-velocity projectiles. This review examines the complex pathophysiology and biomechanics of both types of neurotrauma and assesses the macroscopic and histologic features of component lesions, which may be used to determine the cause and manner of death resulting from an intentional assault or accident. Estimation of the survival time postinjury by pathologic examination is also important where malicious head injury is suspected, in an attempt to ascertain a time at which the traumatic event might have been committed, thereby evaluating the authenticity of statements made by the alleged perpetrator.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Finnie
- SA Pathology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases and School of Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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45
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Adamik KN, Butty E, Howard J. In vitro effects of 3% hypertonic saline and 20% mannitol on canine whole blood coagulation and platelet function. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:242. [PMID: 26403081 PMCID: PMC4582639 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperosmolar therapy, using either mannitol or hypertonic saline (HTS), is considered the treatment of choice for intracranial hypertension. However, hyperosmolar agents may impair coagulation and platelet function, limiting their use in patients at risk for hemorrhage. Despite this, studies evaluating the effects of mannitol compared to other hyperosmolar agents in dogs are largely lacking. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro effects on global hemostasis and platelet function of 20 % mannitol and 3 % HTS on canine blood. Methods Citrated whole blood from 15 healthy dogs was diluted with 0.9 % saline, 20 % mannitol and 3 % HTS in ratios of 1:16 and 1:8. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) was used to assess clotting time (CT), clot formation time (CFT) and maximal clot firmness (MCF) following extrinsic activation (Ex-tem) and after platelet inhibition (Fib-tem). A platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) was used to assess closure time (CtPFA). Results No significant differences were observed between untreated whole blood and samples diluted with saline. Samples diluted with both mannitol and HTS were hypocoagulable compared to untreated whole blood samples. At a dilution of 1:16, no significant differences were found between any measured parameter in samples diluted with saline compared to mannitol or HTS. At a 1:8 dilution, CtPFA was prolonged in samples diluted with mannitol and HTS compared to saline, and CtPFA was prolonged more with mannitol than HTS. Ex-tem CT was increased at a 1:8 dilution with mannitol compared to HTS. Ex-tem CFT was prolonged at a 1:8 dilution with both agents compared to saline, and was prolonged more with mannitol than HTS. Ex-tem MCF was reduced at a 1:8 dilution with both agents compared to saline. Discussion and Conclusions Data in this study indicate that both mannitol and HTS affect canine platelet function and whole blood coagulation in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion. The most pronounced effects were observed after high dilutions with mannitol, which impaired platelet aggregation, clot formation time, clot strength, and fibrin formation significantly more than HTS. Further in vivo studies are necessary before recommendations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja-Nicole Adamik
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care, Small Animal Clinic, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Emmanuelle Butty
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care, Small Animal Clinic, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Judith Howard
- Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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46
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Sun M, Zhao Y, Gu Y, Zhang Y. Protective effects of taurine against closed head injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:66-74. [PMID: 23327111 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine, an abundant amino acid in the nervous system, is reported to reduce ischemic brain injury in a dose-dependent manner. This study was designed to investigate whether taurine protected the brain against closed head injury (CHI) in rats. Taurine was administered intravenously 30 min after CHI. It was found that taurine lessened body-weight loss and improved neurological functions at 7 days after CHI. Moreover, it lowered brain edema and blood-brain barrier permeability, enhanced activity of superoxide dismutase and the level of glutathione, and reduced levels of malondialdehyde and lactic acid in traumatic tissue 24 h after CHI. In addition, it attenuated neuronal cell death in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields 7 days after CHI. All of these effects were dose dependent. These data demonstrated the dose-dependent protection of taurine against experimental CHI and suggest that taurine treatment might be beneficial in reducing trauma-induced oxidative damage to the brain, thus showing the potential for clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- 1 Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute , Beijing, China
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Damkliang J, Considine J, Kent B, Street M. Using an evidence-based care bundle to improve initial emergency nursing management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Clin Nurs 2015; 24:3365-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jintana Damkliang
- School of Nursing and Midwifery; Deakin University; Burwood Vic. Australia
- Faculty of Nursing; Prince of Songkla University; Songkhla Thailand
| | - Julie Considine
- Eastern Health - Deakin University Nursing & Midwifery Research Centre/Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research; School of Nursing and Midwifery; Deakin University; Burwood Vic. Australia
| | - Bridie Kent
- School of Nursing and Midwifery; University of Plymouth; Plymouth UK
| | - Maryann Street
- Eastern Health - Deakin University Nursing & Midwifery Research Centre/Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research; School of Nursing and Midwifery; Deakin University; Burwood Vic. Australia
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Damkliang J, Considine J, Kent B, Street M. Using an evidence-based care bundle to improve Thai emergency nurses' knowledge of care for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Nurse Educ Pract 2015; 15:284-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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49
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Sharma D, Holowaychuk MK. Retrospective evaluation of prognostic indicators in dogs with head trauma: 72 cases (January-March 2011). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:631-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diya Sharma
- Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Marie K. Holowaychuk
- Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
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Yanai H, Tapia-Nieto R, Cherubini GB, Caine A. Results of magnetic resonance imaging performed within 48 hours after head trauma in dogs and association with outcome: 18 cases (2007–2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:1222-9. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.11.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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