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Blatter S, Regenscheit N, Guyader C, Küçükosmanoğlu A, de Visser K, Borst P, Rottenberg S. Targeting G0-like Residual Cells in a Mouse Model for BRCA1-deficient Mammary Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mock T, Mehinagic K, Menzi F, Studer E, Oevermann A, Stoffel MH, Drögemüller C, Meylan M, Regenscheit N. Clinicopathological Phenotype of Autosomal Recessive Cholesterol Deficiency in Holstein Cattle. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1369-75. [PMID: 27279263 PMCID: PMC5089636 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol deficiency (CD), a newly identified autosomal recessive genetic defect in Holstein cattle, is associated with clinical signs of diarrhea, failure to thrive, and hypocholesterolemia. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The objective is to describe the clinicopathological phenotype of affected Holstein cattle homozygous for the causative apolipoprotein B gene (APOB) mutation. ANIMALS Six Holstein cattle, 5 calves with a clinical history of chronic diarrhea, and 1 heifer with erosions in the buccal cavity and neurologic symptoms were admitted to the Clinic for Ruminants. METHODS This case review included a full clinical examination, a complete blood count, blood chemistry, and measurements of cholesterol and triglycerides. The animals were euthanized and necropsied. A PCR-based direct gene test was applied to determine the APOB genotype. RESULTS All 6 animals were inbred, could be traced back to the sire Maughlin Storm, and were confirmed homozygous for the APOB mutation. The clinical phenotype included poor development, underweight, and intermittent diarrhea in the calves, and neurologic signs in the heifer included hypermetria and pacing. Hypocholesterolemia and low triglycerides concentrations were present in all animals. The pathological phenotype of all animals was steatorrhea with enterocytes of the small intestine containing intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles. The peripheral nervous system of the heifer displayed degenerative changes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Suspicion of CD in Holstein cattle is based on the presence of chronic diarrhea with no evidence of primary infections. Confirmation of the associated APOB gene mutation is needed. Additionally, the heifer demonstrated primarily signs of neurologic disease providing an unexpected phenotype of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mock
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - K Mehinagic
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F Menzi
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - E Studer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Oevermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, DCR-VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - N Regenscheit
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Adamik KN, Yozova ID, Regenscheit N. Controversies in the use of hydroxyethyl starch solutions in small animal emergency and critical care. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 25:20-47. [PMID: 25655725 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To (1) review the development and medical applications of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions with particular emphasis on its physiochemical properties; (2) critically appraise the available evidence in human and veterinary medicine, and (3) evaluate the potential risks and benefits associated with their use in critically ill small animals. DATA SOURCES Human and veterinary original research articles, scientific reviews, and textbook sources from 1950 to the present. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS HES solutions have been used extensively in people for over 30 years and ever since its introduction there has been a great deal of debate over its safety and efficacy. Recently, results of seminal trials and meta-analyses showing increased risks related to kidney dysfunction and mortality in septic and critically ill patients, have led to the restriction of HES use in these patient populations by European regulatory authorities. Although the initial ban on the use of HES in Europe has been eased, proof regarding the benefits and safety profile of HES in trauma and surgical patient populations has been requested by these same European regulatory authorities. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS The veterinary literature is limited mostly to experimental studies and clinical investigations with small populations of patients with short-term end points and there is insufficient evidence to generate recommendations. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there are no consensus recommendations regarding the use of HES in veterinary medicine. Veterinarians and institutions affected by the HES restrictions have had to critically reassess the risks and benefits related to HES usage based on the available information and sometimes adapt their procedures and policies based on their reassessment. Meanwhile, large, prospective, randomized veterinary studies evaluating HES use are needed to achieve relevant levels of evidence to enable formulation of specific veterinary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja N Adamik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Menzi F, Besuchet-Schmutz N, Fragnière M, Hofstetter S, Jagannathan V, Mock T, Raemy A, Studer E, Mehinagic K, Regenscheit N, Meylan M, Schmitz-Hsu F, Drögemüller C. A transposable element insertion in APOB causes cholesterol deficiency in Holstein cattle. Anim Genet 2016; 47:253-7. [PMID: 26763170 PMCID: PMC4849205 DOI: 10.1111/age.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol deficiency, a new autosomal recessive inherited genetic defect in Holstein cattle, has been recently reported to have an influence on the rearing success of calves. The affected animals show unresponsive diarrhea accompanied by hypocholesterolemia and usually die within the first weeks or months of life. Here, we show that whole genome sequencing combined with the knowledge about the pedigree and inbreeding status of a livestock population facilitates the identification of the causative mutation. We resequenced the entire genomes of an affected calf and a healthy partially inbred male carrying one copy of the critical 2.24‐Mb chromosome 11 segment in its ancestral state and one copy of the same segment with the cholesterol deficiency mutation. We detected a single structural variant, homozygous in the affected case and heterozygous in the non‐affected carrier male. The genetic makeup of this key animal provides extremely strong support for the causality of this mutation. The mutation represents a 1.3kb insertion of a transposable LTR element (ERV2‐1) in the coding sequence of the APOB gene, which leads to truncated transcripts and aberrant splicing. This finding was further supported by RNA sequencing of the liver transcriptome of an affected calf. The encoded apolipoprotein B is an essential apolipoprotein on chylomicrons and low‐density lipoproteins, and therefore, the mutation represents a loss of function mutation similar to autosomal recessive inherited familial hypobetalipoproteinemia‐1 (FHBL1) in humans. Our findings provide a direct gene test to improve selection against this deleterious mutation in Holstein cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Menzi
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - N Besuchet-Schmutz
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Fragnière
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Hofstetter
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - V Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - T Mock
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Raemy
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - E Studer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - K Mehinagic
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122 CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - N Regenscheit
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122 CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F Schmitz-Hsu
- Swissgenetics, Meielenfeldweg 12 CH-3052, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - C Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
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Rüegg SR, Regenscheit N, Origgi FC, Kaiser C, Borel N. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in a collection of captive snakes and response to treatment with marbofloxacin. Vet J 2015; 205:424-6. [PMID: 26049258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a collection of 58 snakes comprising predominantly Eurasian vipers in Switzerland, five snakes died unexpectedly during hibernation from 2009 to 2012. In one snake, organisms resembling chlamydiae were detected by immunohistochemistry in multiple histiocytic granulomas. Real-time quantitative PCR and microarray analysis were used to determine the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in tissue samples and cloacal/choanal swabs from snakes in the collection; 8/53 (15.1%) of the remaining snakes were positive. Although one infected snake had suppurative periglossitis, infection with C. pneumoniae did not appear to be associated with specific clinical signs in snakes. Of seven snakes treated with 5 mg/kg marbofloxacin IM once daily, five became PCR negative for C. pneumoniae following treatment, whereas one animal remained positive and one snake was lost to follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Rüegg
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - N Regenscheit
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - F C Origgi
- Centre of Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Kaiser
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - N Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Roos S, Wyder M, Candi A, Regenscheit N, Nathues C, van Immerseel F, Posthaus H. Binding studies on isolated porcine small intestinal mucosa and in vitro toxicity studies reveal lack of effect of C. perfringens beta-toxin on the porcine intestinal epithelium. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1235-52. [PMID: 25860161 PMCID: PMC4417965 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7041235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-toxin (CPB) is the essential virulence factor of C. perfringens type C causing necrotizing enteritis (NE) in different hosts. Using a pig infection model, we showed that CPB targets small intestinal endothelial cells. Its effect on the porcine intestinal epithelium, however, could not be adequately investigated by this approach. Using porcine neonatal jejunal explants and cryosections, we performed in situ binding studies with CPB. We confirmed binding of CPB to endothelial but could not detect binding to epithelial cells. In contrast, the intact epithelial layer inhibited CPB penetration into deeper intestinal layers. CPB failed to induce cytopathic effects in cultured polarized porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and primary jejunal epithelial cells. C. perfringens type C culture supernatants were toxic for cell cultures. This, however, was not inhibited by CPB neutralization. Our results show that, in the porcine small intestine, CPB primarily targets endothelial cells and does not bind to epithelial cells. An intact intestinal epithelial layer prevents CPB diffusion into underlying tissue and CPB alone does not cause direct damage to intestinal epithelial cells. Additional factors might be involved in the early epithelial damage which is needed for CPB diffusion towards its endothelial targets in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Roos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Marianne Wyder
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Ahmet Candi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Nadine Regenscheit
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Christina Nathues
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Filip van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Prohaska
- Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Veterinary BacteriologyUniversity of ZürichWinterthurerstrasse 270Zürich8057Switzerland
| | - Nadine Regenscheit
- Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Veterinary PathologyUniversity of ZürichWinterthurerstrasse 268Zürich8057Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Veterinary PathologyUniversity of ZürichWinterthurerstrasse 268Zürich8057Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerspach
- Vetsuisse FacultyDepartment of Farm AnimalsUniversity of ZürichWinterthurerstrasse 260Zürich8057Switzerland
| | - Max M. Wittenbrink
- Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Veterinary BacteriologyUniversity of ZürichWinterthurerstrasse 270Zürich8057Switzerland
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Regenscheit N, Holzwarth N, Greub G, Aeby S, Pospischil A, Borel N. Deer as a potential wildlife reservoir for Parachlamydia species. Vet J 2012; 193:589-92. [PMID: 22460045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife populations represent an important reservoir for emerging pathogens and trans-boundary livestock diseases. However, detailed information relating to the occurrence of endemic pathogens such as those of the order Chlamydiales in such populations is lacking. During the hunting season of 2008, 863 samples (including blood, conjunctival swabs, internal organs and faeces) were collected in the Eastern Swiss Alps from 99 free-living red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 64 free-living roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and tested using ELISA, PCR and immunohistochemistry for members of the family Chlamydiaceae and the genus Parachlamydia. Parachlamydia spp. were detected in the conjunctival swabs, faeces and internal organs of both species of deer (2.4% positive, with a further 29.5% inconclusive). The very low occurrence of Chlamydiaceae (2.5%) was in line with serological data (0.7% seroprevalence for Chlamydia abortus). Further investigations are required to elucidate the zoonotic potential, pathogenicity, and distribution of Parachlamydia spp. in wild ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Regenscheit
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Holzwarth N, Pospischil A, Mavrot F, Vilei EM, Hilbe M, Zlinszky K, Regenscheit N, Pewsner M, Thoma R, Borel N. Occurrence of Chlamydiaceae, Mycoplasma conjunctivae, and pestiviruses in Alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) of Grisons, Switzerland. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:333-7. [PMID: 21398458 DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Because interactions between livestock and chamois occur on Alpine pastures, transmission of infectious diseases is considered possible. Thus, the occurrence of Chlamydiaceae, Mycoplasma conjunctivae, and pestiviruses in Alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) of the Surselva region (eastern Swiss Alps) was investigated. In total, 71 sera, 158 eye swabs, 135 tissue samples, and 23 fecal samples from 85 chamois were analyzed. The sera were tested by 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits specific for Chlamydophila abortus. Eye swabs, tissue, and fecal samples were examined by a Chlamydiaceae-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive cases were further investigated by microarray method. One serum sample (1.4%) was positive in 1 of the ELISAs. Eye swabs of 3 chamois (3.8%) were positive for Chlamydiaceae. The microarray method revealed the presence of Chlamydophila abortus, C. pecorum, and C. pneumoniae. All tissue and fecal samples were negative. With real-time PCR, 3.9% of the chamois tested positive for Mycoplasma conjunctivae. One chamois had a simultaneous infection with M. conjunctivae and 2 chlamydial species (C. abortus, C. pecorum). Skin and tongue tissue samples of 35 chamois were negative for pestivirus antigen by immunohistochemistry. It was concluded that in contrast to the findings in Pyrenean chamois (Capra p. pyrenaica) of Spain, the occurrence of Chlamydiaceae in Alpine chamois of the Surselva region is low, and the transmission between domestic and wild Caprinae seems not to be frequent. Comparably, persistent pestiviral infections do not seem to be common in chamois of the Surselva region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Holzwarth
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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