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Purification and Characterization of a Novel Factor of Crotoxin Inter-CRO (V-1), a New Phospholipase A2 Isoform from Crotalus durissus collilineatus Snake Venom Using an In Vitro Neuromuscular Preparation. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fractionation of Crotalus durissus collilineatus whole venom through an HPLC chromatographic method enabled the purification of a new V-1 neurotoxin. Inter-CRO (V-1) presents similarity in its primary structure to crotoxin B (CB), suggesting another isoform of this toxin. The aim of this study was to compare V-1 to the crotoxin complex (CA/CB) and CB to elucidate aspects related to its functionality. The homogeneity of the purified protein was confirmed with a molecular mass of 1425.45 Da, further verified by mass spectrometry. The sequence of the protein showed high similarity to other viperid snake venom PLA2 proteins. The results of this study report that V-1 is an uncharacterized novel toxin with different biological activities from CB. V-1 maintained catalytic activity but presented neurotoxic activity as observed by the 2.5-fold increase in twitch tension record compared to control values on isolated muscle cells.
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de Souza J, Oliveira IC, Yoshida EH, Cantuaria NM, Cogo JC, Torres-Bonilla KA, Hyslop S, Silva Junior NJ, Floriano RS, Gutiérrez JM, Oshima-Franco Y. Effect of the phospholipase A2 inhibitor Varespladib, and its synergism with crotalic antivenom, on the neuromuscular blockade induced by Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (with and without crotamine) in mouse neuromuscular preparations. Toxicon 2022; 214:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Oliveira ICF, Yoshida EH, Dini MMJ, Paschoal ABO, Cogo JC, da Cruz-Höfling MA, Hyslop S, Oshima-Franco Y. Evaluation of Protection by Caffeic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Quercetin and Tannic Acid against the In Vitro Neurotoxicity and In Vivo Lethality of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American Rattlesnake) Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110801. [PMID: 34822584 PMCID: PMC8623703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic envenomation by Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake) can cause coagulopathy, rabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and peripheral neuromuscular blockade, the latter resulting in flaccid paralysis. Previous studies have shown that plant products such as tannic acid and theaflavin can protect against the neuromuscular blockade caused by C. d. terrificus venom in vitro. In this work, we used mouse-isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations to examine the ability of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin to protect against C. d. terrificus venom-induced neuromuscular blockade in vitro. In addition, the ability of tannic acid to protect against the systemic effects of severe envenomation was assessed in rats. Preincubation of venom with caffeic acid (0.5 mg/mL), chlorogenic acid (1 mg/mL), or quercetin (0.5 mg/mL) failed to protect against venom (10 μg/mL)-induced neuromuscular blockade. In rats, venom (6 mg kg−1, i.p.) caused death in ~8 h, which was prevented by preincubation of venom with tannic acid or the administration of antivenom 2 h post-venom, whereas tannic acid given 2 h post-venom prolonged survival (~18.5 h) but did not prevent death. Tannic acid (in preincubation protocols or given 2 h post-venom) had a variable effect on blood creatinine and urea and blood/urine protein levels and prevented venom-induced leukocytosis. Tannic acid attenuated the histological lesions associated with renal damage in a manner similar to antivenom. The protective effect of tannic acid appeared to be mediated by interaction with venom proteins, as assessed by SDS-PAGE. These findings suggest that tannic acid could be a potentially useful ancillary treatment for envenomation by C. d. terrificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Caruso Fontana Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
| | - Edson Hideaki Yoshida
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
| | - Murilo Melo Juste Dini
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
| | - Ana Beatriz Olívio Paschoal
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering Programs, Technological and Scientific Institute, Brazil University, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 584/235, São Paulo 08230-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil;
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Translational Medicine (Section of Pharmacology), Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil;
| | - Yoko Oshima-Franco
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-15-21010-7197; Fax: +55-15-2101-7112
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Tribuiani N, de Souza J, de Queiroz Junior MA, Baldo DA, de Campos Orsi V, Oshima-Franco Y. Effects Of Doxycycline On Mice Neuromuscular Junction, In Situ. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:349-353. [PMID: 34355683 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666210521125553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antibacterial mechanism of doxycycline is known, but on the nerve-muscle apparatus is yet unclear. OBJECTIVE To combine molecular targets of the neuromuscular machinery using the neuronal blocker effect doxycycline, a semisynthetic second-generation tetracycline derivative, on mice neuromuscular preparations, in situ. METHODS Doxycycline was assessed at the neurotransmission; presynaptic; synaptic cleft; and postsynaptic, including the muscle fiber, using the traditional myographic technique. Preliminarily, doxycycline showed an "all or nothing" effect, being "all" obtained with 4 µM and "nothing", with 1-3 µM. The rationale of this study was to apply known pharmacological tools against the blocker effect of 4 µM doxycycline such as F55-6 (Casearia sylvestris), CaCl2 (or Ca2+), atropine, neostigmine, polyethylene glycol (PEG 400), and d-Tubocurarine. The evaluation of cholinesterase enzyme activity, the diaphragm muscle histology, and protocols on the neuromuscular preparation submitted to indirect or direct stimuli were complementary. RESULTS Doxycycline does not affect cholinesterase activity nor cause damage to skeletal muscle diaphragm; acts on ryanodine receptor, sarcolemmal membrane, and on neuronal sodium channel with a postjunctional consequence due to the decreased availability of muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, using the blocker effect we showed that doxycycline acts on multiple targets, among them, is antagonized by F55-6, a neuronal Na+-channel agonist and Ca2+, but not by neostigmine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Tribuiani
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jocimar de Souza
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Denicezar Angelo Baldo
- Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Physics, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Campos Orsi
- Support Laboratory 2. University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Yoko Oshima-Franco
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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Salvador GHM, Cardoso FF, Gomes AA, Cavalcante WLG, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Search for efficient inhibitors of myotoxic activity induced by ophidian phospholipase A 2-like proteins using functional, structural and bioinformatics approaches. Sci Rep 2019; 9:510. [PMID: 30679550 PMCID: PMC6346006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophidian accidents are considered an important neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Particularly in Latin America, Bothrops snakes are responsible for the majority of the snakebite envenomings that are not efficiently treated by conventional serum therapy. Thus, the search for simple and efficient inhibitors to complement this therapy is a promising research area, and a combination of functional and structural assays have been used to test candidate ligands against specific ophidian venom compounds. Herein, we tested a commercial drug (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) and a plant compound with antiophidian properties (rosmarinic acid, RA) using myographic, crystallographic and bioinformatics experiments with a phospholipase A2-like toxin, MjTX-II. MjTX-II/RA and MjTX-II/ASA crystal structures were solved at high resolution and revealed the presence of ligands bound to different regions of the toxin. However, in vitro myographic assays showed that only RA is able to prevent the myotoxic effects of MjTX-II. In agreement with functional results, molecular dynamics simulations showed that the RA molecule remains tightly bound to the toxin throughout the calculations, whereas ASA molecules tend to dissociate. This approach aids the design of effective inhibitors of PLA2-like toxins and, eventually, may complement serum therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Florença Cardoso
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antoniel A Gomes
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter L G Cavalcante
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Depto. de Farmacologia, UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gallacci
- Depto. de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Schezaro-Ramos R, Da Silva SL, Pereira BB, Santa Fé Miguel AT, Mendes B, Mogollón NGS, Hyslop S, Carregari VC, Almeida JR. In vitro effects of Crotalus atrox snake venom on chick and mouse neuromuscular preparations. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 209:37-45. [PMID: 29604435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neuromuscular effect of venoms is not a major clinical manifestation shared between rattlesnakes native to the Americas, which showed two different venom phenotypes. Taking into account this dichotomy, nerve muscle preparations from mice and chicks were used to investigate the ability of Crotalus atrox venom to induce in vitro neurotoxicity and myotoxicity. Unlike crotalic venoms of South America, low concentrations of C. atrox venom did not result in significant effects on mouse neuromuscular preparations. The venom was more active on avian nerve-muscle, showing reduction of twitch heights after 120 min of incubation with 10, 30 and 100 μg/mL of venom with diminished responses to agonists and KCl. Histological analysis highlighted that C. atrox was myotoxic in both species of experimental animals; as evidenced by degenerative events, including edematous cells, delta lesions, hypercontracted fibers and muscle necrosis, which can lead to neurotoxic action. These results provide key insights into the myotoxicity and low neurotoxicity of C. atrox in two animal models, corroborating with previous genomic and proteomic findings and would be useful for a deeper understanding of venom evolution in snakes belonging to the genus Crotalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schezaro-Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Saulo L Da Silva
- Ikiam - Universidad Regional Amazónica, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Beatriz B Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ananda T Santa Fé Miguel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor C Carregari
- Proteomic and Metabonomic Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - José R Almeida
- Ikiam - Universidad Regional Amazónica, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.
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Resende L, Almeida J, Schezaro-Ramos R, Collaço R, Simioni L, Ramírez D, González W, Soares A, Calderon L, Marangoni S, da Silva S. Exploring and understanding the functional role, and biochemical and structural characteristics of an acidic phospholipase A2, AplTx-I, purified from Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma snake venom. Toxicon 2017; 127:22-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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de Campos EP, Trombini LN, Rodrigues R, Portella DL, Werner AC, Ferraz MC, de Oliveira RVM, Cogo JC, Oshima-Franco Y, Aranha N, Gerenutti M. Healing activity of Casearia sylvestris Sw. in second-degree scald burns in rodents. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:269. [PMID: 26111930 PMCID: PMC4482163 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Every year thousands of people are victims of burns, mainly scald burns. Many of these victims have small size wounds and superficial partial thickness and do not seek specialized medical care. As in Brazil Casearia sylvestris Sw., popularly known as guaçatonga is widely used for its analgesic, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory activities, this study sought to evaluate the effects of its hydroalcoholic extract in healing process of burns injuries. METHODS The obtained extract was validated applying a thin layer chromatography and sophisticated validation method using Bothrops jararacussu snake venom that is necrotic and inflammatory, and by which guaçatonga extract was able to neutralize the irreversible neuromuscular blockade induced by the venom. After induction of the scald injury, the animals were treated daily with saline solution spray; spray containing extract; biofilm; or biofilm impregnated with extract. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between the four groups studied considering: extension of the healing area, neovascularization, fibroblast proliferation, and epithelialization. CONCLUSION The anti-inflammatory and bactericidal effects of C. sylvestris Sw. suggests a potential therapeutic benefit in the treatment of inflammatory conditions in second-degree scald burn injuries, as well as, counteracting against the in vitro paralysis induced by B. jararacussu venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Pedro de Campos
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Nava Trombini
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela Rodrigues
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Décio Luis Portella
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Carolina Werner
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Miriele Cristina Ferraz
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Robson Vicente Machado de Oliveira
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- Serpentarium of the Vale do Paraíba University (CEN-UNIVAP), Av Shishima Hifumi 2911, 12244-000, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Yoko Oshima-Franco
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Norberto Aranha
- Department of Technological and Environmental Process, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marli Gerenutti
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bp-13 PLA2: Purification and Neuromuscular Activity of a New Asp49 Toxin Isolated from Bothrops pauloensis Snake Venom. Biochem Res Int 2015; 2015:826059. [PMID: 25789175 PMCID: PMC4350628 DOI: 10.1155/2015/826059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new PLA2 (Bp-13) was purified from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom after a single chromatographic step of RP-HPLC on μ-Bondapak C-18. Amino acid analysis showed a high content of hydrophobic and basic amino acids and 14 half-cysteine residues. The N-terminal sequence showed a high degree of homology with basic Asp49 PLA2 myotoxins from other Bothrops venoms. Bp-13 showed allosteric enzymatic behavior and maximal activity at pH 8.1, 36°–45°C. Full Bp-13 PLA2 activity required Ca2+; its PLA2 activity was inhibited by Mg2+, Mn2+, Sr2+, and Cd2+ in the presence and absence of 1 mM Ca2+. In the mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PND) preparation, the time for 50% paralysis was concentration-dependent (P < 0.05). Both the replacement of Ca2+ by Sr2+ and temperature lowering (24°C) inhibited the Bp-13 PLA2-induced twitch-tension blockade. Bp-13 PLA2 inhibited the contractile response to direct electrical stimulation in curarized mouse PND preparation corroborating its contracture effect. In biventer cervicis preparations, Bp-13 induced irreversible twitch-tension blockade and the KCl evoked contracture was partially, but significantly, inhibited (P > 0.05). The main effect of this new Asp49 PLA2 of Bothrops pauloensis venom is on muscle fiber sarcolemma, with avian preparation being less responsive than rodent preparation. The study enhances biochemical and pharmacological characterization of B. pauloensis venom.
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Li J, Liu YQ, Zhang HT. Effects of rocuronium and vecuronium on initial rundown of endplate potentials in the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation of rats. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:155. [PMID: 23641322 PMCID: PMC3639353 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rocuronium and vecuronium, two non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers, have been widely used in surgery procedures. However, their electrophysiological properties need to be more widely explored. We examined the effects of rocuronium and vecuronium on initial rundown of endplate potential amplitudes in the non-uniform stretched muscle preparation of the rat isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm. More specifically, the endplate potentials were recorded with one microelectrode from a single endplate. The effects of rocuronium or vecuronium each at 4 concentrations (0.5 ×, l ×, 2 ×, 4 × EC95; EC95 = concentration of the drug required to produce the inhibitory effect by 95%) on the amplitude of endplate potentials and its rundown were observed. Treatment of the isolated rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation with rocuronium (2.5-20 μg/ml) or vecuronium (0.5-4 μg/ml) decreased the amplitude of endplate potentials and inhibited its rundown in a concentration-dependent manner. At the concentration (2.5 μg/ml for rocuronium and 0.5 μg/ml for vecuronium) that did not alter the endplate potential amplitude, the onset of reduced endplate potential rundown was 3 and 5 min after administration of rocuronium or vecuronium, respectively. The results suggest that rocuronium and vecuronium block the neuromuscular junction presynaptically and that rocuronium does it faster than vecuronium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100037 China
| | - Yong-Qin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100037 China
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
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Cavalcante WLG, Hernandez-Oliveira S, Galbiatti C, Randazzo-Moura P, Rocha T, Ponce-Soto L, Marangoni S, Pai-Silva MD, Gallacci M, da Cruz-Höfling MA, Rodrigues-Simioni L. Biological characterization of Bothrops marajoensis snake venom. JOURNAL OF VENOM RESEARCH 2011; 2:37-41. [PMID: 22091348 PMCID: PMC3211074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the effects of Bothrops marajoensis venom (Marajó lancehead) on isolated neuromuscular preparations of chick biventer cervicis (CBC) and mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PND). At low concentrations (1µg/ml for CBC and 5µg/ml for PND), the venom exhibited a neuromuscular blocking without any damaging effect on the muscle integrity. At higher concentration (20μg/ml for PND), together with the neuromuscular blockade, there was a moderate myonecrosis. The results show differences between mammalian and avian preparations in response to venom concentration; the avian preparation was more sensitive to venom neurotoxic effect than the mammalian preparation. The possible presynaptic mechanism underlying the neuromuscular blocking effect was reinforced by the observed increase in MEPPs at the same time (at 15min) when the facilitation of twitch tension occurred. These results indicate that the B. marajoensis venom produced neuromuscular blockade, which appeared to be presynaptic at low concentrations with a postsynaptic component at high concentrations, leading to muscle oedema. These observations demand the fractionation of the crude venom and characterization of its active components for a better understanding of its biological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter LG Cavalcante
- αDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences,¥Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University, Unesp, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luis Ponce-Soto
- λDepartment of Biochemistry, Biology Institute Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6111, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Marangoni
- λDepartment of Biochemistry, Biology Institute Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6111, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Gallacci
- ¥Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University, Unesp, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Léa Rodrigues-Simioni
- αDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences,*Correspondence to: Léa Rodrigues-Simioni, E-mail: (LRS), Tel: +55 19 35219536, Fax: +55 19 32892968
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Roy A, Zhou X, Chong MZ, D'hoedt D, Foo CS, Rajagopalan N, Nirthanan S, Bertrand D, Sivaraman J, Kini RM. Structural and functional characterization of a novel homodimeric three-finger neurotoxin from the venom of Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra). J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8302-15. [PMID: 20071329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.074161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are a mixture of pharmacologically active proteins and polypeptides that have led to the development of molecular probes and therapeutic agents. Here, we describe the structural and functional characterization of a novel neurotoxin, haditoxin, from the venom of Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra). Haditoxin exhibited novel pharmacology with antagonism toward muscle (alphabetagammadelta) and neuronal (alpha(7), alpha(3)beta(2), and alpha(4)beta(2)) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) with highest affinity for alpha(7)-nAChRs. The high resolution (1.5 A) crystal structure revealed haditoxin to be a homodimer, like kappa-neurotoxins, which target neuronal alpha(3)beta(2)- and alpha(4)beta(2)-nAChRs. Interestingly however, the monomeric subunits of haditoxin were composed of a three-finger protein fold typical of curaremimetic short-chain alpha-neurotoxins. Biochemical studies confirmed that it existed as a non-covalent dimer species in solution. Its structural similarity to short-chain alpha-neurotoxins and kappa-neurotoxins notwithstanding, haditoxin exhibited unique blockade of alpha(7)-nAChRs (IC(50) 180 nm), which is recognized by neither short-chain alpha-neurotoxins nor kappa-neurotoxins. This is the first report of a dimeric short-chain alpha-neurotoxin interacting with neuronal alpha(7)-nAChRs as well as the first homodimeric three-finger toxin to interact with muscle nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Pawlak J, Mackessy SP, Fry BG, Bhatia M, Mourier G, Fruchart-Gaillard C, Servent D, Ménez R, Stura E, Ménez A, Kini RM. Denmotoxin, a three-finger toxin from the colubrid snake Boiga dendrophila (Mangrove Catsnake) with bird-specific activity. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:29030-41. [PMID: 16864572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605850200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Boiga dendrophila (mangrove catsnake) is a colubrid snake that lives in Southeast Asian lowland rainforests and mangrove swamps and that preys primarily on birds. We have isolated, purified, and sequenced a novel toxin from its venom, which we named denmotoxin. It is a monomeric polypeptide of 77 amino acid residues with five disulfide bridges. In organ bath experiments, it displayed potent postsynaptic neuromuscular activity and irreversibly inhibited indirectly stimulated twitches in chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparations. In contrast, it induced much smaller and readily reversible inhibition of electrically induced twitches in mouse hemidiaphragm nerve-muscle preparations. More precisely, the chick muscle alpha(1)betagammadelta-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was 100-fold more susceptible compared with the mouse receptor. These data indicate that denmotoxin has a bird-specific postsynaptic activity. We chemically synthesized denmotoxin, crystallized it, and solved its crystal structure at 1.9 A by the molecular replacement method. The toxin structure adopts a non-conventional three-finger fold with an additional (fifth) disulfide bond in the first loop and seven additional residues at its N terminus, which is blocked by a pyroglutamic acid residue. This is the first crystal structure of a three-finger toxin from colubrid snake venom and the first fully characterized bird-specific toxin. Denmotoxin illustrates the relationship between toxin specificity and the primary prey type that constitutes the snake's diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore
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Chang CC, Hong SJ, Su MJ. A study on the membrane depolarization of skeletal muscles caused by a scorpion toxin, sea anemone toxin II and crotamine and the interaction between toxins. Br J Pharmacol 1983; 79:673-80. [PMID: 6197125 PMCID: PMC2044913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb10004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinquestriatus toxin (QTX) isolated from the venom of a scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) and sea anemone (Anemonia sulcata) toxin II enhanced the twitch response of the rat and mouse diaphragms and like crotamine (isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus) caused spontaneous fasciculation of the muscle. Trains of action potentials in muscles at 70-250 Hz, which could not be antagonized by (+)-tubocurarine, were triggered by single stimulation or occurred spontaneously after treatment with these toxins. QTX and toxin II prolonged the rat muscle action potential 3 to 4 fold whereas crotamine prolonged the action potential by only 30%. The membrane potential was depolarized from about -82 mV to -55 mV by crotamine 2 micrograms ml-1, -41 mV by toxin II 5 micrograms ml-1 and to -50 mV by QTX 1 microgram ml-1. The concentrations to induce 50% maximal depolarization (K0.5) were 0.07, 0.15 and greater than 0.4 microgram ml-1, respectively, for QTX, crotamine and toxin II, whereas the rates of depolarization were in the order toxin II greater than or equal to crotamine greater than QTX. The depolarizing effects of crotamine and QTX, but not of toxin II, were saturable. The depolarizing effects of all three toxins were irreversible whereas the membrane potential could be restored by tetrodotoxin non-competitively. Simultaneous treatment with crotamine and QTX or crotamine and toxin II at concentrations below K0.5 caused only additive effects on depolarization. When the muscle was depolarized by pretreating with a saturating concentration of crotamine, the onset of depolarization by QTX was greatly retarded whereas that by toxin II was unaffected. Action potentials were further prolonged in both cases. 8 It is inferred that all three peptide toxins act at sites on the sodium channel and the binding sites for QTX and crotamine overlap to a considerable extent. On the other hand, the site for toxin II appears not to overlap with that of crotamine but may overlap with that of QTX.
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Kentera D, Varagić VM. The effects of cyclic N-2-O-dibutyryl- adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, adrenaline and aminophylline on the isometric contractility of the isolated hemidiaphragm of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1975; 54:375-81. [PMID: 169933 PMCID: PMC1666473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1975.tb07578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1 N-2-O-dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (db cyclic AMP), adrenaline and aminophylline produce a potentiation of the tension developed (Td) and the maximum rate of rise of tension (dT/dt max) in the rat isolated diaphragm during indirect electrical stimulation. Aminophylline and db cyclic AMP also produce the same effect during direct stimulation. 2 Propranolol produced a depression of the action of adrenaline on Td and dT/dt max during indirect stimulation of the diaphragm. On the other hand, the potentiating actions of db cyclic AMP and of aminophylline on Td and dT/dt max during indirect stimulation were unaffected by propranolol. 3 The results support the idea that cyclic AMP may be involved not only in regulating the processes associated with synthesis, mobilization and storage of transmitter in the motor nerve terminal, but also in modifying some metabolic processes which regulate the function of the contractile elements.
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Nott MW, Winslow E. Effects of quazodine (MJ 1988) on contractions of the isolated hemidiaphragm of the rat and the biventer cervicis muscle of the chick. Br J Pharmacol 1973; 48:409-17. [PMID: 4764289 PMCID: PMC1776117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1973.tb08349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of quazodine and theophylline have been studied on the rat hemidiaphragm and chick biventer cervicis preparations in vitro.2. Theophylline and quazodine enhanced maximal twitches and contractural responses to acetylcholine and carbachol.3. These actions on contractility were exerted directly upon the muscle fibres and were dependent upon the concentration of calcium ions in the bathing solution.4. In addition, quazodine enhanced the neuromuscular blocking activity of tubocurarine, probably by a prejunctional action.5. Theophylline potentiated acetylcholine to a greater extent than it potentiated carbachol thus suggesting that theophylline possesses anticholinesterase activity.
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