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Mendyk-Bordet AM, Ouk T, Muhr-Tailleux A, Pétrault M, Vallez E, Gelé P, Dondaine T, Labreuche J, Deplanque D, Bordet R. Endothelial Dysfunction and Pre-Existing Cognitive Disorders in Stroke Patients. Biomolecules 2024; 14:721. [PMID: 38927124 PMCID: PMC11202150 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of pre-existing cognitive impairment in stroke patients remains controversial, with a vascular or a degenerative hypothesis. OBJECTIVE To determine whether endothelial dysfunction is associated with pre-existing cognitive problems, lesion load and biological anomalies in stroke patients. METHODS Patients originated from the prospective STROKDEM study. The baseline cognitive state, assessed using the IQ-CODE, and risk factors for stroke were recorded at inclusion. Patients with an IQ-CODE score >64 were excluded. Endothelial function was determined 72 h after stroke symptom onset by non-invasive digital measurement of endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation and calculation of the reactive hyperemia index (RHI). RHI ≤ 1.67 indicated endothelial dysfunction. Different biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction were analysed in blood or plasma. All patients underwent MRI 72 h after stroke symptom onset. RESULTS A total of 86 patients were included (52 males; mean age 63.5 ± 11.5 years). Patients with abnormal RHI have hypertension or antihypertensive treatment more often. The baseline IQ-CODE was abnormal in 33 (38.4%) patients, indicating a pre-existing cognitive problem. Baseline IQ-CODE > 48 was observed in 15 patients (28.3%) with normal RHI and in 18 patients (54.6%) with abnormal RHI (p = 0.016). The RHI median was significantly lower in patients with abnormal IQ-CODE. Abnormal RHI was associated with a significantly higher median FAZEKAS score (2.5 vs. 2; p = 0.008), a significantly higher frequency of periventricular lesions (p = 0.015), more white matter lesions (p = 0.007) and a significantly higher cerebral atrophy score (p < 0.001) on MRI. Vascular biomarkers significantly associated with abnormal RHI were MCP-1 (p = 0.009), MIP_1a (p = 0.042), and homocysteinemia (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A vascular mechanism may be responsible for cognitive problems pre-existing stroke. The measurement of endothelial dysfunction after stroke could become an important element of follow-up, providing an indication of the functional and cognitive prognosis of stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thavarak Ouk
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Muhr-Tailleux
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Nuclear Receptor, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.-T.); (E.V.)
| | - Maud Pétrault
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vallez
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Nuclear Receptor, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.-T.); (E.V.)
| | - Patrick Gelé
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Thibaut Dondaine
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julien Labreuche
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm, Biostatistic Platform, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Dominique Deplanque
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm, Department of Medical Pharmacology, F-59000 Lille, France
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Deng G, Chu YH, Xiao J, Shang K, Zhou LQ, Qin C, Tian DS. Risk Factors, Pathophysiologic Mechanisms, and Potential Treatment Strategies of Futile Recanalization after Endovascular Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2023; 14:2096-2112. [PMID: 37199580 PMCID: PMC10676786 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endovascular therapy is the first-line treatment for acute ischemic stroke. However, studies have shown that, even with the timely opening of occluded blood vessels, nearly half of all patients treated with endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke still have poor functional recovery, a phenomenon called "futile recanalization.". The pathophysiology of futile recanalization is complex and may include tissue no-reflow (microcirculation reperfusion failure despite recanalization of the occluded large artery), early arterial reocclusion (reocclusion of the recanalized artery 24-48 hours post endovascular therapy), poor collateral circulation, hemorrhagic transformation (cerebral bleeding following primary ischemic stroke), impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation, and large hypoperfusion volume. Therapeutic strategies targeting these mechanisms have been attempted in preclinical research; however, translation to the bedside remains to be explored. This review summarizes the risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, and targeted therapy strategies of futile recanalization, focusing on the mechanisms and targeted therapy strategies of no-reflow to deepen the understanding of this phenomenon and provide new translational research ideas and potential intervention targets for improving the efficacy of endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Deng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yun-hui Chu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ke Shang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Luo-Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Ren Y, He Z, Du X, Liu J, Zhou L, Bai X, Chen Y, Wu B, Song X, Zhao L, Yang Q. The SON2A2 score: A novel grading scale for predicting hemorrhage and outcomes after thrombolysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:952843. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.952843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop a score including novel putative predictors for predicting the risk of sICH and outcomes after thrombolytic therapy with intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (r-tPA) in acute ischemic stroke patients.MethodsAll patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with IV r-tPA at three university-based hospitals in Chongqing, China, from 2014 to 2019 were retrospectively studied. Potential risk factors associated with sICH (NINDS criteria) were determined with multivariate logistic regression, and we developed our score according to the magnitude of logistic regression coefficients. The score was validated in another independent cohort. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) was used to assess the performance of the score. Calibration was evaluated using the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit method.ResultsThe SON2A2 score (0 to 8 points) consisted of history of smoking (no = 1, yes = 0, β = 0.81), onset-to-needle time (≥3.5 = 1,<3.5=0, β = 0.74), NIH Stroke Scale on admission (>10 = 2, ≤10 = 0, β = 1.22), neutrophil percentage (≥80.0% = 1, <80% = 0, β = 0.81), ASPECT score (≤11 = 2, >11 = 0, β = 1.30), and age (>65 years = 1, ≤65 years = 0, β = 0.89). The SON2A2 score was strongly associated with sICH (OR 1.98; 95%CI 1.675–2.34) and poor outcomes (OR 1.89; 95%CI 1.68–2.13). AUC-ROC in the derivation cohort was 0.82 (95%CI 0.77–0.86). Similar results were obtained in the validation cohort. The Hosmer–Lemeshow test revealed that predicted and observed event rates in derivation and validation cohorts were very close.ConclusionThe SON2A2 score is a simple, efficient, quick, and easy-to-perform scale for predicting the risk of sICH and outcome after intravenous r-tPA thrombolysis within 4.5 h in patients with ischemic stroke, and risk assessment using this test has the potential for early and personalized management of this disease in high-risk patients.
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4
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Kim TJ, Park SH, Ko SB. Dynamic change of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after endovascular recanalization therapy. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106604. [PMID: 35843053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a known marker of systemic inflammation. Recent studies demonstrated its applicability as a marker of poor prognosis for stroke patients. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between dynamic changes in the NLR and sICH in patients with successful recanalization following ERT. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 128 patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent successful ERT between January 2013 and November 2019. We evaluated the NLR pre-ERT (at admission) and post-ERT (at 24-36 h after ERT). The symptomatic ICH and miserable outcomes at 3 months after ERT were analyzed as outcomes. sICH was defined as type-2 parenchymal hematoma with neurological deterioration (defined as National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score ≥4). Moreover, a modified Rankin Scale score of 5-6 at 3 months was considered a miserable outcome. RESULTS Among the included patients, sICH occurred in 12 (9.4%). The sICH group had significantly higher post-ERT NLR (P < 0.001) and ∆NLR (calculated as the difference between pre-ERT NLR and post-ERT NLR) (P = 0.004). In the multivariate analysis, the post-ERT NLR was independently associated with sICH (odds ratio [OR], 1.166; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.041-1.306; P = 0.008) and miserable outcome at 3 months (OR, 1.101; 95% CI, 1.002-1.210; P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that temporal elevation of the NLR is associated with sICH events after successful ERT in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The temporal variation in NLR may help to identify high-risk patients with sICH after ERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Park
- Department of Neurology, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, South Korea; Department of Neurology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Ko
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
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Jiang Y, Han J, Spencer P, Li Y, Vodovoz SJ, Ning MM, Liu N, Wang X, Dumont AS. Diabetes mellitus: A common comorbidity increasing hemorrhagic transformation after tPA thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Wang R, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Chang L, Bai X, Kang L, Cao Y, Yang X, Yu H, Shi MJ, Hu Y, Fan W, Zhao BQ. Neutrophil extracellular traps promote tPA-induced brain hemorrhage via cGAS in mice with stroke. Blood 2021; 138:91-103. [PMID: 33881503 PMCID: PMC8288643 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in acute ischemic stroke continues to present a major clinical problem. Here, we report that infusion of tPA resulted in a significant increase in markers of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the ischemic cortex and plasma of mice subjected to photothrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), a critical enzyme for NET formation, is also significantly upregulated in the ischemic brains of tPA-treated mice. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption after ischemic challenge in an in vitro model of BBB was exacerbated after exposure to NETs. Importantly, disruption of NETs by DNase I or inhibition of NET production by PAD4 deficiency restored tPA-induced loss of BBB integrity and consequently decreased tPA-associated brain hemorrhage after ischemic stroke. Furthermore, either DNase I or PAD4 deficiency reversed tPA-mediated upregulation of the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). Administration of cGAMP after stroke abolished DNase I-mediated downregulation of the STING pathway and type 1 interferon production and blocked the antihemorrhagic effect of DNase I in tPA-treated mice. We also show that tPA-associated brain hemorrhage after ischemic stroke was significantly reduced in cGas-/- mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NETs significantly contribute to tPA-induced BBB breakdown in the ischemic brain and suggest that targeting NETs or cGAS may ameliorate thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke by reducing tPA-associated hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwang Liu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luping Chang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijing Kang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongliang Cao
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Yu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Juan Shi
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenying Fan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Qiao Zhao
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Guo Y, Dong L, Gong A, Zhang J, Jing L, Ding T, Li PAA, Zhang JZ. Damage to the blood‑brain barrier and activation of neuroinflammation by focal cerebral ischemia under hyperglycemic condition. Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:142. [PMID: 34080644 PMCID: PMC8175066 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia aggravates brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and increases the permeability of the blood‑brain barrier (BBB). However, there are relatively few studies on morphological changes of the BBB. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of hyperglycemia on BBB morphological changes following cerebral I/R injury. Streptozotocin‑induced hyperglycemic and citrate‑buffered saline‑injected normoglycemic rats were subjected to 30 min middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurological deficits were evaluated. Brain infarct volume was assessed by 2,3,5‑triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and BBB integrity was evaluated by Evans blue and IgG extravasation following 24 h reperfusion. Changes in tight junctions (TJ) and basement membrane (BM) proteins (claudin, occludin and zonula occludens‑1) were examined using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Astrocytes, microglial cells and neutrophils were labeled with specific antibodies for immunohistochemistry after 1, 3 and 7 days of reperfusion. Hyperglycemia increased extravasations of Evan's blue and IgG and aggravated damage to TJ and BM proteins following I/R injury. Furthermore, hyperglycemia suppressed astrocyte activation and damaged astrocytic endfeet surrounding cerebral blood vessels following I/R. Hyperglycemia inhibited microglia activation and proliferation and increased neutrophil infiltration in the brain. It was concluded that hyperglycemia‑induced BBB leakage following I/R might be caused by damage to TJ and BM proteins and astrocytic endfeet. Furthermore, suppression of microglial cells and increased neutrophil infiltration to the brain may contribute to the detrimental effects of pre‑ischemic hyperglycemia on the outcome of cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Lingdi Dong
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Ao Gong
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Li Jing
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Tomas Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise, College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Ping-An Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise, College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Jian-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
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Kong L, Ma Y, Wang Z, Liu N, Ma G, Liu C, Shi R, Du G. Inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor 1 by YC-1 attenuates tissue plasminogen activator induced hemorrhagic transformation by suppressing HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB mediated neutrophil infiltration in thromboembolic stroke rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107507. [PMID: 33657523 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a frequent complication of ischemic stroke after thrombolytic therapy and seriously affects the prognosis of stroke. Due to the limited therapeutic window and hemorrhagic complications, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is underutilized in acute ischemic stroke. Currently, there are no clinically effective drugs to decrease the incidence of t-PA-induced HT. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is an important transcription factor that maintains oxygen homeostasis and mediates neuroinflammation under hypoxia. However, the effect of HIF-1 on t-PA-induced HT is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of HIF-1 in t-PA-induced HT by applying YC-1, an inhibitor of HIF-1. In the present study, we found that HIF-1 expression was significantly increased in ischemic brain tissue after delayed t-PA treatment and was mainly localized in neurons and endothelial cells. Inhibition of HIF-1 by YC-1 improved infarct volume and neurological deficits. YC-1 inhibited matrix metalloproteinase protein expression, increased tight junction protein expression, and ameliorated BBB disruption and the occurrence of HT. Furthermore, YC-1 suppressed the release of inflammatory factors, neutrophil infiltration and the activation of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results demonstrated that inhibition of HIF-1 could protect BBB integrity by suppressing HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB-mediated neutrophil infiltration, thereby reducing the risk of t-PA-induced HT. Thus, HIF-1 may be a potential therapeutic target for t-PA-induced HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglei Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yinzhong Ma
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guodong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chengdi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ruili Shi
- Department of Physiology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Ye Y, Zhu YT, Tong HX, Han JY. The Protective Role of Immunomodulators on Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator-Induced Hemorrhagic Transformation in Experimental Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:615166. [PMID: 33424615 PMCID: PMC7793743 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.615166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recanalization with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only approved agent available for acute ischemic stroke. But delayed treatment of tPA may lead to lethal intracerebral hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Numerous studies have reported that immunomodulators have good efficacy on tPA-induced HT in ischemic stroke models. The benefits of immunomodulators on tPA-associated HT are not clearly defined. Here, we sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies to further evaluate the efficacy of immunomodulators. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus electronic databases were searched for studies. Studies that reported the efficacy of immunomodulators on tPA-induced HT in animal models of stroke were included. Animals were divided into two groups: immunomodulators plus tPA (intervention group) or tPA alone (control group). The primary outcome was intracerebral hemorrhage, and the secondary outcomes included infarct volume and neurobehavioral score. Study quality was assessed by the checklist of CAMARADES. We used standardized mean difference (SMD) to assess the impact of interventions. Regression analysis and subgroup analysis were performed to identify potential sources of heterogeneity and evaluate the impact of the study characteristics. The evidence of publication bias was evaluated using trim and fill method and Egger’s test. Results: We identified 22 studies that met our inclusion criteria involving 516 animals and 42 different comparisons. The median quality checklist score was seven of a possible 10 (interquartile range, 6–8). Immunomodulators improved cerebral hemorrhage (1.31 SMD, 1.09–1.52); infarct volume (1.35 SMD, 0.95–1.76), and neurobehavioral outcome (0.9 SMD, 0.67–1.13) in experimental stroke. Regression analysis and subgroup analysis indicated that control of temperature and time of assessment were important factors that influencing the efficacy of immunomodulators. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that immunomodulators had a favorable effect on tPA-associated intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and neurobehavioral impairments in animal models of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Tian Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Tong
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Yan Han
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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10
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Ma G, Pan Z, Kong L, Du G. Neuroinflammation in hemorrhagic transformation after tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis: Potential mechanisms, targets, therapeutic drugs and biomarkers. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107216. [PMID: 33296780 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common and serious complication following ischemic stroke, especially after tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) thrombolysis, which is associated with increased mortality and disability. Due to the unknown mechanisms and targets of HT, there are no effective therapeutic drugs to decrease the incidence of HT. In recent years, many studies have found that neuroinflammation is closely related to the occurrence and development of HT after t-PA thrombolysis, including glial cell activation in the brain, peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration and the release of inflammatory factors, involving inflammation-related targets such as NF-κB, MAPK, HMGB1, TLR4 and NLRP3. Some drugs with anti-inflammatory activity have been shown to protect the BBB and reduce the risk of HT in preclinical experiments and clinical trials, including minocycline, fingolimod, tacrolimus, statins and some natural products. In addition, the changes in MMP-9, VAP-1, NLR, sICAM-1 and other inflammatory factors are closely related to the occurrence of HT, which may be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of HT. In this review, we summarize the potential inflammation-related mechanisms, targets, therapeutic drugs, and biomarkers associated with HT after t-PA thrombolysis and discuss the relationship between neuroinflammation and HT, which provides a reference for research on the mechanisms, prevention and treatment drugs, diagnosis and prognosis of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zirong Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Linglei Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Kömürcü HF, Gözke E, Doğan Ak P, Kalyoncu Aslan I, Salt I, Özgenç Bi¸er Çİ. Changes in neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet ratios and their relationship with NIHSS after rtPA and/or thrombectomy in ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Zhang WB, Zeng YY, Wang F, Cheng L, Tang WJ, Wang XQ. A high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts hemorrhagic transformation of large atherosclerotic infarction in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:2428-2439. [PMID: 32028265 PMCID: PMC7041750 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation is associated with the development of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (N/L) is an important marker of inflammation and is highly correlated with mortality in stroke patients in recent studies. The N/L of patients who experience hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after AIS is know, but any relationship between N/L and large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) remains unclear, this is our present topic. We enrolled 185 patients with LAA-type HT in the development cohort from a prospective, consecutive, hospital-based stroke registry to this end. We matched these patients to 213 LAA patients who did not develop HT as controls. The incidence of HT after LAA was significantly greater (P<0.01) in patients with higher N/L. We developed a predictive nomogram (incorporating age, systolic blood pressure, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and the N/L) for LAA patients. The predictive power was good (area under the curve, AUC: 0.832, 95%CI: 0.791–0.872). Our findings were further validated in a validation cohort of 202 patients with AIS attributable to LAA (AUC:0.836, 95%CI:0.781–0.891). In summary, a high N/L is associated with an increased risk for HT after LAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Ying Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- 920th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jie Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Salas-Perdomo A, Miró-Mur F, Urra X, Justicia C, Gallizioli M, Zhao Y, Brait VH, Laredo C, Tudela R, Hidalgo A, Chamorro Á, Planas AM. T Cells Prevent Hemorrhagic Transformation in Ischemic Stroke by P-Selectin Binding. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:1761-1771. [PMID: 29903733 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Hemorrhagic transformation is a serious complication of ischemic stroke after recanalization therapies. This study aims to identify mechanisms underlying hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Approach and Results- We used wild-type mice and Selplg-/- and Fut7-/- mice defective in P-selectin binding and lymphopenic Rag2-/- mice. We induced 30-minute or 45-minute ischemia by intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and assessed hemorrhagic transformation at 48 hours with a hemorrhage grading score, histological means, brain hemoglobin content, or magnetic resonance imaging. We depleted platelets and adoptively transferred T cells of the different genotypes to lymphopenic mice. Interactions of T cells with platelets in blood were studied by flow cytometry and image stream technology. We show that platelet depletion increased the bleeding risk only after large infarcts. Lymphopenia predisposed to hemorrhagic transformation after severe stroke, and adoptive transfer of T cells prevented hemorrhagic transformation in lymphopenic mice. CD4+ memory T cells were the subset of T cells binding P-selectin and platelets through functional P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. Mice defective in P-selectin binding had a higher hemorrhagic score than wild-type mice. Adoptive transfer of T cells defective in P-selectin binding into lymphopenic mice did not prevent hemorrhagic transformation. Conclusions- The study identifies lymphopenia as a previously unrecognized risk factor for secondary hemorrhagic transformation in mice after severe ischemic stroke. T cells prevent hemorrhagic transformation by their capacity to bind platelets through P-selectin. The results highlight the role of T cells in bridging immunity and hemostasis in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Salas-Perdomo
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain (A.S.-P., C.J., M.G., A.M.P.)
| | - Francesc Miró-Mur
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain (F.M.-M., X.U., Á.C.).,Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (F.M.-M., X.U., C.J., M.G., Y.Z., V.H.B., C.L., Á.C., A.M.P.)
| | - Xabier Urra
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain (F.M.-M., X.U., Á.C.).,Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (F.M.-M., X.U., C.J., M.G., Y.Z., V.H.B., C.L., Á.C., A.M.P.)
| | - Carles Justicia
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain (A.S.-P., C.J., M.G., A.M.P.).,Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (F.M.-M., X.U., C.J., M.G., Y.Z., V.H.B., C.L., Á.C., A.M.P.)
| | - Mattia Gallizioli
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain (A.S.-P., C.J., M.G., A.M.P.).,Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (F.M.-M., X.U., C.J., M.G., Y.Z., V.H.B., C.L., Á.C., A.M.P.)
| | - Yashu Zhao
- Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (F.M.-M., X.U., C.J., M.G., Y.Z., V.H.B., C.L., Á.C., A.M.P.)
| | - Vanessa H Brait
- Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (F.M.-M., X.U., C.J., M.G., Y.Z., V.H.B., C.L., Á.C., A.M.P.)
| | - Carlos Laredo
- Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (F.M.-M., X.U., C.J., M.G., Y.Z., V.H.B., C.L., Á.C., A.M.P.)
| | - Raúl Tudela
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Biomedical Imaging Group, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.)
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (A.H.).,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität, Munich, Germany (A.H.)
| | - Ángel Chamorro
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain (F.M.-M., X.U., Á.C.).,Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (F.M.-M., X.U., C.J., M.G., Y.Z., V.H.B., C.L., Á.C., A.M.P.)
| | - Anna M Planas
- From the Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain (A.S.-P., C.J., M.G., A.M.P.).,Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (F.M.-M., X.U., C.J., M.G., Y.Z., V.H.B., C.L., Á.C., A.M.P.)
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Yuan X, Wang J, Wang D, Yang S, Yu N, Guo F. NSE, S100B and MMP9 Expression Following Reperfusion after Carotid Artery Stenting. Curr Neurovasc Res 2019; 16:129-134. [PMID: 30907315 DOI: 10.2174/1567202616666190321123515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Previous studies have shown that the neuron-specific- enolase (NSE), S100B protein (S100B) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) are specific markers for studying cerebral injury. This study was aimed to demonstrate these biomarkers for their correlation with reperfusion after carotid artery stenting (CAS).
Methods:
In this study, a total of 44 patients who were diagnosed unilateral carotid artery stenosis by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and underwent CAS, were selected as the operation groups. The patients' blood samples were collected at three different time points: T1, prior to operation; T2, next morning after operation (24 hours); T3, three days after operation (72 hours); All of the patients with the operation received computed tomography perfusion (CTP) at T1 and T3. The second group of 12 patients, who were excluded for carotid artery stenosis by DSA, were assigned to be the control group; Blood samples of these patients were collected at T1. The concentrations of NSE, S100B and MMP9 in serum from patients of both groups were detected by ELISA.
Results:
All of the operations were implanted in stents successfully without complications. (1) After CAS, rCBF increased while rMTT and rTTP decreased. (2) The concentrations of NSE, S100B and MMP9 in the serum decreased gradually (T1>T2>T3). There was no significant difference between the control group and the operation group at T1 (P>0.05) on their concentrations of NSE, S100B and MMP9 in the serum. When compared among the operation groups, the concentrations of NSE, S100B and MMP9 in the serum at T1 and T3 showed significant difference (P < 0.05). (3) Correlation analysis among the operation groups indicated that NSE, S100B, MMP9 and rCBF were positively correlated before operation (r = 0.69, 0.58 and 0.72, respectively, P < 0.05), as well as after operation (r = 0.75, 0.65 and 0.60, respectively, P < 0.05).
Conclusion:
We concluded that the concentrations of NSE, S100B and MMP9 in serum decreased with the improvement of cerebral reperfusion after CAS. NSE, S100B and MMP9 can be used as laboratory biochemical markers to evaluate the improvement of reperfusion after CAS. The results very well complement the imaging methods, such as CTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Yuan
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medical, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Duozi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Nengwei Yu
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuqiang Guo
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medical, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Mechanical and microstructural changes of skeletal muscle following immobilization and/or stroke. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:61-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Zheng J, Sun Z, Liang F, Xu W, Lu J, Shi L, Shao A, Yu J, Zhang J. AdipoRon Attenuates Neuroinflammation After Intracerebral Hemorrhage Through AdipoR1-AMPK Pathway. Neuroscience 2019; 412:116-130. [PMID: 31176703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered to be a critical component in the pathological process after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Microglia are the foremost and earliest inflammatory cells participating in the pathological process of ICH. AdipoRon is the agonist of AdipoR1 (Adiponectin receptor 1), which enhances P-AMPK (phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase) activation. The activated AMPK facilitates microglia/macrophage polarization by driving the cell state from pro-inflammatory M1 state to anti-inflammatory M2 state. The study aims to investigate the role of AdipoRon in microglial polarization and neuroprotection after ICH. The experimental ICH model was established by autologous blood injection, and the treated group was done additionally by intraperitoneal injection of drugs. Flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence staining were performed to quantify the ratio of M1 to M2 phenotype microglia in mice. The present study indicated that AdipoRon could ameliorate neurological deficits in mice after ICH. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the proportion of CD206+ cells to CD45+low CD11b+ cells (microglia isolated from the brain tissue of mice) was increased after AdipoRon treatment. AdipoR1 siRNA and AMPK inhibitor could reverse the positive effects of AdipoRon. AdipoR1 and P-AMPK expression was also significantly increased after AdipoRon treatment. The in vitro experiment showed that AdipoRon not only directly inhibited neuronal ROS overproduction, but also indirectly decreased the neuronal death in a transwell co-culture system. In summary, AdipoRon protects against ICH induced injury through promoting M2a microglia polarization and reducing neuronal death. These effects of AdipoRon rely on the activation of AdipoR1-AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zeyu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ligen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Dong X, Gao J, Zhang CY, Hayworth C, Frank M, Wang Z. Neutrophil Membrane-Derived Nanovesicles Alleviate Inflammation To Protect Mouse Brain Injury from Ischemic Stroke. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1272-1283. [PMID: 30673266 PMCID: PMC6424134 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is an acute and severe neurological disease, resulting in disability and death. Reperfusion to an ischemic brain is a means to reverse brain damage after stroke; however, this causes secondary tissue damage induced by inflammation responses, called ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells underlies the initiation of inflammation in I/R. Inspired by this interaction, we report a drug delivery system comprised of neutrophil membrane-derived nanovesicles loaded with Resolvin D2 (RvD2) that can enhance resolution of inflammation, thus protecting brain damage during ischemic stroke. In the study, the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model was developed to mimic ischemic stroke. Using intravital microscopy of a live mouse brain, we visualized the binding of nanovesicles to inflamed brain vasculature for delivery of therapeutics to ischemic stroke lesions in real-time. We also observed that RvD2-loaded nanovesicles dramatically decreased inflammation in ischemic stroke and improved mouse neurological functions. Our study provides a strategy to inhibit neuroinflammation using neutrophil-derived nanovesicles for ischemic stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, USA
| | - Jin Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, USA
| | - Can Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, USA
| | - Christopher Hayworth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, USA
| | - Marcos Frank
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, USA
| | - Zhenjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, USA
- Corresponding Author:
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Ouk T, Potey C, Maestrini I, Petrault M, Mendyk AM, Leys D, Bordet R, Gautier S. Neutrophils in tPA-induced hemorrhagic transformations: Main culprit, accomplice or innocent bystander? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 194:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pedragosa J, Salas-Perdomo A, Gallizioli M, Cugota R, Miró-Mur F, Briansó F, Justicia C, Pérez-Asensio F, Marquez-Kisinousky L, Urra X, Gieryng A, Kaminska B, Chamorro A, Planas AM. CNS-border associated macrophages respond to acute ischemic stroke attracting granulocytes and promoting vascular leakage. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:76. [PMID: 30092836 PMCID: PMC6083589 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) contains several types of immune cells located in specific anatomic compartments. Macrophages reside at the CNS borders surrounding the brain vessels, in leptomeningeal spaces and the choroid plexus, where they interact with the vasculature and play immunological surveillance and scavenging functions. We investigated the phenotypic changes and role of these macrophages in response to acute ischemic stroke. Given that CD163 expression is a hallmark of perivascular and meningeal macrophages in the rat and human brain, we isolated CD163+ brain macrophages by fluorescence activated cell sorting. We obtained CD163+ cells from control rats and 16 h following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, after verifying that infiltration of CD163+ peripheral myeloid cells is negligible at this acute time point. Transcriptome analysis of the sorted CD163+ cells identified ischemia-induced upregulation of the hypoxia inducible factor-1 pathway and induction of genes encoding for extracellular matrix components and leukocyte chemoattractants, amongst others. Using a cell depletion strategy, we found that CNS border-associated macrophages participate in granulocyte recruitment, promote the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), increase the permeability of pial and cortical blood vessels, and contribute to neurological dysfunction in the acute phase of ischemia/reperfusion. We detected VEGF expression surrounding blood vessels and in some CD163+ perivascular macrophages in the brain tissue of ischemic stroke patients deceased one day after stroke onset. These findings show ischemia-induced reprogramming of the gene expression profile of CD163+ macrophages that has a rapid impact on leukocyte chemotaxis and blood-brain barrier integrity, and promotes neurological impairment in the acute phase of stroke.
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Guo Z, Yu S, Chen X, Zheng P, Hu T, Duan Z, Liu X, Liu Q, Ye R, Zhu W, Liu X. Suppression of NLRP3 attenuates hemorrhagic transformation after delayed rtPA treatment in thromboembolic stroke rats: Involvement of neutrophil recruitment. Brain Res Bull 2017; 137:229-240. [PMID: 29258866 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and neutrophils play pivotal roles in hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) treatment in stroke; however, the contribution of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), a key component of the innate immune system, is not yet known. This study aimed to explore the role of NLRP3 in the delayed rtPA-induced HT and its association with the neutrophil recruitment. METHODS Rats were subjected to thromboembolic focal cerebral ischemia and delayed rtPA treatment at 4 h after ischemia to mimic HT. NLRP3 short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) were administered 72 h before ischemia. Additionally, rabbit anti-rat neutrophil serum (inducing neutropenia) was administered before cerebral ischemia. The infarct volume, edema volume, neurological deficit, hemorrhages, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and brain neutrophil recruitment were evaluated at 24 h after cerebral ischemia. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that delayed rtPA treatment at 4 h after ischemia promoted the expression of NLRP3 in neurons, microglia and endothelial cells, degradation of BBB components, and HT. NLRP3 knockdown significantly attenuated NLRP3 expression, BBB disruption, and HT. It also improved neurological functions and reduced neutrophil recruitment. Rabbit anti-rat neutrophil serum, like NLRP3 shRNA, reduced hemorrhage score and hemorrhage volumes after rtPA treatment. Furthermore, the anti-rat neutrophil serum combined with NLRP3 shRNA didn't further increase the protective effect on HT compared to rabbit anti-rat neutrophil serum used alone. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data suggest that NLRP3 inhibition can reduce neutrophil recruitment, which may contribute to the inhibitory effect on HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China; Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Shuhong Yu
- Department of Encephalopathy, Suzhou Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Hospital, Suzhou 215101, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ting Hu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Zhenhui Duan
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
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Silymarin prevents NLRP3 inflammasome activation and protects against intracerebral hemorrhage. Biomed Pharmacother 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts 3-Month Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Neurotox Res 2017; 31:444-452. [PMID: 28181171 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidences have demonstrated that inflammation is involved in the mechanisms of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). As an important and easy-to-measure inflammatory marker, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) shows a high association with mortality in patients with stroke in recent studies. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic role of NLR in patients with AIS. One hundred forty-three patients with AIS were enrolled. Clinical data were collected and the NLR was calculated from the admission blood work. The patients were followed up for 3 months after stroke onset. The occurrence of death and the major disability at 3 months after onset were end points in this study. Modified Rankin Scale score ≥3 was considered as poor outcome. In this study, 75 patients (52%) had poor outcome. We used binary logistic regression model to evaluate risk factor for poor outcome of AIS and found that the NLR was independently associated with the poor outcome of 3 months (P < 0.001). The optimal cutoff value for NLR as a predictor for 3-month outcome was 2.995. Therefore, in our study, high NLRs inversely predicted 3-month outcome in patients with AIS.
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Hu X, De Silva TM, Chen J, Faraci FM. Cerebral Vascular Disease and Neurovascular Injury in Ischemic Stroke. Circ Res 2017; 120:449-471. [PMID: 28154097 PMCID: PMC5313039 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of cerebrovascular disease are among the leading health issues worldwide. Large and small cerebral vessel disease can trigger stroke and contribute to the vascular component of other forms of neurological dysfunction and degeneration. Both forms of vascular disease are driven by diverse risk factors, with hypertension as the leading contributor. Despite the importance of neurovascular disease and subsequent injury after ischemic events, fundamental knowledge in these areas lag behind our current understanding of neuroprotection and vascular biology in general. The goal of this review is to address select key structural and functional changes in the vasculature that promote hypoperfusion and ischemia, while also affecting the extent of injury and effectiveness of therapy. In addition, as damage to the blood-brain barrier is one of the major consequences of ischemia, we discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying ischemia-induced changes in blood-brain barrier integrity and function, including alterations in endothelial cells and the contribution of pericytes, immune cells, and matrix metalloproteinases. Identification of cell types, pathways, and molecules that control vascular changes before and after ischemia may result in novel approaches to slow the progression of cerebrovascular disease and lessen both the frequency and impact of ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - T. Michael De Silva
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, 9 Ancora Imparo Way, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - Jun Chen
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Frank M. Faraci
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Kong F, Zhou J, Zhou W, Guo Y, Li G, Yang L. Protective role of microRNA-126 in intracerebral hemorrhage. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1419-1425. [PMID: 28112373 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a disease associated with high mortality and morbidity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of translation and have been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of numerous cerebrovascular diseases, including ICH. The present study explored the role of miRNA (miR)‑126 in ICH. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to ICH model and sham groups. ICH was induced by intracerebral injection of collagenase. The mRNA expression levels of miR‑126 in the two groups were determined. The miR‑126 lentivirus expression vector pWPXL‑miR‑126 or negative control vector was then constructed and delivered via intraparenchymal injection. Following transduction, behavioral testing (rotarod and limb placement tests), relative hemorrhagic lesion size, apoptotic cells and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‑A and caspase‑3 were determined. The relative expression levels of miR‑126 were significantly decreased in the ICH group compared to the sham group (P=0.026). Overexpression of miR‑126 significantly improved the relative duration of stay on the rotarod at day 2 (P=0.029) and 3 (P=0.033), and statistically reduced the deficit score (P=0.036), the relative size of hemorrhagic lesion (P=0.019) and the number of apoptotic cortical neurons (P=0.024) compared with the sham group. Additionally, the protein levels of VEGF‑A were significantly elevated, however levels of caspase‑3 were downregulated by overexpression of miR‑126 compared with the negative control group. MiR‑126 therefore exhibits a protective role in ICH. Overexpression of miR‑126 protects against ICH, and may be involved in the process of angiogenesis and exhibit an anti-apoptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangen Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Wenying Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Yuanqing Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Lukun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
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Strecker JK, Schmidt A, Schäbitz WR, Minnerup J. Neutrophil granulocytes in cerebral ischemia - Evolution from killers to key players. Neurochem Int 2016; 107:117-126. [PMID: 27884770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes (or polymorphonuclear cells, PMNs) have long been considered as crude killing machines, particularly trained to attack bacterial or fungal pathogens in wounds or infected tissues. That perspective has fundamentally changed over the last decades, as PMNs have been shown to exert a livery exchange between other cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. PMNs do provide major immunomodulatory contribution during acute inflammation and subsequent clearance. Following sterile inflammation like cerebral ischemia, PMNs are among the first hematogenous cells attracted to the ischemic tissue. As inflammation is a crucial component within stroke pathophysiology, several studies regarding the role of PMNs following cerebral ischemia have been carried out. And indeed, recent research suggests a direct connection between PMNs' influx and brain damage severity. This review highlights the latest research regarding the close interconnection between PMNs and co-working cells following cerebral ischemia. We describe how PMNs are attracted to the site of injury and their tasks within the inflamed brain tissue and the periphery. We further report of new findings regarding the interaction of PMNs with resident microglia, immigrating macrophages and T cells after stroke. Finally, we discuss recent research results from experimental studies in the context with current clinical trials and point out potential new therapeutic applications that could emerge from this new knowledge on the action and interaction of PMNs following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Kolja Strecker
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany.
| | - Antje Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Jens Minnerup
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
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Guo Z, Yu S, Xiao L, Chen X, Ye R, Zheng P, Dai Q, Sun W, Zhou C, Wang S, Zhu W, Liu X. Dynamic change of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolysis in stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:199. [PMID: 27561990 PMCID: PMC5000487 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been shown to predict short- and long-term outcomes in ischemic stroke patients. We sought to explore the temporal profile of the plasma NLR in stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and its relationship with intracranial bleeding complications after thrombolysis. Methods A total of 189 ischemic stroke patients were prospectively enrolled. Blood samples for leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts were obtained at admission and at 3–6, 12–18, and 36–48 h after IVT. Head CT was performed on admission and repeated after 36–48 h, and a CT scan was done immediately in case of clinical worsening. Hemorrhagic events were categorized as symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and parenchymal hematomas (PH) according to previously published criteria. Results An increasing trend in the NLR was observed after stroke, and the NLR was higher in patients who developed PH or sICH at 3–6, 12–18, and 36–48 h after IVT (P < 0.01) than in those without PH or sICH. The optimal cutoff value for the serum NLR as an indicator for auxiliary diagnosis of PH and sICH was 10.59 at 12–18 h. Furthermore, the NLR obtained at 12–18-h post-treatment was independently associated with PH (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.14) and sICH (adjusted OR 1.14). In addition, patients with a NLR ≥10.59 had an 8.50-fold greater risk for PH (95 % confidence interval [CI] 2.69–26.89) and a 7.93-fold greater risk for sICH (95 % CI 2.25–27.99) than patients with a NLR <10.59. Conclusions NLR is a dynamic variable, and its variation is associated with HT after thrombolysis in stroke patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0680-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Shuhong Yu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lulu Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Qiliang Dai
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Changsheng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Shuiping Wang
- Department of Neurology, PLA 123 Hospital, 1052 Yanshan Road, Yuhui District, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Turner RJ, Sharp FR. Implications of MMP9 for Blood Brain Barrier Disruption and Hemorrhagic Transformation Following Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:56. [PMID: 26973468 PMCID: PMC4777722 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented increases in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically MMP-9 levels following stroke, with such perturbations associated with disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), increased risk of hemorrhagic complications, and worsened outcome. Despite this, controversy remains as to which cells release MMP-9 at the normal and pathological BBB, with even less clarity in the context of stroke. This may be further complicated by the influence of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment. The aim of the present review is to examine the relationship between neutrophils, MMP-9 and tPA following ischemic stroke to elucidate which cells are responsible for the increases in MMP-9 and resultant barrier changes and hemorrhage observed following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée J Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center Sacramento, CA, USA
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Experimental animal models and inflammatory cellular changes in cerebral ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:717-34. [PMID: 26625873 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-1567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, including cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, is the leading cause of long-term disability and death worldwide. Animal models have greatly contributed to our understanding of the risk factors and the pathophysiology of stroke, as well as the development of therapeutic strategies for its treatment. Further development and investigation of experimental models, however, are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of stroke and to enhance and expand novel therapeutic targets. In this article, we provide an overview of the characteristics of commonly-used animal models of stroke and focus on the inflammatory responses to cerebral stroke, which may provide insights into a framework for developing effective therapies for stroke in humans.
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Potey C, Ouk T, Petrault O, Petrault M, Berezowski V, Salleron J, Bordet R, Gautier S. Early treatment with atorvastatin exerts parenchymal and vascular protective effects in experimental cerebral ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5188-98. [PMID: 26289767 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE From the clinical and experimental data available, statins appear to be interesting drug candidates for preventive neuroprotection in ischaemic stroke. However, their acute protective effect is, as yet, unconfirmed. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male C57Bl6/JRj mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and treated acutely with atorvastatin (10-20 mg·kg(-1) day(-1) ; 24 or 72 h). Functional recovery (neuroscore, forelimb gripping strength and adhesive removal test) was assessed during follow-up and lesion volume measured at the end. Vasoreactivity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), type IV collagen and FITC-dextran distribution were evaluated to assess macrovascular and microvascular protection. Activated microglia, leucocyte adhesion and infiltration were chosen as markers of inflammation. KEY RESULTS Acute treatment with atorvastatin provided parenchymal and cerebral protection only at the higher dose of 20 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) . In this treatment group, functional recovery was ameliorated, and lesion volumes were reduced as early as 24 h after experimental stroke. This was associated with vascular protection as endothelial function of the MCA and the density and patency of the microvascular network were preserved. Acute atorvastatin administration also induced an anti-inflammatory effect in association with parenchymal and vascular mechanisms; it reduced microglial activation, and decreased leucocyte adhesion and infiltration. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Acute atorvastatin provides global cerebral protection, but only at the higher dose of 20 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ; this was associated with a reduction in inflammation in both vascular and parenchymal compartments. Our results suggest that atorvastatin could also be beneficial when administered early after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Potey
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - T Ouk
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - O Petrault
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - M Petrault
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - V Berezowski
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - J Salleron
- EA2694 - Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - R Bordet
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - S Gautier
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
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Maestrini I, Strbian D, Gautier S, Haapaniemi E, Moulin S, Sairanen T, Dequatre-Ponchelle N, Sibolt G, Cordonnier C, Melkas S, Leys D, Tatlisumak T, Bordet R. Higher neutrophil counts before thrombolysis for cerebral ischemia predict worse outcomes. Neurology 2015; 85:1408-16. [PMID: 26362283 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether higher neutrophil counts before IV recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) administration in ischemic stroke (IS) patients are associated with symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhages (sICH) and worse outcomes at 3 months. METHODS Blood samples for leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts were drawn before IV rtPA administration in IS patients included in the cohorts of Lille and Helsinki. The primary endpoint was sICH (European Cooperative Acute Stroke-II definition). Secondary endpoints were death and excellent (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0-1 or equal to prestroke mRS) and good (mRS score 0-2 or equal to prestroke mRS) outcomes at 3 months. RESULTS We included 846 patients (median age 71 years; 50.8% men). The neutrophil count and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were independently associated with the 4 endpoints: sICH (adjusted odds ratio [adjOR] for an increase of 1,000 neutrophils = 1.21 and adjOR 1.11, respectively), death (adjOR 1.16 and adjOR 1.08), and excellent (adjOR 0.87 and adjOR 0.85) and good (adjOR 0.86 and adjOR 0.91) outcomes. The total leukocyte count was not associated with any of the 4 endpoints. The best discriminating factor for sICH was NLR ≥4.80 (sensitivity 66.7%, specificity 71.3%, likelihood ratio 2.32). Patients with NLR ≥4.80 had a 3.71-fold increased risk for sICH (95% confidence interval adjOR: 1.97-6.98) compared to patients with NLR <4.80. CONCLUSIONS Higher neutrophil counts and NLR are independently associated with sICH and worse outcome at 3 months. The identification of mediators of this effect could provide new targets for neuroprotection in patients treated by rtPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Maestrini
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Daniel Strbian
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Sophie Gautier
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Elena Haapaniemi
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Solène Moulin
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Tiina Sairanen
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Nelly Dequatre-Ponchelle
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Gerli Sibolt
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Charlotte Cordonnier
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Susanna Melkas
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Didier Leys
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.M., S.G., S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L., R.B.) and Pharmacology (S. Moulin, N.D.-P., C.C., D.L.), INSERM U 1171, University of Lille, UDSL; CHU Lille (S.G., R.B.), France; "Sapienza" University of Rome (I.M.), Italy; and the Department of Neurology (D.S., E.H., T.S., G.S., S. Melkas, T.T.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Jickling GC, Liu D, Ander BP, Stamova B, Zhan X, Sharp FR. Targeting neutrophils in ischemic stroke: translational insights from experimental studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:888-901. [PMID: 25806703 PMCID: PMC4640255 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils have key roles in ischemic brain injury, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. As such, neutrophils are of great interest as targets to treat and prevent ischemic stroke. After stroke, neutrophils respond rapidly promoting blood-brain barrier disruption, cerebral edema, and brain injury. A surge of neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species, proteases, and cytokines are released as neutrophils interact with cerebral endothelium. Neutrophils also are linked to the major processes that cause ischemic stroke, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. Thrombosis is promoted through interactions with platelets, clotting factors, and release of prothrombotic molecules. In atherosclerosis, neutrophils promote plaque formation and rupture by generating oxidized-low density lipoprotein, enhancing monocyte infiltration, and degrading the fibrous cap. In experimental studies targeting neutrophils can improve stroke. However, early human studies have been met with challenges, and suggest that selective targeting of neutrophils may be required. Several properties of neutrophil are beneficial and thus may important to preserve in patients with stroke including antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - DaZhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bradley P Ander
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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PPAR-Alpha Agonist Used at the Acute Phase of Experimental Ischemic Stroke Reduces Occurrence of Thrombolysis-Induced Hemorrhage in Rats. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:246329. [PMID: 26106408 PMCID: PMC4464007 DOI: 10.1155/2015/246329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) agonist, on the risk of thrombolysis-induced hemorrhage during the acute phase of stroke in a rat model of stroke was studied. One-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator was made in rats receiving either fenofibrate or vehicle for 72 h after stroke. Evaluation of infarct, hemorrhage, middle cerebral artery vasoreactivity, and immunochemistry (CD11b for microglial activation, myeloperoxidase, and ICAM-1 for neutrophil infiltration) was performed. The PPAR-alpha agonist significantly reduced the risk of hemorrhage after thrombolysis in parallel with a decrease in the infarct volume and in the stroke-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction. These effects are concomitant with a reduction in microglial activation and neutrophil infiltration in infarct area. Our results strengthen the idea that using drugs such as fenofibrate, with pleiotropic properties due to PPAR-alpha agonism, may be of value to reduce thrombolysis-induced hemorrhage during acute stroke.
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Min H, Hong J, Cho IH, Jang YH, Lee H, Kim D, Yu SW, Lee S, Lee SJ. TLR2-induced astrocyte MMP9 activation compromises the blood brain barrier and exacerbates intracerebral hemorrhage in animal models. Mol Brain 2015; 8:23. [PMID: 25879213 PMCID: PMC4397689 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Recent studies have shown that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is involved in the innate immune response in various neurological diseases, yet neither its role in ICH nor the mechanisms by which it functions have yet been elucidated. We examined these in this study using a collagenase-induced mouse ICH model with TLR2 knock-out (KO) mice. RESULTS TLR2 expression was upregulated in the ipsilateral hemorrhagic tissues of the collagenase-injected mice. Brain injury volume and neurological deficits following ICH were reduced in TLR2 KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) control mice. Heterologous blood-transfer experiments show that TLR2 signaling in brain-resident cells, but not leukocytes, contributes to the injury. In our study to elucidate underlying mechanisms, we found that damage to blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity following ICH was attenuated in TLR2 KO mice compared to WT mice, which may be due to reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) activation in astrocytes. The reduced BBB damage accompanies decreased neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression in the injured brain parenchyma, which may account for the attenuated brain damage in TLR2 KO mice after ICH. CONCLUSIONS TLR2 plays a detrimental role in ICH-induced brain damage by activating MMP9 in astrocytes, compromising BBB, and enhancing neutrophils infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Min
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, South Korea.
| | - Yong Ho Jang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Dongwoon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea.
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 711-873, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea.
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
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Treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA) induces neutrophil degranulation in vitro via defined pathways. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 64:16-27. [PMID: 25530154 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thrombolysis is recommended for reperfusion following acute ischemic stroke (AIS), but its effects on stroke-associated injury remain to be clarified. Here, we investigated the effects of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) on neutrophil pathophysiology in vitro and in a case-control study with AIS patients submitted (n=60) or not (n=30) to thrombolysis. Patients underwent radiological and clinical examination as well as blood sampling at admission and after 1, 7 and 90days. In vitro, 30-min incubation with 0.1-1 mg/ml r-tPA induced neutrophil degranulation in different substrate cultures. Pre-incubation with kinase inhibitors and Western blot documented that degranulation was associated with activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways in Teflon dishes and PI3K/Akt in polystyrene. In thrombolysed patients, a peak of neutrophil degranulation products (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-9, MMP-8, neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase), was shown during the first hours from drug administration. This was accompanied by serum augmentation of protective tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2. An increased rate of haemorrhagic transformations on day 1 after AIS was shown in thrombolysed patients as compared to non-thrombolysed controls. In conclusion, r-tPA treatment was associated with in vitro neutrophil degranulation, indicating these cells as potential determinants in early haemorrhagic complications after thrombolysis in AIS patients.
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Mracsko E, Veltkamp R. Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:388. [PMID: 25477782 PMCID: PMC4238323 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a particularly severe type of stroke for which no specific treatment has been established yet. Although preclinical models of ICH have substantial methodological limitations, important insight into the pathophysiology has been gained. Mounting evidence suggests an important contribution of inflammatory mechanisms to brain damage and potential repair. Neuroinflammation evoked by intracerebral blood involves the activation of resident microglia, the infiltration of systemic immune cells and the production of cytokines, chemokines, extracellular proteases and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous studies focused on innate immunity including microglia, monocytes and granulocytes. More recently, the role of adaptive immune cells has received increasing attention. Little is currently known about the interactions among different immune cell populations in the setting of ICH. Nevertheless, immunomodulatory strategies are already being explored in ICH. To improve the chances of translation from preclinical models to patients, a better characterization of the neuroinflammation in patients is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mracsko
- Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
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Gautier S, Ouk T, Tagzirt M, Lefebvre C, Laprais M, Pétrault O, Dupont A, Leys D, Bordet R. Impact of the neutrophil response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on the risk of hemorrhage when used in combination with tissue plasminogen activator during the acute phase of experimental stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:96. [PMID: 24885160 PMCID: PMC4059099 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a pharmacologic agent inducing neutrophil mobilization and a new candidate for neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in stroke. Its effects when used in combination with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) were explored during the acute phase of ischemic stroke. Methods We used a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of cerebral ischemia, associated with treatment with tPA, in male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; 60 μg/kg) was injected just before tPA. Neutrophil response in peripheral blood and in the infarct area was quantified in parallel to the infarct volume. Protease matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) release from circulating neutrophils was analyzed by immunochemistry and zymography. Vascular reactivity and hemorrhagic volume in the infarct area was also assessed. Results Twenty four hours after ischemia and tPA, G-CSF administration induced a significant increase of neutrophils in peripheral blood (P <0.05). At 72 hours post-ischemia, G-CSF was significantly associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage in the infarct area (2.5 times more likely; P <0.05) and significant cerebral endothelium-dependent dysfunction. Ex vivo, an increased MMP-9 release from neutrophils after tPA administration correlated to the increased hemorrhagic risk (P <0.05). In parallel, G-CSF administration was associated with a decreased neutrophil infiltration in the infarct area (-50%; P <0.05), with a concomitant significant neuroprotective effect (infarct volume: -40%; P <0.05). Conclusions We demonstrate that G-CSF potentiates the risk of hemorrhage in experimental stroke when used in combination with tPA by inducing neutrophilia. This effect is concomitant to an increased MMP-9 release from peripheral neutrophils induced by the tPA treatment. These results highlight the potential hemorrhagic risk of associating G-CSF to thrombolysis during the acute phase of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gautier
- EA 1046 - Département de Pharmacologie médicale, Université de Lille 2 - Faculté de Médecine, 1 place de Verdun, Lille cedex F-59037, France.
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Hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke in animals and humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:185-99. [PMID: 24281743 PMCID: PMC3915212 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common complication of ischemic stroke that is exacerbated by thrombolytic therapy. Methods to better prevent, predict, and treat HT are needed. In this review, we summarize studies of HT in both animals and humans. We propose that early HT (<18 to 24 hours after stroke onset) relates to leukocyte-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and brain-derived MMP-2 that damage the neurovascular unit and promote blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. This contrasts to delayed HT (>18 to 24 hours after stroke) that relates to ischemia activation of brain proteases (MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and endogenous tissue plasminogen activator), neuroinflammation, and factors that promote vascular remodeling (vascular endothelial growth factor and high-moblity-group-box-1). Processes that mediate BBB repair and reduce HT risk are discussed, including transforming growth factor beta signaling in monocytes, Src kinase signaling, MMP inhibitors, and inhibitors of reactive oxygen species. Finally, clinical features associated with HT in patients with stroke are reviewed, including approaches to predict HT by clinical factors, brain imaging, and blood biomarkers. Though remarkable advances in our understanding of HT have been made, additional efforts are needed to translate these discoveries to the clinic and reduce the impact of HT on patients with ischemic stroke.
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Anne Stetler R, Yang QW. Inflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage: from mechanisms to clinical translation. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:25-44. [PMID: 24291544 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10-15% of all strokes and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Currently, no effective medical treatment is available to improve functional outcomes in patients with ICH. Potential therapies targeting secondary brain injury are arousing a great deal of interest in translational studies. Increasing evidence has shown that inflammation is the key contributor of ICH-induced secondary brain injury. Inflammation progresses in response to various stimuli produced after ICH. Hematoma components initiate inflammatory signaling via activation of microglia, subsequently releasing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines to attract peripheral inflammatory infiltration. Hemoglobin (Hb), heme, and iron released after red blood cell lysis aggravate ICH-induced inflammatory injury. Danger associated molecular patterns such as high mobility group box 1 protein, released from damaged or dead cells, trigger inflammation in the late stage of ICH. Preclinical studies have identified inflammatory signaling pathways that are involved in microglial activation, leukocyte infiltration, toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, and danger associated molecular pattern regulation in ICH. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of ICH-induced inflammatory injury have facilitated the identification of several novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of ICH. This review summarizes recent progress concerning the mechanisms underlying ICH-induced inflammation. We focus on the inflammatory signaling pathways involved in microglial activation and TLR signaling, and explore potential therapeutic interventions by targeting the removal of hematoma components and inhibition of TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanchun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Jickling GC, Ander BP, Stamova B, Zhan X, Liu D, Rothstein L, Verro P, Khoury J, Jauch EC, Pancioli AM, Broderick JP, Sharp FR. RNA in blood is altered prior to hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:232-40. [PMID: 23468366 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a major complication of ischemic stroke that worsens outcomes and increases mortality. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier is a central feature of HT pathogenesis, and leukocytes may contribute to this process. We sought to determine whether ischemic strokes that develop HT have differences in RNA expression in blood within 3 hours of stroke onset prior to treatment with thrombolytic therapy. METHODS Stroke patient blood samples were obtained prior to treatment with thrombolysis, and leukocyte RNA was assessed by microarray analysis. Strokes that developed HT (n = 11) were compared to strokes without HT (n = 33) and controls (n = 14). Genes were identified (corrected p < 0.05, fold change ≥|1.2|), and functional analysis was performed. RNA prediction of HT in stroke was evaluated using cross-validation, and in a second stroke cohort (n = 52). RESULTS Ischemic strokes that developed HT had differential expression of 29 genes in circulating leukocytes prior to treatment with thrombolytic therapy. A panel of 6 genes could predict strokes that later developed HT with 80% sensitivity and 70.2% specificity. Key pathways involved in HT of human stroke are described, including amphiregulin, a growth factor that regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9; a shift in transforming growth factor-β signaling involving SMAD4, INPP5D, and IRAK3; and a disruption of coagulation factors V and VIII. INTERPRETATION Identified genes correspond to differences in inflammation and coagulation that may predispose to HT in ischemic stroke. Given the adverse impact of HT on stroke outcomes, further evaluation of the identified genes and pathways is warranted to determine their potential as therapeutic targets to reduce HT and as markers of HT risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology and the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
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Fan X, Lo EH, Wang X. Effects of minocycline plus tissue plasminogen activator combination therapy after focal embolic stroke in type 1 diabetic rats. Stroke 2013; 44:745-52. [PMID: 23422086 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Poststroke hyperglycemia is associated with resistance to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) reperfusion, higher risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, and worse neurological outcomes. In this study, we asked whether minocycline combined with intravenous tPA may ameliorate inflammation and brain injury after focal embolic stroke in type 1 diabetic rats. METHODS Type 1 diabetic rats were subjected to a focal embolic stroke. Three treatment groups were used: (1) saline at 1.5 hours after stroke; (2) tPA alone at 1.5 hours after stroke; (3) combined minocycline (intravenously) at 1 hour plus tPA at 1.5 hours, and second treatment of minocycline (intraperitoneally) at 12 hours after stroke. Acute brain tissue damages were assessed at 24 hours after stroke. Inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-1β and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 were examined in plasma. Neutrophil infiltration, microglia activation, matrix metalloproteinase activation, and degradation of the tight junction protein claudin-5 were examined in the brain. RESULTS Compared with saline or tPA alone treatments, minocycline plus tPA combination therapy significantly reduced brain infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, and hemispheric swelling at 24 hours after stroke. The combination also significantly suppressed the elevated plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and interleukin-1β up to 24 hours after stroke. At 16 hours after stroke, neutrophil infiltration, microglia activation, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and tight junction protein claudin-5 degradation in the peri-infarct brain tissues were also significantly attenuated by the combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy with minocycline plus tPA may be beneficial in ameliorating inflammation and reducing infarction, brain swelling, and hemorrhage after ischemic stroke with diabetes mellitus/hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Fan
- Departmens of Neurology and Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Fang H, Wang PF, Zhou Y, Wang YC, Yang QW. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in intracerebral hemorrhage-induced inflammation and injury. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:27. [PMID: 23414417 PMCID: PMC3598479 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common type of fatal stroke, accounting for about 15% to 20% of all strokes. Hemorrhagic strokes are associated with high mortality and morbidity, and increasing evidence shows that innate immune responses and inflammatory injury play a critical role in ICH-induced neurological deficits. However, the signaling pathways involved in ICH-induced inflammatory responses remain elusive. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) belongs to a large family of pattern recognition receptors that play a key role in innate immunity and inflammatory responses. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the involvement of TLR4 signaling in ICH-induced inflammation and brain injury. We discuss the key mechanisms associated with TLR4 signaling in ICH and explore the potential for therapeutic intervention by targeting TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Zhengjie No,183, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
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Bérézowski V, Mysiorek C, Kuntz M, Pétrault O, Cecchelli R. [Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier during ischaemia: a therapeutic concern]. Biol Aujourdhui 2012; 206:161-76. [PMID: 23171839 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Since it was discovered and its brain-protective role characterized, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), through the permeability-restricting action of the brain capillary endothelial cells, has been representing a hurdle for 95% of new medical compounds targeting the central nervous system. Recently, a BBB dysfunction is being found in an increasing number of pathologies such as brain ischaemic stroke, whose only therapy consists in a pharmacological thrombolysis limited to a small percentage of the admitted patients, because of the toxical effects of thrombolytics. And since the clinical failure of promising neuroprotectants, numerous studies of brain ischaemia were carried out, with physiopathological or pharmacological approaches refocused on the BBB, whose structural complexity is now expanded to perivascular cells, all forming a functional unit named the neurovascular unit (NVU). Nevertheless, in spite of the numerous molecular mechanisms identified, the process of BBB dysfunction in the ischaemia/reperfusion cascade remains insufficiently established to explain the pleiotropic action exerted by new pharmacological compounds, possibly protecting the entire NVU and representing potential treatments.
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Mohan S, Ahmad AS, Glushakov AV, Chambers C, Doré S. Putative role of prostaglandin receptor in intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2012; 3:145. [PMID: 23097645 PMCID: PMC3477820 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, approximately 795,000 people experience a new or recurrent stroke. Of all strokes, 84% are ischemic, 13% are intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) strokes, and 3% are subarachnoid hemorrhage strokes. Despite the decreased incidence of ischemic stroke, there has been no change in the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in the last decade. ICH is a devastating disease 37–38% of patients between the ages of 45 and 64 die within 30 days. In an effort to prevent ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes we and others have been studying the role of prostaglandins and their receptors. Prostaglandins are bioactive lipids derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid. They sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. Most prostaglandins are produced from specific enzymes and act upon cells via distinct G-protein coupled receptors. The presence of multiple prostaglandin receptors cross-reactivity and coupling to different signal transduction pathways allow differentiated cells to respond to prostaglandins in a unique manner. Due to the number of prostaglandin receptors, prostaglandin-dependent signaling can function either to promote neuronal survival or injury following acute excitotoxicity, hypoxia, and stress induced by ICH. To better understand the mechanisms of neuronal survival and neurotoxicity mediated by prostaglandin receptors, it is essential to understand downstream signaling. Several groups including ours have discovered unique roles for prostaglandin receptors in rodent models of ischemic stroke, excitotoxicity, and Alzheimer disease, highlighting the emerging role of prostaglandin receptor signaling in hemorrhagic stroke with a focus on cyclic-adenosine monophosphate and calcium (Ca2+) signaling. We review current ICH data and discuss future directions notably on prostaglandin receptors, which may lead to the development of unique therapeutic targets against hemorrhagic stroke and brain injuries alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Nomura E, Naka H, Wakabayashi S, Kajikawa H, Matsumoto M. Leukocytes may have 2 opposing effects in intravenous rtPA treatment for ischemic stroke. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2012; 20:37-42. [PMID: 22790658 DOI: 10.1177/1076029612452115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that leukocytes have 2 opposing effects on patients with ischemic stroke treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). Patients with ischemic stroke treated with rtPA were divided into 2 groups using the peripheral leukocyte count: high leukocyte group (HLG) and low leukocyte group (LLG) and were evaluated with the National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) during the first 24 hours. We defined significant improvement (SI) as NIHSS improving by more than 50% from the baseline, and deterioration following improvement (DFI) as the achievement of SI within 24 hours but its subsequent loss at 24 hours. Fifty-three patients were enrolled, and the rate of SI within 24 hours was higher in HLG than in LLG (85.2% vs 42.3%, P = .0011). However, the rate of DFI was significantly higher in HLG than in LLG (29.6% vs 7.7%, P = .0413). We found that leukocytes might have not only deleterious but also beneficial effects in intravenous rtPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Nomura
- 1Department of Neurology, Suiseikai Kajikawa Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
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45
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Strecker JK, Minnerup J, Gess B, Ringelstein EB, Schäbitz WR, Schilling M. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-deficiency impairs the expression of IL-6, IL-1β and G-CSF after transient focal ischemia in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25863. [PMID: 22031820 PMCID: PMC3198727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a chemokine secreted by neurons and astrocytes following stroke is known to aggravate ischemia-related damage. Previous studies revealed that MCP-1-deficient mice develop smaller infarcts and have an improved neurological outcome, whereas mice overexpressing MCP-1 show worsened brain damage and impaired neurological function. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the molecular background of the enhanced recovery in MCP-1-deficient mice after stroke. For this purpose, we (1) performed expression analyses on crucial post-stroke related inflammatory genes in MCP-1-deficient mice compared to wildtype controls, (2) analyzed a possible impact of MCP-1 on astrocyte activation (3) investigated the cellular origin of respective inflammatory cytokines and (4) analyzed the impact of MCP-1 secretion on the migration of both neutrophil granulocytes and T-cells. Here we report that MCP-1-deficiency leads to a shift towards a less inflammatory state following experimental occlusion of the middle cerebral artery including an impaired induction of interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor expression as well as a subsequent diminished influx of hematogenous cells. Additionally, MCP-1-deficient mice developed smaller infarcts 36 hours after experimental stroke. Investigations revealed no differences in transcription of tumor necrosis factor-α and astrogliosis 12 and 36 hours after onset of ischemia. These novel results help to understand post ischemic, inflammatory mechanisms and might give further arguments towards therapeutical interventions by modulation of MCP-1 expression in post stroke inflammation.
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Neutrophil Depletion Reduces Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown, Axon Injury, and Inflammation After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:218-35. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31820d94a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Sansing LH, Harris TH, Kasner SE, Hunter CA, Kariko K. Neutrophil depletion diminishes monocyte infiltration and improves functional outcome after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 111:173-8. [PMID: 21725751 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to secondary injury and neuronal loss after intracerebral hemorrhage, but the role of individual immune populations in these processes is unclear. In a mouse model, the injection of autologous blood into the striatum was associated with an intense inflammatory cell infiltrate composed of neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Selective depletion of neutrophils resulted in decreased infiltration of monocytes and improved functional outcomes at day 3 post-hemorrhage. These findings indicate that neutrophil infiltration into the site of hemorrhage contributes to brain injury either by direct cellular damage or the recruitment of monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 3 W Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Jeong HK, Ji KM, Kim B, Kim J, Jou I, Joe EH. Inflammatory responses are not sufficient to cause delayed neuronal death in ATP-induced acute brain injury. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13756. [PMID: 21060796 PMCID: PMC2966428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain inflammation is accompanied by brain injury. However, it is controversial whether inflammatory responses are harmful or beneficial to neurons. Because many studies have been performed using cultured microglia and neurons, it has not been possible to assess the influence of multiple cell types and diverse factors that dynamically and continuously change in vivo. Furthermore, behavior of microglia and other inflammatory cells could have been overlooked since most studies have focused on neuronal death. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the precise roles of microglia and brain inflammation in the injured brain, and determine their contribution to neuronal damage in vivo from the onset of injury. METHODS AND FINDINGS Acute neuronal damage was induced by stereotaxic injection of ATP into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the cortex of the rat brain. Inflammatory responses and their effects on neuronal damage were investigated by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, quantitative RT-PCR, and stereological counting, etc. ATP acutely caused death of microglia as well as neurons in a similar area within 3 h. We defined as the core region the area where both TH(+) and Iba-1(+) cells acutely died, and as the penumbra the area surrounding the core where Iba-1(+) cells showed activated morphology. In the penumbra region, morphologically activated microglia arranged around the injury sites. Monocytes filled the damaged core after neurons and microglia died. Interestingly, neither activated microglia nor monocytes expressed iNOS, a major neurotoxic inflammatory mediator. Monocytes rather expressed CD68, a marker of phagocytic activity. Importantly, the total number of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc at 3 h (∼80% of that in the contralateral side) did not decrease further at 7 d. Similarly, in the cortex, ATP-induced neuron-damage area detected at 3 h did not increase for up to 7 d. CONCLUSIONS Different cellular components (microglia, astrocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils) and different factors (proinflammatory and neurotrophic) could be produced in inflammatory processes depending on the nature of the injury. The results in this study suggest that the inflammatory responses of microglia and monocytes in response to ATP-induced acute injury could not be neurotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hey-Kyeong Jeong
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyung-min Ji
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Beomsue Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jun Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eun-hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Jickling GC, Zhan X, Ander BP, Turner RJ, Stamova B, Xu H, Tian Y, Liu D, Davis RR, Lapchak PA, Sharp FR. Genome response to tissue plasminogen activator in experimental ischemic stroke. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:254. [PMID: 20406488 PMCID: PMC2875237 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is known to have functions beyond fibrinolysis in acute ischemic stroke, such as blood brain barrier disruption. To further delineate tPA functions in the blood, we examined the gene expression profiles induced by tPA in a rat model of ischemic stroke. RESULTS tPA differentially expressed 929 genes in the blood of rats (p <or= 0.05, fold change >or= |1.2|). Genes identified had functions related to modulation of immune cells. tPA gene expression was found to be dependent on the reperfusion status of cerebral vasculature. The majority of genes regulated by tPA were different from genes regulated by ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS tPA modulates gene expression in the blood of rats involving immune cells in a manner that is dependent on the status of vascular reperfusion. These non-fibrinolytic activities of tPA in the blood serve to better understand tPA-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology and M,I,N,D, Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
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Park OK, Lee CH, Hwang IK, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Won MH. Effects of repeated restraint stress on platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 immunoreactivity and protein levels in the gerbil hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia. Anat Cell Biol 2010; 43:54-63. [PMID: 21190005 PMCID: PMC2998780 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2010.43.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has long been known to be a causative factor of various disease states. In this study, we investigated the effects of repeated restraint stress on platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), a very important mediator in inflammation, immunoreactivity and protein levels as well as neuronal damage, in the gerbil hippocampus after 5 minutes of transient cerebral ischemia. Transient ischemia-induced neuronal death was shown in CA1 pyramidal cells 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion. However, repeated restraint stress protected neuronal death induced by ischemic damage. In the ischemia-group, PECAM-1 immunoreactivity and its protein levels were significantly increased in all the hippocampal subregions 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion. However, PECAM-1 immunoreactivity and its protein levels did not change significantly in the hippocampus of the stress-ischemia-group compared to the sham-groups. These results indicate that repeated restraint stress protects neuronal damage induced by transient cerebral ischemia, and this may be associated with maintenance of PECAM-1levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok Kyu Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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