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Liu Y, Luo J, Peng L, Zhang Q, Rong X, Luo Y, Li J. Flavonoids: Potential therapeutic agents for cardiovascular disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32563. [PMID: 38975137 PMCID: PMC11225753 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are found in the roots, stems, leaves, and fruits of many plant taxa. They are related to plant growth and development, pigment formation, and protection against environmental stress. Flavonoids function as antioxidants and exert anti-inflammatory effects in the cardiovascular system by modulating classical inflammatory response pathways, such as the TLR4-NF-ĸB, PI3K-AKT, and Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathways. There is increasing evidence for the therapeutic effects of flavonoids on hypertension, atherosclerosis, and other diseases. The potential clinical value of flavonoids for diseases of the cardiovascular system has been widely explored. For example, studies have evaluated the roles of flavonoids in the regulation of blood pressure via endothelium-dependent and non-endothelium-dependent pathways and in the regulation of myocardial systolic and diastolic functions by influencing calcium homeostasis and smooth muscle-related protein expression. Flavonoids also have hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, anti-platelet, autophagy, and antibacterial effects. In this paper, the role and mechanism of flavonoids in cardiovascular diseases were reviewed in order to provide reference for the clinical application of flavonoids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xi Rong
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Luo
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, China
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2
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Williamson G, Clifford MN. A critical examination of human data for the biological activity of quercetin and its phase-2 conjugates. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-37. [PMID: 38189312 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2299329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This critical review examines evidence for beneficial effects of quercetin phase-2 conjugates from clinical intervention studies, volunteer feeding trials, and in vitro work. Plasma concentrations of quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (Q3G) and 3'-methylquercetin-3-O-glucuronide (3'MQ3G) after supplementation may produce beneficial effects in macrophages and endothelial cells, respectively, especially if endogenous deglucuronidation occurs, and lower blood uric acid concentration via quercetin-3'-O-sulfate (Q3'S). Unsupplemented diets produce much lower concentrations (<50 nmol/l) rarely investigated in vitro. At 10 nmol/l, Q3'S and Q3G stimulate or suppress, respectively, angiogenesis in endothelial cells. Statistically significant effects have been reported at 100 nmol/l in breast cancer cells (Q3G), primary neuron cultures (Q3G), lymphocytes (Q3G and3'MQ3G) and HUVECs (QG/QS mixture), but it is unclear whether these translate to a health benefit in vivo. More sensitive and more precise methods to measure clinically significant endpoints are required before a conclusion can be drawn regarding effects at normal dietary concentrations. Future requirements include better understanding of inter-individual and temporal variation in plasma quercetin phase-2 conjugates, their mechanisms of action including deglucuronidation and desulfation both in vitro and in vivo, tissue accumulation and washout, as well as potential for synergy or antagonism with other quercetin metabolites and metabolites of other dietary phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael N Clifford
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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3
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Potential Role of Quercetin Glycosides as Anti-Atherosclerotic Food-Derived Factors for Human Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020258. [PMID: 36829817 PMCID: PMC9952755 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a monomeric polyphenol of plant origin that belongs to the flavonol-type flavonoid subclass. Extensive studies using cultured cells and experimental model animals have demonstrated the anti-atherosclerotic effects of dietary quercetin in relation to the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). As quercetin is exclusively present in plant-based foods in the form of glycosides, this review focuses on the bioavailability and bioefficacy of quercetin glycosides in relation to vascular health effects. Some glucose-bound glycosides are absorbed from the small intestine after glucuronide/sulfate conjugation. Both conjugated metabolites and deconjugated quercetin aglycones formed by plasma β-glucuronidase activity act as food-derived anti-atherogenic factors by exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering effects. However, most quercetin glycosides reach the large intestine, where they are subject to gut microbiota-dependent catabolism resulting in deglycosylated aglycone and chain-scission products. These catabolites also affect vascular health after transfer into the circulation. Furthermore, quercetin glycosides may improve gut microbiota profiles. A variety of human cohort studies and intervention studies support the idea that the intake of quercetin glycoside-rich plant foods such as onion helps to prevent CVD. Thus, quercetin glycoside-rich foods offer potential benefits in terms of cardiovascular health and possible clinical applications.
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Popiolek-Kalisz J, Fornal E. Dietary Isorhamnetin Intake Is Inversely Associated with Coronary Artery Disease Occurrence in Polish Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12546. [PMID: 36231844 PMCID: PMC9566513 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of antioxidative agents in coronary artery disease (CAD) has been investigated, but the analysis of specific flavonols intake in Polish adults requires validated tools. The aim of this study was to estimate the dietary intake of flavonols in CAD patients by creating a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) dedicated for this purpose in Polish adults. The FFQ included 140 products from 12 food groups. The study involved 103 adult respondents (43 CAD patients and 60 healthy controls). Mean daily intakes of total flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin and isorhamnetin were calculated as absolute values and quartiles. Mean daily intakes of 12 main food categories and 27 subcategories were calculated as portions and quartiles. The validity test revealed high correlation for total flavonols, kaempferol, myricetin and isorhamnetin and moderate for quercetin. In the reproducibility analysis, the correlation was high for total flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin, moderate for isorhamnetin and high for all 12 categories and 25 out of 27 subcategories of the tested food groups. The application of the FFQ in healthy adults and CAD patients revealed that dietary intakes of total flavonols and proportional intakes of kaempferol and isorhamnetin in Polish adults and CAD patients are higher than in most other European countries, while the proportional intakes of quercetin and myricetin are lower than in most European countries. The comparison between CAD patients and the healthy controls revealed significant differences in dietary isorhamnetin intake (p = 0.002). The results suggest that dietary isorhamnetin could have a potential role in CAD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz
- Clinical Dietetics Unit, Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 7, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Cardinal Wyszynski Hospital in Lublin, al. Krasnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
| | - Emilia Fornal
- Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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5
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Wani SA, Khan LA, Basir SF. Quercetin and resveratrol ameliorate nickel-mediated hypercontraction in isolated Wistar rat aorta. J Smooth Muscle Res 2022; 58:89-105. [PMID: 36517014 PMCID: PMC9748311 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.58.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The ameliorative potential of quercetin and resveratrol on isolated endothelium-intact aortic rings incubated with nickel was examined. METHOD The effect of varying concentrations of quercetin and resveratrol was investigated on isolated Wistar rat aortic rings using an organ bath system over vasoconstrictor phenylephrine (PE) at 1 µM. To delineate the mechanism of action, isolated aortic rings were pre-incubated with pharmacological modulators, such as verapamil 1 µM, apocynin 100 µM, indomethacin 100 µM or N-G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) 100 µM, separately, before incubation with 100 µM quercetin and 30 µM resveratrol. To assess the ameliorative and prophylactic potentials of quercetin and resveratrol, aortic rings were also incubated with quercetin or resveratrol for 40 min, followed by incubation with nickel for 40 min. RESULTS At 100 µM, quercetin caused 29% inhibition of contraction, while resveratrol at 30 µM caused 55% inhibition of contraction in aortic rings compared with control. Aortic rings incubated with contractile modulators, such as verapamil, apocynin, indomethacin or N-G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), along with quercetin or resveratrol at their concentrations producing maximum relaxant effect, showed that both of these natural compounds exert their relaxant effect by inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from endothelial and smooth muscle cells, blocking voltage-gated calcium channels, and increasing the release of nitric oxide (NO). The mediation of hypercontraction by nickel is due to the increased ROS and the influx of calcium through voltage-dependent calcium channels. These natural compounds are shown to counter the nickel-induced effects, appearing as effective ameliorators. CONCLUSION In this study, we found that quercetin and resveratrol act as ameliorators of nickel-mediated hypercontraction by decreasing ROS and enhancing NO release from endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz Ahmad Wani
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Science, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Luqman Ahmad Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Science, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Seemi Farhat Basir
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Science, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi 110025, India
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6
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Boronat A, Rodriguez-Morató J, Serreli G, Fitó M, Tyndale RF, Deiana M, de la Torre R. Contribution of Biotransformations Carried Out by the Microbiota, Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes, and Transport Proteins to the Biological Activities of Phytochemicals Found in the Diet. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2172-2189. [PMID: 34388248 PMCID: PMC8634308 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of dietary phytochemicals has been associated with several health benefits and relevant biological activities. It is postulated that biotransformations of these compounds regulated by the microbiota, Phase I/II reactions, transport proteins, and deconjugating enzymes contribute not only to their metabolic clearance but also, in some cases, to their bioactivation. A number of factors (age, genetics, sex, physiopathological conditions, and the interplay with other dietary phytochemicals) modulating metabolic activities are important sources and contributors to the interindividual variability observed in clinical studies evaluating the biological activities of phytochemicals. In this review, we discuss all the processes that can affect the bioaccessibility and beneficial effects of these bioactive compounds. Herein, we argue that the role of these factors must be further studied to correctly understand and predict the effects observed following the intake of phytochemicals. This is, in particular, with regard to in vitro investigations, which have shown great inconsistency with preclinical and clinical studies. The complexity of in vivo metabolic activity and biotransformation should therefore be considered in the interpretation of results in vitro and their translation to human physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Boronat
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Rodriguez-Morató
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain,Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (UPF-CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriele Serreli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Pathology Section, Experimental Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Montserrato, Italy
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain,Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Monica Deiana
- Department of Biomedical Science, Pathology Section, Experimental Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Montserrato, Italy
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7
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Tumova S, Shi Y, Carr IM, Williamson G. Effects of quercetin and metabolites on uric acid biosynthesis and consequences for gene expression in the endothelium. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:191-201. [PMID: 33091574 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uric acid, a metabolic product of purine degradation in humans, is a risk factor for developing gout and type 2 diabetes, and supplementation with quercetin lowers plasma uric acid in mildly hyperuricemic men. Here we examined the mechanism of inhibition of enzymes involved in uric acid metabolism by quercetin, conjugates and microbial catabolites, and measured the effect of lowered circulating uric acid on endothelial cell gene expression. METHODS Inhibition of adenosine deaminase (ADA), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity by quercetin and metabolites was determined by HPLC. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured under conditions mimicking blood flow, treated with uric acid (0, 300 or 500 μmol/L), and changes in gene expression measured using transcriptomics and quantitative droplet digital PCR. RESULTS In human plasma, no inhibition of PNP activity was observed, and only quercetin weakly inhibited ADA. XOR was not present at sufficient amount in human plasma to use for testing, but quercetin, quercetin-3'-sulfate and the gut microbial metabolite 3',4'-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid inhibited bovine milk XOR. Several changes were observed in gene expression in HUVECs under flow compared to static conditions, but after uric acid treatment, only very few changes were detected. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the main mechanism by which quercetin, as quercetin-3'-sulfate, lowers uric acid in vivo is through inhibition of XOR, and not ADA nor PNP. The pertinent shift in uric acid concentration was not sufficient to produce significant changes in endothelial gene expression in a cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Tumova
- University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yuanlu Shi
- University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ian M Carr
- University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gary Williamson
- University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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8
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Zhang YM, Zhang ZY, Wang RX. Protective Mechanisms of Quercetin Against Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Front Physiol 2020; 11:956. [PMID: 32848878 PMCID: PMC7412593 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin has attracted more attention in recent years due to its protective role against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Quercetin can alleviate oxidative stress injury through the inhibition of NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase, blockage of the Fenton reaction, and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Quercetin can also exert anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects by reducing the response to inflammatory factors and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Moreover, it can induce vasodilation effects through the inhibition of endothelin-1 receptors, the enhancement of NO stimulation and the activation of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Finally, Quercetin can also antagonize the calcium overload. These multifaceted activities of Quercetin make it a potential therapeutic alternative for the treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhen-Ye Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ru-Xing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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9
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Abstract
On the basis of the knowledge from traditional herbal and folk medicine, flavonoids are among the most studied chemical classes of natural compounds for their potential activity as phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. We here describe the preparation of a semi-synthetic hydrazone derivative of quercetin, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-(2-(4-nitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4H-chromene-3,5,7-triol, that was obtained via a single-step modification of the natural compound. The product was characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry and HPLC. Preliminary molecular modeling studies suggest that this compound could efficiently interact with PDE5.
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10
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Salehi B, Machin L, Monzote L, Sharifi-Rad J, Ezzat SM, Salem MA, Merghany RM, El Mahdy NM, Kılıç CS, Sytar O, Sharifi-Rad M, Sharopov F, Martins N, Martorell M, Cho WC. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin: New Insights and Perspectives for Human Health. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11849-11872. [PMID: 32478277 PMCID: PMC7254783 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin (Que) and its derivatives are naturally occurring phytochemicals with promising bioactive effects. The antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-Alzheimer's, antiarthritic, cardiovascular, and wound-healing effects of Que have been extensively investigated, as well as its anticancer activity against different cancer cell lines has been recently reported. Que and its derivatives are found predominantly in the Western diet, and people might benefit from their protective effect just by taking them via diets or as a food supplement. Bioavailability-related drug-delivery systems of Que have also been markedly exploited, and Que nanoparticles appear as a promising platform to enhance their bioavailability. The present review aims to provide a brief overview of the therapeutic effects, new insights, and upcoming perspectives of Que.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student
Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran
| | - Laura Machin
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Parasitology
Department, Institute of Medicine Tropical
Pedro Kourí, Havana, Cuba
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry
Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran
| | - Shahira M. Ezzat
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo
University, Kasr El-Aini
Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October
University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th October 12566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Salem
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia
University, Gamal Abd
El Nasr st., Shibin Elkom, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
| | - Rana M. Merghany
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Nihal M. El Mahdy
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October 12566, Egypt
| | - Ceyda Sibel Kılıç
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Oksana Sytar
- Department of Plant Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska str., 64, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak
University of Agriculture, Nitra, A. Hlinku 2, Nitra 94976, Slovak Republic
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department
of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University
of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- Institute
for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy,
and Centre
for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad
de Desarrollo Tecnológico,
UDT, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - William C. Cho
- Department
of Clinical Oncology, Queen
Elizabeth Hospital, 30
Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong
Kong
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Carullo G, Ahmed A, Fusi F, Sciubba F, Di Cocco ME, Restuccia D, Spizzirri UG, Saponara S, Aiello F. Vasorelaxant Effects Induced by Red Wine and Pomace Extracts of Magliocco Dolce cv. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13050087. [PMID: 32375256 PMCID: PMC7281491 DOI: 10.3390/ph13050087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies demonstrate that moderate (red) wine consumption may afford protection against cardiovascular diseases. Protection is ascribed to the biological activity of wine components, many of which, however, are discarded during winemaking. In vitro rat thoracic aorta rings contracted with phenylephrine or KCl were used to assess the vasorelaxant activity of extracts from wine pomaces (seeds and skins) of the Calabrian autochthonous grape variety Magliocco dolce (Arvino). NMR spectroscopy was used to ascertain their chemical composition. Data demonstrate that seed and skin, but not must, extracts are capable of relaxing vascular preparations in an endothelium-dependent manner, similarly to the red wine extract, due to the presence of comparable amounts of bioactive constituents. In rings pre-contracted with 20–30 mM KCl, only seed extracts showed a moderate relaxation. The most efficacious vasodilating extract (wine) showed a good antioxidant profile in both [(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)acid] radical (DPPH) and [2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] radical (ABTS) assays. In conclusion, winemaking from Magliocco dolce grape can provide potentially health-promoting by-products useful in cardiovascular disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (G.C.); (D.R.); (U.G.S.)
| | - Amer Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.S.); (M.E.D.C.)
| | - Maria Enrica Di Cocco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.S.); (M.E.D.C.)
| | - Donatella Restuccia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (G.C.); (D.R.); (U.G.S.)
| | - Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (G.C.); (D.R.); (U.G.S.)
| | - Simona Saponara
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (G.C.); (D.R.); (U.G.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (F.A.)
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12
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Semen KO, Bast A. Towards improved pharmacotherapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Can diet play a role? Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 30:159-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Luca SV, Macovei I, Bujor A, Miron A, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Aprotosoaie AC, Trifan A. Bioactivity of dietary polyphenols: The role of metabolites. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:626-659. [PMID: 30614249 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1546669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A polyphenol-rich diet protects against chronic pathologies by modulating numerous physiological processes, such as cellular redox potential, enzymatic activity, cell proliferation and signaling transduction pathways. However, polyphenols have a low oral bioavailability mainly due to an extensive biotransformation mediated by phase I and phase II reactions in enterocytes and liver but also by gut microbiota. Despite low oral bioavailability, most polyphenols proved significant biological effects which brought into attention the low bioavailability/high bioactivity paradox. In recent years, polyphenol metabolites have attracted great interest as many of them showed similar or higher intrinsic biological effects in comparison to the parent compounds. There is a huge body of literature reporting on the biological functions of polyphenol metabolites generated by phase I and phase II metabolic reactions and gut microbiota-mediated biotransformation. In this respect, the review highlights the pharmacokinetic fate of the major dietary polyphenols (resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, rutin, genistein, daidzein, ellagitannins, proanthocyanidins) in order to further address the efficacy of biometabolites as compared to parent molecules. The present work strongly supports the contribution of metabolites to the health benefits of polyphenols, thus offering a better perspective in understanding the role played by dietary polyphenols in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vlad Luca
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Iasi, Romania.,Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics Division, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Irina Macovei
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Bujor
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Miron
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics Division, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ana Clara Aprotosoaie
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Adriana Trifan
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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Sánchez M, Romero M, Gómez-Guzmán M, Tamargo J, Pérez-Vizcaino F, Duarte J. Cardiovascular Effects of Flavonoids. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6991-7034. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181220094721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
:
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the major cause of death worldwide, especially in Western
society. Flavonoids are a large group of polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in plants, present
in a considerable amount in fruit and vegetable. Several epidemiological studies found an inverse association
between flavonoids intake and mortality by CVD. The antioxidant effect of flavonoids was
considered the main mechanism of action of flavonoids and other polyphenols. In recent years, the role
of modulation of signaling pathways by direct interaction of flavonoids with multiple protein targets,
namely kinases, has been increasingly recognized and involved in their cardiovascular protective effect.
There are strong evidence, in in vitro and animal experimental models, that some flavonoids induce
vasodilator effects, improve endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance, exert platelet antiaggregant
and atheroprotective effects, and reduce blood pressure. Despite interacting with multiple targets, flavonoids
are surprisingly safe. This article reviews the recent evidence about cardiovascular effects that
support a beneficial role of flavonoids on CVD and the potential molecular targets involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Tamargo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaino
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
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Fang J, Cai C, Chai Y, Zhou J, Huang Y, Gao L, Wang Q, Cheng F. Quantitative and systems pharmacology 4. Network-based analysis of drug pleiotropy on coronary artery disease. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 161:192-204. [PMID: 30359818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advance of therapeutic development, coronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the major issues to public health. The use of genomics and systems biology approaches to inform drug discovery and development have offered the possibilities for new target identification and in silico drug repurposing. In this study, we propose a network-based, systems pharmacology framework for target identification and drug repurposing in pharmacologic treatment and chemoprevention of CAD. Specifically, we build in silico models by integrating known drug-target interactions, CAD genes derived from the genetic and genomic studies, and the human protein-protein interactome. We demonstrate that the proposed in silico models can successfully uncover approved drugs and novel natural products in potentially treating and preventing CAD. In case studies, we highlight several approved drugs (e.g., fasudil, parecoxib, and dexamethasone) or natural products (e.g., resveratrol, luteolin, daidzein and caffeic acid) with new mechanism-of-action in chemical intervention of CAD by network analysis. In summary, this study offers a powerful systems pharmacology approach for target identification and in silico drug repurposing on CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Chuipu Cai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yanting Chai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Li Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Patel RV, Mistry BM, Shinde SK, Syed R, Singh V, Shin HS. Therapeutic potential of quercetin as a cardiovascular agent. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:889-904. [PMID: 29966915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are integral components of various vegetation and in foods; consequently, they represent an inevitable part of the diet. Historical and epidemiological proof recommend that diet plans consisting of flavonoids such as quercetin have positive health benefits, especially on the heart. Flavonoids have been proven to be active against hypertension, inflammation, diabetes and vascular diseases. Quercetin exhibits significant heart related benefits as inhibition of LDL oxidation, endothelium-independent vasodilator effects, reduction of adhesion molecules and other inflammatory markers, the protective effect on nitric oxide and endothelial function under conditions of oxidative stress, prevention of neuronal oxidative and inflammatory damage and platelet antiaggregant effects. Searching for experimental evidence to validate the cardioprotective effects of quercetin, we review here the recent detailed in vivo studies. Quercetin and its derivatives lead to an enhancement in heart features, indicating the prospective for quercetin to be used therapeutically in the treatment of cardiac diseases. Several evidence-based studies suggest mechanisms to observe cardiovascular diseases such as aging effects, hypertension, angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and endothelial-dependent and independent functions. Different animal models including human are also used to elucidate the in vivo role of quercetin in cardiovascular diseases. The role of quercetin and its derivatives may go beyond their existence in food and has potential as a lead molecule in drug development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul V Patel
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyenggi-do, 410820, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bhupendra M Mistry
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyenggi-do, 410820, Republic of Korea
| | - Surendra K Shinde
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University, 32, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, Republic of Korea
| | - Riyaz Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, 500 085, India
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143 701, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyenggi-do, 410820, Republic of Korea.
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Fusi F, Spiga O, Trezza A, Sgaragli G, Saponara S. The surge of flavonoids as novel, fine regulators of cardiovascular Ca v channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 796:158-174. [PMID: 28012974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels underlie a wide variety of physiological processes that involve rapid changes in cell dynamics, such as cardiac and vascular smooth muscle contraction. Overexpression or dysfunction of these membrane proteins are the basis of many cardiovascular diseases that represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for human beings. In the last few years, flavonoids, widely distributed in the plant kingdom, have attracted the interest of many laboratories as an emerging class of fine ion, in particular Cav, channels modulators. Pieces of in vitro evidence for direct as well as indirect effects exerted by various flavonoids on ion channel currents are now accumulating in the scientific literature. This activity may be responsible, at least in part, for the beneficial and protective effects of dietary flavonoids toward cardiovascular diseases highlighted in several epidemiological studies. Here we examine numerous studies aimed at analysing this feature of flavonoids, focusing on the mechanisms that promote their sometimes controversial activities at cardiovascular Cav channels. New methodological approaches, such as molecular modelling and docking to Cav1.2 channel α1c subunit, used to elucidate flavonoids intrinsic mechanism of action, are introduced. Moreover, flavonoid-membrane interaction, bioavailability, and antioxidant activity are taken into account and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Ottavia Spiga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Trezza
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giampietro Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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18
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Syed AA, Lahiri S, Mohan D, Valicherla GR, Gupta AP, Kumar S, Maurya R, Bora HK, Hanif K, Gayen JR. Cardioprotective Effect of Ulmus wallichiana Planchon in β-Adrenergic Agonist Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:510. [PMID: 28066255 PMCID: PMC5174112 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulmus wallichiana Planchon (Family: Ulmaceae), a traditional medicinal plant, was used in fracture healing in the folk tradition of Uttarakhand, Himalaya, India. The present study investigated the cardioprotective effect of ethanolic extract (EE) and butanolic fraction (BF) of U. wallichiana in isoprenaline (ISO) induced cardiac hypertrophy in Wistar rats. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by ISO (5 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously) in rats. Treatment was performed by oral administration of EE and BF of U. wallichiana (500 and 50 mg/kg/day). The blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured by non-invasive blood pressure measurement technique. Plasma renin, Ang II, NO, and cGMP level were estimated using an ELISA kit. Angiotensin converting enzyme activity was estimated. BP and HR were significantly increased in ISO group (130.33 ± 1.67 mmHg vs. 111.78 ± 1.62 mmHg, p < 0.001 and 450.51 ± 4.90 beats/min vs. 347.82 ± 6.91 beats/min, respectively, p < 0.001). The BP and HR were significantly reduced (EE: 117.53 ± 2.27 mmHg vs. 130.33 ± 1.67 mmHg, p < 0.001, BF: 119.74 ± 3.32 mmHg vs. 130.33 ± 1.67 mmHg, p < 0.001); HR: (EE: 390.22 ± 8.24 beats/min vs. 450.51 ± 4.90 beats/min, p < 0.001, BF: 345.38 ± 6.79 beats/min vs. 450.51 ± 4.90 beats/min, p < 0.001) after the treatment of EE and BF of U. wallichiana, respectively. Plasma renin, Ang II, ACE activity was decreased and NO, cGMP level were increased. The EE and BF of U. wallichiana down regulated the expression of ANP, BNP, TNF-α, IL-6, MMP9, β1-AR, TGFβ1 and up regulated NOS3, ACE2 and Mas expression level, respectively. Thus, this study demonstrated that U. wallichiana has cardioprotective effect against ISO induced cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees A Syed
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Shibani Lahiri
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Divya Mohan
- Division of Pharmacology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Guru R Valicherla
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research InstituteLucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Anand P Gupta
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Rakesh Maurya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchNew Delhi, India; Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Himanshu K Bora
- Division of Laboratory Animals, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Division of Pharmacology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research InstituteLucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research InstituteLucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchNew Delhi, India
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Syed AA, Lahiri S, Mohan D, Valicherla GR, Gupta AP, Riyazuddin M, Kumar S, Maurya R, Hanif K, Gayen JR. Evaluation of anti-hypertensive activity of Ulmus wallichiana extract and fraction in SHR, DOCA-salt- and L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:555-565. [PMID: 27720848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulmus wallichiana Planchon (Himalayan Elm), a traditional medicinal plant, used in fracture healing in folk tradition of Uttarakhand, Himalaya, India. It is also used as diuretic. U. rhynchophylla, native to China, known as Gou Teng in Chinese medicine, is used for hypertension (WHO). U. macrocarpa has antihypertensive and vasorelaxant activity. However, no detailed studies related to hypertension have been reported previously, so we have explored the antihypertensive activity of U. wallichiana. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the pharmacological effect of ethanolic extract (EE) and butanolic fraction (BF) of U. wallichiana in hypertensive rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS SHR, DOCA-salt- and L-NAME-induced hypertension models were used. Treatment was performed by oral administration of EE and BF of U. wallichiana (500mg/kg/day and 50mg/kg/day) for 14 days. Then blood pressure was measured by non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurement technique. Invasive blood pressure (IBP) was also reported to support the NIBP data. Concentrations of plasma renin, angiotensin II (Ang II), nitrate/nitrite (NO), cGMP were estimated. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and ROS activity were also estimated. RESULTS Blood pressure was significantly higher in SHR as compared to normotensive wistar group (170.59±0.83mmHg vs 121.54±1.24mmHg, respectively). SBP was increased in DOCA-salt induced group compared to their control (132.77±3.90mmHg vs 107.85±5.95mmHg, respectively) and L-NAME-induced group compared to their control (168.55±5.07mmHg vs 113.03±4.13mmHg, respectively). The treatment of extract and fraction of U. wallichiana significantly decreased the blood pressure in SHR+EE (151.26±1.85mmHg, p<0.001), SHR+BF (140.44±1.16mmHg, p<0.001); DOCA+EE (113.43±5.44mmHg, p<0.05), DOCA+BF (105.09±5.12mmHg, p<0.05) and L-NAME+EE (119.76±4.39mmHg, p<0.001), L-NAME+BF (117.50±7.27mmHg, p<0.001) compared to their respective diseased control groups. The plasma renin, Ang II and ACE activity were also significantly decreased and augmented the NO and cGMP levels. It also down regulated the expression of Renin, ACE, NOS3 and TGF-β1 at mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS The EE and BF probably reducing the BP via Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and NO/cGMP signaling pathway. The decrease in blood pressure may be due to presence of quercetin analogue flavonoids (2S,3S)-(+)-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol-6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside; 6-Glucopyranosyl-3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone; 6-Glucopyranosyl-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone and (2S,3S)-(+)-4',5,7-trihydroxydihydroflavonol-6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside, may be due to its antioxidant activity. Thus EE and BF of U. wallichiana found to have the potential ability to be used as herbal medicament to treat hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees A Syed
- Division of Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shibani Lahiri
- Division of Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Divya Mohan
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Guru R Valicherla
- Division of Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Anand P Gupta
- Division of Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mohammed Riyazuddin
- Division of Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rakesh Maurya
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Division of Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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Kang JH, Choung SY. Protective effects of resveratrol and its analogs on age-related macular degeneration in vitro. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1703-1715. [PMID: 27659166 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Damage of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells by A2E may be critical for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) management. Accumulation and photooxidation of A2E are known to be one of the critical causes in AMD. Here, we evaluated the protective effect of resveratrol (RES), piceatannol (PIC) and RES glycones on blue-light-induced RPE cell death caused by A2E photooxidation. A2E treatment followed by blue light exposure caused significant damages on human RPE cells (ARPE-19). But the damages were attenuated by post- and pre-treatment of RES and PIC in our in vitro models. The results of cell free system and FAB-MS analysis clearly showed that the reduction of A2E by blue light exposure was significantly rescued, and that oxidized forms of A2E were significantly reduced by RES or PIC treatment. Besides, RES or PIC inhibited the intracellular accumulation of A2E. Not only RES and PIC but RES glycones showed protection of ARPE-19 cells against A2E and blue-light-induced photo-damage. These findings demonstrate that RES and its analogs may have protective effects against A2E and blue-light-induced ARPE-19 cell death through regulation of A2E accumulation as well as photooxidation of A2E. Thus RES and its analogs may be beneficial for AMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Kang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Choung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Preventive Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Kerimi A, Williamson G. At the interface of antioxidant signalling and cellular function: Key polyphenol effects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1770-88. [PMID: 26887821 PMCID: PMC5021119 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that dietary (poly)phenols promote well‐being by improving chronic disease‐risk biomarkers, such as endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation and plasma uric acid, is the subject of intense current research, involving human interventions studies, animal models and in vitro mechanistic work. The original claim that benefits were due to the direct antioxidant properties of (poly)phenols has been mostly superseded by detailed mechanistic studies on specific molecular targets. Nevertheless, many proposed mechanisms in vivo and in vitro are due to modulation of oxidative processes, often involving binding to specific proteins and effects on cell signalling. We review the molecular mechanisms for 3 actions of (poly)phenols on oxidative processes where there is evidence in vivo from human intervention or animal studies. (1) Effects of (poly) phenols on pathways of chronic inflammation leading to prevention of some of the damaging effects associated with the metabolic syndrome. (2) Interaction of (poly)phenols with endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, leading to effects on blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction, and consequent reduction in cardiovascular disease risk. (3) The inhibition of xanthine oxidoreductase leading to modulation of intracellular superoxide and plasma uric acid, a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Kerimi
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Chirumbolo S. Flavonoids in coronary heart disease. Thromb Res 2015; 135:1040-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
One of the main mechanisms by which dietary flavonoids are thought to influence cardiovascular disease is via protection of the bioactivity of the endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO). Additionally, flavonoids may also interfere with the signalling cascades of inflammation and prevent overproduction of NO and its deleterious consequences in shock and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the present paper we review the evidence of the effects of flavonoids on NO. Flavonoids exert complex actions on the synthesis and bioavailability of NO which may result both in enhanced or decreased NO levels: (1) in cell free systems, several flavonoids may scavenge NO via its pro-oxidant properties by increasing superoxide. However, under conditions of oxidative stress, flavonoids may also protect NO from superoxide-driven inactivation. (2) In intact healthy tissues, some flavonoids increase eNOS activity in endothelial cells. Paradoxically this effect involves a pro-oxidant effect which results in Ca(2+)-dependent activation of eNOS. As inhibitors of PI3K, flavonoids may potentially inhibit the PI3K/Akt-dependent activation of eNOS. (3) Under conditions of inflammation and oxidative stress, flavonoids may prevent the inflammatory signalling cascades via inhibition of NFκB and thereby downregulate iNOS. On the other hand, they also prevent the overexpression of ROS generating enzymes, reducing superoxide and peroxynitrite levels, and hence preventing superoxide-induced NO inactivation and eNOS uncoupling. Therefore, the final effect of flavonoids on NO levels will depend on the flavonoid structure and the concentrations used, on the cell type under study and particularly on the presence of inflammatory/oxidative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Yeh SL, Lin YC, Lin YL, Li CC, Chuang CH. Comparing the metabolism of quercetin in rats, mice and gerbils. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:413-22. [PMID: 25691233 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several species of rodents are used to investigate the metabolism of quercetin in vivo. However, it is unclear whether they are a proper animal model. Thus, we compared the metabolism of quercetin in Wistar rats (rats), Balb/c mice (mice) and Mongolian gerbils (gerbils). METHODS We determined the levels of quercetin metabolites, quercetin-3-glucuronide (Q3G), quercetin-3'-sulfate (Q3'S) and methyl-quercetin isorhamnetin (IH), in the plasma, lungs and livers of three species of animals by high-performance liquid chromatography after acute and/or chronic quercetin administration. The metabolic enzyme activities in the intestinal mucosal membrane and liver were also investigated. RESULTS First, we found that after acute quercetin administration, the Q3'S level was the highest in gerbils. However, after long-term supplementation (20 weeks), Q3G was the dominant metabolite in the plasma, lungs and livers followed by IH and Q3'S in all animals, although the gerbils still had a higher Q3'S conversion ratio. The average concentrations of total quercetin concentration in the plasma of gerbils were the highest in both short- and long-term studies. The activities of uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase, phenolsulfotransferase and catechol-O-methyltransferase were induced by quercetin in a dose- and tissue-dependent manner in all animals. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, in general, after long-term supplementation the metabolism of quercetin is similar in all animals and is comparable to that of humans. However, the accumulation of quercetin and Q3'S conversion ratio in gerbils are higher than those in the other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lan Yeh
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110 Sec. 1 Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Chin Lin
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110 Sec. 1 Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110 Sec. 1 Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Chun Li
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110 Sec. 1 Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Hung Chuang
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, No. 1018 Sec. 6 Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan, ROC.
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Chen F, Li L, Xu F, Sun Y, Du F, Ma X, Zhong C, Li X, Wang F, Zhang N, Li C. Systemic and cerebral exposure to and pharmacokinetics of flavonols and terpene lactones after dosing standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts to rats via different routes of administration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:440-57. [PMID: 23808355 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Flavonols and terpene lactones are putatively responsible for the properties of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts that relate to prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and cerebral insufficiency. Here, we characterized rat systemic and cerebral exposure to these ginkgo compounds after dosing, as well as the compounds' pharmacokinetics. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats received single or multiple doses of ShuXueNing injection (prepared from GBE50 for intravenous administration) or GBE50 (a standardized extract of G. biloba leaves for oral administration). Brain delivery of the ginkgo compounds was assessed with microdialysis. Various rat samples were analysed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. KEY RESULTS Slow terminal elimination features of the flavonols counterbalanced the influence of poor oral bioavailability on their systemic exposure levels, which also resulted in significant accumulation of the compounds in plasma during the subchronic treatment with ShuXueNing injection and GBE50. Unlike the flavonols, the terpene lactones had poor enterohepatic circulation due to their rapid renal excretion and unknown metabolism. The flavonol glycosides occurred as major forms in plasma after dosing with ShuXueNing injection, while the flavonol aglycone conjugates were predominant in plasma after dosing with GBE50. Cerebral exposure was negligible for the flavonols and low for the terpene lactones. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Unlike the significant systemic exposure levels, the levels of cerebral exposure to the flavonols and terpene lactones are low. The elimination kinetic differences between the two classes of ginkgo compounds influence their relative systemic exposure levels. The information gained is relevant to linking ginkgo administration to the medicinal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Quantitative analysis of vasodilatory action of quercetin on intramural coronary resistance arteries of the rat in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105587. [PMID: 25144688 PMCID: PMC4140796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary quercetin improves cardiovascular health, relaxes some vascular smooth muscle and has been demonstrated to serve as a substrate for the cyclooxygenase enzyme. Aims 1. To test quantitatively a potential direct vasodilatory effect on intramural coronary resistance artery segments, in different concentrations. 2. To scale vasorelaxation at different intraluminal pressure loads on such vessels of different size. 3. To test the potential role of prostanoids in vasodilatation induced by quercetin. Methods Coronary arterioles (70–240 µm) were prepared from 24 rats and pressurized in PSS, using a pressure microangiometer. Results The spontaneous tone that developed at 50 mmHg was relaxed by quercetin in the 10−9 moles/lit concentration (p<0.05), while 10−5 moles/lit caused full relaxation. Significant relaxation was observed at all pressure levels (10–100 mmHg) at 10−7 moles/lit concentration of quercetin. The cyclooxygenase blocker indomethacin (10−5moles/lit) induced no relaxation but contraction when physiological concentrations of quercetin were present in the tissue bath (p<0.02 with Anova), this contraction being more prominent in smaller vessels and in the higher pressure range (p<0.05, Pearson correlation). A further 2–8% contraction could be elicited by the NO blocker L-NAME (10−4 moles/lit). Conclusion These results demonstrate that circulating levels of quercetin (10−7 moles/lit) exhibit a substantial coronary vasodilatory effect. The extent of it is commeasurable with that of several other physiological mechanisms of coronary blood flow control. At least part of this relaxation is the result of an altered balance toward the production of endogenous vasodilatory prostanoids in the coronary arteriole wall.
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Nakayama H, Tsuge N, Sawada H, Masamura N, Yamada S, Satomi S, Higashi Y. A single consumption of curry improved postprandial endothelial function in healthy male subjects: a randomized, controlled crossover trial. Nutr J 2014; 13:67. [PMID: 24972677 PMCID: PMC4082484 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Curry, one of the most popular foods in Japan, contains spices that are rich in potentially antioxidative compounds, such as curcumin and eugenol. Oxidative stress is thought to impair endothelial function associated with atherosclerosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to determine whether a single consumption of curry meal would improve endothelial function in healthy men. Methods Fourteen healthy male subjects (BMI 23.7 ± 2.7 kg/m2; age 45 ± 9 years) were given a single serving of curry meal or spice-free control meal (180 g of curry or control and 200 g of cooked rice; approximately 500 kcal in total) in a randomized, controlled crossover design. Before and 1 hr after the consumption, fasting and postprandial flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) responses and other parameters were measured. Results The consumption of the control meal decreased FMD from 5.8 ± 2.4% to 5.1 ± 2.3% (P = 0.039). On the other hand, the consumption of the curry meal increased FMD from 5.2 ± 2.5% to 6.6 ± 2.0% (P = 0.001), and the postprandial FMD after the curry meal was higher than that after the control meal (P = 0.002). Presence of spices in the curry did not alter significantly the systemic and forearm hemodynamics, or any biochemical parameters including oxidative stress markers measured. Conclusions These findings suggest that the consumption of curry ameliorates postprandial endothelial function in healthy male subjects and may be beneficial for improving cardiovascular health. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry
000012012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Nakayama
- Research & Development Institute, House Foods Corporation, Yotsukaido 284-0033, Japan.
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Abstract
The endothelium, a highly active structure, regulates vascular homeostasis through the release of numerous vasoactive factors that control vascular tone and vascular smooth cell proliferation. A larger number of medicinal plants and their isolated chemical constituents have been shown to beneficially affect the endothelium. For example, flavonoids in black tea, green tea, and concord grape cause a vasodilation possibly through their antioxidant properties. Allicin, a by-product of the enzyme alliinase, has been proposed to be the main active metabolite and responsible for most of the biological activities of garlic, including a dose-dependent dilation on the isolated coronaries. Thymoquinone, the principal phytochemical compound found in the volatile oil of the black seed, and the hawthorn extract have also been shown to improve aging-related impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations in animal models. In this review, the effect of some of the natural products, including Camellia sinensis (black tea and green tea), Vitis labrusca (concord grape), Allium sativum (garlic), and Nigella sativa (black seed) and Crataegus ssp (hawthorn extract), is explored. The molecular mechanisms behind these potential therapeutic effects are also discussed.
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Nutraceutical value of black cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh. fruits: antioxidant and antihypertensive properties. Molecules 2013; 18:14597-612. [PMID: 24287993 PMCID: PMC6270007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181214597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Mexico black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) fruits are consumed fresh, dried or prepared in jam. Considering the evidence that has linked intake of fruits and vegetables rich in polyphenols to cardiovascular risk reduction, the aim of this study was to characterize the phenolic profile of black cherry fruits and to determine their antioxidant, vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects. The proximate composition and mineral contents of these fruits were also assessed. Black cherry fruits possess a high content of phenolic compounds and display a significant antioxidant capacity. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis indicated that hyperoside, anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid were the main phenolic compounds found in these fruits. The black cherry aqueous extract elicited a concentration-dependent relaxation of aortic rings and induced a significant reduction on systolic blood pressure in L-NAME induced hypertensive rats after four weeks of treatment. Proximate analysis showed that black cherry fruits have high sugar, protein, and potassium contents. The results derived from this study indicate that black cherry fruits contain phenolic compounds which elicit significant antioxidant and antihypertensive effects. These findings suggest that these fruits might be considered as functional foods useful for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Tribolo S, Lodi F, Winterbone MS, Saha S, Needs PW, Hughes DA, Kroon PA. Human metabolic transformation of quercetin blocks its capacity to decrease endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and endothelin-1 secretion by human endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8589-8596. [PMID: 23947593 DOI: 10.1021/jf402511c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The major dietary flavonol quercetin, which has been shown to improve endothelial function and decrease blood pressure, is extensively metabolized during absorption. This study examined the relative abilities of quercetin and its human metabolites to modulate the expression of eNOS and ET-1, which are involved in regulating endothelial homeostasis. Quercetin aglycone significantly reduced both eNOS protein and gene expression in HUVEC, mirroring the effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα. In the presence of TNFα the aglycone caused further reductions in eNOS, whereas the metabolites were without effect in either TNFα-stimulated or unstimulated cells. ET-1 expression was significantly reduced by quercetin in both TNFα-stimulated or unstimulated HUVECs. The metabolites had no effect on ET-1 expression with the exception of quercetin-3'-sulfate, which caused a moderate increase in TNFα-stimulated cells. These results suggest that metabolic transformation of quercetin prevents it from causing a potentially deleterious decrease in eNOS in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tribolo
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
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Vasodilator compounds derived from plants and their mechanisms of action. Molecules 2013; 18:5814-57. [PMID: 23685938 PMCID: PMC6270466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper reviews vasodilator compounds isolated from plants that were reported in the past 22 years (1990 to 2012) and the different mechanisms of action involved in their vasodilator effects. The search for reports was conducted in a comprehensive manner, intending to encompass those metabolites with a vasodilator effect whose mechanism of action involved both vascular endothelium and arterial smooth muscle. The results obtained from our bibliographic search showed that over half of the isolated compounds have a mechanism of action involving the endothelium. Most of these bioactive metabolites cause vasodilation either by activating the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway or by blocking voltage-dependent calcium channels. Moreover, it was found that many compounds induced vasodilation by more than one mechanism. This review confirms that secondary metabolites, which include a significant group of compounds with extensive chemical diversity, are a valuable source of new pharmaceuticals useful for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Del Rio D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Spencer JPE, Tognolini M, Borges G, Crozier A. Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1818-92. [PMID: 22794138 PMCID: PMC3619154 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1545] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human intervention trials have provided evidence for protective effects of various (poly)phenol-rich foods against chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. While there are considerable data suggesting benefits of (poly)phenol intake, conclusions regarding their preventive potential remain unresolved due to several limitations in existing studies. Bioactivity investigations using cell lines have made an extensive use of both (poly)phenolic aglycones and sugar conjugates, these being the typical forms that exist in planta, at concentrations in the low-μM-to-mM range. However, after ingestion, dietary (poly)phenolics appear in the circulatory system not as the parent compounds, but as phase II metabolites, and their presence in plasma after dietary intake rarely exceeds nM concentrations. Substantial quantities of both the parent compounds and their metabolites pass to the colon where they are degraded by the action of the local microbiota, giving rise principally to small phenolic acid and aromatic catabolites that are absorbed into the circulatory system. This comprehensive review describes the different groups of compounds that have been reported to be involved in human nutrition, their fate in the body as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed into the circulatory system, the evidence of their impact on human chronic diseases, and the possible mechanisms of action through which (poly)phenol metabolites and catabolites may exert these protective actions. It is concluded that better performed in vivo intervention and in vitro mechanistic studies are needed to fully understand how these molecules interact with human physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Rio
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Yoon GA, Yeum KJ, Cho YS, Chen CYO, Tang G, Blumberg JB, Russell RM, Yoon S, Lee-Kim YC. Carotenoids and total phenolic contents in plant foods commonly consumed in Korea. Nutr Res Pract 2012; 6:481-90. [PMID: 23346297 PMCID: PMC3542437 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2012.6.6.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals are reported to provide various biological functions leading to the promotion of health as well as the reduced risk of chronic diseases. Fat-soluble plant pigments, carotenoids, are extensively studied micronutrient phytochemicals for their potential health benefits. It is noteworthy that specific carotenoids may be responsible for different protective effects against certain diseases. In addition, each carotenoid can be obtained from different types of plant foods. Considering the fact that the phytochemical content in foods can vary according to, but not limited to, the varieties and culture conditions, it is important to establish a database of phytochemicals in locally produced plant foods. Currently, information on individual carotenoid content in plant foods commonly consumed in Korea is lacking. As the first step to support the production and consumption of sustainable local plant foods, carotenoids and total phenolic contents of plant foods commonly consumed in Korea are presented and their potential biological functions are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Ae Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Yeum
- Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Yoon-Suk Cho
- Florida Coastal School of Law, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - C-Y. Oliver Chen
- Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Guangwen Tang
- Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Blumberg
- Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Robert M. Russell
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sun Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Yang Cha Lee-Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported a greater reduction in cardiovascular risk and metabolic disorders associated with diets rich in polyphenols. The antioxidant effects of polyphenols are attributed to the regulation of redox enzymes by reducing reactive oxygen species production from mitochondria, NADPH oxidases and uncoupled endothelial NO synthase in addition to also up-regulating multiple antioxidant enzymes. Although data supporting the effects of polyphenols in reducing oxidative stress are promising, several studies have suggested additional mechanisms in the health benefits of polyphenols. Polyphenols from red wine increase endothelial NO production leading to endothelium-dependent relaxation in conditions such as hypertension, stroke or the metabolic syndrome. Numerous molecules contained in fruits and vegetables can activate sirtuins to increase lifespan and silence metabolic and physiological disturbances associated with endothelial NO dysfunction. Although intracellular pathways involved in the endothelial effects of polyphenols are partially described, the molecular targets of these polyphenols are not completely elucidated. We review the novel aspects of polyphenols on several targets that could trigger the health benefits of polyphenols in conditions such as metabolic and cardiovascular disturbances.
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Mitchell HL, Gibbins JM, Griffin BA, Lovegrove JA, Stowell JD, Foot E. Food and Health Forum meeting - nutritional approaches to cardiovascular health: workshop report. NUTR BULL 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2012.01984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Saponara S, Carosati E, Mugnai P, Sgaragli G, Fusi F. The flavonoid scaffold as a template for the design of modulators of the vascular Ca(v) 1.2 channels. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1684-97. [PMID: 21557738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous studies have pointed to the plant flavonoids myricetin and quercetin as two structurally related stimulators of vascular Ca(v) 1.2 channel current (I(Ca1.2) ). Here we have tested the proposition that the flavonoid structure confers the ability to modulate Ca(v) 1.2 channels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Twenty-four flavonoids were analysed for their effects on I(Ca1.2) in rat tail artery myocytes, using the whole-cell patch-clamp method. KEY RESULTS Most of the flavonoids stimulated or inhibited I(Ca1.2) in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner with EC(50) values ranging between 4.4 µM (kaempferol) and 16.0 µM (myricetin) for the stimulators and IC(50) values between 13.4 µM (galangin) and 100 µM [(±)-naringenin] for the inhibitors. Key structural requirements for I(Ca1.2) stimulatory activity were the double bond between C2 and C3 and the hydroxylation pattern on the flavonoid scaffold, the latter also determining the molecular charge, as shown by molecular modelling techniques. Absence of OH groups in the B ring was key in I(Ca1.2) inhibition. The functional interaction between quercetin and either the stimulator myricetin or the antagonists resokaempferol, crysin, genistein, and 5,7,2'-trihydroxyflavone revealed that quercetin expressed the highest apparent affinity, in the low µM range, for Ca(v) 1.2 channels. Neither protein tyrosine kinase nor protein kinase Cα were involved in quercetin-induced stimulation of I(Ca1.2). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Quercetin-like plant flavonoids were active on vascular Ca(v)1.2 channels. Thus, the flavonoid scaffold may be a template for the design of novel modulators of vascular smooth muscle Ca(v)1.2 channels, valuable for the treatment of hypertension and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saponara
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Beekmann K, Actis-Goretta L, van Bladeren PJ, Dionisi F, Destaillats F, Rietjens IMCM. A state-of-the-art overview of the effect of metabolic conjugation on the biological activity of flavonoids. Food Funct 2012; 3:1008-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Al-Shalmani S, Suri S, Hughes DA, Kroon PA, Needs PW, Taylor MA, Tribolo S, Wilson VG. Quercetin and its principal metabolites, but not myricetin, oppose lipopolysaccharide-induced hyporesponsiveness of the porcine isolated coronary artery. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1485-97. [PMID: 21375526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Quercetin is anti-inflammatory in macrophages by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated increases in cytokine and nitric oxide production but there is little information regarding the corresponding effect on the vasculature. We have examined the effect of quercetin, and its principal human metabolites, on inflammatory changes in the porcine isolated coronary artery. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Porcine coronary artery segments were incubated overnight at 37°C in modified Krebs-Henseleit solution with or without 1µg·mL(-1) LPS. Some segments were also co-incubated with quercetin-related flavonoids or Bay 11-7082, an inhibitor of NFκB. Changes in isometric tension of segments to vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents were recorded. Nitrite content of the incubation solution was estimated using the Griess reaction, while inducible nitric oxide synthase was identified immunohistochemically. KEY RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide reduced, by 35-50%, maximal contractions to KCl and U46619, thromboxane A(2) receptor agonist, and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations to substance P. Nitrite content of the incubation medium increased 3- to 10-fold following exposure to LPS and inducible nitric oxide synthase was detected in the adventitia. Quercetin (0.1-10µM) opposed LPS-induced changes in vascular responses, nitrite production and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Similarly, 10µM Bay 11-7082, 10µM quercetin 3'-sulphate and 10µM quercetin 3-glucuronide prevented LPS-induced changes, while myricetin (10µM) was inactive. Myricetin (10µM) prevented quercetin-induced modulation of LPS-mediated nitrite production. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Quercetin, quercetin 3'-suphate and quercetin 3-glucuronide, exerted anti-inflammatory effects on the vasculature, possibly through a mechanism involving inhibition of NFκB. Myricetin-induced antagonism of the effect of anti-inflammatory action of quercetin merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salmin Al-Shalmani
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Santos AC, Veiga F, Ribeiro AJ. New delivery systems to improve the bioavailability of resveratrol. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:973-90. [PMID: 21668403 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.581655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resveratrol (RSV) has been one of the most extensively studied polyphenols in the last 10 years, owing to its numerous and potent therapeutic activities, namely its high antioxidant properties. However, RSV's bioavailability is compromised by its physicochemical properties, such as low stability, increased oxidation on heat and light exposure, low water solubility and also its high hepatic uptake. Moreover, results obtained in human pharmacokinetic studies have shown a low amount of intact RSV in the systemic circulation, which does not justify its therapeutic activities, raising doubts about RSV's potential. RSV is already available as a nutritional supplement, although its translation to the clinic is not straightforward, owing to the lack of clinical data. AREAS COVERED In this review, formulations that are being used for delivery of RSV are discussed. New delivery systems are presented as valid alternatives to circumvent the limitations of the physicochemical characteristics and pharmacokinetics of RSV. In this way, they are compared with classical formulations with regard to improving RSV protection and bioavailability. EXPERT OPINION Despite promising results in preclinical settings, the applicability of RSV to humans has met with only limited success, largely owing to its inefficient systemic delivery and consequently its low bioavailability. To achieve an optimal response of RSV, new strategies are still required to enhance its bioavailability and reduce its perceived toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Santos
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
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Terao J, Murota K, Kawai Y. Conjugated quercetin glucuronides as bioactive metabolites and precursors of aglyconein vivo. Food Funct 2011; 2:11-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0fo00106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Flavonols and cardiovascular disease. Mol Aspects Med 2010; 31:478-94. [PMID: 20837053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols, and specially quercetin, are widely distributed in plants and are present in considerable amounts in fruits and vegetables. In addition to their anti-oxidant effect, flavonols interfere with a large number of biochemical signaling pathways and, therefore, physiological and pathological processes. There is solid evidence that, in vitro, quercetin and related flavonols exert endothelium-independent vasodilator effects, protective effect on nitric oxide and endothelial function under conditions of oxidative stress, platelet antiaggregant effects, inhibition of LDL oxidation, reduction of adhesion molecules and other inflammatory markers and prevention of neuronal oxidative and inflammatory damage. The metabolites of quercetin show partial protective effects on endothelial function and LDL oxidation. Quercetin produces undisputed antihypertensive and antiatherogenic effects, prevents endothelial dysfunction and protects the myocardium from ischemic damage. It has no clear effects on serum lipid profile and on insulin resistance. Human intervention trials with isolated flavonols demonstrate an antihypertensive effect. The meta-analysis of epidemiological studies show an inverse association between flavonol (together with flavone) intake and coronary heart disease and stroke. Therefore, although there is no solid proof yet, a substantial body of evidence suggests that quercetin may prevent the most common forms of cardiovascular disease contributing to the protective effects afforded by fruits and vegetables.
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Flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. as antioxidants and their potential synergism with artemisinin against malaria and cancer. Molecules 2010; 15:3135-70. [PMID: 20657468 PMCID: PMC6263261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15053135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisia annua is currently the only commercial source of the sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin. Since artemisinin was discovered as the active component of A. annua in early 1970s, hundreds of papers have focused on the anti-parasitic effects of artemisinin and its semi-synthetic analogs dihydroartemisinin, artemether, arteether, and artesunate. Artemisinin per se has not been used in mainstream clinical practice due to its poor bioavailability when compared to its analogs. In the past decade, the work with artemisinin-based compounds has expanded to their anti-cancer properties. Although artemisinin is a major bioactive component present in the traditional Chinese herbal preparations (tea), leaf flavonoids, also present in the tea, have shown a variety of biological activities and may synergize the effects of artemisinin against malaria and cancer. However, only a few studies have focused on the potential synergistic effects between flavonoids and artemisinin. The resurgent idea that multi-component drug therapy might be better than monotherapy is illustrated by the recent resolution of the World Health Organization to support artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT), instead of the previously used monotherapy with artemisinins. In this critical review we will discuss the possibility that artemisinin and its semi-synthetic analogs might become more effective to treat parasitic diseases (such as malaria) and cancer if simultaneously delivered with flavonoids. The flavonoids present in A. annua leaves have been linked to suppression of CYP450 enzymes responsible for altering the absorption and metabolism of artemisinin in the body, but also have been linked to a beneficial immunomodulatory activity in subjects afflicted with parasitic and chronic diseases.
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