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Wu J, Wu Z, Kuang W, Shi D, Yang Y, Li X, Huang J, Li X, Liao Y, Zhou Z, Qiu Z. Combined vaccines against angiotensin II receptor type 1 and alpha 1D-adrenergic receptor for hypertension. J Hypertens 2024; 42:1184-1196. [PMID: 38690916 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Compared with monotherapy, combination therapy with multiple antihypertensive drugs has demonstrated superior efficacy in the management of hypertension. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of multitarget combined vaccines in achieving simultaneous antihypertensive and target organ protection effects. METHODS Our team has developed ATRQβ-001 and ADRQβ-004 vaccines targeting Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and α1D-adrenergic receptor (α1D-AR), respectively. In NG-nitroarginine methyl ester ( l -NAME) + abilities spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) model, SHRs were simultaneously inoculated with ATRQβ-001 and ADRQβ-004 vaccines. Histological and biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the antihypertensive effects and target organ protection of the ATRQβ-001 and ADRQβ-004 combined vaccines in comparison with those of the single vaccine. RESULTS Both ATRQβ-001 and ADRQβ-004 vaccines induced robust antibody production, resulting in persistent high antibody titers in rats. Notably, the combined administration of both vaccines significantly decreased SBP in SHRs compared with treatment with a single vaccine, both before and after l -NAME administration. Furthermore, the combined vaccine regimen demonstrated superior efficacy in protecting against vascular remodeling, myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, and kidney injury in SHRs. Mechanistically, the combined vaccines exhibited significantly downregulated the expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and α1D-adrenergic receptor (α1D-AR). Importantly, no apparent immune-related adverse effects were observed in animals immunized with the combined vaccines. CONCLUSION Preliminary findings from this investigation suggest that co-administration of the novel ATRQβ-001 and ADRQβ-004 vaccines holds potential as a groundbreaking therapeutic strategy for managing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Zhijie Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Wenlong Kuang
- Department of Cardiology, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dingyang Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yulu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jianwu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xuehan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Zihua Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Zhihua Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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2
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Liu A, Liu Y, Zhang W, Ye RD. Structural insights into ligand recognition and activation of the succinate receptor SUCNR1. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114381. [PMID: 38923454 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Succinate, a citric acid cycle intermediate, serves important functions in energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation. Extracellular succinate acts as a stress signal through succinate receptor (SUCNR1), a class A G protein-coupled receptor. Research on succinate signaling is hampered by the lack of high-resolution structures of the agonist-bound receptor. We present cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of SUCNR1-Gi complexes bound to succinate and its non-metabolite derivative cis-epoxysuccinate. Key determinants for the recognition of succinate in cis conformation include R2817.39 and Y832.64, while Y301.39 and R993.29 participate in the binding of both succinate and cis-epoxysuccinate. Extracellular loop 2, through F175ECL2 in its β-hairpin, forms a hydrogen bond with succinate and caps the binding pocket. At the receptor-Gi interface, agonist binding induces the rearrangement of a hydrophobic network on transmembrane (TM)5 and TM6, leading to TM signaling through TM3 and TM7. These findings extend our understanding of succinate recognition by SUCNR1, aiding the development of therapeutics for the succinate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Liu
- Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, The Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523326, China; Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
| | - Yezhou Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
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3
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Li MS, Wang XH, Wang H. Immunomodulation of Proton-activated G Protein-coupled Receptors in Inflammation. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:475-484. [PMID: 38748372 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Proton-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), initially discovered by Ludwig in 2003, are widely distributed in various tissues. These receptors have been found to modulate the immune system in several inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, and asthma. Proton-activated GPCRs belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family and can detect alternations in extracellular pH. This detection triggers downstream signaling pathways within the cells, ultimately influencing the function of immune cells. In this review, we specifically focused on investigating the immune response of proton-activated GPCRs under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Shan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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4
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Tomašević N, Emser FS, Muratspahić E, Gattringer J, Hasinger S, Hellinger R, Keov P, Felkl M, Gertsch J, Becker CFW, Gruber CW. Discovery and development of macrocyclic peptide modulators of the cannabinoid 2 receptor. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107330. [PMID: 38679329 PMCID: PMC11154713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), a G protein-coupled receptor, is an important regulator of immune cell function and a promising target to treat chronic inflammation and fibrosis. While CB2R is typically targeted by small molecules, including endo-, phyto-, and synthetic cannabinoids, peptides-owing to their size-may offer a different interaction space to facilitate differential interactions with the receptor. Here, we explore plant-derived cyclic cystine-knot peptides as ligands of the CB2R. Cyclotides are known for their exceptional biochemical stability. Recently, they gained attention as G protein-coupled receptor modulators and as templates for designing peptide ligands with improved pharmacokinetic properties over linear peptides. Cyclotide-based ligands for CB2R were profiled based on a peptide-enriched extract library comprising nine plants. Employing pharmacology-guided fractionation and peptidomics, we identified the cyclotide vodo-C1 from sweet violet (Viola odorata) as a full agonist of CB2R with an affinity (Ki) of 1 μM and a potency (EC50) of 8 μM. Leveraging deep learning networks, we verified the structural topology of vodo-C1 and modeled its molecular volume in comparison to the CB2R ligand binding pocket. In a fragment-based approach, we designed and characterized vodo-C1-based bicyclic peptides (vBCL1-4), aiming to reduce size and improve potency. Opposite to vodo-C1, the vBCL peptides lacked the ability to activate the receptor but acted as negative allosteric modulators or neutral antagonists of CB2R. This study introduces a macrocyclic peptide phytocannabinoid, which served as a template for the development of synthetic CB2R peptide modulators. These findings offer opportunities for future peptide-based probe and drug development at cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Tomašević
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabiola Susanna Emser
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edin Muratspahić
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Gattringer
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hasinger
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Hellinger
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Keov
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Manuel Felkl
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian W Gruber
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Zhang M, Chen T, Lu X, Lan X, Chen Z, Lu S. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): advances in structures, mechanisms, and drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:88. [PMID: 38594257 PMCID: PMC11004190 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of human membrane proteins and an important class of drug targets, play a role in maintaining numerous physiological processes. Agonist or antagonist, orthosteric effects or allosteric effects, and biased signaling or balanced signaling, characterize the complexity of GPCR dynamic features. In this study, we first review the structural advancements, activation mechanisms, and functional diversity of GPCRs. We then focus on GPCR drug discovery by revealing the detailed drug-target interactions and the underlying mechanisms of orthosteric drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the past five years. Particularly, an up-to-date analysis is performed on available GPCR structures complexed with synthetic small-molecule allosteric modulators to elucidate key receptor-ligand interactions and allosteric mechanisms. Finally, we highlight how the widespread GPCR-druggable allosteric sites can guide structure- or mechanism-based drug design and propose prospects of designing bitopic ligands for the future therapeutic potential of targeting this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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6
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Rinne MK, Urvas L, Mandrika I, Fridmanis D, Riddy DM, Langmead CJ, Kukkonen JP, Xhaard H. Characterization of a putative orexin receptor in Ciona intestinalis sheds light on the evolution of the orexin/hypocretin system in chordates. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7690. [PMID: 38565870 PMCID: PMC10987541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tunicates are evolutionary model organisms bridging the gap between vertebrates and invertebrates. A genomic sequence in Ciona intestinalis (CiOX) shows high similarity to vertebrate orexin receptors and protostome allatotropin receptors (ATR). Here, molecular phylogeny suggested that CiOX is divergent from ATRs and human orexin receptors (hOX1/2). However, CiOX appears closer to hOX1/2 than to ATR both in terms of sequence percent identity and in its modelled binding cavity, as suggested by molecular modelling. CiOX was heterologously expressed in a recombinant HEK293 cell system. Human orexins weakly but concentration-dependently activated its Gq signalling (Ca2+ elevation), and the responses were inhibited by the non-selective orexin receptor antagonists TCS 1102 and almorexant, but only weakly by the OX1-selective antagonist SB-334867. Furthermore, the 5-/6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-labelled human orexin-A was able to bind to CiOX. Database mining was used to predict a potential endogenous C. intestinalis orexin peptide (Ci-orexin-A). Ci-orexin-A was able to displace TAMRA-orexin-A, but not to induce any calcium response at the CiOX. Consequently, we suggested that the orexin signalling system is conserved in Ciona intestinalis, although the relevant peptide-receptor interaction was not fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiju K Rinne
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, POB 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, POB 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Urvas
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, POB 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Ilona Mandrika
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Darren M Riddy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, POB 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, POB 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ayub H, Murray RJ, Kuyler GC, Napier-Khwaja F, Gunner J, Dafforn TR, Klumperman B, Poyner DR, Wheatley M. GPCRs in the round: SMA-like copolymers and SMALPs as a platform for investigating GPCRs. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 754:109946. [PMID: 38395122 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane proteins, regulate a plethora of physiological responses and are the therapeutic target for 30-40% of clinically-prescribed drugs. They are integral membrane proteins deeply embedded in the plasma membrane where they activate intracellular signalling via coupling to G-proteins and β-arrestin. GPCRs are in intimate association with the bilayer lipids and that lipid environment regulates the signalling functions of GPCRs. This complex lipid 'landscape' is both heterogeneous and dynamic. GPCR function is modulated by bulk membrane properties including membrane fluidity, microdomains, curvature, thickness and asymmetry but GPCRs are also regulated by specific lipid:GPCR binding, including cholesterol and anionic lipids. Understanding the molecular mechanisms whereby GPCR signalling is regulated by lipids is a very active area of research currently. A major advance in membrane protein research in recent years was the application of poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) (SMA) copolymers. These spontaneously generate SMA lipid particles (SMALPs) encapsulating membrane protein in a nano-scale disc of cell membrane, thereby removing the historical need for detergent and preserving lipid:GPCR interaction. The focus of this review is how GPCR-SMALPs are increasing our understanding of GPCR structure and function at the molecular level. Furthermore, an increasing number of 'second generation' SMA-like copolymers have been reported recently. These are reviewed from the context of increasing our understanding of GPCR molecular mechanisms. Moreover, their potential as a novel platform for downstream biophysical and structural analyses is assessed and looking ahead, the translational application of SMA-like copolymers to GPCR drug discovery programmes in the future is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoor Ayub
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK.
| | - Rebecca J Murray
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK; Department of Chemistry and Polymer Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Gestél C Kuyler
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK; Department of Chemistry and Polymer Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | | | - Joseph Gunner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Tim R Dafforn
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bert Klumperman
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Mark Wheatley
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
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8
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Meireles FATP, Antunes D, Temerozo JR, Bou-Habib DC, Caffarena ER. PACAP key interactions with PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 identified by molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3128-3144. [PMID: 37216328 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2213349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) belongs to the glucagon/secretin family. PACAP interacts with the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor type 1 (PAC1) and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors 1 and 2 (VPAC1 and VPAC2), exhibiting functions in the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems. This peptide is upregulated in numerous instances of brain injury, acting as a neuroprotective agent. It can also suppress HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 viral replication in vitro. This work aimed to identify, in each peptide-receptor system, the most relevant residues for complex stability and interaction energy communication via Molecular Dynamics (MD), Free Energy calculations, and Protein-energy networks, thus revealing in detail the underlying mechanisms of activation of these receptors. Hydrogen bond formation, interaction energies, and computational alanine scanning between PACAP and its receptors showed that His1, Asp3, Arg12, Arg14, and Lys15 are crucial to the peptide's stability. Furthermore, several PACAP interactions with structurally conserved positions deemed necessary in GPCR B1 activation, including Arg2.60, Lys2.67, and Glu7.42, were significant for the peptide's stability within the receptors. According to the protein-energy network, the connection between Asp3 of PACAP and the receptors' conserved Arg2.60 represents a critical energy communication hub in all complexes. Additionally, the ECDs of the receptors were also found to function as energy communication hubs for PACAP. Although the overall binding mode of PACAP in the three receptors was found to be highly conserved, Arg12 and Tyr13 of PACAP were more prominent in complex with PAC1, while Ser2 of PACAP was with VPAC2. The detailed analyses performed in this work pave the way for using PACAP and its receptors as therapeutic targets.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Antunes
- Laboratory of Applied Genomics and Bioinnovations, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jairo R Temerozo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Raul Caffarena
- Computational Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Group, Scientific Computing Program/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Gorostiola González M, Rakers PRJ, Jespers W, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH, van Westen GJP. Computational Characterization of Membrane Proteins as Anticancer Targets: Current Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3698. [PMID: 38612509 PMCID: PMC11011372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide and calls for novel therapeutic targets. Membrane proteins are key players in various cancer types but present unique challenges compared to soluble proteins. The advent of computational drug discovery tools offers a promising approach to address these challenges, allowing for the prioritization of "wet-lab" experiments. In this review, we explore the applications of computational approaches in membrane protein oncological characterization, particularly focusing on three prominent membrane protein families: receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and solute carrier proteins (SLCs). We chose these families due to their varying levels of understanding and research data availability, which leads to distinct challenges and opportunities for computational analysis. We discuss the utilization of multi-omics data, machine learning, and structure-based methods to investigate aberrant protein functionalities associated with cancer progression within each family. Moreover, we highlight the importance of considering the broader cellular context and, in particular, cross-talk between proteins. Despite existing challenges, computational tools hold promise in dissecting membrane protein dysregulation in cancer. With advancing computational capabilities and data resources, these tools are poised to play a pivotal role in identifying and prioritizing membrane proteins as personalized anticancer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gorostiola González
- Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.G.G.); (P.R.J.R.); (W.J.); (A.P.I.); (L.H.H.)
- Oncode Institute, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pepijn R. J. Rakers
- Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.G.G.); (P.R.J.R.); (W.J.); (A.P.I.); (L.H.H.)
| | - Willem Jespers
- Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.G.G.); (P.R.J.R.); (W.J.); (A.P.I.); (L.H.H.)
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.G.G.); (P.R.J.R.); (W.J.); (A.P.I.); (L.H.H.)
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.G.G.); (P.R.J.R.); (W.J.); (A.P.I.); (L.H.H.)
- Oncode Institute, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. P. van Westen
- Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.G.G.); (P.R.J.R.); (W.J.); (A.P.I.); (L.H.H.)
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10
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Montejo-López W, Sampieri-Cabrera R, Nicolás-Vázquez MI, Aceves-Hernández JM, Razo-Hernández RS. Analysing the effect caused by increasing the molecular volume in M1-AChR receptor agonists and antagonists: a structural and computational study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8615-8640. [PMID: 38495977 PMCID: PMC10938299 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07380g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-AChR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) family, plays a crucial role in learning and memory, making it an important drug target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. M1-AChR activation and deactivation have shown modifying effects in AD and PD preclinical models, respectively. However, understanding the pharmacology associated with M1-AChR activation or deactivation is complex, because of the low selectivity among muscarinic subtypes, hampering their therapeutic applications. In this regard, we constructed two quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, one for M1-AChR agonists (total and partial), and the other for the antagonists. The binding mode of 59 structurally different compounds, including agonists and antagonists with experimental binding affinity values (pKi), were analyzed employing computational molecular docking over different structures of M1-AChR. Furthermore, we considered the interaction energy (Einter), the number of rotatable bonds (NRB), and lipophilicity (ilogP) for the construction of the QSAR model for agonists (R2 = 89.64, QLMO2 = 78, and Qext2 = 79.1). For the QSAR model of antagonists (R2 = 88.44, QLMO2 = 82, and Qext2 = 78.1) we considered the Einter, the fraction of sp3 carbons fCsp3, and lipophilicity (MlogP). Our results suggest that the ligand volume is a determinant to establish its biological activity (agonist or antagonist), causing changes in binding energy, and determining the affinity for M1-AChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilber Montejo-López
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campo 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Avenida 1o de Mayo s/n, Colonia Santa María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de Mexico 54740 Mexico
| | - Raúl Sampieri-Cabrera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias de Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico
| | - María Inés Nicolás-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campo 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Avenida 1o de Mayo s/n, Colonia Santa María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de Mexico 54740 Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Aceves-Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de Mexico 54714 Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Said Razo-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Av. Universidad 1001 Cuernavaca 62209 Mexico
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11
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Shenol A, Lückmann M, Trauelsen M, Lambrughi M, Tiberti M, Papaleo E, Frimurer TM, Schwartz TW. Molecular dynamics-based identification of binding pathways and two distinct high-affinity sites for succinate in succinate receptor 1/GPR91. Mol Cell 2024; 84:955-966.e4. [PMID: 38325379 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
SUCNR1 is an auto- and paracrine sensor of the metabolic stress signal succinate. Using unsupervised molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (170.400 ns) and mutagenesis across human, mouse, and rat SUCNR1, we characterize how a five-arginine motif around the extracellular pole of TM-VI determines the initial capture of succinate in the extracellular vestibule (ECV) to either stay or move down to the orthosteric site. Metadynamics demonstrate low-energy succinate binding in both sites, with an energy barrier corresponding to an intermediate stage during which succinate, with an associated water cluster, unlocks the hydrogen-bond-stabilized conformationally constrained extracellular loop (ECL)-2b. Importantly, simultaneous binding of two succinate molecules through either a "sequential" or "bypassing" mode is a frequent endpoint. The mono-carboxylate NF-56-EJ40 antagonist enters SUCNR1 between TM-I and -II and does not unlock ECL-2b. It is proposed that occupancy of both high-affinity sites is required for selective activation of SUCNR1 by high local succinate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Shenol
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Lückmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Trauelsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Lambrughi
- Cancer Structural Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Tiberti
- Cancer Structural Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Cancer Structural Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cancer Systems Biology, Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health and Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Frimurer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Yadav MK, Sarma P, Maharana J, Ganguly M, Mishra S, Zaidi N, Dalal A, Singh V, Saha S, Mahajan G, Sharma S, Chami M, Banerjee R, Shukla AK. Structure-guided engineering of biased-agonism in the human niacin receptor via single amino acid substitution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1939. [PMID: 38431681 PMCID: PMC10908815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), also known as the niacin receptor or GPR109A, is a prototypical GPCR that plays a central role in the inhibition of lipolytic and atherogenic activities. Its activation also results in vasodilation that is linked to the side-effect of flushing associated with dyslipidemia drugs such as niacin. GPR109A continues to be a target for developing potential therapeutics in dyslipidemia with minimized flushing response. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of the GPR109A in complex with dyslipidemia drugs, niacin or acipimox, non-flushing agonists, MK6892 or GSK256073, and recently approved psoriasis drug, monomethyl fumarate (MMF). These structures elucidate the binding mechanism of agonists, molecular basis of receptor activation, and insights into biased signaling elicited by some of the agonists. The structural framework also allows us to engineer receptor mutants that exhibit G-protein signaling bias, and therefore, our study may help in structure-guided drug discovery efforts targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Parishmita Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Jagannath Maharana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Manisankar Ganguly
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Sudha Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Nashrah Zaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Annu Dalal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Vinay Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Sayantan Saha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Gargi Mahajan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Saloni Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Mohamed Chami
- BioEM Lab, Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramanuj Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India.
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India.
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13
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Buckley SJ, Nguyen TV, Cummins SF, Elizur A, Fitzgibbon QP, Smith GS, Mykles DL, Ventura T. Evaluating conserved domains and motifs of decapod gonadotropin-releasing hormone G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1348465. [PMID: 38444586 PMCID: PMC10912298 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1348465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an ancient family of signal transducers that are both abundant and consequential in metazoan endocrinology. The evolutionary history and function of the GPCRs of the decapod superfamilies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are yet to be fully elucidated. As part of which, the use of traditional phylogenetics and the recycling of a diminutive set of mis-annotated databases has proven insufficient. To address this, we have collated and revised eight existing and three novel GPCR repertoires for GnRH of decapod species. We developed a novel bioinformatic workflow that included clustering analysis to capture likely GnRH receptor-like proteins, followed by phylogenetic analysis of the seven transmembrane-spanning domains. A high degree of conservation of the sequences and topology of the domains and motifs allowed the identification of species-specific variation (up to ~70%, especially in the extracellular loops) that is thought to be influential to ligand-binding and function. Given the key functional role of the DRY motif across GPCRs, the classification of receptors based on the variation of this motif can be universally applied to resolve cryptic GPCR families, as was achieved in this work. Our results contribute to the resolution of the evolutionary history of invertebrate GnRH receptors and inform the design of bioassays in their deorphanization and functional annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Buckley
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Tuan Viet Nguyen
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott F. Cummins
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Quinn P. Fitzgibbon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Donald L. Mykles
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- University of California-Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, CA, United States
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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14
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Kozma MT, Pérez-Moreno JL, Gandhi NS, Hernandez Jeppesen L, Durica DS, Ventura T, Mykles DL. In silico analysis of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family G protein-coupled receptor candidates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1322800. [PMID: 38298185 PMCID: PMC10828670 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1322800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ecdysteroid molting hormone synthesis is directed by a pair of molting glands or Y-organs (YOs), and this synthesis is inhibited by molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH). MIH is a member of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) neuropeptide superfamily, which includes CHH and insect ion transport peptide (ITP). It is hypothesized that the MIH receptor is a Class A (Rhodopsin-like) G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The YO of the blackback land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis, expresses 49 Class A GPCRs, three of which (Gl-CHHR-A9, -A10, and -A12) were provisionally assigned as CHH-like receptors. CrusTome, a transcriptome database assembled from 189 crustaceans and 12 ecdysozoan outgroups, was used to deorphanize candidate MIH/CHH GPCRs, relying on sequence homology to three functionally characterized ITP receptors (BNGR-A2, BNGR-A24, and BNGR-A34) in the silk moth, Bombyx mori. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignments across major taxonomic groups revealed extensive expansion and diversification of crustacean A2, A24, and A34 receptors, designated CHH Family Receptor Candidates (CFRCs). The A2 clade was divided into three subclades; A24 clade was divided into five subclades; and A34 was divided into six subclades. The subclades were distinguished by conserved motifs in extracellular loop (ECL) 2 and ECL3 in the ligand-binding region. Eleven of the 14 subclades occurred in decapod crustaceans. In G. lateralis, seven CFRC sequences, designated Gl-CFRC-A2α1, -A24α, -A24β1, -A24β2, -A34α2, -A34β1, and -A34β2, were identified; the three A34 sequences corresponded to Gl-GPCR-A12, -A9, and A10, respectively. ECL2 in all the CFRC sequences had a two-stranded β-sheet structure similar to human Class A GPCRs, whereas the ECL2 of decapod CFRC-A34β1/β2 had an additional two-stranded β-sheet. We hypothesize that this second β-sheet on ECL2 plays a role in MIH/CHH binding and activation, which will be investigated further with functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihika T. Kozma
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Neha S. Gandhi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - David S. Durica
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Centre for BioInnovation and School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Donald L. Mykles
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, University of California-Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, CA, United States
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15
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Bloxham CJ, Hulme KD, Fierro F, Fercher C, Pegg CL, O'Brien SL, Foster SR, Short KR, Furness SGB, Reichelt ME, Niv MY, Thomas WG. Cardiac human bitter taste receptors contain naturally occurring variants that alter function. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 219:115932. [PMID: 37989413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2R) are a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors that enable humans to detect aversive and toxic substances. The ability to discern bitter compounds varies between individuals and is attributed mainly to naturally occurring T2R polymorphisms. T2Rs are also expressed in numerous non-gustatory tissues, including the heart, indicating potential contributions to cardiovascular physiology. In this study. T2Rs that have previously been identified in human cardiac tissues (T2Rs - 10, 14, 30, 31, 46 and 50) and their naturally occurring polymorphisms were functionally characterised. The ligand-dependent signaling responses of some T2R variants were completely abolished (T2R30 Leu252 and T2R46 Met228), whereas other receptor variants had moderate changes in their maximal response, but not potency, relative to wild type. Using a cAMP fluorescent biosensor, we reveal the productive coupling of T2R14, but not the T2R14 Phe201 variant, to endogenous Gαi. Modeling revealed that these variants resulted in altered interactions that generally affected ligand binding (T2R30 Leu252) or Gα protein interactions (T2R46 Met228 and T2R14 Phe201), rather than receptor structural stability. Interestingly, this study is the first to show a difference in signaling for T2R50 Tyr203 (rs1376251) which has been associated with cardiovascular disease. The observation of naturally occurring functional variation in the T2Rs with the greatest expression in the heart is important, as their discovery should prove useful in deciphering the role of T2Rs within the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Bloxham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases, First Department of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Katina D Hulme
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Fierro
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christian Fercher
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Cassandra L Pegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Shannon L O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Foster
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa E Reichelt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Masha Y Niv
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia.
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16
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López-Correa JM, König C, Vellido A. GPCR molecular dynamics forecasting using recurrent neural networks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20995. [PMID: 38017062 PMCID: PMC10684758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large superfamily of cell membrane proteins that play an important physiological role as transmitters of extracellular signals. Signal transmission through the cell membrane depends on conformational changes in the transmembrane region of the receptor, which makes the investigation of the dynamics in these regions particularly relevant. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide a wealth of data about the structure, dynamics, and physiological function of biological macromolecules by modelling the interactions between their atomic constituents. In this study, a Recurrent and Convolutional Neural Network (RNN) model, namely Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), is used to predict the dynamics of two GPCR states and three specific simulations of each one, through their activation path and focussing on specific receptor regions. Active and inactive states of the GPCRs are analysed in six scenarios involving APO, Full Agonist (BI 167107) and Partial Inverse Agonist (carazolol) of the receptor. Four Machine Learning models with increasing complexity in terms of neural network architecture are evaluated, and their results discussed. The best method achieves an overall RMSD lower than 0.139 Å and the transmembrane helices are the regions showing the minimum prediction errors and minimum relative movements of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline König
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- IDEAI-UPC - Research Center, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Vellido
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
- IDEAI-UPC - Research Center, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Salmaso V, Persico M, Da Ros T, Spalluto G, Kachler S, Klotz KN, Moro S, Federico S. Pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine Scaffold as a Molecular Passepartout for the Pan-Recognition of Human Adenosine Receptors. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1610. [PMID: 38002292 PMCID: PMC10669182 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors are largely distributed in our organism and are promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of many pathologies. In this perspective, investigating the structural features of the ligands leading to affinity and/or selectivity is of great interest. In this work, we have focused on a small series of pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine antagonists substituted in positions 2, 5, and N8, where bulky acyl moieties at the N5 position and small alkyl groups at the N8 position are associated with affinity and selectivity at the A3 adenosine receptor even if a good affinity toward the A2B adenosine receptor has also been observed. Conversely, a free amino function at the 5 position induces high affinity at the A2A and A1 receptors with selectivity vs. the A3 subtype. A molecular modeling study suggests that differences in affinity toward A1, A2A, and A3 receptors could be ascribed to two residues: one in the EL2, E168 in human A2A/E172 in human A1, that is occupied by the hydrophobic residue V169 in the human A3 receptor; and the other in TM6, occupied by H250/H251 in human A2A and A1 receptors and by a less bulky S247 in the A3 receptor. In the end, these findings could help to design new subtype-selective adenosine receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Margherita Persico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (T.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Tatiana Da Ros
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (T.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (T.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Sonja Kachler
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universität of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany; (S.K.); (K.-N.K.)
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universität of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany; (S.K.); (K.-N.K.)
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (T.D.R.); (G.S.)
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18
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Asadollahi K, Rajput S, Jameson GNL, Scott DJ, Gooley PR. Encounter Complexes Between the N-terminal of Neurotensin with the Extracellular Loop 2 of the Neurotensin Receptor 1 Steer Neurotensin to the Orthosteric Binding Pocket. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168244. [PMID: 37625583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a linear disordered peptide that activates two different class A GPCRs, neurotensin receptor 1 (NTS1) and NTS2. Resolved structures of the complex of the C-terminal fragment of NT, NT8-13, with NTS1 shows the peptide takes a well-defined structure in the bound state. However, the mechanisms underlying NT recognition of NTS1, and the conformational transition of NT upon binding NTS1 is an open question that if answered may aid discovery of highly selective drugs and reveal potential secondary binding sites on the surface of the receptor. Herein we investigated the interactions guiding NT to the orthosteric binding pocket of NTS1 by combining NMR experiments with kinetic analysis of the binding pathway using stopped-flow fluorescence and mutagenesis on both NT and NTS1. We show the presence of transient structures in the middle part of NT that kinetically regulate the binding of NT to NTS1. Moreover, our results indicate that the binding pathway of NT onto NTS1 is mediated via electrostatic interactions between the N-terminal region of NT with the extracellular loop 2 of NTS1. These interactions induce backbone conformational changes in neurotensin similar to the bound-state neurotensin, suggesting that the N-terminal region of NT and these interactions should be considered for development of selective drugs against NTS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Asadollahi
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Florey, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia. https://twitter.com/@KazemAsadollahi
| | - Sunnia Rajput
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Guy N L Jameson
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Florey, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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19
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Kretschmer K, Zellmann T, Mörl K, Beck-Sickinger AG. Stable Binding of Full-Length Chemerin Is Driven by Negative Charges in the CMKLR1 N Terminus. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300280. [PMID: 37186779 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The adipokine chemerin is the endogenous ligand of the chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This protein ligand plays an important role in obesity and inflammatory processes. Stable receptor-ligand interactions are highly relevant for its different physiological effects such as the migration of immune cells towards sites of inflammation. Here, we demonstrate that negative charges in the CMKLR1 N terminus are involved in the formation of strong contacts with a specific positively charged patch at the surface of full-length chemerin, which is absent in the short nonapeptide agonist chemerin-9, thus explaining its reduced affinity. Using receptor chimera of G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1) and CMKLR1, we were able to identify the residues of this interaction and its relevance for stable full-length chemerin binding. This could help to develop more potent ligands for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kretschmer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tristan Zellmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karin Mörl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Supekar S, Cao X, Zhou J, Dang J, Chen S, Jenkins L, Marsango S, Li X, Liu G, Milligan G, Feng M, Fan H, Gong W, Zhang C. Pro-phagocytic function and structural basis of GPR84 signaling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5706. [PMID: 37709767 PMCID: PMC10502086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is a unique orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that can be activated by endogenous medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). The signaling of GPR84 is largely pro-inflammatory, which can augment inflammatory response, and GPR84 also functions as a pro-phagocytic receptor to enhance phagocytic activities of macrophages. In this study, we show that the activation of GPR84 by the synthetic agonist 6-OAU can synergize with the blockade of CD47 on cancer cells to induce phagocytosis of cancer cells by macrophages. We also determine a high-resolution structure of the GPR84-Gi signaling complex with 6-OAU. This structure reveals an occluded binding pocket for 6-OAU, the molecular basis of receptor activation involving non-conserved structural motifs of GPR84, and an unusual Gi-coupling interface. Together with computational docking and simulations studies, this structure also suggests a mechanism for the high selectivity of GPR84 for MCFAs and a potential routes of ligand binding and dissociation. These results provide a framework for understanding GPR84 signaling and developing new drugs targeting GPR84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yujing Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shreyas Supekar
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138671, Singapore
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jingkai Zhou
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jessica Dang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Xiu Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guibing Liu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138671, Singapore.
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Program and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Weimin Gong
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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21
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Kapur B, Baldessari F, Lazaratos M, Nar H, Schnapp G, Giorgetti A, Bondar AN. Protons taken hostage: Dynamic H-bond networks of the pH-sensing GPR68. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4370-4384. [PMID: 37711190 PMCID: PMC10498176 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton-sensing G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) sense changes in the extracellular pH to effect cell signaling for cellular homeostasis. They tend to be overexpressed in solid tumors associated with acidic extracellular pH, and are of direct interest as drug targets. How proton-sensing GPCRs sense extracellular acidification and activate upon protonation change is important to understand, because it may guide the design of therapeutics. Lack of publicly available experimental structures make it challenging to discriminate between conflicting mechanisms proposed for proton-binding, as main roles have been assigned to either an extracellular histidine cluster or to an internal carboxylic triad. Here we present a protocol to derive and evaluate structural models of the proton-sensing GPR68. This approach integrates state-of-the-art homology modeling with microsecond-timescale atomistic simulations, and with a detailed assessment of the compatibility of the structural models with known structural features of class A GPCRs. To decipher structural elements of potential interest for protonation-coupled conformational changes of GPR68, we used the best-compatible model as a starting point for independent atomistic simulations of GPR68 with different protonation states, and graph computations to characterize the response of GPR68 to changes in protonation. We found that GPR68 hosts an extended hydrogen-bond network that inter-connects the extracellular histidine cluster to the internal carboxylic triad, and which can even reach groups at the cytoplasmic G-protein binding site. Taken together, results suggest that GPR68 relies on dynamic, hydrogen-bond networks to inter-connect extracellular and internal proton-binding sites, and to elicit conformational changes at the cytoplasmic G-protein binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhav Kapur
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Michalis Lazaratos
- Department of Physics, Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Group, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Herbert Nar
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Gisela Schnapp
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Alejandro Giorgetti
- University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS-5/INM-9), Computational Biomedicine, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52525 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ana-Nicoleta Bondar
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS-5/INM-9), Computational Biomedicine, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52525 Jülich, Germany
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, Str. Atomiştilor 405, 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
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22
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Dutta Gupta O, Karbat I, Pal K. Understanding the Molecular Regulation of Serotonin Receptor 5-HTR 1B-β-Arrestin1 Complex in Stress and Anxiety Disorders. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:664-677. [PMID: 37580644 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin receptor subtype 5-HTR1B is widely distributed in the brain with an important role in various behavioral implications including neurological conditions and psychiatric disorders. The neuromodulatory action of 5-HTR1B largely depends upon its arrestin mediated signaling pathway. In this study, we tried to investigate the role of unusually long intracellular loop 3 (ICL3) region of the serotonin receptor 5-HTR1B in interaction with β-arrestin1 (Arr2) to compensate for the absence of the long cytoplasmic tail. Molecular modeling and docking tools were employed to obtain a suitable molecular conformation of the ICL3 region in complex with Arr2 which dictates the specific complex formation of 5-HTR1B with Arr2. This reveals the novel molecular mechanism of phosphorylated ICL3 mediated GPCR-arrestin interaction in the absence of the long cytoplasmic tail. The in-cell disulfide cross-linking experiments and molecular dynamics simulations of the complex further validate the model of 5-HTR1B-ICL3-Arr2 complex. Two serine residues (Ser281 and Ser295) within the 5-HTR1B-ICL3 region were found to be occupying the electropositive pocket of Arr2 in our model and might be crucial for phosphorylation and specific Arr2 binding. The alignment studies of these residues showed them to be conserved only across 5-HTR1B mammalian species. Thus, our studies were able to predict a molecular conformation of 5-HTR1B-Arr2 and identify the role of long ICL3 in the signaling process which might be crucial in designing targeted drugs (biased agonists) that promote GPCR-Arr2 signaling to deter the effects of stress and anxiety-like disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrilla Dutta Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, 700126, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Izhar Karbat
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kuntal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, 700126, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, 632014, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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23
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Wygas MM, Laugwitz JM, Schmidt P, Elgeti M, Kaiser A. Dynamics of the Second Extracellular Loop Control Transducer Coupling of Peptide-Activated GPCRs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12197. [PMID: 37569573 PMCID: PMC10419011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Many peptide-activated rhodopsin-like GPCRs share a β-hairpin folding motif in the extracellular loop 2 (ECL2), which interacts with the peptide ligand while at the same time being connected to transmembrane helix 3 (TM3) via a highly conserved disulfide bond. Currently, it remains unknown whether the coupling of the specifically shaped ECL2 to TM3 influences the activation of peptide-activated GPCRs. We investigated this possibility in a selection of peptide GPCRs with known structures. Most of the receptors with cysteine to alanine mutations folded like the respective wild-type and resided in the cell membrane, challenging pure folding stabilization by the disulfide bridge. G-protein signaling of the disulfide mutants was retained to a greater extent in secretin-like GPCRs than in rhodopsin-like GPCRs, while recruitment of arrestin was completely abolished in both groups, which may be linked to alterations in ligand residence time. We found a correlation between receptor activity of the neuropeptide Y2 receptor and alterations in ECL2 dynamics using engineered disulfide bridges or site-directed spin labeling and EPR spectroscopy. These data highlight the functional importance of the TM3-ECL2 link for the activation of specific signaling pathways in peptide-activated GPCRs, which might have implications for future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel M. Wygas
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jeannette M. Laugwitz
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Haertelstasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Haertelstasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Elgeti
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Haertelstasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Haertelstasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Yamane H, Ishida T. Helix encoder: a compound-protein interaction prediction model specifically designed for class A GPCRs. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 3:1193025. [PMID: 37304403 PMCID: PMC10250622 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2023.1193025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest class of GPCRs. They are essential targets of drug discovery and thus various computational approaches have been applied to predict their ligands. However, there are a large number of orphan receptors in class A GPCRs and it is difficult to use a general protein-specific supervised prediction scheme. Therefore, the compound-protein interaction (CPI) prediction approach has been considered one of the most suitable for class A GPCRs. However, the accuracy of CPI prediction is still insufficient. The current CPI prediction model generally employs the whole protein sequence as the input because it is difficult to identify the important regions in general proteins. In contrast, it is well-known that only a few transmembrane helices of class A GPCRs play a critical role in ligand binding. Therefore, using such domain knowledge, the CPI prediction performance could be improved by developing an encoding method that is specifically designed for this family. In this study, we developed a protein sequence encoder called the Helix encoder, which takes only a protein sequence of transmembrane regions of class A GPCRs as input. The performance evaluation showed that the proposed model achieved a higher prediction accuracy compared to a prediction model using the entire protein sequence. Additionally, our analysis indicated that several extracellular loops are also important for the prediction as mentioned in several biological researches.
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25
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Abstract
Rhodopsin is the photoreceptor in human rod cells responsible for dim-light vision. The visual receptors are part of the large superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate signal transduction in response to diverse diffusible ligands. The high level of sequence conservation within the transmembrane helices of the visual receptors and the family A GPCRs has long been considered evidence for a common pathway for signal transduction. I review recent studies that reveal a comprehensive mechanism for how light absorption by the retinylidene chromophore drives rhodopsin activation and highlight those features of the mechanism that are conserved across the ligand-activated GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven O Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA;
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26
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Wong TS, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y. G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 37137892 PMCID: PMC10154768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disorders with diverse aetiological factors. Identifying treatment targets is challenging because the diseases are resulting from heterogeneous biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens a new possibility in drug discovery. Harnessing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms and structural information of GPCRs will be advantageous for developing effective drugs. This review provides an overview of the role of GPCRs in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Besides, we highlight the emerging opportunities of novel GPCR targets and address recent progress in GPCR drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manzhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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27
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Szwabowski GL, Baker DL, Parrill AL. Application of computational methods for class A GPCR Ligand discovery. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 121:108434. [PMID: 36841204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are integral membrane proteins of considerable interest as targets for drug development due to their role in transmitting cellular signals in a multitude of biological processes. Of the six classes categorizing GPCR (A, B, C, D, E, and F), class A contains the largest number of therapeutically relevant GPCR. Despite their importance as drug targets, many challenges exist for the discovery of novel class A GPCR ligands serving as drug precursors. Though knowledge of the structural and functional characteristics of GPCR has grown significantly over the past 20 years, a large portion of GPCR lack reported, experimentally determined structures. Furthermore, many GPCR have no known endogenous and/or synthetic ligands, limiting further exploration of their biochemical, cellular, and physiological roles. While many successes in GPCR ligand discovery have resulted from experimental high-throughput screening, computational methods have played an increasingly important role in GPCR ligand identification in the past decade. Here we discuss computational techniques applied to GPCR ligand discovery. This review summarizes class A GPCR structure/function and provides an overview of many obstacles currently faced in GPCR ligand discovery. Furthermore, we discuss applications and recent successes of computational techniques used to predict GPCR structure as well as present a summary of ligand- and structure-based methods used to identify potential GPCR ligands. Finally, we discuss computational hit list generation and refinement and provide comprehensive workflows for GPCR ligand identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel L Baker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Abby L Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
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28
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Supekar S, Cao X, Zhou J, Dang J, Chen S, Jenkins L, Marsango S, Li X, Liu G, Milligan G, Feng M, Fan H, Gong W, Zhang C. Pro-phagocytic function and structural basis of GPR84 signaling. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2535247. [PMID: 36824923 PMCID: PMC9949259 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2535247/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
GPR84 is a unique orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that can be activated by endogenous medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). The signaling of GPR84 is largely pro-inflammatory, which can augment inflammatory response, and GPR84 also functions as a pro-phagocytic receptor to enhance the phagocytic activities of macrophages. In this study, we first showed that the activation of GPR84 by the synthetic agonist 6-OAU could synergize with the blockade of CD47 on cancer cells to induce phagocytosis of cancer cells by macrophages. Then, we determined a high-resolution structure of the GPR84-Gi signaling complex with 6-OAU. This structure revealed a completely occluded binding pocket for 6-OAU, the molecular basis of receptor activation involving non-conserved structural motifs of GPR84, and an unusual Gi-coupling interface. Together with computational docking and simulations studies, our structure also suggested the mechanism for the high selectivity of GPR84 for MCFAs and the potential routes of ligand binding and dissociation. Our results provide a framework for understanding GPR84 signaling and developing new drugs targeting GPR84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yujing Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shreyas Supekar
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138671, Singapore
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jingkai Zhou
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jessica Dang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Xiu Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guibing Liu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138671, Singapore
| | - Weimin Gong
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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29
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Szwabowski GL, Cole JA, Baker DL, Parrill AL. Structure-based pharmacophore modeling 1. Automated random pharmacophore model generation. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 121:108429. [PMID: 36804368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacophores are three-dimensional arrangements of molecular features required for biological activity that are often used in virtual screening efforts to prioritize ligands for experimental testing. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are integral membrane proteins of considerable interest as targets for ligand discovery and drug development. Ligand-based pharmacophore models can be constructed to identify structural commonalities between known bioactive ligands for targets including GPCR. However, structure-based pharmacophores (which only require an experimentally determined or modeled structure for a protein target) have gained more attention to aid in virtual screening efforts as the number of publicly available experimentally determined GPCR structures have increased (140 unique GPCR represented as of October 24, 2022). Thus, the goal of this study was to develop a method of structure-based pharmacophore model generation applicable to ligand discovery for GPCR that have few known ligands. Pharmacophore models were generated within the active sites of 8 class A GPCR crystal structures via automated annotation of 5 randomly selected functional group fragments to sample diverse combinations of pharmacophore features. Each of the 5000 generated pharmacophores was then used to search a database containing active and decoy/inactive compounds for 30 class A GPCR and scored using enrichment factor and goodness-of-hit metrics to assess performance. Application of this method to the set of 8 class A GPCR produced pharmacophore models possessing the theoretical maximum enrichment factor value in both resolved structures (8 of 8 cases) and homology models (7 of 8 cases), indicating that generated pharmacophore models can prove useful in the context of virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith A Cole
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Daniel L Baker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Abby L Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
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30
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Tricomi J, Landini L, Nieddu V, Cavallaro U, Baker JG, Papakyriakou A, Richichi B. Rational design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a cohort of novel beta-adrenergic receptors ligands enables an assessment of structure-activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114961. [PMID: 36495629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical applications of molecules that are able to modulate β-adrenergic signaling have become increasingly attractive over the last decade, revealing that β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) are key targets for a plethora of therapeutic interventions, including cancer. Despite successes in β-AR drug discovery, identification of β-AR ligands that are useful as selective chemical tools in pharmacological studies of the three β-AR subtypes, or lead compounds for drug development is still a highly challenging task. This is mainly due to the intrinsic plasticity of β-ARs as G protein-coupled receptors in conjunction with the requirement for functional receptor subtype selectivity, tissue specificity and minimal off-target effects. With the aim to provide insight into structure-activity relationships for the three β-AR subtypes, we have synthesized and obtained the pharmacological profile of a series of structurally diverse compounds (named MC) that were designed based on the aryloxy-propanolamine scaffold of SR59230A. Comparative analysis of their predicted binding mode within the active and inactive states of the receptors in combination with their pharmacological profile revealed key structural elements that control their activity as agonists or antagonists, in addition to clues about substituents that mediate selectivity for one receptor subtype over the others. We anticipate that these results will facilitate selective β-AR drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Tricomi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Luca Landini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Valentina Nieddu
- Unit of Gynaecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ugo Cavallaro
- Unit of Gynaecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jillian G Baker
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Athanasios Papakyriakou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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31
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Modelling altered signalling of G-protein coupled receptors in inflamed environment to advance drug design. Sci Rep 2023; 13:607. [PMID: 36635362 PMCID: PMC9837128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27699-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the successful design, synthesis and testing of the prototype opioid painkiller NFEPP that does not elicit adverse side effects. The design process of NFEPP was based on mathematical modelling of extracellular interactions between G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ligands, recognizing that GPCRs function differently under pathological versus healthy conditions. We now present an additional and novel stochastic model of GPCR function that includes intracellular dissociation of G-protein subunits and modulation of plasma membrane calcium channels and their dependence on parameters of inflamed and healthy tissue (pH, radicals). The model is validated against in vitro experimental data for the ligands NFEPP and fentanyl at different pH values and radical concentrations. We observe markedly reduced binding affinity and calcium channel inhibition for NFEPP at normal pH compared to lower pH, in contrast to the effect of fentanyl. For increasing radical concentrations, we find enhanced constitutive G-protein activation but reduced ligand binding affinity. Assessing the different effects, the results suggest that, compared to radicals, low pH is a more important determinant of overall GPCR function in an inflamed environment. Future drug design efforts should take this into account.
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32
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Juza R, Musilek K, Mezeiova E, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Recent advances in dopamine D 2 receptor ligands in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:55-211. [PMID: 36111795 DOI: 10.1002/med.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a biologically active amine synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous system. This biogenic monoamine acts by activating five types of dopamine receptors (D1-5 Rs), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. Antagonists and partial agonists of D2 Rs are used to treat schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. The typical pharmacophore with high D2 R affinity comprises four main areas, namely aromatic moiety, cyclic amine, central linker and aromatic/heteroaromatic lipophilic fragment. From the literature reviewed herein, we can conclude that 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl), 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-, 4-(benzo[b]thiophen-4-yl)-1-substituted piperazine, and 4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperidine moieties are critical for high D2 R affinity. Four to six atoms chains are optimal for D2 R affinity with 4-butoxyl as the most pronounced one. The bicyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic systems are most frequently occurring as lipophilic appendages to retain high D2 R affinity. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the therapeutic potential of D2 R modulators in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders. In addition, this review summarizes current knowledge about these diseases, with a focus on the dopaminergic pathway underlying these pathologies. Major attention is paid to the structure, function, and pharmacology of novel D2 R ligands, which have been developed in the last decade (2010-2021), and belong to the 1,4-disubstituted aromatic cyclic amine group. Due to the abundance of data, allosteric D2 R ligands and D2 R modulators from patents are not discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Juza
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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33
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Cary BP, Zhang X, Cao J, Johnson RM, Piper SJ, Gerrard EJ, Wootten D, Sexton PM. New insights into the structure and function of class B1 GPCRs. Endocr Rev 2022; 44:492-517. [PMID: 36546772 PMCID: PMC10166269 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors. Class B1 GPCRs constitute a subfamily of 15 receptors that characteristically contain large extracellular domains (ECDs) and respond to long polypeptide hormones. Class B1 GPCRs are critical regulators of homeostasis, and as such, many are important drug targets. While most transmembrane proteins, including GPCRs, are recalcitrant to crystallization, recent advances in electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) have facilitated a rapid expansion of the structural understanding of membrane proteins. As a testament to this success, structures for all the class B1 receptors bound to G proteins have been determined by cryo-EM in the past five years. Further advances in cryo-EM have uncovered dynamics of these receptors, ligands, and signalling partners. Here, we examine the recent structural underpinnings of the class B1 GPCRs with an emphasis on structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Cary
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Xin Zhang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jianjun Cao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Rachel M Johnson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah J Piper
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Elliot J Gerrard
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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34
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Caniceiro AB, Bueschbell B, Barreto CA, Preto AJ, Moreira IS. MUG: A mutation overview of GPCR subfamily A17 receptors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:586-600. [PMID: 36659920 PMCID: PMC9822836 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate several signaling pathways through a general mechanism that involves their activation, upholding a chain of events that lead to the release of molecules responsible for cytoplasmic action and further regulation. These physiological functions can be severely altered by mutations in GPCR genes. GPCRs subfamily A17 (dopamine, serotonin, adrenergic and trace amine receptors) are directly related with neurodegenerative diseases, and as such it is crucial to explore known mutations on these systems and their impact in structure and function. A comprehensive and detailed computational framework - MUG (Mutations Understanding GPCRs) - was constructed, illustrating key reported mutations and their effect on receptors of the subfamily A17 of GPCRs. We explored the type of mutations occurring overall and in the different families of subfamily A17, as well their localization within the receptor and potential effects on receptor functionality. The mutated residues were further analyzed considering their pathogenicity. The results reveal a high diversity of mutations in the GPCR subfamily A17 structures, drawing attention to the considerable number of mutations in conserved residues and domains. Mutated residues were typically hydrophobic residues enriched at the ligand binding pocket and known activating microdomains, which may lead to disruption of receptor function. MUG as an interactive web application is available for the management and visualization of this dataset. We expect that this interactive database helps the exploration of GPCR mutations, their influence, and their familywise and receptor-specific effects, constituting the first step in elucidating their structures and molecules at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Caniceiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD in Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Bueschbell
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos A.V. Barreto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. Preto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Corresponding author at: Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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35
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Stäubert C, Wozniak M, Dupuis N, Laschet C, Pillaiyar T, Hanson J. Superconserved receptors expressed in the brain: Expression, function, motifs and evolution of an orphan receptor family. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108217. [PMID: 35644261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GPR27, GPR85 and GPR173 constitute a small family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) that share the distinctive characteristics of being highly conserved throughout vertebrate evolution and predominantly expressed in the brain. Accordingly, they have been coined as "Superconserved Receptors Expressed in the Brain" (SREB), although their expression profile is more complex than what was originally thought. SREBs have no known validated endogenous ligands and are thus labeled as "orphan" receptors. The investigation of this particular category of uncharacterized receptors holds great promise both in terms of physiology and drug development. In the largest GPCR family, the Rhodopsin-like or Class A, around 100 receptors are considered orphans. Because GPCRs are the most successful source of drug targets, the discovery of a novel function or ligand most likely will lead to significant breakthroughs for the discovery of innovative therapies. The high level of conservation is one of the characteristic features of the SREBs. We propose herein a detailed analysis of the putative evolutionary origin of this family. We highlight the properties that distinguish SREBs from other rhodopsin-like GPCRs. We present the current evidence for these receptors downstream signaling pathways and functions. We discuss the pharmacological challenge for the identification of natural or synthetic ligands of orphan receptors like SREBs. The different SREB-related scientific questions are presented with a highlight on what should be addressed in the near future, including the confirmation of published evidence and their validation as drug targets. In particular, we discuss in which pathological conditions these receptors may be of great relevance to solve unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Stäubert
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Monika Wozniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nadine Dupuis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Céline Laschet
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julien Hanson
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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36
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Gibbs M, Winnig M, Riva I, Dunlop N, Waller D, Klebansky B, Logan DW, Briddon SJ, Holliday ND, McGrane SJ. Bitter taste sensitivity in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and its relevance to bitter deterrents of ingestion. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277607. [PMID: 36449493 PMCID: PMC9710775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most favoured animal companion of humans, dogs occupy a unique place in society. Understanding the senses of the dog can bring benefits to both the dogs themselves and their owners. In the case of bitter taste, research may provide useful information on sensitivity to, and acceptance of, diets containing bitter tasting materials. It may also help to protect dogs from the accidental ingestion of toxic substances, as in some instances bitter tasting additives are used as deterrents to ingestion. In this study we examined the receptive range of dog bitter taste receptors (Tas2rs). We found that orthologous dog and human receptors do not always share the same receptive ranges using in vitro assays. One bitter chemical often used as a deterrent, denatonium benzoate, is only moderately active against dTas2r4, and is almost completely inactive against other dog Tas2rs, including dTas2r10, a highly sensitive receptor in humans. We substituted amino acids to create chimeric dog-human versions of the Tas2r10 receptor and found the ECL2 region partly determined denatonium sensitivity. We further confirmed the reduced sensitivity of dogs to this compound in vivo. A concentration of 100μM (44.7ppm) denatonium benzoate was effective as a deterrent to dog ingestion in a two-bottle choice test indicating higher concentrations may increase efficacy for dogs. These data can inform the choice and concentration of bitter deterrents added to toxic substances to help reduce the occurrence of accidental dog poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gibbs
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Irene Riva
- AXXAM SpA, IMAX Discovery Unit, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Dunlop
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Waller
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Darren W. Logan
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Briddon
- School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D. Holliday
- School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Scott J. McGrane
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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37
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The Third Extracellular Loop of Mammalian Odorant Receptors Is Involved in Ligand Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012501. [PMID: 36293357 PMCID: PMC9604345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals recognize chemicals in the air via G protein-coupled odorant receptors (ORs). In addition to their orthosteric binding site, other segments of these receptors modulate ligand recognition. Focusing on human hOR1A1, which is considered prototypical of class II ORs, we used a combination of molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and in vitro functional assays. We showed that the third extracellular loop of ORs (ECL3) contributes to ligand recognition and receptor activation. Indeed, site-directed mutations in ECL3 showed differential effects on the potency and efficacy of both carvones, citronellol, and 2-nonanone.
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38
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MAS-related G protein-coupled receptors X (MRGPRX): Orphan GPCRs with potential as targets for future drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Han M, Lee S, Ha Y, Lee JY. Recognition of the Ligand-Induced Spatiotemporal Residue Pair Pattern of β2-Adrenergic Receptors Using 3-D Residual Networks Trained by the Time Series of Protein Distance Maps. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6360-6374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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40
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Kim H, Baek IY, Seong J. Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors for GPCR research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1007893. [PMID: 36247000 PMCID: PMC9559200 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1007893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological cellular processes, thus it is important to understand how GPCRs are activated and function in various cellular contexts. In particular, the activation process of GPCRs is dynamically regulated upon various extracellular stimuli, and emerging evidence suggests the subcellular functions of GPCRs at endosomes and other organelles. Therefore, precise monitoring of the GPCR activation process with high spatiotemporal resolution is required to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of GPCR functions. In this review, we will introduce genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors that can precisely monitor the real-time GPCR activation process in live cells. The process includes the binding of extracellular GPCR ligands, conformational change of GPCR, recruitment of G proteins or β-arrestin, GPCR internalization and trafficking, and the GPCR-related downstream signaling events. We will introduce fluorescent GPCR biosensors based on a variety of strategies such as fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), circular permuted fluorescent protein (cpFP), and nanobody. We will discuss the pros and cons of these GPCR biosensors as well as their applications in GPCR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbin Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Yeop Baek
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihye Seong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jihye Seong,
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41
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Bridges JP, Safina C, Pirard B, Brown K, Filuta A, Panchanathan R, Bouhelal R, Reymann N, Patel S, Seuwen K, Miller WE, Ludwig MG. Regulation of pulmonary surfactant by the adhesion GPCR GPR116/ADGRF5 requires a tethered agonist-mediated activation mechanism. eLife 2022; 11:69061. [PMID: 36073784 PMCID: PMC9489211 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic details of the tethered agonist mode of activation for the adhesion GPCR ADGRF5/GPR116 have not been completely deciphered. We set out to investigate the physiological importance of autocatalytic cleavage upstream of the agonistic peptide sequence, an event necessary for NTF displacement and subsequent receptor activation. To examine this hypothesis, we characterized tethered agonist-mediated activation of GPR116 in vitro and in vivo. A knock-in mouse expressing a non-cleavable GPR116 mutant phenocopies the pulmonary phenotype of GPR116 knock-out mice, demonstrating that tethered agonist-mediated receptor activation is indispensable for function in vivo. Using site-directed mutagenesis and species-swapping approaches, we identified key conserved amino acids for GPR116 activation in the tethered agonist sequence and in extracellular loops 2/3 (ECL2/3). We further highlight residues in transmembrane 7 (TM7) that mediate stronger signaling in mouse versus human GPR116 and recapitulate these findings in a model supporting tethered agonist:ECL2 interactions for GPR116 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Bridges
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Caterina Safina
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Pirard
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kari Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Alyssa Filuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Ravichandran Panchanathan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Rochdi Bouhelal
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Reymann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sejal Patel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Cambridge, United States
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - William E Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
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Extracellular loop 2 of G protein-coupled olfactory receptors is critical for odorant recognition. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102331. [PMID: 35926708 PMCID: PMC9442423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein–coupled olfactory receptors (ORs) enable us to detect innumerous odorants. They are also ectopically expressed in nonolfactory tissues and emerging as attractive drug targets. ORs can be promiscuous or highly specific, which is part of a larger mechanism for odor discrimination. Here, we demonstrate that the OR extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) plays critical roles in OR promiscuity and specificity. Using site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling, we constructed 3D OR models in which ECL2 forms a lid over the orthosteric pocket. We demonstrate using molecular dynamics simulations that ECL2 controls the shape and volume of the odorant-binding pocket, maintains the pocket hydrophobicity, and acts as a gatekeeper of odorant binding. Therefore, we propose the interplay between the specific orthosteric pocket and the variable, less specific ECL2 controls OR specificity and promiscuity. Furthermore, the 3D models created here enabled virtual screening of new OR agonists and antagonists, which exhibited a 70% hit rate in cell assays. Our approach can potentially be generalized to structure-based ligand screening for other G protein–coupled receptors that lack high-resolution 3D structures.
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43
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Structural insight into the activation mechanism of MrgD with heterotrimeric Gi-protein revealed by cryo-EM. Commun Biol 2022; 5:707. [PMID: 35840655 PMCID: PMC9287403 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MrgD, a member of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (MRGPR) family, has high basal activity for Gi activation. It recognizes endogenous ligands, such as β-alanine, and is involved in pain and itch signaling. The lack of a high-resolution structure for MrgD hinders our understanding of whether its activation is ligand-dependent or constitutive. Here, we report two cryo-EM structures of the MrgD-Gi complex in the β-alanine-bound and apo states at 3.1 Å and 2.8 Å resolution, respectively. These structures show that β-alanine is bound to a shallow pocket at the extracellular domains. The extracellular half of the sixth transmembrane helix undergoes a significant movement and is tightly packed into the third transmembrane helix through hydrophobic residues, creating the active form. Our structures demonstrate a structural basis for the characteristic ligand recognition of MrgD. These findings provide a framework to guide drug designs targeting the MrgD receptor. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals the structure and activation mechanism of MrgD, a member of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor family of GPCRs involved in itch and nociception.
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44
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Intrinsically disordered proteins and proteins with intrinsically disordered regions in neurodegenerative diseases. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:679-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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45
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Yang Y, Bai J, Sun JY, Ye T, Zhang L, Wu FY, Nan J, Lan Y. Mechanisms Underlying Mu Opioid Receptor Effects on Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synaptic Transmission in Mouse Cerebellar Cortex. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:862704. [PMID: 35546898 PMCID: PMC9083459 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.862704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
μ-opioid receptors (MOR) are widely expressed in the brain, varying in density in different areas. Activation of MORs underlies analgesia, euphoria, but may lead to tolerance, dependence, and ultimately opioid addiction. The Purkinje cell (PC) is the only efferent neuron in the cerebellar cortex and receives glutamatergic synaptic inputs from the parallel fibers formed by the axons of granule cells. Studies have shown that MORs are expressed during the development of cerebellar cells. However, the distribution of MOR and their effects on PF-PC synaptic transmission remain unclear. To examine these questions, we used whole-cell patch clamp recordings and pharmacological methods to determine the effects and mechanisms of MOR activation on synaptic transmission at PF-PC synapses. The MOR-selective agonist DAMGO significantly reduced the amplitude and area under the curve (AUC) of PF-PC evoked (e) EPSCs, and increased the paired-pulse ratio (PPR).DAMGO-induced inhibitory effects on PF-PC eEPSCs and PPR were abolished by MOR specific blocker CTOP. Further, DAMGO significantly reduced the frequency of PF-PC mEPSCs, but had no obvious effect on their amplitude, suggesting a presynaptic site of action. The DAMGO-induced reduction in the frequency of PF-PC mEPSCs also was blocked by CTOP. A protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor PKI added in the pipette solution did not affect the inhibitory effects on PF-PC mEPSCs induced by DAMGO. Both the PKA inhibitor K5720 and MEK inhibitor U0126 in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) prevented the inhibitory effects of DAMGO on PF-PC mEPSCs. These findings reveal that MORs are expressed in presynaptic PF axon terminals, where DAMGO can activate presynaptic MORs to inhibit PF-PC synaptic transmission by regulating the release of glutamate. G-protein-dependent cAMP-PKA signaling pathway may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jin Bai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jia-yue Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Feng-ying Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jun Nan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yan Lan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Lan
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46
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Neitzke-Montinelli V, da Silva Figueiredo Celestino Gomes P, Pascutti PG, Moura-Neto RS, Silva R. Genetic diversity of the melanocortin-1 receptor in an admixed population of Rio de Janeiro: Structural and functional impacts of Cys35Tyr variant. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267286. [PMID: 35452484 PMCID: PMC9032367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is one of the key proteins involved in the regulation of melanin production and several polymorphisms have been associated with different phenotypes of skin and hair color in human and nonhuman species. Most of the knowledge is centered on more homogeneous populations and studies involving an admixed group of people should be encouraged due to the great importance of understanding the human color variation. This work evaluates the MC1R diversity and the possible impacts of MC1R variants in an admixed sample population of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which is a product of Native American, African, and European miscegenation. Sequencing of complete coding region and part of the 3´UTR of MC1R gene identified 31 variants including one insertion and three novel synonymous substitutions in sample population grouped according to skin, hair and eye pigmentation levels. In nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS), three main clusters were identified, in which the Brazilian dark skin group remained in the African cluster whereas the intermediate and the light skin color phenotype in the European one. None gathered with Asians since their immigration to Brazil was a recent event. In silico analyses demonstrated that Cys35Tyr, Ile155Thr and Pro256Ser, found in our population, have a negative effect on receptor function probably due to changes on the receptor structure. Notably, Cys35Tyr mutation could potentially impair agonist binding. Altogether, this work contributes to the understanding of the genetic background of color variation on an admixed population and gives insights into the damaging effects of MC1R variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Neitzke-Montinelli
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro G. Pascutti
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S. Moura-Neto
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosane Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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47
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Discovery of a functionally selective ghrelin receptor (GHSR 1a) ligand for modulating brain dopamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2112397119. [PMID: 35239443 PMCID: PMC8915830 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112397119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a (GHSR1a) signaling is a promising strategy for treating brain conditions of metabolism, aging, and addiction. GHSR1a activation results in pleiotropic physiological outcomes through distinct and pharmacologically separable G protein– and β-arrestin (βarr)–dependent signaling pathways. Thus, pathway-selective modulation can enable improved pharmacotherapeutics that can promote therapeutic efficacy while mitigating side effects. Here, we describe the discovery of a brain-penetrant small molecule, N8279 (NCATS-SM8864), that biases GHSR1a conformations toward Gαq activation and reduces aberrant dopaminergic behavior in mice. N8279 represents a promising chemical scaffold to advance the development of better treatments for GHSR1a-related brain disorders involving the pathological dysregulation of dopamine. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a (GHSR1a) is the cognate G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) for the peptide hormone ghrelin. GHSR1a is a promising therapeutic target for a wide range of metabolic, age-related, and central nervous system (CNS)–based conditions. In addition, growing evidence supports that GHSR1a is a modulator of dopamine (DA) homeostasis and is neuroprotective within brain DA circuits. GHSR1a signaling originates from pharmacologically separable G protein– and β-arrestin (βarr)–dependent pathways, and consequently, GHSR1a-mediated physiological responses depend upon their distinctive signaling contributions. Thus, when treating disorders of disrupted DA homeostasis, a pharmacological strategy that modulates biased GHSR1a signaling may uncouple desired therapeutic outcomes from unwanted side effects. Here, we report the discovery of a small molecule GHSR1a agonist, N8279 (NCATS-SM8864), functionally selective for G protein signaling. Comprehensive pharmacological characterization reveals that N8279 elicits potent Gαq activity at the apo- and ghrelin-bound GHSR1a. Further biochemical analysis and molecular modeling demonstrate that N8279 signaling requires the extracellular domain of GHSR1a, especially extracellular loop 2. Collectively, these findings suggest that N8279 possesses an extended binding mode into the extracellular vestibule of the GHSR1a that preferentially favors Gαq signaling over alternative G proteins and βarr2-dependent cellular responses. Critically, N8279 is brain-penetrant in mice, exhibits CNS stability, and attenuates dysfunctional DA-mediated behaviors in both genetic and pharmacological mouse models of hyperdopaminergia. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms governing GPCR functional selectivity and emphasize how biased ligand drug development can produce novel GHSR1a pharmacotherapeutics to treat pathological disruptions of brain DA homeostasis.
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48
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Abstract
β1-Adrenergic receptors (β1ARs) are the principal mediators of catecholamine action in cardiomyocytes. We previously showed that β1ARs accumulate as both full-length and NH2-terminally truncated species in cells, that maturational processing of full-length β1ARs to an NH2-terminally truncated form is attributable to O-glycan-regulated proteolytic cleavage of the β1AR NH2-terminus at R31 ↓ L32 by ADAM17, and that NH2-terminally truncated β1ARs remain signaling competent but they acquire a distinct signaling phenotype. NH2-terminally truncated β1ARs differ from full-length β1ARs in their signaling bias to cAMP/PKA versus ERK pathways and only the NH2-terminally truncated form of the β1AR constitutively activates AKT and confers protection against doxorubicin-dependent apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Since the R31 ↓ L32 sequence conforms to a trypsin consensus cleavage site, we used immunoblotting methods to test the hypothesis that β1ARs are also cleaved at R31 ↓ L32 by trypsin (an enzyme typically used to isolate cardiomyocytes from the intact ventricle). We show that full-length β1ARs are cleaved by trypsin and that trypsin cleaves the full-length β1AR NH2-terminus specifically at R31 ↓ L32 in CHO-Pro5 cells. Trypsin also cleaves β1ARs in cardiomyocytes, but at a second site that results in the formation of ∼40-kDa NH2-terminal and ∼30-kDa COOH-terminal fragments. The observation that cardiomyocyte β1ARs are cleaved by trypsin (a mechanism that constitutes a heretofore-unrecognized mechanism that would influence β1AR-signaling responses) suggests that studies that use standard trypsin-based procedures to isolate adult cardiomyocytes from the intact ventricle should be interpreted with caution.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Current concepts regarding the molecular basis for β1AR responses derive from literature predicated on the assumption that β1ARs signal exclusively as full-length receptor proteins. However, we recently showed that β1ARs accumulate as both full-length and NH2-terminally truncated forms. This manuscript provides novel evidence that β1-adrenergic receptors can be cleaved by trypsin and that cell surface β1AR cleavage constitutes a heretofore unrecognized mechanism to alter catecholamine-dependent signaling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Susan F. Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York City, New York
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49
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Sikdar S, Banerjee M, Vemparala S. Role of Disulphide Bonds in Membrane Partitioning of a Viral Peptide. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:129-142. [PMID: 35218393 PMCID: PMC8881898 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The importance of disulphide bond in mediating viral peptide entry into host cells is well known. In the present work, we elucidate the role of disulphide (SS) bond in partitioning mechanism of membrane-active Hepatitis A Virus-2B (HAV-2B) peptide, which harbours three cysteine residues promoting formation of multiple SS-bonded states. The inclusion of SS-bond not only results in a compact conformation but also induces distorted α-helical hairpin geometry in comparison to SS-free state. Owing to these, the hydrophobic residues get buried, restricting the insertion of SS-bonded HAV-2B peptide into lipid packing defects and thus the partitioning of the peptide is completely or partly abolished. In this way, the disulphide bond can potentially regulate the partitioning of HAV-2B peptide such that the membrane remodelling effects of this viral peptide are significantly reduced. The current findings may have potential implications in drug designing, targeting the HAV-2B protein by promoting disulphide bond formation within its membrane-active region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samapan Sikdar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Manidipa Banerjee
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Satyavani Vemparala
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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50
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Xu Z, Guo L, Qian X, Yu C, Li S, Zhu C, Ma X, Li H, Zhu G, Zhou H, Dai W, Li Q, Gao X. Two entry tunnels in mouse TAAR9 suggest the possibility of multi-entry tunnels in olfactory receptors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2691. [PMID: 35177711 PMCID: PMC8854740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthosteric binding sites of olfactory receptors have been well understood for ligand-receptor interactions. However, a lack of explanation for subtle differences in ligand profile of olfactory receptors even with similar orthosteric binding sites promotes more exploration into the entry tunnels of the receptors. An important question regarding entry tunnels is the number of entry tunnels, which was previously believed to be one. Here, we used TAAR9 that recognizes important biogenic amines such as cadaverine, spermine, and spermidine as a model for entry tunnel study. We identified two entry tunnels in TAAR9 and described the residues that form the tunnels. In addition, we found two vestibular binding pockets, each located in one tunnel. We further confirmed the function of two tunnels through site-directed mutagenesis. Our study challenged the existing views regarding the number of entry tunnels in the subfamily of olfactory receptors and demonstrated the possible mechanism how the entry tunnels function in odorant recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengRong Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - LingNa Guo
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - XiaoYun Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - ChenJie Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - ShengJu Li
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - ChengWen Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - XiaoFeng Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - GuangJie Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - WenXuan Dai
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China. .,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China. .,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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