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Park M, Koh CS, Chang H, Kim TJ, Mun W, Chang JW, Jung HH. Low-frequency (5-Hz) stimulation of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray modulates the descending serotonergic system in the peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain 2024; 165:1774-1783. [PMID: 38422490 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Neuropathic pain is a type of chronic pain that entails severe prolonged sensory dysfunctions caused by a lesion of the somatosensory system. Many of those suffering from the condition do not experience significant improvement with existing medications, resulting in various side effects. In this study, Sprague-Dawley male rats were used, and long-term deep brain stimulation of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray was conducted in a rat model of spared nerve injury. We found that 5-Hz deep brain stimulation effectively modulated mechanical allodynia and induced neuronal activation in the rostral ventromedial medulla, restoring impaired descending serotonergic system. At the spinal level, glial cells were still activated but only the 5-HT1a receptor in the spinal cord was activated, implying its inhibitory role in mechanical allodynia. This study found that peripheral neuropathy caused dysfunction in the descending serotonergic system, and prolonged stimulation of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray can modulate the pathway in an efficient manner. This work would provide new opportunities for the development of targeted and effective treatments for this debilitating disease, possibly giving us lower chances of side effects from repeated high-frequency stimulation or long-term use of medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chin Su Koh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesue Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonki Mun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Aguiar DD, da Costa Oliveira C, Fonseca FCS, de Almeida DL, Campos Pereira WV, Guimarães FS, Perez AC, Duarte IDG, Romero TRL. Peripherally injected canabidiol reduces neuropathic pain in mice: Role of the 5-HT 1A and TRPV1 receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 660:58-64. [PMID: 37068389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the most abundant non-psychoactive component found in plants of the genus Cannabis. Its analgesic effect for the treatment of neuropathy has been widely studied. However, little is known about its effects in the acute treatment when Cannabidiol is administered peripherally. Because of that, this research was aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of the CBD when administered peripherally for the treatment of acute neuropathic pain and check the involvement of the 5-HT1A and the TRPV1 receptors in this event. Neuropathic pain was induced with the constriction of the sciatic nerve while the nociceptive threshold was measured using the pressure test of the mouse paw. The technique used proved to be efficient to induce neuropathy, and the CBD (5, 10 and 30 μg/paw) induced the antinociception in a dosage-dependent manner. The dosage used that induced a more potent effect (30 μg/paw), did not induce a systemic response, as demonstrated by both the motor coordination assessment test (RotaRod) and the antinociceptive effect restricted to the paw treated with CBD. The administration of NAN-190 (10 μg/paw), a selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, and SB-366791 (16 μg/paw), a selective TRPV1 antagonist, partially reversed the CBD-induced antinociception. The results of the research suggest that the CBD produces the peripheral antinociception during the acute treatment of the neuropathic pain and it partially involved the participation of the 5-HT1A and TRPV1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Diniz Aguiar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Castro Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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3
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Mechanisms of Peripheral and Central Sensitization in Osteoarthritis Pain. Cureus 2023; 15:e35331. [PMID: 36846635 PMCID: PMC9949992 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain, the primary symptom of osteoarthritis (OA), reduces both the quality and quantity of life for patients. The pathophysiology of OA pain is complex and often difficult to explain solely by radiological structural changes. One reason for this discrepancy is pain sensitization (peripheral sensitization [PS] and central sensitization [CS]) in OA. Thus, an understanding of pain sensitization is important when considering treatment strategies and development for OA pain. In recent years, pro-inflammatory cytokines, nerve growth factors (NGFs), and serotonin have been identified as causative agents that induce peripheral and central sensitization and are becoming therapeutic targets for OA pain. However, the characteristics of the clinical manifestations of pain sensitization elicited by these molecules remain unclear, and it is not well understood who among OA patients should receive the therapeutic intervention. Thus, this review summarizes evidence on the pathophysiology of peripheral and central sensitization in OA pain and the clinical features and treatment options for this condition. While the majority of the literature supports the existence of pain sensitization in chronic OA pain, clinical identification and treatment of pain sensitization in OA are still in their infancy, and future studies with good methodological quality are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Muacevic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - John R Adler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
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4
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Ganley RP, de Sousa MM, Werder K, Öztürk T, Mendes R, Ranucci M, Wildner H, Zeilhofer HU. Targeted anatomical and functional identification of antinociceptive and pronociceptive serotonergic neurons that project to the spinal dorsal horn. eLife 2023; 12:78689. [PMID: 36752606 PMCID: PMC9943064 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinally projecting serotonergic neurons play a key role in controlling pain sensitivity and can either increase or decrease nociception depending on physiological context. It is currently unknown how serotonergic neurons mediate these opposing effects. Utilizing virus-based strategies and Tph2-Cre transgenic mice, we identified two anatomically separated populations of serotonergic hindbrain neurons located in the lateral paragigantocellularis (LPGi) and the medial hindbrain, which respectively innervate the superficial and deep spinal dorsal horn and have contrasting effects on sensory perception. Our tracing experiments revealed that serotonergic neurons of the LPGi were much more susceptible to transduction with spinally injected AAV2retro vectors than medial hindbrain serotonergic neurons. Taking advantage of this difference, we employed intersectional chemogenetic approaches to demonstrate that activation of the LPGi serotonergic projections decreases thermal sensitivity, whereas activation of medial serotonergic neurons increases sensitivity to mechanical von Frey stimulation. Together these results suggest that there are functionally distinct classes of serotonergic hindbrain neurons that differ in their anatomical location in the hindbrain, their postsynaptic targets in the spinal cord, and their impact on nociceptive sensitivity. The LPGi neurons that give rise to rather global and bilateral projections throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the spinal cord appear to be ideally poised to contribute to widespread systemic pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Philip Ganley
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Kira Werder
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tugce Öztürk
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Raquel Mendes
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Matteo Ranucci
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Hendrik Wildner
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZurichSwitzerland
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5
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Tour J, Sandström A, Kadetoff D, Schalling M, Kosek E. The OPRM1 gene and interactions with the 5-HT1a gene regulate conditioned pain modulation in fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277427. [PMID: 36342939 PMCID: PMC9639841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) patients have dysfunctional endogenous pain modulation, where opioid and serotonergic signaling is implicated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether genetic variants in the genes coding for major structures in the opioid and serotonergic systems can affect pain modulation in FM patients and healthy controls (HC). Conditioned pain modulation (CPM), evaluating the effects of ischemic pain on pressure pain sensitivity, was performed in 82 FM patients and 43 HC. All subjects were genotyped for relevant functional polymorphisms in the genes coding for the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1, rs1799971), the serotonin transporter (5-HTT, 5-HTTLPR/rs25531) and the serotonin 1a receptor (5-HT1a, rs6295). Results showed the OPRM1 G-allele was associated with decreased CPM. A significant gene-to-gene interaction was found between the OPRM1 and the 5-HT1a gene. Reduced CPM scores were seen particularly in individuals with the OPRM1 G*/5-HT1a CC genotype, indicating that the 5-HT1a CC genotype seems to have an inhibiting effect on CPM if an individual has the OPRM1 G-genotype. Thus, regardless of pain phenotype, the OPRM1 G-allele independently as well as with an interaction with the 5-HT1a gene influenced pain modulation. FM patients had lower CPM than HC but no group differences were found regarding the genetic effects on CPM, indicating that the results reflect more general mechanisms influencing pain modulatory processes rather than underlying the dysfunction of CPM in FM. In conclusion, a genetic variant known to alter the expression of, and binding to, the my-opioid receptor reduced a subject’s ability to activate descending pain inhibition. Also, the results suggest a genetically inferred gene-to-gene interaction between the main opioid receptor and a serotonergic structure essential for 5-HT transmission to modulate pain inhibition. The results in this study highlight the importance of studying joint synergistic and antagonistic effects of neurotransmittor systems in regard to pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Tour
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Blekinge Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Angelica Sandström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diana Kadetoff
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Spine Center, Löwenströmska Hospital, Upplands Väsby, Sweden
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Kosek
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Li CJ, Zhang LG, Liu LB, An MQ, Dong LG, Gu HY, Dai YP, Wang F, Mao CJ, Liu CF. Inhibition of Spinal 5-HT3 Receptor and Spinal Dorsal Horn Neuronal Excitability Alleviates Hyperalgesia in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:7253-7264. [PMID: 36168076 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Pain in Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasingly recognized as a major factor associated with poor life quality of PD patients. However, classic therapeutic drugs supplying dopamine have limited therapeutic effects on PD-related pain. This suggests that there is a mechanism outside the dopamine system that causes pain in PD. Our previous study demonstrated that 6-OHDA induced PD model manifested hyperalgesia to thermal and mechanical stimuli and decreased serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH). Several 5-HT receptor subtypes have been confirmed to be associated with nociception in the spinal cord, such as 5-HT1A receptor, 5-HT1B receptor, 5-HT2 receptor, 5-HT3 receptor, and 5-HT7 receptor. Most research has shown that 5-HT1A receptor and 5-HT3 receptor play a key role in pain transmission in the spinal cord. We hypothesized that hyperalgesia of 6-OHDA rats may be related to increased excitability of SDH neurons, and functional change of 5-HT3 receptor may reverse the hyperalgesia of 6-OHDA lesioned rats and decrease cell excitability of SDH neurons. To test this hypothesis, we used whole-cell patch-clamp and pharmacological methods to evaluate the effect of 5-HT3 receptor and 5-HT1A receptor on the hyperalgesia of 6-OHDA rats. The results suggested that increased excitability in SDH neurons could be reversed by 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron (20 μmol/L) and palosetron (10 μmol/L), but not 5-HT3 receptor agonist m-CPBG (30 μmol/L) and SR 57,727 (10 μmol/L), 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH DPAT (10 μmol/L) and eptapirone (10 μmol/L) and 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (10 μmol/L) and p-MPPI (10 μmol/L). Intrathecal injection of ondansetron (0.1 mg/kg) but not m-CPBG (0.1 mg/kg), 8-OH DPAT (0.1 mg/kg), and WAY-100635 (0.1 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. In conclusion, the present study suggests that inhibition of spinal 5-HT3 receptor and SDH neuronal excitability alleviates hyperalgesia in PD rats. Our study provides a novel mechanism or therapeutic strategy for pain in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jie Li
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Ge Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lu-Bing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng-Qi An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Guo Dong
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Han-Ying Gu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Yong-Ping Dai
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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7
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Park D, Chang MC. The mechanism of action of pulsed radiofrequency in reducing pain: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF YEUNGNAM MEDICAL SCIENCE 2022; 39:200-205. [PMID: 35385898 PMCID: PMC9273139 DOI: 10.12701/jyms.2022.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pain from nervous or musculoskeletal disorders is one of the most common complaints in clinical practice. Corticosteroids have a high pain-reducing effect, and their injection is generally used to control various types of pain. However, they have various adverse effects including flushing, hyperglycemia, allergic reactions, menstrual changes, immunosuppression, and adrenal suppression. Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) is known to have a pain-reducing effect similar to that of corticosteroid injection, with nearly no major side effects. Therefore, it has been widely used to treat various types of pain, such as neuropathic, joint, discogenic, and muscle pain. In the current review, we outlined the pain-reducing mechanisms of PRF by reviewing previous studies. When PRF was first introduced, it was supposed to reduce pain by long-term depression of pain signaling from the peripheral nerve to the central nervous system. In addition, deactivation of microglia at the level of the spinal dorsal horn, reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, increased endogenous opioid precursor messenger ribonucleic acid, enhancement of noradrenergic and serotonergic descending pain inhibitory pathways, suppression of excitation of C-afferent fibers, and microscopic damage of nociceptive C- and A-delta fibers have been found to contribute to pain reduction after PRF application. However, the pain-reducing mechanism of PRF has not been clearly and definitely elucidated. Further studies are warranted to clarify the pain-reducing mechanism of PRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Park
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Min Cheol Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Corresponding Author: Min Cheol Chang, MD Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea Tel: +82-53-620-4682 • Fax: +0504-231-8694 • E-mail:
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8
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de Kort AR, Joosten EAJ, Patijn J, Tibboel D, van den Hoogen NJ. The development of descending serotonergic modulation of the spinal nociceptive network: a life span perspective. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1361-1369. [PMID: 34257402 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nociceptive network, responsible for transmission of nociceptive signals that generate the pain experience, is not fully developed at birth. Descending serotonergic modulation of spinal nociception, an important part of the pain network, undergoes substantial postnatal maturation and is suggested to be involved in the altered pain response observed in human newborns. This review summarizes preclinical data of the development of descending serotonergic modulation of the spinal nociceptive network across the life span, providing a comprehensive background to understand human newborn pain experience and treatment. Sprouting of descending serotonergic axons, originating from the rostroventral medulla, as well as changes in receptor function and expression take place in the first postnatal weeks of rodents, corresponding to human neonates in early infancy. Descending serotonergic modulation switches from facilitation in early life to bimodal control in adulthood, masking an already functional 5-HT inhibitory system at early ages. Specifically the 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptors seem distinctly important for pain facilitation at neonatal and early infancy, while the 5-HT1a, 5-HT1b, and 5-HT2 receptors mediate inhibitory effects at all ages. Analgesic therapy that considers the neurodevelopmental phase is likely to result in a more targeted treatment of neonatal pain and may improve both short- and long-term effects. IMPACT: The descending serotonergic system undergoes anatomical changes from birth to early infancy, as its sprouts and descending projections increase and the dorsal horn innervation pattern changes. Descending serotonergic modulation from the rostral ventral medulla switches from facilitation in early life via the 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptors to bimodal control in adulthood. A functional inhibitory serotonergic system mainly via 5-HT1a, 5-HT1b, and 5-HT2a receptors at the spinal level exists already at the neonatal phase but is masked by descending facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R de Kort
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. .,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Elbert A J Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob Patijn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke J van den Hoogen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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9
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Modulation of nociception and pain-evoked neurobehavioral responses by levetiracetam in a craniotomy pain model. Behav Brain Res 2021; 420:113728. [PMID: 34952028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Traditional and novel analgesic modalities have been extensively tested for post-craniotomy pain management, yet the role of newer antiepileptic drugs in this area remains obscure. This study investigates the impact of levetiracetam (LEV) on pain modulation and neurobehavioral performance in a craniotomy model. Fifty-six Wistar rats were randomly assigned into seven groups: no intervention (CTRL), administration of placebo or LEV with no further intervention (PBO and LEV, respectively), and sham-operation or craniotomy in placebo (PBO-SHAM and PBO-CR, respectively) or LEV-treated rats (LEV-SHAM and LEV-CR, respectively). Pain was assessed by the rat grimace scale before, and at 8 and 24 h after craniotomy, following intraperitoneal injections of LEV (100 mg/kg twice daily) or normal saline two consecutive days before and on the craniotomy day. Elevated plus-maze and olfactory social memory tests were performed at 24- and 48 h post-craniotomy, respectively. Upon testing conclusion blood samples were collected for cytokines estimation. Levetiracetam administration enhanced antinociception in sham and craniotomy groups. In the elevated plus-maze test, LEV-CR rats spent more time in investigating open arms and performed more open arm entries than PBO-SHAM and PBO-CR animals. The olfactory test revealed no between-groups difference in acquisition time during first contact with a juvenile rat, while LEV-CR rats spent less time to recognize the same juvenile rat compared to PBO-SHAM and PBO-CR groups. Furthermore, LEV-treatment attenuated cortisol, interleukin-6 and TNF-a release, in sham and craniotomy animals. In conclusion, preemptive use of LEV decreases nociception, improves pain-evoked behavior and attenuates stress response in rats subjected to craniotomy.
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10
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González-Hernández A, Marichal-Cancino BA, Villalón CM. The impact of CGRPergic monoclonal antibodies on prophylactic antimigraine therapy and potential adverse events. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1223-1235. [PMID: 34535065 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1982892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a prevalent medical condition and the second most disabling neurological disorder. Regarding its pathophysiology, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a key role, and, consequently, specific antimigraine pharmacotherapy has been designed to target this system. Hence, apart from the gepants, the recently developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a novel approach to treat this disorder. In this review we consider the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action, specificity, safety, and efficacy of the above mAbs as prophylactic antimigraine agents, and examine the possible adverse events that these agents may trigger. Antimigraine mAbs act as direct scavengers of CGRP (galcanezumab, fremanezumab, and eptinezumab) or against the CGRP receptor (erenumab). Due to their long half-lives, these molecules have revolutionized the prophylactic treatment of this neurovascular disorder. Moreover, because of their physicochemical properties, these agents are hepato-friendly and do not cross the blood-brain barrier (highlighting the relevance of peripheral mechanisms in migraine). Nevertheless, apart from potential cardiovascular side effects, the interaction with AMY1 receptors and immunogenicity induced by autoantibodies against mAbs could be a concern for the safety of long-term treatment with these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimael González-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav‑Coapa, Ciudad de México, México
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11
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Newman-Tancredi A, Depoortère RY, Kleven MS, Kołaczkowski M, Zimmer L. Translating biased agonists from molecules to medications: Serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor functional selectivity for CNS disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 229:107937. [PMID: 34174274 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biased agonism (or "functional selectivity") at G-protein-coupled receptors has attracted rapidly increasing interest as a means to improve discovery of more efficacious and safer pharmacotherapeutics. However, most studies are limited to in vitro tests of cellular signaling and few biased agonists have progressed to in vivo testing. As concerns 5-HT1A receptors, which exert a major control of serotonergic signaling in diverse CNS regions, study of biased agonism has previously been limited by the poor target selectivity and/or partial agonism of classically available ligands. However, a new generation of highly selective, efficacious and druggable agonists has advanced the study of biased agonism at this receptor and created new therapeutic opportunities. These novel agonists show differential properties for G-protein signaling, cellular signaling (particularly pERK), electrophysiological effects, neurotransmitter release, neuroimaging by PET and pharmacoMRI, and behavioral tests of mood, motor activity and side effects. Overall, NLX-101 (a.k.a. F15599) exhibits preferential activation of cortical and brain stem 5-HT1A receptors, whereas NLX-112 (a.k.a. befiradol or F13640) shows prominent activation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors in Raphe nuclei and in regions associated with motor control. Accordingly, NLX-101 is potently active in rodent models of depression and respiratory control, whereas NLX-112 shows promising activity in models of Parkinson's disease across several species - rat, marmoset and macaque. Moreover, NLX-112 has also been labeled with 18F to produce the first agonist PET radiopharmaceutical (known as [18F]-F13640) for investigation of the active state of 5-HT1A receptors in rodent, primate and human. The structure-functional activity relationships of biased agonists have been investigated by receptor modeling and novel compounds have been identified which exhibit increased affinity at 5-HT1A receptors and new profiles of cellular signaling bias, notably for β-arrestin recruitment versus pERK. Taken together, the data suggest that 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists constitute potentially superior pharmacological agents for treatment of CNS disorders involving serotonergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luc Zimmer
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS-INSERM, France
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Kaswan NK, Mohammed Izham NAB, Tengku Mohamad TAS, Sulaiman MR, Perimal EK. Cardamonin Modulates Neuropathic Pain through the Possible Involvement of Serotonergic 5-HT1A Receptor Pathway in CCI-Induced Neuropathic Pain Mice Model. Molecules 2021; 26:3677. [PMID: 34208700 PMCID: PMC8234694 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardamonin, a naturally occurring chalcone isolated from Alpinia species has shown to possess strong anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. Previous studies have demonstrated that cardamonin exerts antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic properties in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain animal model. However, the mechanisms underlying cardamonin's effect have yet to be fully understood. The present study aims to investigate the involvement of the serotonergic system in cardamonin induced antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects in CCI-induced neuropathic pain mice model. The neuropathic pain symptoms in the CCI mice model were assessed using Hargreaves Plantar test and von-Frey filament test on day 14 post-surgery. Central depletion of serotonin along the descending serotonergic pathway was done using ρ-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 100 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis for four consecutive days before cardamonin treatment, and was found to reverse the antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effect produced by cardamonin. Pretreatment of the mice with several 5-HT receptor subtypes antagonists: methiothepin (5-HT1/6/77 receptor antagonist, 0.1 mg/kg), WAY 100635 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg), isamoltane (5-HT1B receptor antagonist, 2.5 mg/kg), ketanserin (5-HT2A receptor antagonist, 0.3 mg/kg), and ondansetron (5-HT3 receptor antagonist, 0.5 mg/kg) were shown to abolish the effect of cardamonin induced antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects. Further evaluation of the 5-HT1A receptor subtype protein expressions reveals that cardamonin significantly upregulated its expression in the brainstem and spinal cord. Our results suggest that the serotonergic pathway is essential for cardamonin to exert its antineuropathic effect in CCI mice through the involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor subtype in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Khalisah Kaswan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.K.K.); (N.A.B.M.I.); (T.A.S.T.M.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Noor Aishah Binti Mohammed Izham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.K.K.); (N.A.B.M.I.); (T.A.S.T.M.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Tengku Azam Shah Tengku Mohamad
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.K.K.); (N.A.B.M.I.); (T.A.S.T.M.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Mohd Roslan Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.K.K.); (N.A.B.M.I.); (T.A.S.T.M.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Enoch Kumar Perimal
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.K.K.); (N.A.B.M.I.); (T.A.S.T.M.); (M.R.S.)
- Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Australian Research Council, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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5-HT 1A Serotonergic, α-Adrenergic and Opioidergic Receptors Mediate the Analgesic Efficacy of Vortioxetine in Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113242. [PMID: 34071269 PMCID: PMC8199248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vortioxetine is a multimodal antidepressant drug that affects several brain neurochemicals and has the potential to induce various pharmacological effects on the central nervous system. Therefore, we investigated the centrally mediated analgesic efficacy of this drug and the mechanisms underlying this effect. Analgesic activity of vortioxetine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) was examined by tail-clip, tail-immersion and hot-plate tests. Motor performance of animals was evaluated using Rota-rod device. Time course measurements (30-180 min) showed that vortioxetine (10 and 20 mg/kg) administrations significantly increased the response latency, percent maximum possible effect and area under the curve values in all of the nociceptive tests. These data pointed out the analgesic effect of vortioxetine on central pathways carrying acute thermal and mechanical nociceptive stimuli. Vortioxetine did not alter the motor coordination of mice indicating that the analgesic activity of this drug was specific. In mechanistic studies, pre-treatments with p-chlorophenylalanine (serotonin-synthesis inhibitor), NAN-190 (serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonist), α-methyl-para-tyrosine (catecholamine-synthesis inhibitor), phentolamine (non-selective α-adrenoceptor blocker), and naloxone (non-selective opioid receptor blocker) antagonised the vortioxetine-induced analgesia. Obtained findings indicated that vortioxetine-induced analgesia is mediated by 5-HT1A serotonergic, α-adrenergic and opioidergic receptors, and contributions of central serotonergic and catecholaminergic neurotransmissions are critical for this effect.
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González-Hernández A, Condés-Lara M, García-Boll E, Villalón CM. An outlook on the trigeminovascular mechanisms of action and side effects concerns of some potential neuropeptidergic antimigraine therapies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:179-199. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1856366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Condés-Lara
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Enrique García-Boll
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Carlos M. Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-Coapa, Ciudad de México, México
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Linciano P, Sorbi C, Comitato A, Lesniak A, Bujalska-Zadrożny M, Pawłowska A, Bielenica A, Orzelska-Górka J, Kędzierska E, Biała G, Ronsisvalle S, Limoncella S, Casarini L, Cichero E, Fossa P, Satała G, Bojarski AJ, Brasili L, Bardoni R, Franchini S. Identification of a Potent and Selective 5-HT 1A Receptor Agonist with In Vitro and In Vivo Antinociceptive Activity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4111-4127. [PMID: 33263393 PMCID: PMC8016166 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are the gold standard drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic severe pain, although their serious side effects constitute a big limitation. In the search for new and safer drugs, 5-HT1AR agonists are emerging as potential candidates in pain relief therapy. In this work, we evaluated the affinity and activity of enantiomers of the two newly synthesized, potent 5-HT1AR agonists N-[(2,2-diphenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl]-2-[2-(pyridin-4-yl)phenoxy]ethan-1-ammonium hydrogenoxalate (rac-1) and N-((2,2-diphenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl)-2-(2-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ammonium hydrogenoxalate (rac-2) in vitro and in vivo. The role of chirality in the interaction with 5-HT1AR was evaluated by molecular docking. The activity of the rac-1 was tested in mouse models of acute pain (hot plate) and severe tonic nociceptive stimulation (intraplantar formalin test). Rac-1 was active in the formalin test with a reduction in paw licking in both phases at 10 mg/kg, and its effect was abolished by the selective 5-HT1AR antagonist, WAY-100635. The eutomer (S)-1, but not the racemate, was active during the hot plate test at 10 and 20 mg/kg, and this effect was abolished by 30 min treatment with WAY-100635 at 30 min. Similarly to 8-OH-DPAT, (S)-1 evoked a slow outward current and depressed spontaneous glutamatergic transmission in superficial dorsal horn neurons, more effectively than rac-1. The eutomer (S)-1 showed promising developability properties, such as high selectivity over 5-HT subtypes, no interaction with the μ receptors, and low hepato- and cardiotoxicity. Therefore, (S)-1 may represent a potential candidate for the treatment of acute and chronic pain without having the adverse effects that are commonly associated with the classic opioid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Linciano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Claudia Sorbi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonella Comitato
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Lesniak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrożny
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Pawłowska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielenica
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Orzelska-Górka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kędzierska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Biała
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Limoncella
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Section, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Section, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej J. Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Livio Brasili
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Rita Bardoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Franchini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Panteleev SS, Sivachenko IB, Lyubashina OA. The Buspirone-dependent Abdominal Pain Transmission Within the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius in the Rat. Neuroscience 2020; 452:326-334. [PMID: 33248152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Buspirone, a partial agonist of the 5-HT1aR, due to potential antinociceptive properties can be useful for abdominal pain treatment in IBS patients. Pain-related effects of buspirone can be mediated by the 5-HT1aRs, located within the nucleus tractus solitarius. The 5-HT1aR involvement in pain transmission within the NTS is unclear. The objective of our study was to evaluate the involvement of the 5-HT1aR in abdominal pain transmission within the NTS. Using a model of abdominal pain on urethane-anesthetized rats, two types of NTS pain-related neurons responding to the noxious colorectal distension (CRD) with excitatory and inhibitory sustained patterns of evoked activity were revealed. Buspirone (1.0-4.0 mg kg-1, iv) has complex time- and dose-depended action on the CRD-induced NTS neuron responses. Buspirone inhibits the responses of the excitatory neurons and inverts the responses of the inhibitory pain-related neurons but at a dose of 4.0 buspirone, the effect on NTS pain-related neurons attenuates. The inhibitory effect of buspirone on the CRD-evoked responses of the excitatory NTS neurons is completely blocked by an intra-cerebroventricular administration of buspirone agonist WAY100,635. The inhibitory responses do not change by this agonist. The inhibitory action of buspirone is mediated by supraspinal 5-HT1a receptors however, its excitatory effect on inhibitory neurons does not dependents on these receptors. We proposed that the NTS pain-related neurons could be involved in anti- or pronociceptive effects of buspirone on abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S Panteleev
- Laboratory of Cortico-Visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nab. Makarova, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Ivan B Sivachenko
- Laboratory of Cortico-Visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nab. Makarova, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Olga A Lyubashina
- Laboratory of Cortico-Visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nab. Makarova, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia; Department of Neuropharmacology, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, First Saint-Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, 6/8 Lev Tolstoy Street, Saint-Petersburg 197022, Russia.
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Biological data questions the support of the self inhibition required for pattern generation in the half center model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238586. [PMID: 32915814 PMCID: PMC7485810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion control in mammals has been hypothesized to be governed by a central pattern generator (CPG) located in the circuitry of the spinal cord. The most common model of the CPG is the half center model, where two pools of neurons generate alternating, oscillatory activity. In this model, the pools reciprocally inhibit each other ensuring alternating activity. There is experimental support for reciprocal inhibition. However another crucial part of the half center model is a self inhibitory mechanism which prevents the neurons of each individual pool from infinite firing. Self-inhibition is hence necessary to obtain alternating activity. But critical parts of the experimental bases for the proposed mechanisms for self-inhibition were obtained in vitro, in preparations of juvenile animals. The commonly used adaptation of spike firing does not appear to be present in adult animals in vivo. We therefore modeled several possible self inhibitory mechanisms for locomotor control. Based on currently published data, previously proposed hypotheses of the self inhibitory mechanism, necessary to support the CPG hypothesis, seems to be put into question by functional evaluation tests or by in vivo data. This opens for alternative explanations of how locomotion activity patterns in the adult mammal could be generated.
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Antinociceptive effect of selective G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channel agonist ML297 in the rat spinal cord. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239094. [PMID: 32915912 PMCID: PMC7485804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels play important signaling roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems. However, the role of GIRK channel activation in pain signaling remains unknown mainly due to the lack of potent and selective GIRK channel activators until recently. The present study was designed to determine the effects and mechanisms of ML297, a selective GIRK1/2 activator, on nociception in the spinal cord by using behavioral studies and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons. Rats were prepared for chronic lumber catheterization and intrathecal administration of ML297. The nociceptive flexion reflex was tested using an analgesy-meter, and the influence on motor performance was assessed using an accelerating rotarod. We also investigated pre- and post-synaptic actions of ML297 in spinal cord preparations by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Intrathecal administration of ML297 increased the mechanical nociceptive threshold without impairing motor function. In voltage-clamp mode of patch-clamp recordings, bath application of ML297 induced outward currents in a dose-dependent manner. The ML297-induced currents demonstrated specific equilibrium potential like other families of potassium channels. At high concentration, ML297 depressed miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) but not their amplitude. The ML297-induced outward currents and suppression of mEPSCs were not inhibited by naloxone, a μ-opioid receptor antagonist. These results demonstrated that intrathecal ML297 showed the antinociceptive effect, which was mediated through direct activation of pre- and post-synaptic GIRK channels. Selective GIRK channel activation is a promising strategy for the development of new agents against chronic pain and opioid tolerance.
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Domocos D, Selescu T, Ceafalan LC, Iodi Carstens M, Carstens E, Babes A. Role of 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors in serotonergic activation of sensory neurons in relation to itch and pain behavior in the rat. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1999-2017. [PMID: 32537854 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) released by platelets, mast cells, and immunocytes is a potent inflammatory mediator which modulates pain and itch sensing in the peripheral nervous system. The serotonergic receptors expressed by primary afferent neurons involved in these sensory functions are not fully identified and appear to be to a large extent species dependent. Moreover, the mechanisms through which 5-HT receptor activation is coupled to changes in neuronal excitability have not been completely revealed. Using a combination of in vitro (calcium and voltage imaging and patch-clamp) and in vivo behavioral methods, we used both male and female Wistar rats to provide evidence for the involvement of two 5-HT receptor subtypes, 5-HT1A and 5-HT3, in mediating the sustained and transient effects, respectively, of 5-HT on rat primary afferent neurons involved in pain and itch processing. In addition, our results are consistent with a model in which sustained serotonergic responses triggered via the 5-HT1A receptor are due to closure of background potassium channels, followed by membrane depolarization and action potentials, during which the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels leads to calcium entry. Our results may provide a better understanding of mammalian serotonergic itch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Domocos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tudor Selescu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Cristina Ceafalan
- Cell Biology, Neuroscience and Experimental Myology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Iodi Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Earl Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexandru Babes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Winters BL, Jeong HJ, Vaughan CW. Inflammation induces developmentally regulated sumatriptan inhibition of spinal synaptic transmission. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3730-3743. [PMID: 32352556 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE While triptans are used to treat migraine, there is evidence that they also reduce inflammation-induced pain at the spinal level. The cellular mechanisms underlying this spinal enhancement are unknown. We examined whether inflammation alters sumatriptan modulation of synaptic transmission in the rat spinal dorsal horn. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Three to four days following intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or saline, whole cell recordings of evoked glutamatergic EPSCs were made from lumbar lamina I-II dorsal horn neurons in rat spinal slices KEY RESULTS: In 2- to 3-week-old animals, sumatriptan reduced the amplitude of evoked EPSCs and this was greater in slices from CFA, compared to saline-injected rats. In CFA-injected animals, sumatriptan increased the paired pulse ratio of evoked EPSCs and reduced the rate of spontaneous miniature EPSCs. The 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D agonists CP9 3129 and PNU109291 both inhibited evoked EPSCs in CFA but not saline-injected rats. By contrast, the 5-HT1A agonist R(+)-8-OH-DPAT inhibited evoked EPSCs in saline but not CFA-injected rats. In CFA-injected rats, the sumatriptan-induced inhibition of evoked EPSCs was reduced by the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D antagonists NAS181 and BRL-15572. Intriguingly, the difference in sumatriptan inhibition between CFA and saline-injected animals was only observed in animals less than 4 weeks old. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These findings indicate that inflammation induces a developmentally regulated 5-HT1B/1D presynaptic inhibition of excitatory transmission into the rat superficial dorsal horn. Thus, triptans could potentially act as spinal analgesic agents for inflammatory pain in the juvenile setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony L Winters
- Pain Management Research Institute and Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hyo-Jin Jeong
- Pain Management Research Institute and Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher W Vaughan
- Pain Management Research Institute and Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Bardoni R. Serotonergic Modulation of Nociceptive Circuits in Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:1133-1145. [PMID: 31573888 PMCID: PMC7057206 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191001123900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the extensive number of studies performed in the last 50 years, aimed at describing the role of serotonin and its receptors in pain modulation at the spinal cord level, several aspects are still not entirely understood. The interpretation of these results is often complicated by the use of different pain models and animal species, together with the lack of highly selective agonists and antagonists binding to serotonin receptors. Method: In this review, a search has been conducted on studies investigating the modulatory action exerted by serotonin on specific neurons and circuits in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Particular attention has been paid to studies employing electro-physiological techniques, both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion: The effects of serotonin on pain transmission in dorsal horn depend on several factors, including the type of re-ceptors activated and the populations of neurons involved. Recently, studies performed by activating and/or recording from identified neurons have importantly contributed to the understanding of serotonergic modulation on dorsal horn circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bardoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
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Panteleev SS, Sivachenko IB, Lyubashina OA. The central effects of buspirone on abdominal pain in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13431. [PMID: 30101506 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Buspirone, a partial agonist of the 5-HT1a receptor (5-HT1a R), owing to potential antinociceptive properties may be useful in treatment of abdominal pain in IBS patients. The pain-related effects of buspirone are mediated via the 5-HT1a Rs, specifically located within the ventrolateral medulla (VLM). The most animal studies of the 5-HT1a R involvement in pain control have been carried out with somatic behavioral tests. The 5-HT1a R contribution in visceral pain transmission within the VLM is unclear. The objective of our study was to evaluate the 5-HT1a R contribution in abdominal pain transmission within the VLM. METHODS Using animal model of abdominal pain (urethane-anaesthetized rats), based on the noxious colorectal distension (CRD) as pain stimulus we studied effects of buspirone (1.0-4.0 mg kg-1 , iv) on the CRD-induced VLM neuron and blood pressure responses as markers of abdominal pain before and after the 5-HT1a R blockade by antagonist, WAY 100,635. RESULTS The CRD induced a significant increase in VLM neuron activity up to 201.5 ± 18.0% and depressor reactions up to 68 ± 1.8% of baseline. Buspirone (1.0-4.0 mg kg-1 , iv) resulted in an inhibition of the CRD-induced neuron responses which were changed inversely with dose increase and decreased depressor reactions directly with dose increase. These effects were antagonized by intracerebroventricular WAY 100,635. CONCLUSION Buspirone exerts complex biphasic action on the pain-related VLM neuron activity inversely depending on dose. The final effect of buspirone depends on the functional balance between of activation the pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1a Rs in mediating pain control networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Panteleev
- Laboratory of Cortico-Visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Neuropharmacology, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, First Saint-Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - I B Sivachenko
- Laboratory of Cortico-Visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - O A Lyubashina
- Laboratory of Cortico-Visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Neuropharmacology, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, First Saint-Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Cortes-Altamirano JL, Olmos-Hernandez A, Jaime HB, Carrillo-Mora P, Bandala C, Reyes-Long S, Alfaro-Rodríguez A. Review: 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 Receptors and their Role in the Modulation of Pain Response in the Central Nervous System. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:210-221. [PMID: 28901281 PMCID: PMC5883380 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170911121027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this review was to identify the mechanisms by which serotonin receptors involved at the central level are able to modulate the nociceptive response. Pain is a defense mechanism of the body that entails physiological, anatomical, neurochemical, and psychological changes, and is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience with potential risk of tissue damage, comprising the leading cause of appointments with Physicians worldwide. Treatment for this symptom has generated several neuropharmacological lines of research, due to the different types of pain and the various drugs employed to treat this condition. Serotonin [5- HydroxyTryptamine (5-HT)] is a neurotransmitter with seven families (5-HT1-5-HT7) and approximately 15 receptor subtypes. Serotonin modulates neuronal activity; however, this neurotransmitter is related with a number of physiological processes, such as cardiovascular function, gastric motility, renal function, etc. On the other hand, several researches reported that serotonin modulates nociceptive response through 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptors in the Central Nervous System (CNS). METHOD In this review, a search was conducted on PubMed, ProQuest, EBSCO, and the Science Citation Index for studies evaluating the effects of 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptors in the CNS on the modulation of different types of pain. CONCLUSION We concluded that 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptors in the CNS modulate the pain, but this depends on the distribution of the receptors, dose of agonists or antagonists, administration route, pain type and duration in order to inhibit, excite, or even maintain the nociceptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Cortes-Altamirano
- PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa-Xochimilco- Cuajimalpa, Mexico, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Mexico, D.F. 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernandez
- Departament of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaria de Salud, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Mexico, D.F. 14389, Mexico
| | - Herlinda Bonilla Jaime
- Departament of Reproductive Biology, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Campus Iztapalapa, Mexico, D.F. 09340, Mexico
| | - Paul Carrillo-Mora
- Departament of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaria de Salud, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Mexico, D.F. 14389, Mexico
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Departament of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaria de Salud, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Mexico, D.F. 14389, Mexico
| | - Samuel Reyes-Long
- Departament of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaria de Salud, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Mexico, D.F. 14389, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Departament of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaria de Salud, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Mexico, D.F. 14389, Mexico
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Dose related effects of buspirone on pain, learning / memory and food intake. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:182-190. [PMID: 30244043 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study concerned extending the therapeutic use of buspirone for treating pain and improving cognition. Effects of single and repeated administration of buspirone were therefore monitored on pain threshold in the hot plate test and on spatial memory in the water maze test in rats. Effects on cumulative food intake were also monitored. The drug was administered intraperitoneally in doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg. We found that single and repeated administration of buspirone in doses of 0.1 mg/kg decreased pain threshold in the hot plate test, while doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg increased it. Effects of single and repeated administration were not different. A dose of 0.3 mg/kg had no effect. Food intake increased following single as well as repeated administration of 0.1 mg/kg buspirone; higher doses had no effect. Low doses (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) improved acquisition and retention of memory in the water maze test, while memory extinction was reduced. Higher doses had either no effect (1.0 mg/kg) or impaired (2.0 mg/kg) performance in this test. The results suggest potential therapeutic use of selected doses of buspirone as an analgesic and nootropic drug.
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Serotonin-1A receptor dependent modulation of pain and reward for improving therapy of chronic pain. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:212-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Newman-Tancredi A, Bardin L, Auclair A, Colpaert F, Depoortère R, Varney M. NLX-112, a highly selective 5-HT 1A receptor agonist, mediates analgesia and antidepressant-like activity in rats via spinal cord and prefrontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptors, respectively. Brain Res 2018; 1688:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Potter LE, Doolen S, Mifflin K, Tenorio G, Baker G, Taylor BK, Kerr BJ. Antinociceptive Effects of the Antidepressant Phenelzine are Mediated by Context-Dependent Inhibition of Neuronal Responses in the Dorsal Horn. Neuroscience 2018; 383:205-215. [PMID: 29752984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The putative strong anti-nociceptive properties of the antidepressant phenelzine (PLZ) have not been widely explored as a treatment for pain. Antinociceptive effects of PLZ were identified in the formalin model of tonic pain (Mifflin et al., 2016) and in allodynia associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, (EAE) a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (Potter et al., 2016). Here, we further clarify the specific types of stimuli and contexts in which PLZ modulates nociceptive sensitivity. Our findings indicate that PLZ selectively inhibits ongoing inflammatory pain while sparing transient reflexive and acute nociception. We also investigated the cellular mechanisms of action of PLZ in the dorsal horn, and as expected of a monoamine-oxidase inhibitor, PLZ increased serotonin (5HT) immunoreactivity. We next used two approaches to test the hypothesis that PLZ inhibits the activation of spinal nociresponsive neurons. First, we evaluated the formalin-evoked protein expression of the immediate early gene, c-fos. PLZ reduced Fos expression in the superficial dorsal horn. Second, we evaluated the effects of PLZ on intracellular calcium responses to superfusion of glutamate (0.3-1.0 mM) in an ex vivo lumbar spinal cord slice preparation. Superfusion with PLZ (100-300 μM) reduced 1 mM glutamate-evoked calcium responses. This was blocked by pretreatment with the 5HT1A-receptor antagonist WAY-100,635, but not the alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist idazoxan. We conclude that PLZ exerts antinociceptive effects through a 5-HT/5HT1AR-dependent inhibition of neuronal responses within nociceptive circuits of the dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam E Potter
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Suzanne Doolen
- Department of Physiology and the Center for Analgesia Research Excellence, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Katherine Mifflin
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Gustavo Tenorio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Glen Baker
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry (NRU), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Physiology and the Center for Analgesia Research Excellence, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6E 2H7, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Uddin MJ, Ali Reza ASM, Abdullah-Al-Mamun M, Kabir MSH, Nasrin MS, Akhter S, Arman MSI, Rahman MA. Antinociceptive and Anxiolytic and Sedative Effects of Methanol Extract of Anisomeles indica: An Experimental Assessment in Mice and Computer Aided Models. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:246. [PMID: 29706888 PMCID: PMC5907530 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisomeles indica (L.) kuntze is widely used in folk medicine against various disorders including allergy, sores, inflammation, and fever. This research investigated the antinociceptive, anxiolytic and sedative effects of A. indica methanol extract. The antinociceptive activity was assessed with the acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin-induced flicking test while sedative effects with open field and hole cross tests and anxiolytic effects with elevated plus maze (EPM) and thiopental-induced sleeping time tests were assayed. Computer aided (pass prediction, docking) analyses were undertaken to find out the best-fit phytoconstituent of total 14 isolated compounds of this plant for aforesaid effects. Acetic acid treated mice taking different concentrations of extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) displayed reduced the writhing number. In the formalin-induced test, extract minimized the paw licking time of mice during the first phase and the second phase significantly. The open field and hole-cross tests were noticed with a dose-dependent reduction of locomotor activity. The EPM test demonstrated an increase of time spent percentage in open arms. Methanol extract potentiated the effect of thiopental-induced hypnosis in lesser extent comparing with Diazepam. The results may account for the use of A. indica as an alternative treatment of antinociception and neuropharmacological abnormalities with further intensive studies. The compound, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was found to be most effective in computer aided models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Josim Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Ali Reza
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdullah-Al-Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad S H Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Samima Nasrin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhter
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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Cortes-Altamirano JL, Reyes-Long S, Olmos-Hernández A, Bonilla-Jaime H, Carrillo-Mora P, Bandala C, Alfaro-Rodriguez A. Antinociceptive and pronociceptive effect of levetiracetam in tonic pain model. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:385-389. [PMID: 29477948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levetiracetam (LEV) is a novel anticonvulsant with proven antinociceptive properties. However, the antinociceptive and pronociceptive effect of this drug has not yet been fully elucidated in a tonic pain model. METHODS Thirty-six male rats (Wistar) were randomized into six groups and underwent the formalin test as follows: rats in the control group were administered 50μL of 1% formalin in the paw; sham-group rats were administered 50μL of saline in the paw to mimick the application of formalin; the four experimental groups were administered LEV intragastrically (ig) (50, 100, 200 and 300mg/kg), and 40min later 50μL of 1% formalin was injected in the paw. RESULTS LEV exhibited antinociceptive effect in the 300mg/kg LEV group (p<0.05) and a pronociceptive effect in the 100mg/kg LEV group (p<0.05) and in the 50mg/kg LEV group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The antinociceptive and pronociceptive effect of LEV in a tonic pain model is dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Cortes-Altamirano
- PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Iztapalapa-Xochimilco-Cuajimalpa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samuel Reyes-Long
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Department of Neurosciences, National Rehabilitation Institute "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra" (INR) Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime
- Departament of Reproductive Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Campus Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Carrillo-Mora
- Department of Neurosciences, National Rehabilitation Institute "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra" (INR) Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Department of Neurosciences, National Rehabilitation Institute "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra" (INR) Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Alfaro-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurosciences, National Rehabilitation Institute "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra" (INR) Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico.
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González-Hernández A, Marichal-Cancino BA, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Villalón CM. Side effects associated with current and prospective antimigraine pharmacotherapies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:25-41. [PMID: 29226741 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1416097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine is a neurovascular disorder. Current acute specific antimigraine pharmacotherapies target trigeminovascular 5-HT1B/1D, 5-HT1F and CGRP receptors but, unfortunately, they induce some cardiovascular and central side effects that lead to poor treatment adherence/compliance. Therefore, new antimigraine drugs are being explored. Areas covered: This review considers the adverse (or potential) side effects produced by current and prospective antimigraine drugs, including medication overuse headache (MOH) produced by ergots and triptans, the side effects observed in clinical trials for the new gepants and CGRP antibodies, and a section discussing the potential effects resulting from disruption of the cardiovascular CGRPergic neurotransmission. Expert opinion: The last decades have witnessed remarkable developments in antimigraine therapy, which includes acute (e.g. triptans) and prophylactic (e.g. β-adrenoceptor blockers) antimigraine drugs. Indeed, the triptans represent a considerable advance, but their side effects (including nausea, dizziness and coronary vasoconstriction) preclude some patients from using triptans. This has led to the development of the ditans (5-HT1F receptor agonists), the gepants (CGRP receptor antagonists) and the monoclonal antibodies against CGRP or its receptor. The latter drugs represent a new hope in the antimigraine armamentarium, but as CGRP plays a role in cardiovascular homeostasis, the potential for adverse cardiovascular side effects remains latent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- b Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes , Ciudad Universitaria , Aguascalientes , México
| | - Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink
- c Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine , Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- d Departamento de Farmacobiología , Cinvestav-Coapa , Ciudad de México , México
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Sousa FS, Anversa RG, Birmann PT, de Souza MN, Balaguez R, Alves D, Luchese C, Wilhelm EA, Savegnago L. Contribution of dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the antinociceptive effect of α-(phenylalanyl) acetophenone. Pharmacol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li C, Wang S, Chen Y, Zhang X. Somatosensory Neuron Typing with High-Coverage Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and Functional Analysis. Neurosci Bull 2017; 34:200-207. [PMID: 28612318 PMCID: PMC5799126 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Different physical and chemical stimuli are detected by the peripheral sensory receptors of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and the generated inputs are transmitted via afferent fibers into the central nervous system. The gene expression profiles of DRG neurons contribute to the generation, transmission, and regulation of various somatosensory signals. Recently, the single-cell transcriptomes, cell types, and functional annotations of somatosensory neurons have been studied. In this review, we introduce our classification of DRG neurons based on single-cell RNA-sequencing and functional analyses, and discuss the technical approaches. Moreover, studies on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying somatic sensations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Sashuang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTec University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTec University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Salema LH, Alwan MJ, Yousif AA. Immunotoxic effect of thiamethoxam in immunized mice with Brucella abortus cultural filtrate antigen. Vet World 2016; 9:1407-1412. [PMID: 28096613 PMCID: PMC5234055 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1407-1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was planned for determination the toxic effect of thiamethoxam (TMX) in immunized mice with Brucella abortus culture filtrate antigen (CFBAgs) (as a vaccine) and its role of TMX on decrease activity of B. abortus antigen on eliciting of humoral and cellular immunity. Materials and Methods: To achieve these goals 60 female mice were used, 7-8 weeks age, they were divided equally into three groups (20 in each group) and treated as follows: 1st group: Mice were immunized with CFBAgs intraperitoneally in two doses, 2 weeks intervals with (protein concentration 2 mg\ml), 2nd group: Mice immunized as in the 1st group and was administrated orally with 1/10 lethal dose 50% of TMX (83.7 mg/kg B.W.) for 4 weeks daily, 3rd group was administrated orally with 0.3 ml normal saline served as a control group. At day 28 post immunization (PI) delayed type hypersensitivity (skin test) was done, and serum samples were collected at day 30 (PI) for detection of passive hemagglutination test (PHA); interferon gamma (IFN-γ) which was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test in addition to phagocytes assay. Results: The results of skin test post injection with soluble antigen of B. abortus intradermally showed a high significantly mean values at p≤0.05 of footpad skin thickness in the 1st group of mice which recorded (0.51±0.002 mm) as compared with the 2nd group of mice which showed (0.08±0.002 mm) after 24 h; the mean values of skin thickness were declined in the 1st mice (0.46±0.002) and 2nd mice (0.070±0.001) at 48 h; control group showed a negative results. These results were agreed with results of serum levels of IFN-γ (pg/ml) that showed that a significant increase the vaccinated 1st group (406.36±1.52), than those values in the 2nd group (151.61±0.89) and negative result in 3rd group (46.47±0.60), in addition to results of PHA test which showed a significant increase in antibody titer in the 1st group (139±12.16) with low level of serum antibody in the 2nd group (7.66±0.33). Phagocytic ratio results in the 1st group showed an increase to reach (18.55±0.44) than a ratio in the 2nd group (13.24±0.32) and the control group (5.46±0.25). Conclusion: It was concluded that TMX induced suppression of humoral and cellular immune responses in immunized mice with CFBAgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Salema
- Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq; Ministry of High Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - M J Alwan
- Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq; Ministry of High Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Afaf Abdulrahman Yousif
- Ministry of High Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Godínez-Chaparro B, Martínez-Lorenzana G, Rodríguez-Jiménez J, Manzano-García A, Rojas-Piloni G, Condés-Lara M, González-Hernández A. The potential role of serotonergic mechanisms in the spinal oxytocin-induced antinociception. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:51-60. [PMID: 27449278 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of oxytocin (OXT) in pain modulation has been suggested. Indeed, hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei (PVN) electrical stimuli reduce the nociceptive neuronal activity (i.e., neuronal discharge associated with activation of Aδ- and C-fibers) of the spinal dorsal horn wide dynamic range (WDR) cells and nociceptive behavior. Furthermore, raphe magnus nuclei lesion reduces the PVN-induced antinociception, suggesting a functional interaction between the OXT and the serotoninergic system. The present study investigated in Wistar rats the potential role of spinal serotonergic mechanisms in the OXT- and PVN-induced antinociception. In long-term secondary mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by formalin or extracellular unitary recordings of the WDR cells we evaluated the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) effect on the OXT-induced antinociception. All drugs were given intrathecally (i.t.). OXT (1×10-5-1×10-4nmol) or 5-HT (1×10-3-1×10-1nmol) prevented the formalin-induced sensitization, an effect mimicked by PVN stimulation. Moreover, administration of OXT (1×10-5nmol) plus 5-HT (1×10-3nmol) at ineffective doses, produced antinociception. This effect was antagonized by: (i) d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4,Tyr-NH29]OVT (oxytocin receptor antagonist; 2×10-2nmol); or (ii) methiothepin (a non-specific 5-HT1/2/5/6/7 receptor antagonist; 80nmol). Similar results were obtained with PVN stimulation plus 5-HT (5×10-5nmol). In WDR cell recordings, the PVN-induced antinociception was enhanced by i.t. 5-HT and partly blocked when the spinal cord was pre-treated with methiothepin (80nmol). Taken together, these results suggest that serotonergic mechanisms at the spinal cord level are partly involved in the OXT-induced antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Godínez-Chaparro
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Martínez-Lorenzana
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Manzano-García
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Rojas-Piloni
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Miguel Condés-Lara
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Abimael González-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico.
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Inhibition of Reinforcing, Hyperalgesic, and Motor Effects of Morphine by Buspirone in Rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 18:19-28. [PMID: 27742411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Morphine and other opioids are among the most effective prescription medications for the treatment of pain. Addiction and hyperalgesia associated with their long-term use limits the clinical utility of these drugs. In view of a role of somatodendritic serotonin-1A receptors in addiction and analgesic effects of morphine, the present study concerns effects of co-use of buspirone, a partial agonist at the serotonin-1A receptor, on reinforcing, hyperalgesic, and motor effects of morphine in rats. A dose of morphine (7.5 mg/kg) producing moderate effects on motor activity and analgesia, and buspirone (doses of 0, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally. Reinforcing effects were monitored in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm and associated changes in motor activity were monitored during a drug conditioning phase. The hot plate test was used to monitor nociceptive response. Acute administration of morphine decreased motor activity and reduced pain perception. Repeated administration was reinforcing in the CPP paradigm and was associated with hyperalgesia and tolerance in motor depressant effects of morphine. These effects of repeated morphine administration were blocked in rats cotreated with buspirone. Pain perception was also slightly reduced in rats repeatedly treated with higher doses of buspirone. The findings are important for improving and extending therapeutic medications for pain. PERSPECTIVE The present study shows an important role of serotonin-1A receptors in morphine-induced hyperalgesia and addiction. It shows that buspirone, a prescription medicine for anxiety and depression can block addictive and hyperalgesic effects of morphine. Clinicians should consider buspirone as adjunctive therapy with morphine to improve therapeutic medications in pain.
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Lee JH, Go D, Kim W, Lee G, Bae H, Quan FS, Kim SK. Involvement of spinal muscarinic and serotonergic receptors in the anti-allodynic effect of electroacupuncture in rats with oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:407-14. [PMID: 27382357 PMCID: PMC4930909 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.4.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate whether the spinal cholinergic and serotonergic analgesic systems mediate the relieving effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic cold allodynia in rats. The cold allodynia induced by an oxaliplatin injection (6 mg/kg, i.p.) was evaluated by immersing the rat's tail into cold water (4℃) and measuring the withdrawal latency. EA stimulation (2 Hz, 0.3-ms pulse duration, 0.2~0.3 mA) at the acupoint ST36, GV3, or LI11 all showed a significant anti-allodynic effect, which was stronger at ST36. The analgesic effect of EA at ST36 was blocked by intraperitoneal injection of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist (atropine, 1 mg/kg), but not by nicotinic (mecamylamine, 2 mg/kg) receptor antagonist. Furthermore, intrathecal administration of M2 (methoctramine, 10 µg) and M3 (4-DAMP, 10 µg) receptor antagonist, but not M1 (pirenzepine, 10 µg) receptor antagonist, blocked the effect. Also, spinal administration of 5-HT3 (MDL-72222, 12 µg) receptor antagonist, but not 5-HT1A (NAN-190, 15 µg) or 5-HT2A (ketanserin, 30 µg) receptor antagonist, prevented the anti-allodynic effect of EA. These results suggest that EA may have a signifi cant analgesic action against oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain, which is mediated by spinal cholinergic (M2, M3) and serotonergic (5-HT3) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Donghyun Go
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Woojin Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.; Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Giseog Lee
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.; Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyojeong Bae
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Fu Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.; Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.; Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Vidal-Cantú GC, Jiménez-Hernández M, Rocha-González HI, Villalón CM, Granados-Soto V, Muñoz-Islas E. Role of 5-HT5A and 5-HT1B/1D receptors in the antinociception produced by ergotamine and valerenic acid in the rat formalin test. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 781:109-16. [PMID: 27068146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sumatriptan, dihydroergotamine and methysergide inhibit 1% formalin-induced nociception by activation of peripheral 5-HT1B/1D receptors. This study set out to investigate the pharmacological profile of the antinociception produced by intrathecal and intraplantar administration of ergotamine (a 5-HT1B/1D and 5-HT5A/5B receptor agonist) and valerenic acid (a partial agonist at 5-HT5A receptors). Intraplantar injection of 1% formalin in the right hind paw resulted in spontaneous flinching behavior of the injected hindpaw of female Wistar rats. Intrathecal ergotamine (15nmol) or valerenic acid (1 nmol) blocked in a dose dependent manner formalin-induced nociception. The antinociception by intrathecal ergotamine (15nmol) or valerenic acid (1nmol) was partly or completely blocked by intrathecal administration of the antagonists: (i) methiothepin (non-selective 5-HT5A/5B; 0.01-0.1nmol); (ii) SB-699551 (selective 5-HT5A; up to 10nmol); (iii) anti-5-HT5A antibody; (iv) SB-224289 (selective 5-HT1B; 0.1-1nmol); or (v) BRL-15572 (selective 5-HT1D; 0.1-1nmol). Likewise, antinociception by intraplantar ergotamine (15nmol) and valerenic acid (10nmol) was: (i) partially blocked by methiothepin (1nmol), SB-699551 (10nmol) or SB-224289 (1nmol); and (ii) abolished by BRL-15572 (1nmol). The above doses of antagonists (which did not affect per se the formalin-induced nociception) were high enough to completely block their respective receptors. Our results suggest that ergotamine and valerenic acid produce antinociception via 5-HT5A and 5-HT1B/1D receptors located at both spinal and peripheral sites. This provides new evidence for understanding the modulation of nociceptive pathways in inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe C Vidal-Cantú
- Laboratories of Neurobiology of Pain and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Sede Sur, México D.F., México
| | | | - Héctor I Rocha-González
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., México
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Laboratories of Neurobiology of Pain and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Sede Sur, México D.F., México
| | - Vinicio Granados-Soto
- Laboratories of Neurobiology of Pain and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Sede Sur, México D.F., México
| | - Enriqueta Muñoz-Islas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Montes Urales 800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, 11000 México D.F., México; Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México.
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Yang L, Song G, Ning Y, Poon CS. A latent serotonin-1A receptor-gated spinal afferent pathway inhibiting breathing. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4159-4168. [PMID: 26659645 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal afferents such as nociceptive afferents and group III-IV muscle afferents are known to exert an acute excitatory effect on breathing when activated. Here, we report the surprising existence of latent spinal afferents which exerted tonic inhibitory influence on breathing subliminally in anesthetized rats, an effect which was reversed upon activation of serotonin-1A receptors (5-HT1ARs) in lumbar spinal cord, lesion of pontine lateral parabrachial nucleus or suppression of the adjacent Kölliker-Fuse nucleus with NMDA receptor blockade. Small-interfering RNA knockdown of 5-HT1ARs in lumbar spinal cord unequivocally localized the site of 5-HT1AR-mediated gating of these respiratory-inhibiting interoceptive afferents to relay neurons in the spinal superficial dorsal horn at the lumbar level and not cervical spinal or supraspinal levels. Our results reveal a novel somatosensory/viscerosensory mechanism which exerts tonic inhibitory influence on homeostatic regulation of breathing independent from the classical chemoreflex excitatory pathways, and suggest a hitherto unrecognized therapeutic target in spinal dorsal horn for 5-HT1AR-based treatment of a variety of respiratory abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bldg E25-250, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gang Song
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bldg E25-250, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yinghui Ning
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bldg E25-250, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chi-Sang Poon
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bldg E25-250, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Silva DPB, Florentino IF, Oliveira LP, Lino RC, Galdino PM, Menegatti R, Costa EA. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of 4-[(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) methyl] 1-piperazine carboxylic acid ethyl ester: A new piperazine derivative. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 137:86-92. [PMID: 26276732 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Piperazine compounds possess anti-infective, anti-carcinogenic, anxiolytic, hypotensive, anti-hypertensive and vasorelaxant properties and are attractive candidates for the development of new analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. This study investigates the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of piperazine derivative 4-[(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) methyl]1-piperazine carboxylic acid ethyl ester (LQFM-008) and the involvement of the serotonergic pathway. In the formalin test, treatments with LQFM-008 (15 and 30mg/kg p.o.) reduced the licking time in both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of this test. In the tail flick and hot plate tests, LQFM008 treatment (15 and 30mg/kg p.o.) increased latency to thermal stimulus, suggesting the involvement of central mechanisms in the anti-nociceptive effect of LQFM-008. In the carrageenan-induced paw edema test, LQFM-008 (p.o.) at the doses of 15 and 30mg/kg reduced the edema at all tested time points, while the dose of 7.5mg/kg reduced the edema only for the first hour. LQFM-008 (30mg/kg p.o.) reduced both cell migration and protein exudation in the carrageenan-induced pleurisy test. Furthermore, pre-treatment with NAN-190 (0.6mg/kgi.p.) and PCPA (100mg/kgi.p.) antagonized the anti-nociceptive effect of LQFM-008 in both phases of the formalin test. Our data suggest that LQFM-008 possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects mediated through the serotonergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiany P B Silva
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Iziara F Florentino
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lanussy P Oliveira
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Roberta C Lino
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Pablinny M Galdino
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Menegatti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Elson A Costa
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Serotonin, 5HT1 agonists, and migraine: new data, but old questions still not answered. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2015; 8:137-42. [PMID: 24670810 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The serotonergic system has long been linked to migraine but recent studies highlight how much is still unclear about this link. And recent data add to the uncertainty of where/how triptans act and why they are headache specific. RECENT FINDINGS Markers of 5HT levels in the brains of migraine patients show no changes between attacks. Several recent meta-analyses show the most convincing data on genetic differences in the serotonergic system for 5HT transporters. Findings of additional triptan actions on peripheral trigeminovascular neurons and in the hypothalamus add more fuel to the debate on where these drugs act. A growing list of studies show efficacy of multiple triptans and other 5HT1b/1d agonists in preclinical models of nonheadache pain arguing for reevaluation of whether these drugs have efficacy in other pain states. Despite these issues, serotonergic drugs continue to be the gold standard for abortive agents with new members on the horizon (5HT1f agonists). SUMMARY Given the clear efficacy of serotonergic drugs for migraine, continued study on the role of the endogenous 5HT system may lead to more novel therapies. And with the list of studies demonstrating efficacy triptans in models of nonheadache, clinical studies should address whether these drugs work for other types of pain.
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Serotonergic mechanism of the relieving effect of bee venom acupuncture on oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic cold allodynia in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:471. [PMID: 25481535 PMCID: PMC4295325 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxaliplatin, an important chemotherapy drug for advanced colorectal cancer, often induces peripheral neuropathy, especially cold allodynia. Our previous study showed that bee venom acupuncture (BVA), which has been traditionally used in Korea to treat various pain symptoms, potently relieves oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia in rats. However, the mechanism for this anti-allodynic effect of BVA remains poorly understood. We investigated whether and how the central serotonergic system, a well-known pathway for acupuncture analgesia, mediates the relieving effect of BVA on cold allodynia in oxaliplatin-injected rats. Methods The behavioral signs of cold allodynia in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were induced by a single injection of oxaliplatin (6 mg/kg, i.p.). Before and after BVA treatment, the cold allodynia signs were evaluated by immersing the rat’s tail into cold water (4°C) and measuring the withdrawal latency. For BVA treatment, a diluted BV (0.25 mg/kg) was subcutaneously administered into Yaoyangguan (GV3) acupoint, which is located between the spinous processes of the fourth and the fifth lumbar vertebra. Serotonin was depleted by a daily injection of DL-p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 150 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days. The amount of serotonin in the spinal cord was measured by ELISA. Serotonergic receptor antagonists were administered intraperitoneally or intrathecally before BVA treatment. Results The serotonin levels in the spinal cord were significantly increased by BVA treatment and such increase was significantly reduced by PCPA. This PCPA pretreatment abolished the relieving effect of BVA on oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia. Either of methysergide (mixed 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) or MDL-72222 (5-HT3 receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p) blocked the anti-allodynic effect of BVA. Further, an intrathecal injection of MDL-72222 (12 μg) completely blocked the BVA-induced anti-allodynic action, whereas NAN-190 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist, 15 μg, i.t.) or ketanserin (5-HT2A receptor antagonist, 30 μg, i.t.) did not. Conclusions These results suggest that BVA treatment alleviates oxaliplatin-induced acute cold allodynia in rats via activation of the serotonergic system, especially spinal 5-HT3 receptors. Thus, our findings may provide a clinically useful evidence for the application of BVA as an alternative therapeutic option for the management of peripheral neuropathy, a dose-limiting side effect that occurs after an administration of oxaliplatin.
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Liu H, Yan WW, Lu XX, Zhang XL, Wei JQ, Wang XY, Wang T, Wu T, Cao J, Shao CJ, Zhou F, Zhang HX, Zhang P, Zang T, Lu XF, Cao JL, Ding HL, Zhang LC. Role of the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus in the descending inhibition of spinal pain transmission. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:475-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Brüning CA, Gai BM, Soares SM, Martini F, Nogueira CW. Serotonergic systems are implicated in antinociceptive effect of m -trifluoromethyl diphenyl diselenide in the mouse glutamate test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 125:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Cornide-Petronio ME, Fernández-López B, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Rodicio MC. Traumatic injury induces changes in the expression of the serotonin 1A receptor in the spinal cord of lampreys. Neuropharmacology 2014; 77:369-78. [PMID: 24490228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI) in mammals, the loss of serotonin coming from the brainstem reduces the excitability of motor neurons and leads to a compensatory overexpression of serotonin receptors. Despite the key role of the serotonin receptor 1a in the control of locomotion, little attention has been put in the study of this receptor after SCI. In contrast to mammals, lampreys recover locomotion after a complete SCI, so, studies in this specie could help to understand events that lead to recovery of function. Here, we showed that in lampreys there is an acute increase in the expression of the serotonin 1A receptor transcript (5-ht1a) after SCI and a few weeks later expression levels go back to normal rostrally and caudally to the lesion. Overexpression of the 5-ht1a in rostral levels after SCI has not been reported in mammals, suggesting that this could be part of the plastic events that lead to the recovery of function in lampreys. The analysis of changes in 5-ht1a expression by zones (periventricular region and horizontally extended grey matter) showed that they followed the same pattern of changes detected in the spinal cord as a whole, with the exception of the caudal periventricular layer, where no significant differences were observed between control and experimental animals at any time post lesion. This suggests that different molecular signals act on the periventricular cells of the rostral and caudal regions to injury site and thus affecting their response to the injury in terms of expression of the 5-ht1a.
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Drake RAR, Hulse RP, Lumb BM, Donaldson LF. The degree of acute descending control of spinal nociception in an area of primary hyperalgesia is dependent on the peripheral domain of afferent input. J Physiol 2014; 592:3611-24. [PMID: 24879873 PMCID: PMC4229351 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.266494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Descending controls of spinal nociceptive processing play a critical role in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Acute peripheral nociceptor sensitization drives spinal sensitization and activates spino–supraspinal–spinal loops leading to descending inhibitory and facilitatory controls of spinal neuronal activity that further modify the extent and degree of the pain state. The afferent inputs from hairy and glabrous skin are distinct with respect to both the profile of primary afferent classes and the degree of their peripheral sensitization. It is not known whether these differences in afferent input differentially engage descending control systems to different extents or in different ways. Injection of complete Freund's adjuvant resulted in inflammation and swelling of hairy hind foot skin in rats, a transient thermal hyperalgesia lasting <2 h, and longlasting primary mechanical hyperalgesia (≥7 days). Much longer lasting thermal hyperalgesia was apparent in glabrous skin (1 h to >72 h). In hairy skin, transient hyperalgesia was associated with sensitization of withdrawal reflexes to thermal activation of either A- or C-nociceptors. The transience of the hyperalgesia was attributable to a rapidly engaged descending inhibitory noradrenergic mechanism, which affected withdrawal responses to both A- and C-nociceptor activation and this could be reversed by intrathecal administration of yohimbine (α-2-adrenoceptor antagonist). In glabrous skin, yohimbine had no effect on an equivalent thermal inflammatory hyperalgesia. We conclude that acute inflammation and peripheral nociceptor sensitization in hind foot hairy skin, but not glabrous skin, rapidly activates a descending inhibitory noradrenergic system. This may result from differences in the engagement of descending control systems following sensitization of different primary afferent classes that innervate glabrous and hairy skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A R Drake
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard P Hulse
- Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bridget M Lumb
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy F Donaldson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Psychiatric agents and implications for perioperative analgesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2014; 28:167-81. [PMID: 24993437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of antidepressants, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants, and major tranquilizers introduces neurochemical, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional factors that increase the complexity of medical and surgical tasks. Increasingly, various classes of psychotropic medications are being prescribed in the perioperative setting for their analgesic properties in patients with or without a psychiatric diagnosis. In many cases, the precise mechanisms of action and dose-response relationships by which these agents mediate analgesia are largely unclear. An appreciation of the side effects and adverse-effect profiles of such medications and familiarity with the clinically relevant drug interactions that may occur in the perioperative setting are imperative to ensure the best possible outcome in dealing with patients on these medications. This review focuses on various classes of psychotropic agents, which are addressed individually, with particular focus on their analgesic properties. The latest published research is summarized, deficiencies in our current collective knowledge are discussed, and evidence-based recommendations are made for clinical practice.
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Spinal 5-HT5A receptors mediate 5-HT-induced antinociception in several pain models in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 120:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors inhibit glutamate release in rat medullary dorsal horn neurons. Neuroreport 2013; 24:399-403. [PMID: 23629688 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283614cbf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) receptor-mediated modulation of glutamatergic transmission in rat medullary dorsal horn neurons using a conventional whole-cell patch clamp technique. 5-HT reversibly and concentration dependently decreased the amplitude of glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents and increased the paired-pulse ratio, indicating that 5-HT acts presynaptically to reduce glutamate release from primary afferents. The 5-HT-induced inhibition of excitatory postsynaptic currents was partially occluded by NAN-190, a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, and mimicked by 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Our results suggest that presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors inhibit glutamate release from trigeminal primary afferents onto medullary dorsal horn neurons, and thus in addition to other 5-HT1 receptor subtypes, 5-HT1A receptors could be a potential target for treatment of pain from orofacial tissues.
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Peripheral and spinal 5-HT receptors participate in the pronociceptive and antinociceptive effects of fluoxetine in rats. Neuroscience 2013; 252:396-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Connor M. What would 5-HT do? Regional diversity of 5-HT(1) receptor modulation of primary afferent neurotransmission. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:353-5. [PMID: 22462412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
5-HT (serotonin) is a significant modulator of sensory input to the CNS, but the only analgesics that selectively target G-protein-coupled 5-HT receptors are highly specific for treatment of headache. Two recent papers in BJP shed light on this puzzling situation by showing that primary afferent neurotransmission to the superficial layers of the spinal and trigeminal dorsal is inhibited by different subtypes of the 5-HT(1) receptor - 5-HT(1B(and 1D) ) in the trigeminal dorsal horn and 5-HT(1A) in the spinal dorsal horn. The inputs being studied probably include nociceptive afferents, and the similarities of the methods employed in the two studies minimize the possibility that the different findings are an experimental artefact. Rather, the findings raise interesting questions about the possible anatomical or functional basis for the apparent regional selectivity of 5-HT(1) receptor actions, and whether these differences could be exploited for therapy. The results also emphasize the relative lack of information we have about the molecular details of the pro- or anti-nociceptive actions of 5-HT itself on primary afferent neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Connor
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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