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Rodrigues Dutra JV, Santos IA, Grosche VR, Jardim ACG, de Aguiar RS, Junior NN, José DP. L protein characterization and in silico screening of putative broad range target molecules for pathogenic mammarenaviruses from South America. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37817533 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2268186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The genus Mammarenavirus belonging to the family Arenaviridae encompasses pathogenic viral species capable of triggering severe diseases in humans, causing concern for the health system due to the high fatality rate associated with them. Currently, there is a dearth of specific therapies against pathogens of the genus. Natural products isolated from plants have impacted the development of drugs against several diseases. The Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NuBBE) database offers several natural compounds with antimicrobial activities that can be used in the development of new antiviral drugs. In this context, here we modeled the arenavirus L protein, multifunctional machinery essential for the viral replicative cycle, making this enzyme a potential candidate for targeting the development of antivirals against genus pathogens. Using the modeled L protein, a virtual screening was performed, which suggested eleven molecules from the NuBBE database that binds to the active site of the L protein, which was promising in the in silico predictions of absorption and toxicity analysis. The NuBBE 1642 molecule proved to be the best candidate for four of the five species evaluated, acting as a possible broad-spectrum molecule. Additionally, our results showed that the L protein is highly conserved among species of the genus, as well as presenting close phylogenetic relationships between many of the species studied, strengthening its candidacy as a therapeutic target. The data presented here demonstrate that some NuBBE molecules are potential ligands for the L protein of arenaviruses, which may help to contain possible outbreaks.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor Rodrigues Dutra
- Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Iturama, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Igor Andrade Santos
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Victória Riquena Grosche
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Renato Santana de Aguiar
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nilson Nicolau Junior
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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2
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Marcello GM, Holder KA, Hallager S, Norton BB, Backues KA, Tyler AE, Zeitlin A, Murray-Hiteshew E, Murray S. Intralesional application of ribavirin in two American flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) with poxvirus infection. J Comp Pathol 2023; 201:49-52. [PMID: 36706467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the successful treatment of poxvirus lesions in two juvenile American flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) with experimental low-dose intralesional ribavirin injection. In the first flamingo, the size and location of a beak verrucosity interfered with feeding, and after multiple surgical interventions, an experimental therapy of low-dose intralesional ribavirin was implemented with close blood parameter monitoring to minimize any potential side effects due to systemic antiviral administration. The second flamingo had a poxvirus lesion on the tibiotarsus, which recurred after unsuccessful conservative medical treatment and surgical intervention and a course of intralesional ribavirin therapy was implemented. Regression of the lesions in both flamingos commenced within 3 days of ribavirin treatment resulting in complete resolution within 6 weeks of onset of ribavirin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe M Marcello
- Wildlife Health Sciences, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kali A Holder
- Wildlife Health Sciences, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sara Hallager
- Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Benjamin B Norton
- Department of Dermatology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kay A Backues
- Director of Animal Health, Tulsa Zoo, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Anna E Tyler
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ayo Zeitlin
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
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3
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Four Weeks Treatment with Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir + Ribavirin-A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030614. [PMID: 35337021 PMCID: PMC8948928 DOI: 10.3390/v14030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing treatment uptake for hepatitis C to achieve the elimination goals set by the World Health Organization could be achieved by reducing the treatment duration. The aim of this study was to compare the sustained virological response at week 12 (SVR12) after four weeks of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) + ribavirin compared to eight weeks of GLE/PIB and to estimate predictors for SVR12 with four weeks of treatment through a multicenter open label randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomized 2:1 (4 weeks:8 weeks) and stratified by genotype 3 and were treatment naïve of all genotypes and without significant liver fibrosis. A total of 27 patients were analyzed for predictors for SVR12, including 15 from the first pilot phase of the study. In the ‘modified intention to treat’ group, 100% (7/7) achieved cure after eight weeks and for patients treated for four weeks the SVR12 was 58.3% (7/12). However, patients with a baseline viral load <2 mill IU/mL had 93% SVR12. The study closed prematurely due to the low number of included patients due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results suggest that viral load should be taken into account when considering trials of short course treatment.
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Abdelkrim YZ, Banroques J, Kyle Tanner N. Known Inhibitors of RNA Helicases and Their Therapeutic Potential. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2209:35-52. [PMID: 33201461 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0935-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RNA helicases are proteins found in all kingdoms of life, and they are associated with all processes involving RNA from transcription to decay. They use NTP binding and hydrolysis to unwind duplexes, to remodel RNA structures and protein-RNA complexes, and to facilitate the unidirectional metabolism of biological processes. Viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic parasites have an intimate need for RNA helicases in their reproduction. Moreover, various disorders, like cancers, are often associated with a perturbation of the host's helicase activity. Thus, RNA helicases provide a rich source of targets for the development of therapeutic or prophylactic drugs. In this review, we provide an overview of the different targeting strategies against helicases, the different types of compounds explored, the proposed inhibitory mechanisms of the compounds on the proteins, and the therapeutic potential of these compounds in the treatment of various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosser Zina Abdelkrim
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, UMR8261 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis/Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Josette Banroques
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, UMR8261 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - N Kyle Tanner
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, UMR8261 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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5
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Weisberg E, Sattler M, Yang PL, Parent A, Gray N, Griffin JD. Current therapies under investigation for COVID-19: potential COVID-19 treatments. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:483-489. [PMID: 32640179 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In response to the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), researchers are expeditiously searching for antiviral treatments able to alleviate the symptoms of infection, which can be life-threatening. Here, we provide a general overview of what is currently known about the structure and characteristic features of SARS-CoV-2, some of which could potentially be exploited for the purposes of antiviral therapy and vaccine development. This minireview also covers selected and noteworthy antiviral agents/supportive therapy out of hundreds of drugs that are being repurposed or tested as potential treatments for COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martin Sattler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA 02115, USA
| | - Priscilla L Yang
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Parent
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James D Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Liu F, Huang Y, Wang Q, Shan H. Construction of eGFP-Tagged Senecavirus A for Facilitating Virus Neutralization Test and Antiviral Assay. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030283. [PMID: 32150804 PMCID: PMC7150990 DOI: 10.3390/v12030283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA), also known as Seneca Valley virus, is an emerging virus that causes vesicular disease in pigs. This virus belongs to the genus Senecavirus in the family Picornaviridae. The SVA CH-LX-01-2016 was isolated from Guangdong Province of China in 2016. In this study, a recombinant SVA CH-LX-01-2016 was constructed using reverse genetics, and proven to be able to express efficiently an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in vitro. This eGFP-tagged recombinant SVA (rSVA-eGFP) exhibited a high capacity for viral replication. Its fluorescence-tracked characteristics greatly facilitated both virus neutralization test (VNT) and antiviral assay. The rSVA-eGFP-based VNT was used to detect eight porcine serum samples, out of which four were determined to be neutralization titer-positive. Subsequently, two antiviral drugs, ribavirin and apigenin, were assayed for evaluating both effects against the rSVA-eGFP in vitro. The result showed that only the ribavirin exhibited an anti-SVA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao 266109, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Yilan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of New Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao 266109, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (H.S.)
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7
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Prutkov AN, Chudinov MV, Matveev AV, Grebenkina LE, Akimov MG, Berezovskaya YV. 5-alkylvinyl-1,2,4-triazole nucleosides: Synthesis and biological evaluation. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:943-963. [PMID: 32126895 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1723624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Some 5-substituted ribavirin analogues have a high antiviral and anticancer activity, but their mechanisms of action are obviously not the same as their parent compound. The SAR studies performed on 3 (5)-substituted 1,2,4-triazole nucleosides have shown a high dependency between the structure of the 3 (5)-substituent and the level of antiviral/anticancer activity. The most active substances of the row contain coplanar with the 1,2,4-triazole ring aromatic substituent which is connected by a rigid ethynyl bond. However, the compounds with the trans-vinyl linker also had antiviral activity. We decided to study the antitumor activity of ribavirin analogues with alkyl/aryl vinyl substituents in the 5th position of the 1,2,4-triazole ring. Protected nucleoside analogues with various 5-alkylvinyl substituents were obtained by Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction from the common precursor and converted to the nucleosides. Arylvinyl nucleosides were synthesised according the reported procedures. All compounds did not show significant antiproliferative activity on several tumour cell lines. Coplanar aromatic motif in the 5-substituent for the anticancer activity manifestation was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Prutkov
- Biotechnology & Industrial Pharmacy Department, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Tehnologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Chudinov
- Biotechnology & Industrial Pharmacy Department, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Tehnologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Matveev
- Biotechnology & Industrial Pharmacy Department, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Tehnologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov E Grebenkina
- Biotechnology & Industrial Pharmacy Department, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Tehnologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail G Akimov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V Berezovskaya
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
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8
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Meanwell NA. 2015 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship. Curing Hepatitis C Virus Infection with Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents: The Arc of a Medicinal Chemistry Triumph. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7311-51. [PMID: 27501244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of direct-acting antiviral agents that can cure a chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after 8-12 weeks of daily, well-tolerated therapy has revolutionized the treatment of this insidious disease. In this article, three of Bristol-Myers Squibb's HCV programs are summarized, each of which produced a clinical candidate: the NS3 protease inhibitor asunaprevir (64), marketed as Sunvepra, the NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir (117), marketed as Daklinza, and the allosteric NS5B polymerase inhibitor beclabuvir (142), which is in late stage clinical studies. A clinical study with 64 and 117 established for the first time that a chronic HCV infection could be cured by treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents alone in the absence of interferon. The development of small molecule HCV therapeutics, designed by medicinal chemists, has been hailed as "the arc of a medical triumph" but may equally well be described as "the arc of a medicinal chemistry triumph".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development , Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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9
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Khachatoorian R, Riahi R, Ganapathy E, Shao H, Wheatley NM, Sundberg C, Jung CL, Ruchala P, Dasgupta A, Arumugaswami V, Gestwicki JE, French SW. Allosteric heat shock protein 70 inhibitors block hepatitis C virus assembly. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 47:289-96. [PMID: 27013001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human molecular chaperones heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) bind to the hepatitis C viral nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) and regulate its activity. Specifically, Hsp70 is involved in NS5A-augmented internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-mediated translation of the viral genome, whilst Hsc70 appears to be primarily important for intracellular infectious virion assembly. To better understand the importance of these two chaperones in the viral life cycle, infected human cells were treated with allosteric Hsp70/Hsc70 inhibitors (AHIs). Treatment with AHIs significantly reduced the production of intracellular virus at concentrations that were non-toxic to human hepatoma Huh7.5 cells. The supernatant of treated cultures was then used to infect naïve cells, revealing that AHIs also lowered levels of secreted virus. In contrast to their effects on virion assembly, AHIs did not impact the stability of NS5A or viral protein translation in IRES assays. These results suggest that Hsc70 plays a particularly important and sensitive role in virion assembly. Indeed, it was found that combination of AHIs with a peptide-based viral translation inhibitor exhibited additive antiviral activity. Together these results suggest that the host Hsc70 is a new antiviral target and that its inhibitors utilise a new mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronik Khachatoorian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rana Riahi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ekambaram Ganapathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicole M Wheatley
- Doe Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Sundberg
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Ling Jung
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Asim Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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10
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Utilizing the prodrug approach as a method to overcome various pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic barriers to drug delivery is significantly accelerating and achieving successes. In contrast to the older traditional prodrugs which suffer from decreased bioavailability and a high profile of side effects, due to activation at undesired sites, the targeted prodrug approach utilizes delivery systems to improve delivery for a wide range of therapeutics including anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs. AREAS COVERED Recent updates in utilization of prodrugs in drug delivery between 2013 and 2015 are discussed. Targeted prodrugs against cancer, solid tumors, microbial infections, inflammation and other diseases using advanced delivery systems such as theranostic approaches, siRNA, DOX immunoconjugate, C 60-ser carrier vector, biotinylated prodrug, human serum albumin (HSA) carrier and others are presented. EXPERT OPINION Recent research efforts have been directed at developing targeted prodrugs to replace the classical prodrugs. The use of this approach has accelerated following the emergence of encouraging results from several studies on targeted prodrugs that have highlighted their higher efficiency and improved safety profiles. Targeted prodrug delivery is now considered more than a chemical modification method. It is an applicable and promising approach and, in the future, better knowledge and wide application of this approach may be attained which may pave the way for more forward-thinking and creative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajd Amly
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Quds University , Jerusalem , Palestine , Israel
| | - Rafik Karaman
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Quds University , Jerusalem , Palestine , Israel.,b Department of Sciences , University of Basilicata , Potenza , Italy
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11
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Khachatoorian R, French SW. Chaperones in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:9-35. [PMID: 26783419 PMCID: PMC4705456 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 3% of the world population or more than 185 million people worldwide. Each year, an estimated 350000-500000 deaths occur worldwide due to HCV-associated diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is the most common indication for liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis worldwide. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus classified in the genus Hepacivirus in the Flaviviridae family. The HCV viral life cycle in a cell can be divided into six phases: (1) binding and internalization; (2) cytoplasmic release and uncoating; (3) viral polyprotein translation and processing; (4) RNA genome replication; (5) encapsidation (packaging) and assembly; and (6) virus morphogenesis (maturation) and secretion. Many host factors are involved in the HCV life cycle. Chaperones are an important group of host cytoprotective molecules that coordinate numerous cellular processes including protein folding, multimeric protein assembly, protein trafficking, and protein degradation. All phases of the viral life cycle require chaperone activity and the interaction of viral proteins with chaperones. This review will present our current knowledge and understanding of the role of chaperones in the HCV life cycle. Analysis of chaperones in HCV infection will provide further insights into viral/host interactions and potential therapeutic targets for both HCV and other viruses.
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12
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Nagamine T, Sato K, Kakizaki S, Satoh T, Koka M, Kamiya T. Analysis of Erythrocyte Elements in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients Receiving PegIFN Monotherapy, Dual Therapy, and Triple Therapy using in-air MicroPIXE. THE KITAKANTO MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 66:91-102. [DOI: 10.2974/kmj.66.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Satoru Kakizaki
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takahiro Satoh
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
| | - Masashi Koka
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
| | - Tomihiro Kamiya
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
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13
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Dong Z, Li Q, Guo D, Shu Y, Polli JE. Synthesis and Evaluation of Bile Acid-Ribavirin Conjugates as Prodrugs to Target the Liver. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2864-76. [PMID: 25645375 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin is used to treat hepatitis C but causes serious hemolytic anemia. The objective of the study was to develop a ribavirin prodrug to achieve liver-specific drug delivery and to reduce its off-target effect in red blood cells (RBCs). The approach aimed to target the human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), which is a bile acid transporter predominately expressed in the liver. Six prodrugs with ribavirin conjugation at C-3 or C-24 of the bile acids were synthesized. In vitro uptake studies indicated that all six prodrugs were NTCP substrates. Metabolic studies in vitro indicated that ribavirin-l-Val-glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) was able to release ribavirin in the mouse liver S9 fraction. Additionally, in vitro studies showed that ribavirin in RBC was reduced by 16.7-fold from prodrug compared with parent drug incubation. Moreover, almost no prodrug was present in RBC. In vivo study in mice also showed that ribavirin-l-Val-GCDCA could provide almost the same ribavirin exposure in the liver as ribavirin administration, but with about 1.8-fold less exposure of ribavirin in RBC, plasma, and kidney. Overall, the study suggested that ribavirin-l-Val-GCDCA has the potential to achieve ribavirin-specific liver delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
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14
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Holmes JA, Roberts SK, Ali RJ, Dore GJ, Sievert W, McCaughan GW, Crawford DH, Cheng WS, Weltman MD, Bonanzinga S, Visvanathan K, Sundararajan V, Desmond PV, Bowden DS, Matthews GV, Thompson AJ. ITPA genotype protects against anemia during peginterferon and ribavirin therapy but does not influence virological response. Hepatology 2014; 59:2152-60. [PMID: 24449403 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED On-treatment anemia is associated with higher sustained virological response (SVR) rates during peginterferon plus ribavirin (RBV) therapy. Inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) variants causing ITPase deficiency have been shown to protect against RBV-induced anemia. However, ITPase activity has not been associated with SVR. To study this discrepancy, we examined the relationships between ITPase activity, on-treatment anemia, SVR, and RBV levels in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (HCV-1) patients from the CHARIOT study. ITPA genotype (rs7270101, rs1127354) was used to define ITPase activity in 546 patients. Plasma RBV levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Relationships between ITPase activity, on-treatment hemoglobin (Hb) levels, RBV levels, and SVR were tested using regression modeling, survival analysis, and locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) plot analysis. Hb decline was independently associated with SVR (P<0.0001). ITPase deficiency was present in 35%. ITPase deficiency strongly protected against Hb decline (P<0.0001), but was not associated with SVR (P=0.28). The probability of SVR increased with lower nadir Hb for both wild-type and deficient ITPase activity, but the association curve shifted to describe a parallel relationship at higher Hb levels in patients with ITPase deficiency. In a subset (n=203), we tested the hypothesis that the association between Hb decline and SVR reflected RBV levels rather than actual Hb level. RBV levels were associated with on-treatment Hb decline and SVR, but not ITPase activity. In regression models, adjustment for RBV levels attenuated the association between Hb decline and SVR. CONCLUSION ITPase deficiency protects against RBV-induced anemia, but is not associated with SVR. Our data suggest that the relationship between Hb decline and SVR is not mechanistic, but is linked to RBV levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta A Holmes
- St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Synthesis and evaluation of a new phosphorylated ribavirin prodrug. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:18-26. [PMID: 23624267 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin is an important broad-spectrum antiviral drug. However, its utilization can be limited by its potential to cause hemolytic anemia as well as its variability in dosing levels and efficacy outcomes. To overcome these issues, we report on a new alkoxyalkylphosphodiester prodrug of ribavirin (2) that is designed to release the active ribavirin-monophosphate species selectively in nucleated cells while limiting its exposure in anucleated red blood cells (RBCs). Prodrug 2 displays improved in vitro antiviral activity against the hepatitis C virus replicon and influenza virus. Unlike ribavirin, prodrug 2 does not significantly decrease ATP levels in RBCs. Prodrug 2 demonstrates decreased uptake in RBCs but increased uptake in HepG2 hepatocytes when compared to ribavirin. In vivo, prodrug 2 is orally bioavailable and well-tolerated in rats in which it is processed to ribavirin and accumulates in the liver. These results indicate that prodrug 2 has the potential for safer, lower, less frequent, and less variable administration than ribavirin.
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16
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Torres NI, Castilla V, Wachsman M. DHEA inhibits measles virus through a mechanism independent of its ability to modulate the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Despite the existence of an effective vaccine, measles infection is still frequent in many developing countries with reduced health infrastructure, and it is one of the major causes of child death globally. In the past decade numerous outbreaks have occurred in developed countries, giving a fresh impetus to antiviral research against measles virus. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiviral activity of the natural steroid hormone DHEA against measles virus and the role of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway in viral multiplication and DHEA’s antiviral activity. Materials & methods: The antiviral activity of DHEA and two ERK modulators, UO126 and anisomycin, was determined using a virus yield reduction assay. Furthermore, we studied DHEA’s virucidal activity and the viral multiplication step affected by the compound. The effect of virus infection on the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and the activity of those compounds against measles virus spread and induced cytopathic effect were studied using western blot and indirect immunofluorescence. Results & conclusion: We found that DHEA and UO126 are active against measles virus and that they are able to diminish virus-induced cytopathic effects. Also, our study showed that early events in the viral multiplication cycle trigger ERK activation, suggesting that DHEA, a Raf/MEK/ERK modulator, may not exert its antiviral activity through the modulation of this pathway. Our results may provide a first step in the development of new antiviral agents against measles virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás I Torres
- Laboratorio de Virología. Departamento de Química Biológica. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Piso 4, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Castilla
- Laboratorio de Virología. Departamento de Química Biológica. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Piso 4, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Wachsman
- Laboratorio de Virología. Departamento de Química Biológica. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Piso 4, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Aman W, Mousa S, Shiha G, Mousa SA. Current status and future directions in the management of chronic hepatitis C. Virol J 2012; 9:57. [PMID: 22385500 PMCID: PMC3325870 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is endemic worldwide, and it causes cirrhosis and other complications that often lead to death; nevertheless, our knowledge of the disease and its mechanisms is limited. HCV is most common in underdeveloped nations, including many in Africa and Asia. The virus is usually transmitted by parenteral routes, but sexual, perinatal, and other types of transfer have been known to occur. Approximately 80% of individuals who contract hepatitis C develop a chronic infection, and very few are able to spontaneously clear the virus. Because hepatitis C is asymptomatic in the majority of patients, the presence of HCV RNA in the serum is the best diagnostic tool. Although serious complications from hepatitis C may not occur for 20 years, 1/5 of chronic patients eventually develop life - threatening cirrhosis. More research is needed on the different therapy options for the disease, and many factors, most importantly the genotype of the virus, must be taken into account before beginning any treatment. As there is no vaccine against HCV at present, the most effective and recommended therapy is pegylated-interferon-α-2a plus ribavirin. While interferon is marginally effective as a monotherapy, both adding the moiety and combining it with ribavirin have been shown to dramatically increase its potency. While there are numerous alternative and complementary medicines available for patients with hepatitis C, their efficacy is questionable. Currently, research is being done to investigate other possible treatments for hepatitis C, and progress is being made to develop a vaccine against HCV, despite the many challenges the virus presents. Until such a vaccination is available, prevention and control methods are important in containing and impeding the spread of the virus and mitigating its deleterious effects on the health of people and communities worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wosen Aman
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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18
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Hofmann WP, Chung TL, Osbahr C, Susser S, Karey U, Mihm U, Welsch C, Lötsch J, Sarrazin C, Zeuzem S, Herrmann E. Impact of ribavirin on HCV replicon RNA decline during treatment with interferon-α and the protease inhibitors boceprevir or telaprevir. Antivir Ther 2012; 16:695-704. [PMID: 21817191 DOI: 10.3851/imp1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribavirin increases early and sustained virological response rates in patients chronically infected with HCV who receive pegylated interferon-α and novel HCV protease inhibitors. METHODS To better characterize antiviral efficacies of these upcoming therapies, Huh7 cells harbouring a subgenomic HCV replicon system were cultivated with various doses and combinations of ribavirin, interferon-α, and the protease inhibitors boceprevir and telaprevir. Antiviral efficacy parameters were estimated from HCV RNA decay, and synergistic effects of combination therapies were analysed with the Bliss independency model. RESULTS Single-drug antiviral activities showed dose-dependent HCV RNA reductions in replicon cells (50% inhibitory concentration of 386.16 μM, 81.67 IU, 0.44 μM and 0.81 μM after 48 h for ribavirin, interferon-α, boceprevir and telaprevir, respectively). For the dual combination of ribavirin with either boceprevir or telaprevir, no deviation from additivity was observed whereas the reduction of HCV RNA was synergistic for ribavirin with interferon-α (P<0.001). Triple combinations with ribavirin, interferon-α and protease inhibitors showed the most profound HCV RNA decay. CONCLUSIONS The beneficial in vitro antiviral effect of ribavirin with interferon-α and novel HCV protease inhibitors demonstrates that ribavirin may be required as an antiviral backbone in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Peter Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.
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19
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Host-based ribavirin resistance influences hepatitis C virus replication and treatment response. J Virol 2011; 85:7273-83. [PMID: 21543469 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00629-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many individuals infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) develop a chronic infection, and of those who are treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (RBV), many do not respond. While the nucleoside analog RBV improves treatment outcome, and will likely be an important component of therapy with next-generation viral inhibitors, RBV's mechanism is controversial. Most of RBV's proposed mechanisms require RBV import into cells. Therefore, we explored whether host-based RBV resistance develops through reduced cellular uptake, akin to chemotherapy resistance in some cancers. We examined the effect of host-based RBV resistance on HCV replication in cultured hepatoma Huh7.5 liver cells and whether RBV resistance develops in HCV patients. When Huh7.5 cells were exposed to RBV, resistance developed through reduced RBV uptake via the ENT1 nucleoside transporter and antiviral efficacy was reduced. The uptake defect in RBV-resistant cells was specific to RBV, since transport of another ENT1 substrate, cytidine, was unaffected. Importantly, RBV uptake significantly declined in HCV patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following 4 weeks of therapy. Furthermore, maintenance of RBV uptake correlated with rapid treatment response. Our results uncovered a novel form of antiviral drug resistance and suggest that host-based RBV resistance develops in HCV patients undergoing therapy and that maintenance of RBV uptake may contribute to rapid viral clearance.
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20
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Thomas E, Feld JJ, Li Q, Hu Z, Fried MW, Liang TJ. Ribavirin potentiates interferon action by augmenting interferon-stimulated gene induction in hepatitis C virus cell culture models. Hepatology 2011; 53:32-41. [PMID: 21254160 PMCID: PMC3498496 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The combination of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin is the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Our recent clinical study suggests that ribavirin augments the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in patients treated for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In order to further characterize the mechanisms of action of ribavirin, we examined the effect of ribavirin treatment on ISG induction in cell culture. In addition, the effect of ribavirin on infectious HCV cell culture systems was studied. Similar to interferon (IFN)-α, ribavirin potently inhibits JFH-1 infection of Huh7.5.1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, which spans the physiological concentration of ribavirin in vivo. Microarray analysis and subsequent quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays demonstrated that ribavirin treatment resulted in the induction of a distinct set of ISGs. These ISGs, including IFN regulatory factors 7 and 9, are known to play an important role in anti-HCV responses. When ribavirin is used in conjunction with IFN-α, induction of specific ISGs is synergistic when compared with either drug applied separately. Direct up-regulation of these antiviral genes by ribavirin is mediated by a novel mechanism different from those associated with IFN signaling and intracellular double-stranded RNA sensing pathways such as RIG-I and MDA5. RNA interference studies excluded the activation of the Toll-like receptor and nuclear factor κB pathways in the action of ribavirin. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that ribavirin, acting by way of a novel innate mechanism, potentiates the anti-HCV effect of IFN. Understanding the mechanism of action of ribavirin would be valuable in identifying novel antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Thomas
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jordan J. Feld
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital Liver Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qisheng Li
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zongyi Hu
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael W. Fried
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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21
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Bailly F, Ahmed SNS, Pradat P, Trepo C. Management of nonresponsive hepatitis C. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 8:379-95. [PMID: 20377334 DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 50% of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients do not respond to the classical pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)/ribavirin combination therapy. However, failing to respond to one course of treatment is not synonymous of therapy failure and retreatment is often beneficial. Alternative retreatment strategies include repeating the classical standard of care with an optimized drug regimen and adherence, including ribavirin serum concentration adjustment, correcting, if at all possible, comorbidities, and the addition of new specific anti-HCV molecules to the backbone of pegylated interferon/ribavirin. Options of retreatment should include consensus and natural interferons. For patients with advanced disease exposed to a high risk of lethal complications, customized maintenance therapy could be an effective option since it may slow down complications in some patients. Since low-dose interferon monotherapy is not sufficient, such a maintenance therapy remains to be verified via clinical trials. New possibilities of noninvasive assessment of fibrosis and the use of genetic tests to predict fibrosis progression and responsiveness to interferon are major emerging opportunities that run parallel to the revolution of the pharmacologic armentarium.
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