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Paul Owens E, Grania Healy H, Andrew Vesey D, Elizabeth Hoy W, Carolyn Gobe G. Targeted biomarkers of progression in chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 536:18-28. [PMID: 36041551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasingly significant health issue worldwide. Early stages of CKD can be asymptomatic and disease trajectory difficult to predict. Not everyone with CKD progresses to kidney failure, where kidney replacement therapy is the only life-sustaining therapy. Predicting which patients will progress to kidney failure would allow better use of targeted treatments and more effective allocation of health resources. Current diagnostic tests to identify patients with progressive disease perform poorly but there is a suite of new and emerging predictive biomarkers with great clinical promise. METHODS This narrative review describes new and emerging biomarkers of pathophysiologic processes of CKD development and progression, accessible in blood or urine liquid biopsies. Biomarkers were selected based on their reported pathobiological functions in kidney injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, repair and fibrosis. Biomarker function and evidence of involvement in CKD development and progression are reported. CONCLUSION Many biomarkers reviewed here have received little attention to date, perhaps because of conflicting conclusions of their utility in CKD. The functional roles of the selected biomarkers in the underlying pathobiology of progression of CKD are a powerful rationale for advancing and validating these molecules as prognosticators and predictors of CKD trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Paul Owens
- NHMRC CKD CRE (CKD.QLD), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Helen Grania Healy
- NHMRC CKD CRE (CKD.QLD), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - David Andrew Vesey
- NHMRC CKD CRE (CKD.QLD), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Wendy Elizabeth Hoy
- NHMRC CKD CRE (CKD.QLD), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Centre for Chronic Disease, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Glenda Carolyn Gobe
- NHMRC CKD CRE (CKD.QLD), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
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Renoprotective effects of a novel cMet agonistic antibody on kidney fibrosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13495. [PMID: 31530851 PMCID: PMC6749055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, cMet, activate biological pathways necessary for repair and regeneration following kidney injury. Because HGF is a highly unstable molecule in its biologically active form, we asked whether a monoclonal antibody (Ab) that displays full agonist activity at the receptor could protect the kidney from fibrosis. We attempted to determine whether the cMet agonistic Ab might reduce fibrosis, the final common pathway for chronic kidney diseases (CKD). A mouse model of kidney fibrosis disease induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction was introduced and subsequently validated with primary cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). In kidney biopsy specimens from patients with CKD, cMet immunohistochemistry staining showed a remarkable increase compared with patients with normal renal functions. cMet Ab treatment significantly increased the levels of phospho-cMet and abrogated the protein expression of fibrosis markers such as fibronectin, collagen 1, and αSMA as well as Bax2, which is a marker of apoptosis triggered by recombinant TGF-β1 in PTECs. Remarkably, injections of cMet Ab significantly prevented kidney fibrosis in obstructed kidneys as quantified by Masson trichrome staining. Consistent with these data, cMet Ab treatment decreased the expression of fibrosis markers, such as collagen1 and αSMA, whereas the expression of E-cadherin, which is a cell-cell adhesion molecule, was restored. In conclusion, cMet-mediated signaling may play a considerable role in kidney fibrosis. Additionally, the cMet agonistic Ab may be a valuable substitute for HGF because it is more easily available in a biologically active, stable, and purified form.
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Li H, Xu Y, Zhang Q, Xu H, Xu Y, Ling K. Microvesicles containing miR-34a induce apoptosis of proximal tubular epithelial cells and participate in renal interstitial fibrosis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2310-2316. [PMID: 30867715 PMCID: PMC6396007 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Function and potential mechanism of microvesicles (MVs) containing microRNA34a in renal interstitial fibrosis were investigated. A rat model of renal interstitial fibrosis was established by unilateral ureteral ligation (UUO). Rat proximal tubular epithelial cell line (NRK-52E) was used to explore the effect of MVs containing microRNA-34a on tubular epithelial cells during fibrosis, which were secreted by tubulointerstitial fibroblasts. Regardless of the UUO renal interstitial fibrosis model, or the TGF-β1-treated renal tubular epithelial cells, microRNA-34a was increased in the MVs secreted by tubulointerstitial fibroblasts. miR-34a could be transmitted through the damaged tubule basement membrane to proximal tubular epithelial cells, where it induced apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting the expression of Bcl-2, further aggravating renal interstitial fibrosis. MicroRNA-34a secreted by damaged renal interstitial fibroblasts can promote renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and participate in renal interstitial fibrosis by inhibiting Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Yuexia Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Hongfang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Kai Ling
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
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Soluble cMet levels in urine are a significant prognostic biomarker for diabetic nephropathy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12738. [PMID: 30143691 PMCID: PMC6109090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor cMet activate biological pathways necessary for repair and regeneration following kidney injury. Here, we evaluated the clinical role of urinary cMet as a prognostic biomarker in diabetic nephropathy (DN). A total of 218 patients with DN were enrolled in this study. We examined the association of urine cMet levels and long-term outcomes in patients with DN. The levels of urinary cMet were higher in patients with decreased renal function than in patients with relatively preserved renal function (5.25 ± 9.62 ng/ml versus 1.86 ± 4.77 ng/ml, P = 0.001). A fully adjusted model revealed that a urinary cMet cutoff of 2.9 ng/mL was associated with a hazard ratio for end-stage renal disease of 2.33 (95% confidence interval 1.19–4.57, P = 0.014). The addition of urinary cMet to serum creatinine and proteinuria provided the highest net reclassification improvement. We found that in primary cultured human glomerular endothelial cells, TGFβ treatment induced fibrosis, and the protein expression levels of collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, and αSMA were decreased after administration of an agonistic cMet antibody. In conclusion, elevated levels of urinary cMet at the time of initial diagnosis could predict renal outcomes in patients with DN.
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5
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Martin-Sanchez D, Fontecha-Barriuso M, Sanchez-Niño MD, Ramos AM, Cabello R, Gonzalez-Enguita C, Linkermann A, Sanz AB, Ortiz A. Cell death-based approaches in treatment of the urinary tract-associated diseases: a fight for survival in the killing fields. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:118. [PMID: 29371637 PMCID: PMC5833412 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract-associated diseases comprise a complex set of disorders with a variety of etiologic agents and therapeutic approaches and a huge global burden of disease, estimated at around 1 million deaths per year. These diseases include cancer (mainly prostate, renal, and bladder), urinary tract infections, and urolithiasis. Cell death plays a key role in the pathogenesis and therapy of these conditions. During urinary tract infections, invading bacteria may either promote or prevent host cell death by interfering with cell death pathways. This has been studied in detail for uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). Inhibition of host cell death may allow intracellular persistence of live bacteria, while promoting host cell death causes tissue damage and releases the microbes. Both crystals and urinary tract obstruction lead to tubular cell death and kidney injury. Among the pathomechanisms, apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy represent key processes. With respect to malignant disorders, traditional therapeutic efforts have focused on directly promoting cancer cell death. This may exploit tumor-specific characteristics, such as targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signaling and mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) activity in renal cancer and inducing survival factor deprivation by targeting androgen signaling in prostate cancer. An area of intense research is the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, aiming at unleashing the full potential of immune cells to kill cancer cells. In the future, this may be combined with additional approaches exploiting intrinsic sensitivities to specific modes of cell death such as necroptosis and ferroptosis. Here, we review the contribution of diverse cell death mechanisms to the pathogenesis of urinary tract-associated diseases as well as the potential for novel therapeutic approaches based on an improved molecular understanding of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martin-Sanchez
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fontecha-Barriuso
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian M Ramos
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramiro Cabello
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andreas Linkermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ana Belén Sanz
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.
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Leuning DG, Reinders ME, Li J, Peired AJ, Lievers E, de Boer HC, Fibbe WE, Romagnani P, van Kooten C, Little MH, Engelse MA, Rabelink TJ. Clinical-Grade Isolated Human Kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells as an Organotypic Cell Source for Kidney Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:405-418. [PMID: 28191776 PMCID: PMC5442810 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are immunomodulatory and tissue homeostatic cells that have shown beneficial effects in kidney diseases and transplantation. Perivascular stromal cells (PSCs) identified within several different organs share characteristics of bone marrow‐derived MSCs (BM‐MSCs). These PSCs may also possess tissue‐specific properties and play a role in local tissue homeostasis. We hypothesized that human kidney‐derived PSCs (hkPSCs) would elicit improved kidney repair in comparison with BM‐MSCs. Here we introduce a novel, clinical‐grade isolation method of hkPSCs from cadaveric kidneys by enriching for the perivascular marker, NG2. hkPSCs show strong transcriptional similarities to BM‐MSCs but also show organotypic expression signatures, including the HoxD10 and HoxD11 nephrogenic transcription factors. Comparable to BM‐MSCs, hkPSCs showed immunosuppressive potential and, when cocultured with endothelial cells, vascular plexus formation was supported, which was specifically in the hkPSCs accompanied by an increased NG2 expression. hkPSCs did not undergo myofibroblast transformation after exposure to transforming growth factor‐β, further corroborating their potential regulatory role in tissue homeostasis. This was further supported by the observation that hkPSCs induced accelerated repair in a tubular epithelial wound scratch assay, which was mediated through hepatocyte growth factor release. In vivo, in a neonatal kidney injection model, hkPSCs reintegrated and survived in the interstitial compartment, whereas BM‐MSCs did not show this potential. Moreover, hkPSCs gave protection against the development of acute kidney injury in vivo in a model of rhabdomyolysis‐mediated nephrotoxicity. Overall, this suggests a superior therapeutic potential for the use of hkPSCs and their secretome in the treatment of kidney diseases. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:405–418
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle G. Leuning
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies E.J. Reinders
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna J. Peired
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ellen Lievers
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty C. de Boer
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem E. Fibbe
- Department of Immunology and Hematology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Hematology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa H. Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marten A. Engelse
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Islam MA, Kim S, Firdous J, Lee AY, Hong SH, Seo MK, Park TE, Yun CH, Choi YJ, Chae C, Cho CS, Cho MH. A high affinity kidney targeting by chitobionic acid-conjugated polysorbitol gene transporter alleviates unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats. Biomaterials 2016; 102:43-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Yildirim ME, Badem H, Cakmak M, Yilmaz H, Kosem B, Karatas OF, Bayrak R, Cimentepe E. Melatonin protects kidney against apoptosis induced by acute unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats. Cent European J Urol 2016; 69:225-30. [PMID: 27551563 PMCID: PMC4986299 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2016.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To investigate whether there was a protective effect of melatonin on apoptotic mechanisms after an acute unilateral obstruction of the kidney. Material and methods A total of 25 rats consisting of five groups were used in the study, designated as follows: Group 1: control, Group 2: sham, Group 3: unilateral ureteral obstruction treated with only saline, Group 4: unilateral ureteral obstruction treated with melatonin immediately, and Group 5: unilateral obstruction treated with melatonin one day after obstruction. Melatonin was administered as a 10 mg/kg dose intraperitoneally. The kidneys were evaluated according to the apoptotic index and Ki-67 scores. Results Comparison of all obstruction groups (Group 3, 4, and 5), revealed that the apoptotic index was significantly higher in Groups 1 and 2. Despite melatonin reduced apoptotic mechanisms in Groups 4 and 5, there was no significant difference between Groups 4 and 5 in terms of the reduction of apoptosis. However, the reduction of apoptosis in the melatonin treated group did not decrease to the level of Groups 1 and 2. Conclusions Despite melatonin administration, which significantly reduces the apoptotic index occurring after acute unilateral ureteral obstruction, the present study did not observe a return to normal renal histology in the obstruction groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Erol Yildirim
- Turgut Özal University School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Badem
- Behçet Uz Research and Training Hospital, Department of Urology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Cakmak
- Turgut Özal University School of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakki Yilmaz
- Ankara Oncology Research and Training Hospital, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bahadir Kosem
- Turgut Özal University School of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Karatas
- Ankara Atatürk Research and Training Hospital, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Bayrak
- Turgut Özal University School of Medicine Department of Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ersin Cimentepe
- Turgut Özal University School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
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Narayan P, Duan B, Jiang K, Li J, Paka L, Yamin MA, Friedman SL, Weir MR, Goldberg ID. Late intervention with the small molecule BB3 mitigates postischemic kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F352-61. [PMID: 27252491 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00455.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion-mediated acute kidney injury can necessitate renal replacement therapy and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We have identified BB3, a small molecule, which when first administered at 24 h after renal ischemia in rats, improved survival, augmented urine output, and reduced the increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Compared with control kidneys, the kidneys of BB3-treated animals exhibited reduced levels of kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and reduced tubular apoptosis and acute tubular necrosis but enhanced tubular regeneration. Consistent with its hepatocyte growth factor-like mode of action, BB3 treatment promoted phosphorylation of renal cMet and Akt and upregulated renal expression of the survival protein Bcl-2. These data suggest that the kidney is amenable to pharmacotherapy even 24 h after ischemia-reperfusion and that activation of the hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathway with the small molecule BB3 confers interventional benefits late into ischemia-reperfusion injury. These data formed, in part, the basis for the use of BB3 in a clinical trial in kidney recipients presenting with delayed graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Narayan
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York;
| | - Bin Duan
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York
| | - Jingsong Li
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York
| | - Latha Paka
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York
| | - Michael A Yamin
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
| | - Matthew R Weir
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Itzhak D Goldberg
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York
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Zhou Y, Xiong M, Niu J, Sun Q, Su W, Zen K, Dai C, Yang J. Secreted fibroblast-derived miR-34a induces tubular cell apoptosis in fibrotic kidney. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4494-506. [PMID: 25107369 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.155523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular epithelial cell apoptosis contributes to tubulointerstitial fibrosis but its regulation remains unclear. Here, in fibrotic kidney induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), we demonstrate that miR-34a is markedly upregulated in tubulointerstitial spaces and microvesicles isolated from obstructed kidney. However, miR-34a is not de novo synthesized by proximal tubular epithelial cells but by fibroblasts after incubation with TGF-β1. miR-34a is markedly upregulated in microvesicles isolated from the cell culture medium of TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts. These microvesicles act as a vector for delivery of upregulated miR-34a from fibroblasts to tubular cells. The fibroblast-derived miR-34a-containing microvesicles induce the apoptosis of tubular cells. The exogenous miR-34a regulates tubular apoptosis by modulating the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, injection of exogenous miR-34a-containing microvesicles enhances tubular cell apoptosis in mice. This study suggests that secreted fibroblast miR-34a transported by microvesicles induces tubular cell apoptosis in obstructed kidney. This study reveals a new mechanism whereby microvesicle-mediated communication of miRNA between fibroblasts and tubular cells is involved in regulating tubular cell apoptosis, which might provide new therapeutic targets for renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Mingxia Xiong
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Jing Niu
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Weifang Su
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Ke Zen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Chunsun Dai
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
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11
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Khan Z, Pandey M. Role of kidney biomarkers of chronic kidney disease: An update. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 21:294-9. [PMID: 25183938 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive pathological condition marked by deteriorating renal function over time. Diagnostic of kidney disease depend on serum creatinine level and glomerular filtration rate which is detectable when kidney function become half. The detection of kidney damage in an early stage needs robust biomarkers. Biomarkers allow monitoring the disease progression at initial stages of disease. On the onset of impairment in cellular organization there is perturbation in signaling molecules which are either up-regulated or down-regulated and act as an indicator or biomarker of diseased stage. This review compiled the cell signaling of different kidney biomarkers associated with the onset of chronic kidney diseases. Delay in diagnosis of CKD will cause deterioration of nephron function which leads to End stage renal disease and at that point patients require dialysis or kidney transplant. Detailed information on the complex network in signaling pathway leading to a coordinated pattern of gene expression and regulation in CKD will undoubtedly provide important clues to develop novel prognostic and therapeutic strategies for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Khan
- Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Raisen Bypass Near Karond Square, Bhopal 462038, M.P., India
| | - Manoj Pandey
- Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Raisen Bypass Near Karond Square, Bhopal 462038, M.P., India
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12
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Opposite role of CD44-standard and CD44-variant-3 in tubular injury and development of renal fibrosis during chronic obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 2014; 86:558-69. [PMID: 24717295 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) are characterized by tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. We previously showed that in obstructive nephropathy de novo CD44 renal expression contributes to renal fibrosis but attenuates tubular damage/apoptosis. As CD44-standard (CD44s) has been linked to TGF-β1-mediated actions and CD44-variant-3 (CD44v3) favors HGF-c-Met binding, we compared the functional properties of these CD44 isoforms in the progression of obstructive nephropathy, using specific CD44-variant knockout/knockin mice. The presence of CD44v3 diminished tubular damage during obstructive nephropathy, decreased apoptosis, and increased proliferation of tubular epithelial cells, and prevented renal fibrosis development. In contrast, expression of CD44s led to increased tubular damage and tubular epithelial cell apoptosis, and more renal fibrosis. A relative increase in renal β-catenin expression, HGF production, and HGF/c-Met signaling, together with a relative inhibition of TGF-β1 downstream signaling and TGF-β type I receptor expression, was found in CD44v3 mice compared with CD44s littermates. In line with this, Wnt3a/HGF treatment of tubular cells resulted in higher β-catenin/p-AKT levels in CD44v3(+) tubular epithelial cells, whereas TGF-β1 induced a mild collagen I upregulation in CD44v3(+) mouse embryonic fibroblasts as compared with CD44s(+) cells. Thus, CD44s and CD44v3 exert opposite roles in the progression of obstructive nephropathy, with CD44v3-v10 being the protective isoform that delays evolution of the renal pathology.
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Du T, Zou X, Cheng J, Wu S, Zhong L, Ju G, Zhu J, Liu G, Zhu Y, Xia S. Human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells reduce renal fibrosis through induction of native and foreign hepatocyte growth factor synthesis in injured tubular epithelial cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:59. [PMID: 23734757 PMCID: PMC3706832 DOI: 10.1186/scrt215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Based on some well-documented reports, we attempted to clarify the antifibrotic mechanisms of human Wharton’s-jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (WJ-MSCs) from the perspective of induction of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression in tubular epithelial cells (TECs). Methods A rat model of acute kidney injury (AKI) was established through unilateral renal ischemia for 1 hour. Two days later, a single intravenous cell or vehicle injection, or contralateral nephrectomy, was performed. Rats were sacrificed at 1 day, 1 week, 4 weeks, or 6 weeks after the intervention. Renal fibrosis was evaluated by Masson trichrome staining and Sircol collagen assay. The upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) versus E-cadherin expression was adopted as an indicator of tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Gene and protein expression of HGF or transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. HGF expression in TECs was detected with immunostaining. In vitro, rat TECs subjected to hypoxia injury were incubated with or without conditioned medium (CM) from WJ-MSCs for 1, 3, 24, or 48 hours. Rat or human HGF synthesis in TECs was assessed with immunostaining, RT-PCR, or ELISA. Results Cell delivery or nephrectomy led to abrogation of renal scarring. At the incipient period of AKI, through induction of HGF expression, either of them remarkably promoted the upregulation of HGF versus TGF-β1 expression in damaged kidney. Rat TECs were not only the principal cells expressing HGF but also exhibited human HGF expression after cell infusion. During fibrogenesis, the downregulation of HGF versus TGF-β1 expression was greatly prevented by WJ-MSCs or kidney removal, thereby resulting in tubular EMT delay. In vitro, after 24 or 48 hours of incubation, CM not only robustly induced the upregulation of rat HGF gene expression in TECs but substantially amplified the release of rat HGF. Under the induction of CM, human HGF mRNA and protein were detected in rat TECs. Conclusions WJ-MSCs contribute to tubular EMT delay and the alleviation of renal fibrosis. Induction of native and foreign HGF synthesis in damaged TECs at the initial stage of AKI leads to recovery of the disturbed balance of HGF/TGF-β1 during scar formation, being one of the vital mechanisms.
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Simulation of incomplete obstructive uropathy in rats by injecting an artificial calculus into the bladder. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 154:810-3. [PMID: 23658930 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete varying obstruction of the urinary tract was reproduced by injecting artificial stomatological material into the rat bladder. Inflammatory changes and nephrosclerosis were detected in the renal tissue on days 14 and 21 of the experiment. Urinary concentration of total protein and activity of γ-glutamylaminotransferase increased. A direct positive correlation between the volume percentage of connective tissue and activities of the renal enzymes in the urine was detected.
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Chen X, Chen Z, Wang H, Xiong X, Liu X, Hu C, Han Y, Lu Y, Wu Z, Zhang Q. Plasmid pUDK-HGF encoding human hepatocyte growth factor gene attenuates gentamicin-induced kidney injury in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:541-7. [PMID: 22551933 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The clinical application of gentamicin has been limited by its nephrotoxicity, which is characterized by kidney injury, interstitial fibrosis and progressive renal impairment. In this paper, we examine effects of plasmid pUDK-HGF which encodes the human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene on gentamicin-induced renal injury in rats. The kidney injury was intentionally induced by injecting gentamicin intraperitoneally. On the third day after last gentamicin treatment, pUDK-HGF was injected into the left kidney tissue only once via a sterile back incision. At day 30 after gentamicin treatment, RI, Scr, BUN, 24 h-UTP and apoptotic cell death were determined. Tubulointerstitial injury and the renal interstitial vessel regeneration were evaluated by histological scoring. pUDK-HGF treatment significantly improved the renal function with decreasing RI, Scr and BUN. 24 h-UTP also presented ameliorating trend compared to the control group with kidney injury. pUDK-HGF treatment significantly decreased the score of tubulointerstitial injury and enhanced angiogenesis, also prevented kidney cells from apoptosis. The tubulointerstitial injury was significantly reduced in the pUDK-HGF injected left kidney and right kidney also showed some improvements. Our results showed that pUDK-HGF may become a novel therapeutic agent for kidney injury and renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Postgraduate Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
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16
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Therapeutic implications of mesenchymal stem cells transfected with hepatocyte growth factor transplanted in rat kidney with unilateral ureteral obstruction. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46:537-45. [PMID: 21376206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to establish whether bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transfected with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) can migrate and localize in the rat's kidney with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and contribute to repair of renal fibrosis. METHODS We separated and cultured bone marrow-derived MSCs of male rats in vitro and transfected them with adenovirus-mediated HGF (Ad-HGF). The expression of HGF was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sixty female rats were sham operated (n = 24) or subjected to left UUO: Ad-HGF-transfected MSCs, uninfected MSCs, or saline was injected into the rat's tail vein. Kidney tissue was collected at the end of the seventh or 14th day after operation. The distribution of Y chromosome in the kidney after Ad-HGF-transfected MSCs transplantation was determined by an in situ hybridization method. As the hallmark of myofibroblasts, α-smooth muscle actin (expression of which significantly increases in the presence of renal fibrosis) was detected by immunohistochemistry in all UUO rats' left kidney tissue. RESULTS Y chromosome-positive cells were found only in the obstructed kidney of the transplantation group. The positive cells were mainly distributed in the tubular cells. The average intensity of immunolabeling for α-smooth muscle actin in the transplanted group significantly decreased compared with sham-transplanted group (P < .05), and the expression in the rats injected with uninfected MSCs was higher than that in the rats with MSCs transfected with HGF (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Mesenchymal stem cells transfected with HGF can migrate to the rat kidney with UUO and are mainly distributed in the region of renal tubular epithelial cells. The data indicate that MSCs transfected with HGF contribute to a reduction of renal fibrosis after ureteral obstruction and suggest that this may be exploited therapeutically.
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Yeh CH, Chiang HS, Lai TY, Chien CT. Unilateral ureteral obstruction evokes renal tubular apoptosis via the enhanced oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the rat. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30:472-9. [PMID: 21305585 DOI: 10.1002/nau.20855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may induce renal apoptosis and contribute to the pathogenesis of the kidney with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). MATERIALS AND METHODS We induced UUO the female Wistar rats by ligation of the left ureter at the ureteropelvic junction. The UUO kidney was performed from 4 hr to 7 days course. At the indicated time, we measured the arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow in each rat, renal ROS measurement in vivo by a chemiluminescence analyzer. We performed immunohistochemistry of monocyte/macrophage (ED-1) stain for leukocyte infiltration, 4-hydroxynoneal (4-HNE) stain for ROS products, and apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and Western blot to analyze ER stress-associated and apoptosis-related proteins expression in the UUO kidney. RESULTS We found that UUO decreased renal blood flow and increased renal vascular resistance and renal ROS. UUO decreased renal manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase protein expression in a time-dependent manner. Increased 4-HNE stain in the renal tubules and ED-1 stain in the renal tubulointerstitial compartment occurred after 4 hr of UUO in the kidney. UUO significantly enhanced ER stress markers like ER stress-response protein 25 and glucose-regulated protein 78 and ER-associated apoptosis proteins, c-JUN NH(2) -terminal kinase, and caspase 12, in the kidney. Subsequently, UUO enhanced renal pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase 3 expression and decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression, leading to renal tubular apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that renal tubular apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and ER stress occurred in the UUO kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsin Yeh
- Division of Urology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Kaneyama T, Kobayashi S, Aoyagi D, Ehara T. Tranilast modulates fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and peritubular capillary injury in unilateral ureteral obstruction rats. Pathology 2011; 42:564-73. [PMID: 20854076 DOI: 10.3109/00313025.2010.508784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Tranilast is an anti-allergic compound suppressing transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) induced fibrosis. This study evaluated the efficacy of tranilast to attenuate renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in rats in relation to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and peritubular capillary injury. METHODS Rats were divided into four groups: UUO with vehicle or tranilast and sham operation with vehicle or tranilast. Tranilast (400 mg/kg/day) was administrated to rats for 7 and 14 days after UUO. RESULTS Fibrosis and tubular injuries were attenuated in UUO kidneys with tranilast (Tr-UUO kidneys) compared with UUO kidneys with vehicle (V-UUO kidneys). Decreased E-cadherin and increased vimentin expression in the tubular epithelium and Snail expression in V-UUO kidneys were also attenuated in Tr-UUO kidneys in which heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the tubular basement membrane was preserved and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression was attenuated. Increased TGF-β1 and phospho-Smad2 expression and increased numbers of myofibroblasts and macrophages in V-UUO kidneys were attenuated by tranilast. Decreased VE-cadherin expression and cytoplasmic swelling of the endothelium of peritubular capillaries that occurred in V-UUO kidneys was prevented by tranilast. CONCLUSIONS Tranilast modulates fibrogenesis by reducing EMT, preventing disintegration of the tubular basement membrane, and reducing peritubular capillary injury in UUO kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kaneyama
- Department of Histopathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Dendooven A, Ishola DA, Nguyen TQ, Van der Giezen DM, Kok RJ, Goldschmeding R, Joles JA. Oxidative stress in obstructive nephropathy. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 92:202-10. [PMID: 20804541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is one of the most commonly applied rodent models to study the pathophysiology of renal fibrosis. This model reflects important aspects of inflammation and fibrosis that are prominent in human kidney diseases. In this review, we present an overview of the factors contributing to the pathophysiology of UUO, highlighting the role of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Dendooven
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Grande MT, Pérez-Barriocanal F, López-Novoa JM. Role of inflammation in túbulo-interstitial damage associated to obstructive nephropathy. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:19. [PMID: 20412564 PMCID: PMC2873503 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive nephropathy is characterized by an inflammatory state in the kidney, that is promoted by cytokines and growth factors produced by damaged tubular cells, infiltrated macrophages and accumulated myofibroblasts. This inflammatory state contributes to tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis characteristic of obstructive nephropathy. Accumulation of leukocytes, especially macrophages and T lymphocytes, in the renal interstitium is strongly associated to the progression of renal injury. Proinflammatory cytokines, NF-κB activation, adhesion molecules, chemokines, growth factors, NO and oxidative stress contribute in different ways to progressive renal damage induced by obstructive nephropathy, as they induce leukocytes recruitment, tubular cell apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis. Increased angiotensin II production, increased oxidative stress and high levels of proinflammatory cytokines contribute to NF-κB activation which in turn induce the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines responsible for leukocyte recruitment and iNOS and cytokines overexpression, which aggravates the inflammatory response in the damaged kidney. In this manuscript we revise the different events and regulatory mechanisms involved in inflammation associated to obstructive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T Grande
- Instituto "Reina Sofía" de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Semedo P, Correa-Costa M, Antonio Cenedeze M, Maria Avancini Costa Malheiros D, Antonia dos Reis M, Shimizu MH, Seguro AC, Pacheco-Silva A, Saraiva Camara NO. Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate renal fibrosis through immune modulation and remodeling properties in a rat remnant kidney model. Stem Cells 2010; 27:3063-73. [PMID: 19750536 DOI: 10.1002/stem.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regenerative properties in acute kidney injury, but their role in chronic kidney diseases is still unknown. More specifically, it is not known whether MSCs halt fibrosis. The purpose of this work was to investigate the role of MSCs in fibrogenesis using a model of chronic renal failure. MSCs were obtained from the tibias and femurs of male Wistar-EPM rats. Female Wistar rats were subjected to the remnant model, and 2|x|10(5) MSCs were intravenously administrated to each rat every other week for 8 weeks or only once and followed for 12 weeks. SRY gene expression was observed in female rats treated with male MSCs, and immune localization of CD73(+)CD90(+) cells at 8 weeks was also assessed. Serum and urine analyses showed an amelioration of functional parameters in MSC-treated animals at 8 weeks, but not at 12 weeks. Masson's trichrome and Sirius red staining demonstrated reduced levels of fibrosis in MSC-treated animals. These results were corroborated by reduced vimentin, type I collagen, transforming growth factor beta, fibroblast specific protein 1 (FSP-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and Smad3 mRNA expression and alpha smooth muscle actin and FSP-1 protein expression. Renal interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased after MSC treatment, whereas IL-4 and IL-10 expression levels were increased. All serum cytokine expression levels were decreased in MSC-treated animals. Taken together, these results suggested that MSC therapy can indeed modulate the inflammatory response that follows the initial phase of a chronic renal injury. The immunosuppressive and remodeling properties of MSCs may be involved in the decreased fibrosis in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Semedo
- Nephrology Division, Medicine Department, Federal University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Urokinase-type plasminogen activator increases hepatocyte growth factor activity required for skeletal muscle regeneration. Blood 2009; 114:5052-61. [PMID: 19812386 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-12-196212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen system plays a crucial role in the repair of a variety of tissues, including skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) promotes muscle regeneration by activating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which, in turn, stimulates proliferation of myoblasts required for regeneration. In our studies, levels of active HGF and phosphorylation of the HGF receptor c-met were increased after muscle injury in wild-type mice. Compared with wild-type animals, mice deficient in uPA (uPA(-/-)) had markedly reduced HGF levels and c-met activation after muscle damage. This reduced HGF activity in uPA(-/-) animals was associated with decreased cell proliferation, myoblast accumulation, and new muscle fiber formation. On the other hand, HGF activity was enhanced at early time points in PAI-1(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice and the PAI-1(-/-) animals exhibited accelerated muscle fiber regeneration. Furthermore, administration of exogenous uPA rescued HGF levels and muscle regeneration in uPA(-/-) mice, and an HGF-blocking antibody reduced HGF activity and muscle regeneration in wild-type mice. We also found that uPA promotes myoblast proliferation in vitro through its proteolytic activity, and this process was inhibited by an HGF-blocking antibody. Together, our findings demonstrate that uPA promotes muscle regeneration through HGF activation and subsequent myoblast proliferation.
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Deletion of the Met receptor in the collecting duct decreases renal repair following ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 2009; 76:868-76. [PMID: 19675527 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, Met, activate biological pathways necessary for repair and regeneration following kidney injury. The Met receptor is expressed in multiple cell types within the kidney, each of which is capable of regulating fibrotic responses. To specifically address the role of the Met receptor in the adult collecting duct during renal injury, a conditional knockout mouse (Met(fl/fl);HoxB7-Cre) was generated and tested using unilateral ureteral obstruction, a model of nephron injury, fibrosis, and repair. Following obstruction in these mice there was increased expression of collagens I and IV along with plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, a known regulator of matrix degradation, compared to ureteral obstructed non-flox littermates. There were trends toward increased interstitial fibrosis, infiltration of the interstitium, and acute tubular necrosis in the knockout mice despite similar degrees of hydronephrosis to the control littermates. The Met(fl/fl);HoxB7-Cre mice; however, had reduced tubular cell proliferation and kidney regenerative capacity after release of the obstruction, thus leading to diminished functional recovery. We suggest that Met receptor signaling in the collecting duct acts as a major regulator of cell survival and propagation of the repair process with a possible secondary role to diminish inflammatory and fibrotic responses.
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Mukai H, Kawakami S, Hashida M. [Development of nucleic acid transfection technology to the kidney]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:1577-86. [PMID: 18981692 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is one of the most important organs that play a crucial role in homeostasis and, therefore, congenital or acquired renal dysfunction causes refractory diseases, i.e., Alport's syndrome, Fabry's disease, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, kidney cancer, transplant glomerulopathy. Nucleic acid transfection technology to the kidney is indispensable for the progress of biomedical research and the realization of gene therapy and nucleic acid drug for renal diseases. Control of renal nucleic acid transfection was difficult because of the structural complexity; however, the study of recombinant virus, synthetic carrier and physical force-mediated nucleic acid transfection to the kidney has advanced. Recombinant virus and synthetic carrier-mediated methods require long-term block of the blood or urinary flow for efficient transfection of nucleic acid because of the rich blood flow of the kidney. In contrast, physical force-mediated methods that transfect with nucleic acid via transient membrane permeability do not apprehend ischemia-reperfusion injury and, therefore, may be beneficial for nucleic acid transfection to the kidney. In this article, we collect the information of therapeutic gene, target molecule of the nucleic acid drug and target cells for renal diseases and structural property of the kidney from the point of view of nucleic acid transfection. Additively, current status of nucleic acid transfection technology to the kidney is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Mukai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Ito K, Chen J, Asano T, Vaughan ED, Poppas DP, Hayakawa M, Felsen D. Liposome-mediated Gene Therapy in the Kidney. Hum Cell 2008; 17:17-28. [PMID: 15369133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-0774.2004.tb00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy directed to the kidney has been attempted to improve renal disorders such as inherited kidney diseases and common renal diseases that cause interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and glomerulosclerosis. Viral and non-viral vectors have been tried and been modulated to obtain sufficient transgene expression. However, gene delivery to the kidney is usually difficult because of characteristics of renal cell biology. Among non-viral vectors, the liposome system is a promising procedure for kidney-targeted gene therapy. Using cationic liposome, tubular cells were effectively transduced by retrograde injection of liposome/cDNA complex. Although transgene expression was reportedly modest using cationic liposomes, this method improved renal disease models such as carbonic anhydrase II deficiency and unilateral ureteral obstruction. In contrast, HVJ-liposome system is an effective transfection method to glomerular cells using intra-renal arterial infusion and improved glomerular disease models such as glomerulonephritis and glomerulosclerosis. In addition, intra-renal pelvic injection of DNA by HVJ-liposome system showed transgene expression in interstitial fibroblasts. In kidney-targeted gene therapy, liposome-mediated gene transfer is an attractive method because of its simplicity and reduced toxicity. In spite of modest transgene expression, several renal disease models were successfully modulated by liposome system. Although one limitation of liposome-mediated gene delivery is the duration of transgene expression, the liposome/cDNA complex can be repeatedly administered due to the absence of an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ito
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
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Giannopoulou M, Dai C, Tan X, Wen X, Michalopoulos GK, Liu Y. Hepatocyte growth factor exerts its anti-inflammatory action by disrupting nuclear factor-kappaB signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:30-41. [PMID: 18502824 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal inflammation, characterized by the influx of inflammatory cells, is believed to play a critical role in the initiation and progression of a wide range of chronic kidney diseases. Here, we show that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) inhibited renal inflammation and proinflammatory chemokine expression by disrupting nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling. In vivo, HGF gene delivery inhibited interstitial infiltration of inflammatory T cells and macrophages, and suppressed expression of both RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in a mouse model of obstructive nephropathy. In vitro, HGF abolished RANTES induction in human kidney epithelial cells, which was dependent on NF-kappaB signaling. HGF did not significantly affect the phosphorylation or degradation of IkappaBalpha; it also did not influence the phosphorylation or nuclear translocation of p65 NF-kappaB. However, HGF prevented p65 NF-kappaB binding to its cognate cis-acting element in the RANTES promoter. HGF action was dependent on the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway, which led to the phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta. Suppression of GSK-3beta activity mimicked HGF and abolished RANTES expression, whereas ectopic expression of GSK-3beta restored RANTES induction. HGF also induced renal GSK-3beta phosphorylation and inactivation after obstructive injury in vivo. These observations suggest that HGF is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine that inhibits renal inflammation by disrupting NF-kappaB signaling and may be a promising therapeutic agent for progressive renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Giannopoulou
- Department of Pathology, University of PittsburghSchool of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Ito K, Chen J, Khodadadian JJ, Vaughan ED, Lipkowitz M, Poppas DP, Felsen D. Adeno-associated viral vector transduction of green fluorescent protein in kidney: effect of unilateral ureteric obstruction. BJU Int 2008; 101:376-81. [PMID: 18184329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated renal gene transfer, by examining the localization and time course of gene expression in the kidneys of mice with unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) and controls. AAV is a replication-defective virus that has the potential to deliver genes into the kidney to improve renal damage after UUO. MATERIALS AND METHODS An AAV vector carrying a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene (rAAV-GFP) was used. In control mice, GFP expression was evaluated at 4, 7, 14 and 28 days after intrapelvic injection of rAAV or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In mice with UUO, the left ureter was obstructed, and 24 h later either rAAV or PBS was injected; GFP expression was evaluated 4, 7 and 14 days later by direct fluorescence. RESULTS In the control mice, at least 7 days was required to detect GFP expression, whereas after UUO, GFP expression was already evident at 4 days after injection. GFP was localized mainly to the medullary tubules. CONCLUSIONS This study shows successful transduction of GFP into mouse kidney using an AAV vector; GFP was expressed sooner in UUO kidneys than in the controls. These results show the feasibility of using AAV to transduce GFP into the obstructed kidney, and suggest that it might be useful in transducing therapeutically active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ito
- Institute for Paediatric Urology, Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Makiuchi A, Yamaura K, Mizuno S, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Amano J, Ito KI. Hepatocyte growth factor prevents pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26:935-43. [PMID: 17845933 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury after lung transplantation leads to significant morbidity and mortality in recipients, which remains the major obstacle in clinical lung transplantation. To reduce pulmonary graft dysfunction and improve prognosis after lung transplantation, prevention of IR-induced lung injury in the peri-operative period is required. In the present study, we investigated the effects of recombinant hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on pulmonary IR injury using a murine model system. METHODS To assess the protective effect of HGF against lung injury, mice with pulmonary IR were divided into two groups and injected with 500 microg/kg of human recombinant HGF or the same dose of saline alone as a control. RESULTS After pulmonary IR injury, the lung injury score increased in a time-dependent manner up to 24 hours. A significant reduction of lung injury score was observed with the administration of exogenous HGF. Moreover, the ratio of apoptotic cells was significantly reduced in mice treated with HGF. Significantly increased expression of Bcl-xL was observed after IR in mice administered HGF as compared with saline-treated controls. In contrast, expression of Bax was reduced significantly in HGF-treated mice. Serum levels of endogenous murine HGF were increased significantly in HGF-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that administration of exogenous HGF ameliorates the pulmonary tissue injury induced by IR, which may provide an alternative for prevention of IR-induced lung injury in the peri-operative period in lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Makiuchi
- Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Yamaguchi I, Lopez-Guisa JM, Cai X, Collins SJ, Okamura DM, Eddy AA. Endogenous urokinase lacks antifibrotic activity during progressive renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F12-9. [PMID: 17356128 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00380.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial fibrosis is a universal feature of progressive kidney disease. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is thought to participate for several reasons: 1) uPA is produced predominantly in kidney, 2) its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a strong promoter of interstitial fibrosis, whereas its receptor (uPAR) attenuates renal fibrosis, 3) uPA reduces fibrosis in liver and lung, and 4) uPA can activate hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a potent antifibrotic growth factor. The present study tested the hypothesis that endogenous uPA reduces fibrosis severity by investigating the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model in wild-type (WT) and uPA-/- mice. Several outcomes were measured: renal collagen 3-21 days after UUO, macrophage accumulation (F4/80 Western blotting), interstitial myofibroblast density (alpha-smooth muscle actin immunostaining), and tubular injury (E-cadherin and Ksp-cadherin Western blotting). None of these measures differed significantly between WT and uPA-/- mice. uPA genetic deficiency was not associated with compensatory changes in renal uPAR mRNA levels, PAI-1 protein levels, or tissue plasminogen activator activity levels after UUO. Despite the known ability of uPA to activate latent HGF, immunoblotting failed to detect significant differences in levels of the active HGF alpha-chain and phosphorylated cMET (the activated HGF receptor) between the WT and uPA-/- groups. These findings suggest that the profibrotic actions of PAI-1 are uPA independent and that an alternative pathway must activate HGF in kidney. Finally, these results highlight a significant organ-specific difference in basic fibrogenic pathways, as enhanced uPA activity has been reported to attenuate pulmonary and hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-0371, USA
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Yoshikawa M, Hishikawa K, Marumo T, Fujita T. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-beta1 in human renal epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 18:58-65. [PMID: 17135397 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005111187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation plays an important role in regulating gene expressions by modulating chromatin structure. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been reported to have an antifibrogenic effect in some organs, such as the liver, skin, and lung, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified. In the kidney, bone morphologic protein 7 (BMP-7) and hepatocyte growth factor are reported to antagonize TGF-beta1-induced tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but nothing is known concerning the effect of HDAC inhibitors on EMT. It was shown that trichostatin A (TSA), an HDAC inhibitor, prevented TGF-beta1-induced EMT in cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Treatment with TGF-beta1 induced morphologic changes such as EMT in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. However, co-treatment with TSA completely prevented TGF-beta1-induced morphologic changes and significantly prevented TGF-beta1-induced downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of collagen type I. Treatment with TSA did not alter TGF-beta1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 but induced several inhibitory factors of TGF-beta1 signals, such as inhibitors of DNA binding/differentiation 2 (Id2) and BMP-7. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that histone acetylation was involved in the downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of Id2 and BMP-7. These results suggest that TSA and other HDAC inhibitors could be new therapeutic agents for tubular EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University Hospital of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Chevalier RL. Obstructive nephropathy: towards biomarker discovery and gene therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:157-68. [PMID: 16932414 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive nephropathy is a major cause of renal failure, particularly in infants and children. Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the progression of the tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis-processes that lead to nephron loss-have been elucidated in the past 5 years. Following urinary tract obstruction and tubular dilatation, a cascade of events results in upregulation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, tubular apoptosis and macrophage infiltration of the interstitium. This is followed by accumulation of interstitial fibroblasts through proliferation of resident fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of renal tubular cells. Under the influence of cytokines, chemokines and other signaling molecules produced by tubular and interstitial cells, fibroblasts undergo transformation to myofibroblasts that induce expansion of the extracellular matrix. The cellular interactions that regulate development of interstitial inflammation, tubular apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis are complex. Changes in renal gene expression and protein production afford many potential biomarkers of disease progression and targets for therapeutic manipulation. These include signaling molecules and receptors involved in macrophage recruitment and proliferation, tubular death signals and survival factors, and modulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Targeted gene deletion and various forms of gene therapy have been used in experimental obstructive nephropathy, mostly rodent models of unilateral ureteral obstruction or cell culture techniques. Further refinement of these models is needed to develop a matrix of biomarkers with clinical predictive value, as well as molecular therapies that will prevent or reverse the renal structural and functional consequences of obstructive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Chevalier
- Department of Pediatrics at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Ku JH, Kim Y, Moon KC, Kim YS, Kim MS, Kim HH, Paick JS. In Vivo Hepatocyte Growth Factor Gene Transfer to Bladder Smooth Muscle After Bladder Outlet Obstruction in the Rat: A Morphometric Analysis. J Urol 2006; 176:1230-5. [PMID: 16890731 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined whether hepatocyte growth factor gene transfer after partial bladder outlet obstruction would prove effective for decreasing transforming growth factor-beta expression and consequently decreasing collagen deposition in partially obstructed rat bladders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups of 10 each, including group 1--sham operation, group 2--bladder outlet obstruction for 4 weeks and group 3--hepatocyte growth factor gene transfer after bladder outlet obstruction. Two weeks after the onset of bladder outlet obstruction in group 3 hepatocyte growth factor-liposome complex (50 microg human hepatocyte growth factor cDNA) was injected into the smooth muscle of the rats. RESULTS We noted no difference between groups 2 and 3 with regard to the ratio of bladder weight to body weight. The ratio in groups 2 and 3 was significantly higher than in group 1 (p = 0.043). The mean percent of collagen area +/- SE was 36.32% +/- 1.83%, 27.90% +/- 2.66% and 8.97% +/- 3.35% in groups 1 to 3, respectively (p <0.05). Relative hepatocyte growth factor and c-met mRNA and protein expression were higher in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2. However, the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNA and protein was higher in group 2 than in groups 1 and 3. CONCLUSIONS These findings may imply a possible novel therapeutic strategy against bladder dysfunction arising in patients with bladder outlet obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hyeon Ku
- Department of Urology, Seoul Veterans Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Matsuoka H, Sisson TH, Nishiuma T, Simon RH. Plasminogen-mediated activation and release of hepatocyte growth factor from extracellular matrix. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 35:705-13. [PMID: 16840775 PMCID: PMC2643296 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0006oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions that enhance plasminogen activation within the lung consistently limit the fibrosis that follows alveolar injury. However, this protective effect cannot be attributed solely to accelerated clearance of fibrin that forms as a provisional matrix after lung injury. To explore other mechanisms, we considered interactions between the plasminogen activation system and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). HGF is known to have antifibrotic activity, but to do so, it must be both released from its sites of sequestration within extracellular matrix (ECM) and activated by proteolytic cleavage. A recent study using bleomycin-exposed mice showed that manipulations of the plasminogen activation system influenced the amount of free HGF within bronchoalveolar lavage fluid without affecting total lung HGF mRNA or protein. To elucidate the mechanisms, we studied the role of plasminogen activation in fibroblast-mediated HGF release and activation. We found that NIH3T3 and mouse lung fibroblasts release ECM-bound HGF in a plasminogen-dependent fashion. The plasminogen effect was lost when lung fibroblasts from urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)-deficient mice were used, and was increased by fibroblasts from plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1-deficient mice. Plasminogen addition to NIH3T3 or mouse lung fibroblasts increased conversion of pro-HGF to its active form. The plasminogen effect on activation was lost when uPA-deficient fibroblasts were used and accentuated by PAI-1-deficient fibroblasts. In conjunction with the previous in vivo study, these results suggest that plasminogen activation can protect the lung against fibrosis by increasing the availability of active HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Matsuoka
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health Sciences Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Docherty NG, O'Sullivan OE, Healy DA, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RWG. Evidence that inhibition of tubular cell apoptosis protects against renal damage and development of fibrosis following ureteric obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 290:F4-13. [PMID: 16339963 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00045.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ureteric obstruction is frequently encountered in primary care urology and can lead to damage to the ipsilateral kidney. Relief of all types of obstruction generally leads to the normalization of any deterioration in renal function noted at diagnosis. However, some evidence from animal models suggests that obstruction can cause progressive deleterious effects on renal function and blood pressure control, especially in the presence of preexisting pathologies such as essential hypertension. The last 10 years have seen a proliferation of studies in rodents wherein complete unilateral ureteric obstruction has been used as a model of renal fibrosis. However, the relevance of the findings to human obstructive uropathy has, in many cases, not been the primary aim. In this review, we outline the major events linking damage to the renal parenchyma and cell death to the evolution of fibrosis following obstruction. Special focus is given to the role of apoptosis as a major cause of cell death during and post-complete ureteric obstruction. Several interventions that reduce tubular apoptosis are discussed in terms of their ability to prevent subsequent progression to end-organ damage and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil G Docherty
- Department of Surgery, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Univ. College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
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Li Y, Spataro BC, Yang J, Dai C, Liu Y. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D inhibits renal interstitial myofibroblast activation by inducing hepatocyte growth factor expression. Kidney Int 2005; 68:1500-10. [PMID: 16164627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D and its metabolites play an important role in calcium homeostasis, bone remodeling, hormone secretion, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Recent studies also suggest a beneficial role of vitamin D in slowing the progression of chronic renal glomerular diseases. This study investigated the effects and potential mechanism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)[1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] on the regulation of myofibroblast activation from interstitial fibroblast, a critical event in generating alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA)-positive, matrix-producing effector cells in renal interstitial fibrosis. METHODS Normal rat renal interstitial fibroblast cell line (NRK-49F) was used as a model system. Myofibroblast activation was initiated by incubation with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. Expression of alpha-SMA, collagen I, thrombospondin-1, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunostaining, respectively. HGF promoter activity was evaluated by using luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Incubation of rat renal interstitial fibroblasts (NRK-49F) with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) suppressed TGF-beta1-induced de novo alpha-SMA expression in a dose-dependent manner. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) also suppressed type I collagen and thrombospondin-1 expression induced by TGF-beta1. Interestingly, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induced HGF mRNA expression and protein secretion in renal interstitial fibroblasts. Transfection studies revealed that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) stimulated HGF gene promoter activity, which was dependent on the presence of vitamin D response element (VDRE). 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induced the binding of vitamin D receptor to the VDRE in HGF promoter region. Furthermore, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was capable of stimulating HGF receptor phosphorylation in renal fibroblasts. Incubation with specific HGF neutralizing antibody largely abolished 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated suppression of myofibroblast activation. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that vitamin D analogue possesses renoprotective activity through suppression of the matrix-producing myofibroblast activation. This action of vitamin D is mediated, at least in part, by up-regulating antifibrotic HGF gene expression in renal interstitial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjian Li
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Docherty NG, O'Sullivan OE, Healy DA, Murphy M, O'neill AJ, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RWG. TGF-beta1-induced EMT can occur independently of its proapoptotic effects and is aided by EGF receptor activation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 290:F1202-12. [PMID: 16368739 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00406.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) occur in stressed tubular epithelial cells and contribute to renal fibrosis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1) promotes these responses and we examined whether the processes were interdependent in vitro. Direct (caspase inhibition) and indirect [epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor stimulation] strategies were used to block apoptosis during TGF-beta(1) stimulation, and the subsequent effect on EMT was assessed. HK-2 cells were exposed to TGF-beta(1) with or without preincubation with ZVAD-FMK (pan-caspase inhibitor) or concomitant treatment with EGF plus or minus preincubation with LY-294002 (PI3-kinase inhibitor). Cells were then assessed for apoptosis and proliferation by flow cytometry, crystal violet assay, and Western blotting. Markers of EMT were assessed by microscopy, immunofluorescence, real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting, PAI-1 reporter assay, and collagen gel contraction assay. TGF-beta(1) caused apoptosis and priming for staurosporine-induced apoptosis. This was blocked by ZVAD-FMK. However, ZVAD-FMK did not prevent EMT following TGF-beta(1) treatment. EGF inhibited apoptosis and facilitated TGF-beta(1) induction of EMT by increasing proliferation and accentuating E-cadherin loss. Additionally, EGF significantly enhanced TGF-beta(1)-induced collagen I gel contraction. EGF increased Akt phosphorylation during EMT, and the prosurvival effect of this was confirmed using LY-294002, which reduced EGF-induced Akt phosphorylation and reversed its antiapoptotic and proproliferatory effects. TGF-beta(1) induces EMT independently of its proapoptotic effects. TGF-beta(1) and EGF together lead to EMT. EGF increases proliferation and resistance to apoptosis during EMT in a PI3-K Akt-dependent manner. In vivo, EGF receptor activation may assist in the selective survival of a transdifferentiated, profibrotic cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil G Docherty
- Conway Institute, Univ. College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Franquesa M, Alperovich G, Herrero-Fresneda I, Lloberas N, Bolaños N, Fillat C, Rama I, Cruzado JM, Grinyó JM, Torras J. Direct electrotransfer of hHGF gene into kidney ameliorates ischemic acute renal failure. Gene Ther 2005; 12:1551-8. [PMID: 15973441 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the early phase of kidney transplantation, the transplanted kidney is exposed to insults like ischemia/reperfusion, which is a leading cause of acute renal failure (ARF). ARF in the context of renal transplantation predisposes the graft to developing chronic damage and to long-term graft loss. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been suggested to support the intrinsic ability of the kidney to regenerate in response to injury by its morphogenic, mitogenic, motogenic and antiapoptotic activities. In the present paper, we examine whether human HGF (hHGF) gene electrotransfer helps in the recovery from ARF in a model of rat renal warm ischemia. We also assess the advantages of this form of gene therapy by direct electroporation of the kidney, given that transplantation offers the possibility of manipulating the organ in vivo. We have compared the therapeutic efficiency of two electroporation methodologies in a rat ARF model. Although they both targeted the same organ, the two methods were applied to different parts of the animal: muscle and kidney. Kidney direct electrotransfer was shown to be more efficient not only in pharmacokinetic but also in therapeutic terms, so it may become a clinically practical alternative in renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Franquesa
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
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Oh K, Iimuro Y, Takeuchi M, Kaneda Y, Iwasaki T, Terada N, Matsumoto T, Nakanishi K, Fujimoto J. Ameliorating effect of hepatocyte growth factor on inflammatory bowel disease in a murine model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G729-35. [PMID: 15550554 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00438.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a multifunctional cytokine, accelerates intestinal epithelial proliferation. We studied the effects of HGF in mice with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis, which shows clinical and molecular resemblance to Crohn's disease. Mice with colitis repeatedly were transfected intramuscularly with human HGF cDNA. Weight, survival, histopathology, proinflammatory cytokine mRNAs, and leukocyte infiltration were assessed. Treatment with HGF cDNA induced tyrosine phosphorylation of intestinal c-Met/HGF receptors, inhibited apoptosis, and promoted mitosis in intestinal epithelial cells, accelerating intestinal epithelial restoration and suppressing inflammation. Transfection with HGF cDNA markedly suppressed intestinal mRNA expression of T-helper 1 cytokines such as interleukin-12 and -1beta, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Numbers of total and CD4-positive T cells, neutrophils, and myloperoxidase activity in intestinal epithelium were diminished by HGF gene transfer, which also prevented weight loss, and improved survival. HGF might prove useful for controlling inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushi Oh
- First Dept. of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Isaka Y, Yamada K, Takabatake Y, Mizui M, Miura-Tsujie M, Ichimaru N, Yazawa K, Utsugi R, Okuyama A, Hori M, Imai E, Takahara S. Electroporation-mediated HGF gene transfection protected the kidney against graft injury. Gene Ther 2005; 12:815-20. [PMID: 15772690 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The annual rate of kidney graft loss caused by chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) has not improved over the past decade. Recent reports suggest that acute renal ischemia results in development of CAN. The goal of the present study was to assess the renoprotective potential and safety of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene transfer using a porcine kidney transplant warm ischemia injury model. Following left porcine kidney removal, 10 min of warm ischemic injury was intentionally induced. Next, the HGF expression vector or vehicle was infused into the renal artery with the renal vein clamped ex vivo, and electric pulses were discharged using bathtub-type electrodes. Kidney grafts were then transplanted after removing the right kidney. Histopathological examination of vehicle-transfected kidney transplant revealed initial tubular injury followed by tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In contrast, HGF-transfected kidneys showed no initial tubular damage and no interstitial fibrosis at 6 months post-transplant. We conclude that electroporation-mediated ex vivo HGF gene transfection protects the kidney against graft injury in a porcine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Isaka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Ito K, Chen J, Khodadadian JJ, Seshan SV, Eaton C, Zhao X, Vaughan ED, Lipkowitz M, Poppas DP, Felsen D. Liposome-mediated transfer of nitric oxide synthase gene improves renal function in ureteral obstruction in rats. Kidney Int 2005; 66:1365-75. [PMID: 15458429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protective effect of nitric oxide has been demonstrated in several renal disease models. We augmented renal nitric oxide production by transfer of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene into rat kidney in controls and in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). METHODS The human iNOS gene was inserted into a pcDNA 3.1-backbone plasmid with the FLAG epitope (FLAG-iNOS). In vitro, transduction of FLAG-iNOS was confirmed by Western blot and Griess reaction. In vivo, we transfected either FLAG-iNOS or control plasmid (CMV-LacZ), using cationic liposomes. Urinary nitric oxide metabolites and immunohistochemistry confirmed iNOS transduction. Renal function was also assessed. RESULTS In vitro, increased iNOS expression was demonstrated in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, along with increased release of nitric oxide metabolites, NO(2)/NO(3). In vivo, FLAG-iNOS was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) up to 35 days after the transfection. Urine collection documented increased urinary NO(2)/NO(3). Immunohistochemistry localized iNOS to collecting ducts, distal tubules, and glomerulus of the injected kidney. Renal function measured up to 21 days after transfection in control animals was not significantly different between the two groups. In contrast, renal function after 24 hours of UUO was significantly improved in FLAG-iNOS-treated animals. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the feasibility of liposome-mediated iNOS gene transfer into the kidney. Furthermore, the improvement of renal function in UUO demonstrates that the transfected iNOS gene is active and suggests that decreased iNOS activity contributes to the decreased renal function in UUO. This iNOS construct may have therapeutic utility in the pathophysiologic sequelae of UUO and other renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ito
- Institute for Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Zhang X, Yang J, Li Y, Liu Y. Both Sp1 and Smad participate in mediating TGF-β1-induced HGF receptor expression in renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 288:F16-26. [PMID: 15339794 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00318.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the c-met protooncogene. In this study, we demonstrated that c-met expression was upregulated in the kidney after obstructive injury in mice. Because the pattern of c-met induction was closely correlated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression in vivo, we further investigated the regulation of c-met expression in renal tubular epithelial (HKC) cells by TGF-β1 in vitro. Real-time RT-PCR and Northern and Western blot analyses revealed that TGF-β1 significantly induced c-met expression in HKC cells, which primarily took place at the gene transcriptional level. Overexpression of inhibitory Smad7 completely abolished c-met induction, indicating its dependence on Smad signaling. Interestingly, TGF-β1-induced c-met expression was also contingent on a functional Sp1, as ablation of Sp1 binding with mithramycin A abrogated c-met induction in HKC cells. Transfection and sequence analysis identified a cis-acting TGF-β1-responsive region in the c-met promoter, in which resided a putative Smad-binding element (SBE) and an adjacent Sp1 site. TGF-β1 not only induced Smad binding to the SBE/Sp1 sites in the c-met promoter, but also enhanced the binding of Sp proteins. Furthermore, Sp1 could form a complex with Smads in a TGF-β1-dependent fashion. These results suggest a novel regulatory mechanism controlling c-met expression by TGF-β1 in renal epithelial cells, in which both Smad and Sp proteins participate and cooperate in activating c-met gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S-405 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Yang J, Dai C, Liu Y. A novel mechanism by which hepatocyte growth factor blocks tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 16:68-78. [PMID: 15537870 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2003090795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent antifibrotic cytokine that blocks tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TGF-beta1. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. This study investigated the signaling events that lead to HGF blockade of the TGF-beta1-initiated EMT. Incubation of human kidney epithelial cells HKC with HGF only marginally affected the expression of TGF-beta1 and its type I and type II receptors, suggesting that disruption of TGF-beta1 signaling likely plays a critical role in mediating HGF inhibition of TGF-beta1 action. However, HGF neither affected TGF-beta1-induced Smad-2 phosphorylation and its subsequent nuclear translocation nor influenced the expression of inhibitory Smad-6 and -7 in tubular epithelial cells. HGF specifically induced the expression of Smad transcriptional co-repressor SnoN but not Ski and TG-interacting factor at both mRNA and protein levels in HKC cells. SnoN physically interacted with activated Smad-2 by forming transcriptionally inactive complex and overrode the profibrotic action of TGF-beta1. In vivo, HGF did not affect Smad-2 activation and its nuclear accumulation in tubular epithelium, but it restored SnoN protein abundance in the fibrotic kidney in obstructive nephropathy. Hence, HGF blocks EMT by antagonizing TGF-beta1's action via upregulating Smad transcriptional co-repressor SnoN expression. These findings not only identify a novel mode of interaction between the signals activated by HGF receptor tyrosine kinase and TGF-beta receptor serine/threonine kinases but also illustrate the feasibility of confining Smad activity as an effective strategy for blocking renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Yang
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S-405 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Klahr S. In Memoriam. Kidney Int 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yamaura K, Ito KI, Tsukioka K, Wada Y, Makiuchi A, Sakaguchi M, Akashima T, Fujimori M, Sawa Y, Morishita R, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Suzuki JI, Amano J, Isobe M. Suppression of Acute and Chronic Rejection by Hepatocyte Growth Factor in a Murine Model of Cardiac Transplantation. Circulation 2004; 110:1650-7. [PMID: 15364799 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000143052.45956.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Although treatment with immunosuppressive agents has contributed to overcoming acute rejection and improving the midterm survival of transplanted hearts, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) has remained the main cause of primary graft failure. Recent approaches have shown that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) exhibits cardiotrophic functions. We therefore addressed whether HGF would regulate acute and chronic rejection in cardiac transplantation.
Methods and Results—
We used a murine heterotopic cardiac transplantation model between fully incompatible strains and administered 500 μg · kg
−1
· d
−1
HGF during the initial 14 days after transplantation. The HGF-treated allografts showed significantly prolonged survival (42.3±4.1 days,
P
<0.001) compared with the controls (11.1±0.6 days), with tolerance induction in 47.4%. Histopathologically, the number of infiltrating cells was significantly decreased and myocardial necrosis was less prominent with a reduction of apoptosis in the allografts by HGF treatment during acute rejection. In the long-term surviving allografts, HGF significantly inhibited the development of CAV and interstitial fibrosis. With respect to intragraft cytokine mRNA expression, HGF treatment reduced the early expression of interferon-γ and enhanced the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 during the acute phase and of interleukin-10 continuously through the acute phase to the chronic phase.
Conclusions—
Our findings demonstrate that HGF can prolong the survival of allografts by its cardioprotective and immunomodulative potencies. Thus, HGF administration may constitute a new therapeutic approach to preventing cardiac graft failure that has not been overcome by conventional immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamaura
- Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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46
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Liu Y. Hepatocyte growth factor in kidney fibrosis: therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 287:F7-16. [PMID: 15180923 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00451.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic factor that plays an imperative role in tubular repair and regeneration after acute renal injury. Growing evidence indicates that HGF is also an endogenous renoprotective factor that possesses a potent antifibrotic ability. HGF prevents the initiation and progression of chronic renal fibrosis and inhibits transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1) expression in a wide variety of animal models. In vitro, HGF counteracts the action of TGF-beta(1) in different types of kidney cells, resulting in blockade of the myofibroblastic activation from interstitial fibroblasts and glomerular mesangial cells, as well as inhibition of the mesenchymal transition from tubular epithelial cells. Recent studies reveal that HGF antagonizes the profibrotic actions of TGF-beta(1) by intercepting Smad signal transduction through diverse mechanisms. In interstitial fibroblasts, HGF blocks activated Smad-2/3 nuclear translocation, whereas it specifically upregulates the expression of the Smad transcriptional corepressor SnoN in tubular epithelial cells. In glomerular mesangial cells, HGF stabilizes another Smad corepressor, TGIF, by preventing it from degradation. Smad corepressors bind to activated Smad-2/3 and sequester their ability to transcriptionally activate TGF-beta target genes. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying HGF inhibition of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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47
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Misseri R, Rink RC, Meldrum DR, Meldrum KK. Inflammatory mediators and growth factors in obstructive renal injury. J Surg Res 2004; 119:149-59. [PMID: 15145697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obstruction of the upper urinary tract poses a significant clinical challenge to the urologist, and the cascade of renal cellular and molecular events triggered by upper urinary tract obstruction result in a progressive, and eventually permanent, loss in renal function. These pathological changes include the development of renal fibrosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation, and apoptotic renal cell death. A myriad of cytokines and growth factors have been identified as major contributors to obstruction-induced renal fibrosis and apoptotic cell death, including transforming growth factor-beta1, angiotensin II, nuclear factor-kappaB, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This review examines the role of these mediators in obstruction-induced renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Misseri
- Department of Urology and Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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48
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Abstract
Kidney-targeted gene therapy could be an ideal treatment for renal diseases since the therapeutic molecule is limited in the kidney and the systemic effect may be minimized. The technical development of the gene delivery to kidney and the identification of the responsive gene for a particular disease encourage the challenge to hereditary diseases. Collagen type IV reassembling was reported to be succeeded in Alport syndrome model by introduction of exogenous COL4A5 gene. Many gene therapies are evaluated in various glomerulonephritis models and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model, and favorable results are accumulated. Transplant kidney is an ideal target for gene therapy, by which ischemia reperfusion, acute rejection and chronic allograft nephropathy can be treated. The importation of the novel technology, for example hybrid stem cell-gene therapy could promote the gene therapy of renal diseases toward clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyu Imai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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49
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Cruzado JM, Lloberas N, Torras J, Riera M, Fillat C, Herrero-Fresneda I, Aran JM, Alperovich G, Vidal A, Grinyó JM. Regression of advanced diabetic nephropathy by hepatocyte growth factor gene therapy in rats. Diabetes 2004; 53:1119-27. [PMID: 15047630 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.4.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the main cause of end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis in developed countries. In this study, we demonstrated the therapeutic effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on advanced rather than early diabetic nephropathy using a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Early diabetic nephropathy (16 weeks after induction of diabetes) was characterized by albuminuria, hyperfiltration, and glomerular hypertrophy, whereas advanced diabetic nephropathy showed prominent transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 upregulation, mesangial expansion, and glomerulosclerosis. An SP1017-formulated human HGF (hHGF) plasmid was administered by intramuscular injection combined with electroporation over a 30-day follow-up in rats with early and advanced diabetic nephropathy. hHGF gene therapy upregulated endogenous rat HGF in the diabetic kidney (rat HGF by RT-PCR was threefold higher than in diabetic rats without therapy). hHGF gene therapy did not improve functional or morphologic abnormalities in early diabetic nephropathy. hHGF gene therapy reduced albuminuria and induced strong regression of mesangial expansion and glomerulosclerosis in advanced diabetic nephropathy. These findings were associated with suppression of renal TGF-beta1 and mesangial connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) upregulation, inhibition of renal tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 expression, and reduction of renal interstitial myofibroblasts. In conclusion, our results suggest that hHGF gene therapy may be considered as an innovative therapeutic strategy to treat advanced diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Cruzado
- Nephrology Service, Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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50
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Gong R, Rifai A, Tolbert EM, Centracchio JN, Dworkin LD. Hepatocyte Growth Factor Modulates Matrix Metalloproteinases and Plasminogen Activator/Plasmin Proteolytic Pathways in Progressive Renal Interstitial Fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14:3047-60. [PMID: 14638904 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000098686.72971.db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT. Evidence suggests that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) ameliorates renal fibrosis in animal models of chronic renal disease by promoting extracellular matrix catabolism. This study examined the molecular mechanisms of HGF-induced alterations in matrix degradation bothin vitroandin vivo.In vitro, HGF increased the collagen catabolizing activity of human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HKC) that were treated with TGF-β1. Increased collagen catabolism was associated with enhanced activity of both matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and plasminogen activators (PA)/plasmin proteolytic pathways. HGF abrogated TGF-β1–induced production of the profibrotic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). In addition, HGF induced the production of MMP-9.In vivo, continuous infusion of HGF in the rat remnant kidney model ameliorated renal fibrosis and tubulointerstitial collagen deposition. This was associated with increased tubular expression of MMP-9, enhancedin situgelatinolytic activity, partially restored plasmin activity and decreased expression of TIMP-2 and PAI-1 in tubular cells, and upregulation of renal TIMP-3 expression. Conversely, blocking of endogenous HGF by an anti-HGF neutralizing antibody increased renal fibrosis and interstitial collagen. This was accompanied by decreased tubular expression of MMP-9, lessin situproteolytic activity, and elevated expression of TIMP-2 and PAI-1 in tubular cells. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that HGF ameliorates renal fibrosis by enhancing extracellular matrix catabolism via both MMP and the PA/plasmin proteolytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujun Gong
- Division of Renal Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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