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Mai K, Maverakis E, Li J, Zhao M. Maintaining and Restoring Gradients of Ions in the Epidermis: The Role of Ion and Water Channels in Acute Cutaneous Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2023; 12:696-709. [PMID: 37051706 PMCID: PMC10615091 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2022.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Aquaporins and ion channels establish and regulate gradients of calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, water, and protons in the epidermis. These elements have been found to play significant roles in skin biology and wound healing. In this study, we review our understanding of these channels and ion gradients, with a special emphasis on their role in acute wound healing. Recent Advances: Specifically, we assess the temporal and spatial arrangements of ions and their respective channels in the intact skin and during wound and healing to provide a novel perspective of the role of ionic gradients through the various stages of wound healing. Critical Issues: The roles of gradients of ions and channels in wound healing are currently not well understood. A collective analysis of their traits and arrangements in the skin during wound healing may provide a new perspective and understanding of the functionality of gradients of ions and channels in skin biology and wound healing. Future Directions: It is important to elucidate how the gradients of ions and ion channels regulate and facilitate wound healing. A better understanding of the ionic environments may identify novel therapeutic targets and improved strategies to promote wound healing and possibly treat other cutaneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mai
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jung Li
- Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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DeMichele E, Sosnowski O, Buret AG, Allain T. Regulatory Functions of Hypoxia in Host-Parasite Interactions: A Focus on Enteric, Tissue, and Blood Protozoa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1598. [PMID: 37375100 PMCID: PMC10303274 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Body tissues are subjected to various oxygenic gradients and fluctuations and hence can become transiently hypoxic. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the master transcriptional regulator of the cellular hypoxic response and is capable of modulating cellular metabolism, immune responses, epithelial barrier integrity, and local microbiota. Recent reports have characterized the hypoxic response to various infections. However, little is known about the role of HIF activation in the context of protozoan parasitic infections. Growing evidence suggests that tissue and blood protozoa can activate HIF and subsequent HIF target genes in the host, helping or hindering their pathogenicity. In the gut, enteric protozoa are adapted to steep longitudinal and radial oxygen gradients to complete their life cycle, yet the role of HIF during these protozoan infections remains unclear. This review focuses on the hypoxic response to protozoa and its role in the pathophysiology of parasitic infections. We also discuss how hypoxia modulates host immune responses in the context of protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily DeMichele
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Olivia Sosnowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andre G. Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thibault Allain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Ahmed G, Pal S, Esquinas AM, Karim HMR. Perioral Dermatitis Caused by Improper Use of Activated Oxygen in CPAP users and its Complexity. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:14. [PMID: 36061482 PMCID: PMC9436224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Ahmed
- Dr. Ahmed is with the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, and All India Institute of Medical Sciences in Raipur, India
| | - Subhadeep Pal
- Dr. Pal is with the Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune Intensive Care Unit, Bharati Vidyapeeth Hospital and Research Center in Pune, India
| | - Antonio M Esquinas
- Dr. Esquinas is with the Intensive Care Unit at Hospital Morales Meseguer in Murcia, Spain
| | - Habib Md Reazaul Karim
- Dr. Karim is with the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine at All India Institute of Medical Sciences in Raipur, India
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Liu W, Xiong S, Zhang Y, Du J, Dong C, Yu Z, Ma X. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Important Transcription Factors and Biological Processes in Skin Regeneration Mediated by Mechanical Stretch. Front Genet 2021; 12:757350. [PMID: 34659370 PMCID: PMC8511326 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.757350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mechanical stretch is utilized to promote skin regeneration during tissue expansion for reconstructive surgery. Although mechanical stretch induces characteristic morphological changes in the skin, the biological processes and molecular mechanisms involved in mechanically induced skin regeneration are not well elucidated. Methods: A male rat scalp expansion model was established and the important biological processes related to mechanical stretch-induced skin regeneration were identified using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Analysis was also conducted by constructing a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, identifying key modules and hub genes, determining transcription factor (TF)-mRNA regulatory relationships, and confirming the expression pattern of the TFs and hub genes. Results: We identified nine robust hub genes (CXCL1, NEB, ACTN3, MYOZ1, ACTA1, TNNT3, PYGM, AMPD1, and CKM) that may serve as key molecules in skin growth. These genes were determined to be involved in several important biological processes, including keratinocyte differentiation, cytoskeleton reorganization, chemokine signaling pathway, glycogen metabolism, and voltage-gated ion channel activity. The potentially significant pathways, including the glucagon signaling pathway, the Wnt signaling pathway, and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, were distinguished. In addition, we identified six TFs (LEF1, TCF7, HMGA1, TFAP2C, FOSL1, and ELF5) and constructed regulatory TF–mRNA interaction networks. Conclusion: This study generated a comprehensive overview of the gene networks underlying mechanically induced skin regeneration. The functions of these key genes and the pathways in which they participate may reveal new aspects of skin regeneration under mechanical strain. Furthermore, the identified TF regulators can be used as potential candidates for clinical therapeutics for skin pretreatment before reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaoheng Xiong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xianjie Ma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Mieremet A, Helder RWJ, Nadaban A, Boiten WA, Gooris GS, El Ghalbzouri A, Bouwstra JA. Multitargeted Approach for the Optimization of Morphogenesis and Barrier Formation in Human Skin Equivalents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115790. [PMID: 34071405 PMCID: PMC8198964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro skin tissue engineering is challenging due to the manifold differences between the in vivo and in vitro conditions. Yet, three-dimensional (3D) human skin equivalents (HSEs) are able to mimic native human skin in many fundamental aspects. However, the epidermal lipid barrier formation, which is essential for the functionality of the skin barrier, remains compromised. Recently, HSEs with an improved lipid barrier formation were generated by (i) incorporating chitosan in the dermal collagen matrix, (ii) reducing the external oxygen level to 3%, and (iii) inhibiting the liver X receptor (LXR). In this study, we aimed to determine the synergic effects in full-thickness models (FTMs) with combinations of these factors as single-, double-, and triple-targeted optimization approaches. The collagen–chitosan FTM supplemented with the LXR inhibitor showed improved epidermal morphogenesis, an enhanced lipid composition, and a better lipid organization. Importantly, barrier functionality was improved in the corresponding approach. In conclusion, our leading optimization approach substantially improved the epidermal morphogenesis, barrier formation, and functionality in the FTM, which therefore better resembled native human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnout Mieremet
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Richard W. J. Helder
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CD Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.W.J.H.); (A.N.); (W.A.B.); (G.S.G.)
| | - Andreea Nadaban
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CD Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.W.J.H.); (A.N.); (W.A.B.); (G.S.G.)
| | - Walter A. Boiten
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CD Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.W.J.H.); (A.N.); (W.A.B.); (G.S.G.)
| | - Gert S. Gooris
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CD Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.W.J.H.); (A.N.); (W.A.B.); (G.S.G.)
| | - Abdoelwaheb El Ghalbzouri
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Joke A. Bouwstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CD Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.W.J.H.); (A.N.); (W.A.B.); (G.S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-527-4208
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Thyroxine restores severely impaired cutaneous re-epithelialisation and angiogenesis in a novel preclinical assay for studying human skin wound healing under "pathological" conditions ex vivo. Arch Dermatol Res 2020; 313:181-192. [PMID: 32572565 PMCID: PMC7935818 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-020-02092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Impaired cutaneous wound healing remains a major healthcare challenge. The enormity of this challenge is compounded by the lack of preclinical human skin wound healing models that recapitulate selected key factors underlying impaired healing, namely hypoxia/poor tissue perfusion, oxidative damage, defective innervation, and hyperglycaemia. Since organ-cultured human skin already represents a denervated and impaired perfusion state, we sought to further mimic “pathological” wound healing conditions by culturing experimentally wounded, healthy full-thickness frontotemporal skin from three healthy female subjects for three days in either serum-free supplemented Williams’ E medium or in unsupplemented medium under “pathological” conditions (i.e. hypoxia [5% O2], oxidative damage [10 mM H2O2], absence of insulin, excess glucose). Under these “pathological” conditions, dermal–epidermal split formation and dyskeratosis were prominent in organ-cultured human skin, and epidermal reepithelialisation was significantly impaired (p < 0.001), associated with reduced keratinocyte proliferation (p < 0.001), cytokeratin 6 expression (p < 0.001) and increased apoptosis (p < 0.001). Moreover, markers of intracutaneous angiogenesis (CD31 immunoreactivity and the number of of CD31 positive cells and CD31 positive vessel lumina) were significantly reduced. Since we had previously shown that thyroxine promotes wound healing in healthy human skin ex vivo, we tested whether this in principle also occurs under “pathological” wound healing conditions. Indeed, thyroxine administration sufficed to rescue re-epithelialisation (p < 0.001) and promoted both epidermal keratinocyte proliferation (p < 0.01) and angiogenesis in terms of CD31 immunoreactivity and CD31 positive cells under “pathological” conditions (p < 0.001) ex vivo. This demonstrates the utility of this pragmatic short-term ex vivo model, which recapitulates some key parameters of impaired human skin wound healing, for the preclinical identification of promising wound healing promoters.
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Apprich V, Licka T, Freiler S, Gabriel C. Equine Hoof Canker: Bovine Papillomavirus Infection Is Not Associated With Impaired Keratinocyte Differentiation. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:525-534. [PMID: 32347169 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820921820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impaired keratinocyte differentiation has recently been suggested as a key event in equine hoof canker development. Koilocytotic appearance of keratinocytes, one of the most characteristic morphological alterations in hoof canker tissue, is also a common marker for papillomavirus (PV) infection, and bovine PV-1 and/or -2 (BPV-1/2) has previously been detected in equine canker patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to correlate the frequency and severity of koilocytotic keratinocytes with BPV detection in hoof canker samples. Hoof tissue of 5/18 canker-affected horses and 2/6 control horses tested positive for BPV-1/2 DNA using polymerase chain reaction. Thus, no association between the presence of BPV-1/2 papillomaviral DNA and koilocytotic appearance was found. Proteins associated with but not specific for PV infection were also investigated. Using immunohistochemistry, specific adhesion molecules (E-cadherin and β-catenin) and intermediate filaments (keratins 6 and 14) important for intact epidermal barrier function and keratinocyte differentiation were documented in control samples (n = 6) and in hoof canker tissue samples (n = 19). Altered expression patterns of intermediate filaments and adhesion molecules were demonstrated in canker tissue, confirming the importance of incomplete keratinocyte differentiation, as well as the crucial role of keratinocyte differentiation in hoof canker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresia Licka
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Ravikumar SS, Menaka TR, Vasupradha G, Dhivya K, Dinakaran J, Saranya V. Cytological intracellular glycogen evaluation using PAS and PAS-D stains to correlate plasma glucose in diabetics. Indian J Dent Res 2019; 30:703-707. [PMID: 31854360 DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_815_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral cytology studies have claimed that cytoplasmic Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) positivity in type-2 diabetics is due to glycogen content. But, it can also be due to mucin and glycoconjugates. Aim 1. To confirm that cytoplasmic PAS positivity in type-2 diabetics is due to glycogen using diastase. 2. To know the effect of diabetes by determining the number of glycogen-containing cells in the smear. 3. To assess the impact of duration of diabetes based on PAS staining of cells. 4. To correlate between random blood glucose level and the number of PAS-positive cells. Materials and Methods Study population comprised 45 individuals with 30 type-2 diabetics as case group (Group I < 5 years duration; Group II > 5 years duration) and 15 healthy volunteers (age and gender-matched) as control. For all subjects, random blood glucose was estimated and two cytosmears were obtained. The smears were stained with PAS and PAS-diastase stains (PAS-D). Staining intensity was documented as score 1 (mild-to-moderate) and score 2 (moderate-to-intense) and data obtained were statistically analyzed in SPSS version 16.0. Results Mann-Whitney U test revealed that in diabetics cytoplasmic PAS positivity is because of glycogen (P < 0.05). There is an increase in the number of glycogen-containing cells (P < 0.05) in diabetics. The duration of diabetes had less impact on intracellular glycogen accumulation (P > 0.05). Spearman's correlation test revealed no significant correlation (P > 0.05) between random blood glucose and a number of PAS-positive cells. Conclusion PAS positivity is because of intracellular glycogen accumulation in type-2 diabetics. It can convey the glycaemic status of an individual in the recent past, thus a beneficial role in screening and therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shamala Ravikumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T R Menaka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Vasupradha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Dhivya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Dinakaran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Saranya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chaudhary A, Bag S, Barui A, Banerjee P, Chatterjee J. Honey dilution impact on in vitro wound healing: Normoxic and hypoxic condition. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 23:412-22. [PMID: 25845442 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Chaudhary
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology- Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Swarnendu Bag
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology- Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Ananya Barui
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology; Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology-Shibpur; Howrah West Bengal India
| | - Provas Banerjee
- Banerjees’ Biomedical Research Foundation-Sainthia; Birbhum West Bengal India
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology- Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
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Systemic administration of hemoglobin improves ischemic wound healing. J Surg Res 2014; 194:696-705. [PMID: 25617971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen plays multifaceted roles in wound healing, including effects on cell proliferation, collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and bacterial killing. Oxygen deficit is a major factor in the pathogenesis of chronic wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present a novel mechanism for oxygen delivery to ischemic wounds by systemic administration of an oxygen carrier substitute derived from bovine hemoglobin (IKOR 2084) in our ischemic rabbit ear wound model. The wound healing indexes, including epithelial gap and neo-granulation tissue area, were histologically analyzed. In situ expression of endothelial cells (CD31+) and proliferative cells (Ki-67+) were examined by immunohistochemistry analysis. The messenger RNA expression of collagen I, III, and vascular endothelial growth factor was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Sirius Red staining was implemented for detection of collagen deposition, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling analysis was performed to examine dermal cellular apoptosis. RESULTS Systemic administration of IKOR 2084 significantly improved oxygen tension of ischemic tissue. When compared with saline controls, IKOR 2084 treatment enhanced wound repair as demonstrated by a reduced epithelial gap and increased granulation tissue area. The expression of Ki-67+, CD31+, vascular endothelial growth factor and collagen was also enhanced by IKOR 2084 administration. Moreover, apoptosis analysis in the wounds showed that cell survival in the dermis was increased by systemic IKOR 2084 administration. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that systemic delivery of IKOR 2084 ameliorates hypoxic state, subsequently promotes angiogenesis, cellular proliferation, and collagen synthesis, attenuates hypoxia-induced apoptosis, and improved ischemic wound healing.
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Schreml S, Meier RJ, Kirschbaum M, Kong SC, Gehmert S, Felthaus O, Küchler S, Sharpe JR, Wöltje K, Weiß KT, Albert M, Seidl U, Schröder J, Morsczeck C, Prantl L, Duschl C, Pedersen SF, Gosau M, Berneburg M, Wolfbeis OS, Landthaler M, Babilas P. Luminescent dual sensors reveal extracellular pH-gradients and hypoxia on chronic wounds that disrupt epidermal repair. Theranostics 2014; 4:721-35. [PMID: 24883122 PMCID: PMC4038754 DOI: 10.7150/thno.9052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound repair is a quiescent mechanism to restore barriers in multicellular organisms upon injury. In chronic wounds, however, this program prematurely stalls. It is known that patterns of extracellular signals within the wound fluid are crucial to healing. Extracellular pH (pHe) is precisely regulated and potentially important in signaling within wounds due to its diverse cellular effects. Additionally, sufficient oxygenation is a prerequisite for cell proliferation and protein synthesis during tissue repair. It was, however, impossible to study these parameters in vivo due to the lack of imaging tools. Here, we present luminescent biocompatible sensor foils for dual imaging of pHe and oxygenation in vivo. To visualize pHe and oxygen, we used time-domain dual lifetime referencing (tdDLR) and luminescence lifetime imaging (LLI), respectively. With these dual sensors, we discovered centripetally increasing pHe-gradients on human chronic wound surfaces. In a therapeutic approach, we identify pHe-gradients as pivotal governors of cell proliferation and migration, and show that these pHe-gradients disrupt epidermal barrier repair, thus wound closure. Parallel oxygen imaging also revealed marked hypoxia, albeit with no correlating oxygen partial pressure (pO2)-gradient. This highlights the distinct role of pHe-gradients in perturbed healing. We also found that pHe-gradients on chronic wounds of humans are predominantly generated via centrifugally increasing pHe-regulatory Na+/H+-exchanger-1 (NHE1)-expression. We show that the modification of pHe on chronic wound surfaces poses a promising strategy to improve healing. The study has broad implications for cell science where spatial pHe-variations play key roles, e.g. in tumor growth. Furthermore, the novel dual sensors presented herein can be used to visualize pHe and oxygenation in various biomedical fields.
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Gibson AL, Thomas-Virnig CL, Centanni JM, Schlosser SJ, Johnston CE, Van Winkle KF, Szilagyi A, He LK, Shankar R, Allen-Hoffmann BL. Nonviral human beta defensin-3 expression in a bioengineered human skin tissue: a therapeutic alternative for infected wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2012; 20:414-24. [PMID: 22564233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2012.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system differentially regulates the expression of host defense peptides to combat infection during wound healing. We enhanced the expression of a host defense peptide, human beta defensin-3 (hBD-3), in keratinocytes to generate a three-dimensional biologic dressing to improve healing of infected wounds. The NIKS human keratinocyte cell line was stably transfected ex vivo with a construct containing an epidermis-specific promoter driving hBD-3 (NIKS(hBD) (-3) ) using nonviral methods. Levels of hBD-3 mRNA and protein in three-dimensional skin tissue produced from NIKS(hBD) (-3) were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Tissue architecture was characterized by hematoxylin and eosin staining and by indirect immunofluorescence using proliferation and keratinocyte differentiation markers. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using an in vitro bacterial growth assay and in vivo using a murine burn infection model. Three-dimensional full thickness skin tissues containing epidermal NIKS(hBD) (-3) or control NIKS possessed histologic features of interfollicular epidermis and exhibited normal tissue growth and differentiation. NIKS(hBD) (-3) tissue contained approximately fivefold more hBD-3 protein than tissue containing unmodified control NIKS. In vitro studies showed that NIKS(hBD) (-3) tissue produced a significant reduction in the growth of Staphylococcus aureus multiple peptide resistance factor (mprF) compared with control tissue. In an in vivo infected murine burn model, NIKS(hBD) (-3) tissue resulted in a 90% reduction in bacterial growth. These results demonstrate that sustained delivery of hBD-3 by a bioengineered skin tissue results in a therapeutically relevant reduction in growth of a S. aureus strain in an animal model of infected third-degree burn wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Gibson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Salazar R, Cerghet M, Farhat E, Lim HW. Neuromyelitis optica in a patient with pemphigus foliaceus. J Neurol Sci 2012; 319:152-5. [PMID: 22632778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO, also eponymously known as Devic's disease) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that can lead to significant disability. Pediatric NMO is a rare disorder often reported after an infection. The authors report a 16 year-old female patient with pemphigus foliaceus who developed subacute optic neuritis followed by cervical transverse myelitis. Restricted distribution of the lesions in the optic nerve and spinal cord was confirmed by ophthalmological evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spinal cord. She was started on intravenous methylprednisolone and then given a maintenance oral prednisone. Subsequently, she was treated with a nonsteroidal immunosuppressant, mycophenolate mofetil, with a target dose of 1000 mg twice a day. Over the course of months, patient noted significant recovery of previous deficits and resolution of the cervical cord enhancement, expansion and cystic dilatation that was previously seen. This case is noteworthy for being the first patient reported with neuromyelitis optica associated with pemphigus foliaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Salazar
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Velarde MC, Flynn JM, Day NU, Melov S, Campisi J. Mitochondrial oxidative stress caused by Sod2 deficiency promotes cellular senescence and aging phenotypes in the skin. Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 4:3-12. [PMID: 22278880 PMCID: PMC3292901 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence arrests the proliferation of mammalian cells at risk for neoplastic transformation, and is also associated with aging. However, the factors that cause cellular senescence during aging are unclear. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to cause cellular senescence in culture, and accumulated molecular damage due to mitochondrial ROS has long been thought to drive aging phenotypesin vivo. Here, we test the hypothesis that mitochondrial oxidative stress can promote cellular senescence in vivo and contribute to aging phenotypes in vivo, specifically in the skin. We show that the number of senescent cells, as well as impaired mitochondrial (complex II) activity increase in naturally aged mouse skin. Using a mouse model of genetic Sod2 deficiency, we show that failure to express this important mitochondrial anti-oxidant enzyme also impairs mitochondrial complex II activity, causes nuclear DNA damage, and induces cellular senescence but not apoptosis in the epidermis. Sod2 deficiency also reduced the number of cells and thickness of the epidermis, while increasing terminal differentiation. Our results support the idea that mitochondrial oxidative stress and cellular senescence contribute to aging skin phenotypes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M. Flynn
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | | | - Simon Melov
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Bonté F. Skin moisturization mechanisms: new data. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2011; 69:135-41. [PMID: 21570537 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The main function of the skin is to protect the body against exogenous substances and excessive water loss. The skin barrier is located in the outermost layer of the skin, called the stratum corneum, which is composed of corneocytes, originating from the keratinocytes differentiation process, embedded in organized complex lipid domains. Moisturizing of the skin is recognized as the first anti-aging skin care. Skin moisturization is essential for its appearance, protection, complexion, softness and the reinforcement of its barrier properties against deleterious and exogenous environmental factors. The intrinsic water binding capacity of skin is not only due to the complex natural moisturizing factor present in corneocytes, but also to hyaluronic acid and a regulated water transport within the skin. Recent data shows that the water movements between the cells at the different levels of the epidermis are due to dedicated water and glycerol transport proteins named aquaporins. Their role in the skin moisturization is completed by corneodesmosomes and tight junctions. Water and pH are now shown to be of prime importance in the regulation of the epidermal enzymes linked to corneocytes desquamation and lipid synthesis. Furthermore, the level of moisturization of the skin is important in its protection against repeated exposure to various irritant agents or phenomena such as very frequent washing with strong tensioactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bonté
- LVMH Recherche, Saint-Jean-de-Braye, France.
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Perez-Amodio S, Tra WMW, Rakhorst HA, Hovius SER, van Neck JW. Hypoxia preconditioning of tissue-engineered mucosa enhances its angiogenic capacity in vitro. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1583-93. [PMID: 21303226 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving vascularization of tissue-engineered oral mucosa (TEM) is a major challenge in the field of plastic surgery. Hypoxia is a stimulator of angiogenesis through a number of mechanisms. Therefore, hypoxia is a critical parameter that can be controlled in an effort to improve angiogenesis. In the present study we studied the secretion of a number of angiogenic factors during hypoxia exposure and evaluated the effect of TEM conditioned medium on endothelial cells. TEM was constructed by seeding human oral mucosa keratinocytes and fibroblasts on acellular human donor skin. TEM was exposed to hypoxia during 6, 12, and 24 h. Cellular hypoxia was assessed by immunolocalization of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, placental growth factor (PlGF), tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -2, and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 significantly increased during hypoxia exposure. Moreover, conditioned medium from hypoxic TEM strongly enhanced endothelial cell proliferation and migration. In vitro exposure of TEM to hypoxia improves its capacity to support endothelial cell proliferation and migration, which suggests that hypoxia preconditioning of TEM potentially improves angiogenic responses for in vivo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Perez-Amodio
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gill EM, Straseski JA, Rasmussen CA, Liliensiek SJ, Eliceiri KW, Ramanujam N, White JG, Allen-Hoffmann BL. Visualization of morphological and molecular features associated with chronic ischemia in bioengineered human skin. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2010; 16:117-131. [PMID: 20199713 PMCID: PMC3249977 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927610000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present an in vitro model of human skin that, together with nonlinear optical microscopy, provides a useful system for characterizing morphological and structural changes in a living skin tissue microenvironment due to changes in oxygen status and proteolytic balance. We describe for the first time the effects of chronic oxygen deprivation on a bioengineered model of human interfollicular epidermis. Histological analysis and multiphoton imaging revealed a progressively degenerating ballooning phenotype of the keratinocytes that manifested after 48 h of hypoxic exposure. Multiphoton images of the dermal compartment revealed a decrease in collagen structural order. Immunofluorescence analysis showed changes in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 protein spatial localization in the epidermis with a shift to the basal layer, and loss of Ki67 expression in proliferative basal cells after 192 h of hypoxic exposure. Upon reoxygenation MMP-2 mRNA levels showed a biphasic response, with restoration of MMP-2 levels and localization. These results indicate that chronic oxygen deprivation causes an overall degeneration in tissue architecture, combined with an imbalance in proteolytic expression and a decrease in proliferative capacity. We propose that these tissue changes are representative of the ischemic condition and that our experimental model system is appropriate for addressing mechanisms of susceptibility to chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Gill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joely A. Straseski
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Cathy A. Rasmussen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Stratatech Corporation, Research and Development, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sara J. Liliensiek
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kevin W. Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nirmala Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - John G. White
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - B. Lynn Allen-Hoffmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Stratatech Corporation, Research and Development, Madison, WI, USA
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