1
|
Dawson T, Iwanaga J, Zou B, Anbalagan M, Dumont AS, Loukas M, Rowan BG, Tubbs RS. Transcription factor support for the dual embryological origin of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Clin Anat 2024; 37:147-152. [PMID: 38057962 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The embryological origin of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles has been debated for over a century. To shed light on this issue, the present anatomical study was performed. Five fresh frozen human cadavers, three males and two females, were used for this study. Samples from each specimen's trapezius and sternocleidomastoid were fixed in 10% formalin and placed in paraffin blocks. As Paired like homeodomain 2 (Pitx2) and T-box factor 1(Tbx1) have been implicated in the region and muscle type regulation, we performed Tbx1 and Pitx2 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on these muscle tissue samples to identify the origin of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. We have used the latest version of QuPath, v0.4.3, software to quantify the Tbx and Pitx2 staining. For the sternocleidomastoid muscle, for evaluated samples, the average amount of positively stained Tbx1 and Pitx2 was 25% (range 16%-30%) and 18% (range 12%-23%), respectively. For the trapezius muscles, for evaluated samples, the average amount of positively stained Tbx1 and Pitx2 parts of the samples was 17% (range 15%-20%) and 15% (14%-17%), respectively. Our anatomical findings suggest dual origins of both the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. Additionally, as neither Pitx2 nor Tbx1 made up all the staining observed for each muscle, other contributions to these structures are likely. Future studies with larger samples are now necessary to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Dawson
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Binghao Zou
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Muralidharan Anbalagan
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Aaron S Dumont
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Brian G Rowan
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Onai T, Adachi N, Urakubo H, Sugahara F, Aramaki T, Matsumoto M, Ohno N. Ultrastructure of the lamprey head mesoderm reveals evolution of the vertebrate head. iScience 2023; 26:108338. [PMID: 38187188 PMCID: PMC10767164 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The cranial muscle is a critical component in the vertebrate head for a predatory lifestyle. However, its evolutionary origin and possible segmental nature during embryogenesis have been controversial. In jawed vertebrates, the presence of pre-otic segments similar to trunk somites has been claimed based on developmental observations. However, evaluating such arguments has been hampered by the paucity of research on jawless vertebrates. Here, we discovered different cellular arrangements in the head mesoderm in lamprey embryos (Lethenteron camtschaticum) using serial block-face scanning electron and laser scanning microscopies. These cell populations were morphologically and molecularly different from somites. Furthermore, genetic comparison among deuterostomes revealed that mesodermal gene expression domains were segregated antero-posteriorly in vertebrates, whereas such segregation was not recognized in invertebrate deuterostome embryos. These findings indicate that the vertebrate head mesoderm evolved from the anteroposterior repatterning of an ancient mesoderm and developmentally diversified before the split of jawless and jawed vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Onai
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui, School of Medical Sciences, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui, Japan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Aix-Marseille Université, IBDM, CNRS UMR 7288, Campus De Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Hidetoshi Urakubo
- Section of Electron Microscopy, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sugahara
- Division of Biology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1, Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aramaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sato H, Adachi N, Kondo S, Kitayama C, Tokita M. Turtle skull development unveils a molecular basis for amniote cranial diversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi6765. [PMID: 37967181 PMCID: PMC10651123 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Amniote skulls display diverse architectural patterns including remarkable variations in the number of temporal arches surrounding the upper and lower temporal fenestrae. However, the cellular and molecular basis underlying this diversification remains elusive. Turtles are a useful model to understand skull diversity due to the presence of secondarily closed temporal fenestrae and different extents of temporal emarginations (marginal reduction of dermal bones). Here, we analyzed embryos of three turtle species with varying degrees of temporal emargination and identified shared widespread coexpression of upstream osteogenic genes Msx2 and Runx2 and species-specific expression of more downstream osteogenic genes Sp7 and Sparc in the head. Further analysis of representative amniote embryos revealed differential expression patterns of osteogenic genes in the temporal region, suggesting that the spatiotemporal regulation of Msx2, Runx2, and Sp7 distinguishes the temporal skull morphology among amniotes. Moreover, the presence of Msx2- and/or Runx2-positive temporal mesenchyme with osteogenic potential may have contributed to their extremely diverse cranial morphology in reptiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Sato
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Satomi Kondo
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Byobudani, Chichi-Jima, Ogasawara, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan
| | - Chiyo Kitayama
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Byobudani, Chichi-Jima, Ogasawara, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Horackova A, Pospisilova A, Stundl J, Minarik M, Jandzik D, Cerny R. Pre-mandibular pharyngeal pouches in early non-teleost fish embryos. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231158. [PMID: 37700650 PMCID: PMC10498051 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate pharynx is a key embryonic structure with crucial importance for the metameric organization of the head and face. The pharynx is primarily built upon progressive formation of paired pharyngeal pouches that typically develop in post-oral (mandibular, hyoid and branchial) domains. However, in the early embryos of non-teleost fishes, we have previously identified pharyngeal pouch-like outpocketings also in the pre-oral domain of the cranial endoderm. This pre-oral gut (POG) forms by early pouching of the primitive gut cavity, followed by the sequential formation of typical (post-oral) pharyngeal pouches. Here, we tested the pharyngeal nature of the POG by analysing expression patterns of selected core pharyngeal regulatory network genes in bichir and sturgeon embryos. Our comparison revealed generally shared expression patterns, including Shh, Pax9, Tbx1, Eya1, Six1, Ripply3 or Fgf8, between early POG and post-oral pharyngeal pouches. POG thus shares pharyngeal pouch-like morphogenesis and a gene expression profile with pharyngeal pouches and can be regarded as a pre-mandibular pharyngeal pouch. We further suggest that pre-mandibular pharyngeal pouches represent a plesiomorphic vertebrate trait inherited from our ancestor's pharyngeal metameric organization, which is incorporated in the early formation of the pre-chordal plate of vertebrate embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Horackova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Pospisilova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stundl
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Minarik
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Jandzik
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Robert Cerny
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Annona G, Sato I, Pascual-Anaya J, Osca D, Braasch I, Voss R, Stundl J, Soukup V, Ferrara A, Fontenot Q, Kuratani S, Postlethwait JH, D'Aniello S. Evolution of the nitric oxide synthase family in vertebrates and novel insights in gill development. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220667. [PMID: 35946155 PMCID: PMC9363997 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an ancestral key signalling molecule essential for life and has enormous versatility in biological systems, including cardiovascular homeostasis, neurotransmission and immunity. Although our knowledge of NO synthases (Nos), the enzymes that synthesize NO in vivo, is substantial, the origin of a large and diversified repertoire of nos gene orthologues in fishes with respect to tetrapods remains a puzzle. The recent identification of nos3 in the ray-finned fish spotted gar, which was considered lost in this lineage, changed this perspective. This finding prompted us to explore nos gene evolution, surveying vertebrate species representing key evolutionary nodes. This study provides noteworthy findings: first, nos2 experienced several lineage-specific gene duplications and losses. Second, nos3 was found to be lost independently in two different teleost lineages, Elopomorpha and Clupeocephala. Third, the expression of at least one nos paralogue in the gills of developing shark, bichir, sturgeon, and gar, but not in lamprey, suggests that nos expression in this organ may have arisen in the last common ancestor of gnathostomes. These results provide a framework for continuing research on nos genes' roles, highlighting subfunctionalization and reciprocal loss of function that occurred in different lineages during vertebrate genome duplications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Annona
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli 80121, Italy
| | - Iori Sato
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Juan Pascual-Anaya
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - David Osca
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, University Institute of Environmental Studies and Natural Resources (IUNAT), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior (EEB), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Randal Voss
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jan Stundl
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Soukup
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Allyse Ferrara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70301, USA
| | - Quenton Fontenot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70301, USA
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Salvatore D'Aniello
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli 80121, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
How vertebrates evolved from their invertebrate ancestors has long been a central topic of discussion in biology. Evolutionary developmental biology (evodevo) has provided a new tool-using gene expression patterns as phenotypic characters to infer homologies between body parts in distantly related organisms-to address this question. Combined with micro-anatomy and genomics, evodevo has provided convincing evidence that vertebrates evolved from an ancestral invertebrate chordate, in many respects resembling a modern amphioxus. The present review focuses on the role of evodevo in addressing two major questions of chordate evolution: (1) how the vertebrate brain evolved from the much simpler central nervous system (CNS) in of this ancestral chordate and (2) whether or not the head mesoderm of this ancestor was segmented.
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Wang H, Holland PWH, Takahashi T. Gene profiling of head mesoderm in early zebrafish development: insights into the evolution of cranial mesoderm. EvoDevo 2019; 10:14. [PMID: 31312422 PMCID: PMC6612195 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of the head was one of the key events that marked the transition from invertebrates to vertebrates. With the emergence of structures such as eyes and jaws, vertebrates evolved an active and predatory life style and radiated into diversity of large-bodied animals. These organs are moved by cranial muscles that derive embryologically from head mesoderm. Compared with other embryonic components of the head, such as placodes and cranial neural crest cells, our understanding of cranial mesoderm is limited and is restricted to few species. Results Here, we report the expression patterns of key genes in zebrafish head mesoderm at very early developmental stages. Apart from a basic anterior–posterior axis marked by a combination of pitx2 and tbx1 expression, we find that most gene expression patterns are poorly conserved between zebrafish and chick, suggesting fewer developmental constraints imposed than in trunk mesoderm. Interestingly, the gene expression patterns clearly show the early establishment of medial–lateral compartmentalisation in zebrafish head mesoderm, comprising a wide medial zone flanked by two narrower strips. Conclusions In zebrafish head mesoderm, there is no clear molecular regionalisation along the anteroposterior axis as previously reported in chick embryos. In contrast, the medial–lateral regionalisation is formed at early developmental stages. These patterns correspond to the distinction between paraxial mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm in the trunk, suggesting a common groundplan for patterning head and trunk mesoderm. By comparison of these expression patterns to that of amphioxus homologues, we argue for an evolutionary link between zebrafish head mesoderm and amphioxus anteriormost somites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13227-019-0128-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijia Wang
- 1Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Peter W H Holland
- 2Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ UK
| | - Tokiharu Takahashi
- 1Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Irie N, Satoh N, Kuratani S. The phylum Vertebrata: a case for zoological recognition. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:32. [PMID: 30607258 PMCID: PMC6307173 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The group Vertebrata is currently placed as a subphylum in the phylum Chordata, together with two other subphyla, Cephalochordata (lancelets) and Urochordata (ascidians). The past three decades, have seen extraordinary advances in zoological taxonomy and the time is now ripe for reassessing whether the subphylum position is truly appropriate for vertebrates, particularly in light of recent advances in molecular phylogeny, comparative genomics, and evolutionary developmental biology. Four lines of current research are discussed here. First, molecular phylogeny has demonstrated that Deuterostomia comprises Ambulacraria (Echinodermata and Hemichordata) and Chordata (Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata), each clade being recognized as a mutually comparable phylum. Second, comparative genomic studies show that vertebrates alone have experienced two rounds of whole-genome duplication, which makes the composition of their gene family unique. Third, comparative gene-expression profiling of vertebrate embryos favors an hourglass pattern of development, the most conserved stage of which is recognized as a phylotypic period characterized by the establishment of a body plan definitively associated with a phylum. This mid-embryonic conservation is supported robustly in vertebrates, but only weakly in chordates. Fourth, certain complex patterns of body plan formation (especially of the head, pharynx, and somites) are recognized throughout the vertebrates, but not in any other animal groups. For these reasons, we suggest that it is more appropriate to recognize vertebrates as an independent phylum, not as a subphylum of the phylum Chordata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Irie
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Universal Biology Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, and Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Adachi N, Pascual-Anaya J, Hirai T, Higuchi S, Kuroda S, Kuratani S. Stepwise participation of HGF/MET signaling in the development of migratory muscle precursors during vertebrate evolution. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:18. [PMID: 29946484 PMCID: PMC6004694 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skeletal musculature of gnathostomes, which is derived from embryonic somites, consists of epaxial and hypaxial portions. Some hypaxial muscles, such as tongue and limb muscles, undergo de-epithelialization and migration during development. Delamination and migration of these myoblasts, or migratory muscle precursors (MMPs), is generally thought to be regulated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) signaling. However, the prevalence of this mechanism and the expression patterns of the genes involved in MMP development across different vertebrate species remain elusive. RESULTS We performed a comparative analysis of Hgf and Met gene expression in several vertebrates, including mouse, chicken, dogfish (Scyliorhinus torazame), and lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum). While both Hgf and Met were expressed during development in the mouse tongue muscle, and in limb muscle formation in the mouse and chicken, we found no clear evidence for the involvement of HGF/MET signaling in MMP development in shark or lamprey embryos. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the expressions and functions of both Hgf and Met genes do not represent shared features of vertebrate MMPs, suggesting a stepwise participation of HGF/MET signaling in MMP development during vertebrate evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Adachi
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Present address: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Juan Pascual-Anaya
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Tamami Hirai
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Higuchi
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Shunya Kuroda
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Onai T. The evolutionary origin of chordate segmentation: revisiting the enterocoel theory. Theory Biosci 2018; 137:1-16. [PMID: 29488055 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-018-0260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the definitive characteristics of chordates (cephalochordates, vertebrates) is the somites, which are a series of paraxial mesodermal blocks exhibiting segmentation. The presence of somites in the basal chordate amphioxus and in vertebrates, but not in tunicates (the sister group of vertebrates), suggests that the tunicates lost the somites secondarily. Somites are patterned from anterior to posterior during embryogenesis. How such a segmental pattern evolved from deuterostome ancestors is mysterious. The classic enterocoel theory claims that chordate mesoderm evolved from the ancestral deuterostome mesoderm that organizes the trimeric body parts seen in extant hemichordates. Recent progress in molecular embryology has been tremendous, which has enabled us to test this classic theory. In this review, the history of the study on the evolution of the chordate mesoderm is summarized. This is followed by a review of the current understanding of genetic mapping on anterior/posterior (A/P) mesodermal patterning between chordates (cephalochordates, vertebrates) and a direct developing hemichordate (Saccoglossus kowalevskii). Finally, a possible scenario about the evolution of the chordate mesoderm from deuterostome ancestors is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Onai
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan. .,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Suzuki DG, Grillner S. The stepwise development of the lamprey visual system and its evolutionary implications. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1461-1477. [PMID: 29488315 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lampreys, which represent the oldest group of living vertebrates (cyclostomes), show unique eye development. The lamprey larva has only eyespot-like immature eyes beneath a non-transparent skin, whereas after metamorphosis, the adult has well-developed image-forming camera eyes. To establish a functional visual system, well-organised visual centres as well as motor components (e.g. trunk muscles for locomotion) and interactions between them are needed. Here we review the available knowledge concerning the structure, function and development of the different parts of the lamprey visual system. The lamprey exhibits stepwise development of the visual system during its life cycle. In prolarvae and early larvae, the 'primary' retina does not have horizontal and amacrine cells, but does have photoreceptors, bipolar cells and ganglion cells. At this stage, the optic nerve projects mostly to the pretectum, where the dendrites of neurons in the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF) appear to receive direct visual information and send motor outputs to the neck and trunk muscles. This simple neural circuit may generate negative phototaxis. Through the larval period, the lateral region of the retina grows again to form the 'secondary' retina and the topographic retinotectal projection of the optic nerve is formed, and at the same time, the extra-ocular muscles progressively develop. During metamorphosis, horizontal and amacrine cells differentiate for the first time, and the optic tectum expands and becomes laminated. The adult lamprey then has a sophisticated visual system for image-forming and visual decision-making. In the adult lamprey, the thalamic pathway (retina-thalamus-cortex/pallium) also transmits visual stimuli. Because the primary, simple light-detecting circuit in larval lamprey shares functional and developmental similarities with that of protochordates (amphioxus and tunicates), the visual development of the lamprey provides information regarding the evolutionary transition of the vertebrate visual system from the protochordate-type to the vertebrate-type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi G Suzuki
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Adachi N, Pascual-Anaya J, Hirai T, Higuchi S, Kuratani S. Development of hypobranchial muscles with special reference to the evolution of the vertebrate neck. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:5. [PMID: 29468087 PMCID: PMC5816939 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extant vertebrates include cyclostomes (lamprey and hagfish) and crown gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates), but there are various anatomical disparities between these two groups. Conspicuous in the gnathostomes is the neck, which occupies the interfacial domain between the head and trunk, including the occipital part of the cranium, the shoulder girdle, and the cucullaris and hypobranchial muscles (HBMs). Of these, HBMs originate from occipital somites to form the ventral pharyngeal and neck musculature in gnathostomes. Cyclostomes also have HBMs on the ventral pharynx, but lack the other neck elements, including the occipital region, the pectoral girdle, and cucullaris muscles. These anatomical differences raise questions about the evolution of the neck in vertebrates. RESULTS In this study, we observed developing HBMs as a basis for comparison between the two groups and show that the arrangement of the head-trunk interface in gnathostomes is distinct from that of lampreys. Our comparative analyses reveal that, although HBM precursors initially pass through the lateral side of the pericardium in both groups, the relative positions of the pericardium withrespect to the pharyngeal arches differ between the two, resulting in diverse trajectories of HBMs in gnathostomes and lampreys. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that a heterotopic rearrangement of early embryonic components, including the pericardium and pharyngeal arches, may have played a fundamental role in establishing the gnathostome HBMs, which would also have served as the basis for neck formation in the jawed vertebrate lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Adachi
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Juan Pascual-Anaya
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Tamami Hirai
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Higuchi
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Heterochronic evolution explains novel body shape in a Triassic coelacanth from Switzerland. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13695. [PMID: 29057913 PMCID: PMC5651877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A bizarre latimeriid coelacanth fish from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland shows skeletal features deviating from the uniform anatomy of coelacanths. The new form is closely related to a modern-looking coelacanth found in the same locality and differences between both are attributed to heterochronic evolution. Most of the modified osteological structures in the new coelacanth have their developmental origin in the skull/trunk interface region in the embryo. Change in the expression of developmental patterning genes, specifically the Pax1/9 genes, may explain a rapid evolution at the origin of the new coelacanth. This species broadens the morphological disparity range within the lineage of these ‘living fossils’ and exemplifies a case of rapid heterochronic evolution likely trigged by minor changes in gene expression.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kuratani S, Adachi N. What are Head Cavities? — A History of Studies on Vertebrate Head Segmentation. Zoolog Sci 2016; 33:213-28. [DOI: 10.2108/zs150181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sugahara F, Pascual-Anaya J, Oisi Y, Kuraku S, Aota SI, Adachi N, Takagi W, Hirai T, Sato N, Murakami Y, Kuratani S. Evidence from cyclostomes for complex regionalization of the ancestral vertebrate brain. Nature 2016; 531:97-100. [PMID: 26878236 DOI: 10.1038/nature16518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate brain is highly complex, but its evolutionary origin remains elusive. Because of the absence of certain developmental domains generally marked by the expression of regulatory genes, the embryonic brain of the lamprey, a jawless vertebrate, had been regarded as representing a less complex, ancestral state of the vertebrate brain. Specifically, the absence of a Hedgehog- and Nkx2.1-positive domain in the lamprey subpallium was thought to be similar to mouse mutants in which the suppression of Nkx2-1 leads to a loss of the medial ganglionic eminence. Here we show that the brain of the inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri), another cyclostome group, develops domains equivalent to the medial ganglionic eminence and rhombic lip, resembling the gnathostome brain. Moreover, further investigation of lamprey larvae revealed that these domains are also present, ruling out the possibility of convergent evolution between hagfish and gnathostomes. Thus, brain regionalization as seen in crown gnathostomes is not an evolutionary innovation of this group, but dates back to the latest vertebrate ancestor before the divergence of cyclostomes and gnathostomes more than 500 million years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Sugahara
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Oisi
- Development and Function of Inhibitory Neural Circuits, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Phyloinformatics Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Aota
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Wataru Takagi
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tamami Hirai
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Noboru Sato
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 950-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Suzuki DG, Fukumoto Y, Yoshimura M, Yamazaki Y, Kosaka J, Kuratani S, Wada H. Comparative morphology and development of extra-ocular muscles in the lamprey and gnathostomes reveal the ancestral state and developmental patterns of the vertebrate head. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2016; 2:10. [PMID: 27081572 PMCID: PMC4831119 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-016-0046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The ancestral configuration of the vertebrate head has long been an intriguing topic in comparative morphology and evolutionary biology. One peculiar component of the vertebrate head is the presence of extra-ocular muscles (EOMs), the developmental mechanism and evolution of which remain to be determined. The head mesoderm of elasmobranchs undergoes local epithelialization into three head cavities, precursors of the EOMs. In contrast, in avians, these muscles appear to develop mainly from the mesenchymal head mesoderm. Importantly, in the basal vertebrate lamprey, the head mesoderm does not show overt head cavities or signs of segmental boundaries, and the development of the EOMs is not well described. Furthermore, the disposition of the lamprey EOMs differs from those the rest of vertebrates, in which the morphological pattern of EOMs is strongly conserved. To better understand the evolution and developmental origins of the vertebrate EOMs, we explored the development of the head mesoderm and EOMs of the lamprey in detail. We found that the disposition of lamprey EOM primordia differed from that in gnathostomes, even during the earliest period of development. We also found that three components of the paraxial head mesoderm could be distinguished genetically (premandibular mesoderm: Gsc+/TbxA-; mandibular mesoderm: Gsc-/TbxA-; hyoid mesoderm: Gsc-/TbxA+), indicating that the genetic mechanisms of EOMs are conserved in all vertebrates. We conclude that the tripartite developmental origin of the EOMs is likely to have been possessed by the latest common ancestor of the vertebrates. This ancestor's EOM developmental pattern was also suggested to have resembled more that of the lamprey, and the gnathostome EOMs' disposition is likely to have been established by a secondary modification that took place in the common ancestor of crown gnathostomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi G. Suzuki
- />Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Yuma Fukumoto
- />Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
- />Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
- />Sumitomo Besshi Hospital, 3-1 Oji-cho, Niihama, Ehime 792-8543 Japan
| | - Miho Yoshimura
- />Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Yuji Yamazaki
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555 Japan
| | - Jun Kosaka
- />Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
- />Center for Medical Science, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- />Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- />Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A new heart for a new head in vertebrate cardiopharyngeal evolution. Nature 2015; 520:466-73. [PMID: 25903628 DOI: 10.1038/nature14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than 30 years since the publication of the new head hypothesis, which proposed that the vertebrate head is an evolutionary novelty resulting from the emergence of neural crest and cranial placodes. Neural crest generates the skull and associated connective tissues, whereas placodes produce sensory organs. However, neither crest nor placodes produce head muscles, which are a crucial component of the complex vertebrate head. We discuss emerging evidence for a surprising link between the evolution of head muscles and chambered hearts - both systems arise from a common pool of mesoderm progenitor cells within the cardiopharyngeal field of vertebrate embryos. We consider the origin of this field in non-vertebrate chordates and its evolution in vertebrates.
Collapse
|
19
|
Miyashita T. Fishing for jaws in early vertebrate evolution: a new hypothesis of mandibular confinement. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:611-57. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuto Miyashita
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Onai T, Aramaki T, Inomata H, Hirai T, Kuratani S. Ancestral mesodermal reorganization and evolution of the vertebrate head. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2015; 1:29. [PMID: 26605074 PMCID: PMC4657371 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-015-0030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vertebrate head is characterized by unsegmented head mesoderm the evolutionary origin of which remains enigmatic. The head mesoderm is derived from the rostral part of the dorsal mesoderm, which is regionalized anteroposteriorly during gastrulation. The basal chordate amphioxus resembles vertebrates due to the presence of somites, but it lacks unsegmented head mesoderm. Gastrulation in amphioxus occurs by simple invagination with little mesodermal involution, whereas in vertebrates gastrulation is organized by massive cell movements, such as involution, convergence and extension, and cell migration. RESULTS To identify key developmental events in the evolution of the vertebrate head mesoderm, we compared anterior/posterior (A/P) patterning mechanisms of the dorsal mesoderm in amphioxus and vertebrates. The dorsal mesodermal genes gsc, bra, and delta are expressed in similar patterns in early embryos of both animals, but later in development, these expression domains become anteroposteriorly segregated only in vertebrates. Suppression of mesodermal involution in vertebrate embryos by inhibition of convergence and extension recapitulates amphioxus-like dorsal mesoderm formation. CONCLUSIONS Reorganization of ancient mesoderm was likely involved in the evolution of the vertebrate head.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Onai
- />Kuratani Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aramaki
- />Pattern Formation Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hidehiko Inomata
- />Laboratory for Axial Pattern Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Tamami Hirai
- />Kuratani Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- />Kuratani Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tada MN, Kuratani S. Evolutionary and developmental understanding of the spinal accessory nerve. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2015; 1:4. [PMID: 26605049 PMCID: PMC4604108 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-014-0006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate spinal accessory nerve (SAN) innervates the cucullaris muscle, the major muscle of the neck, and is recognized as a synapomorphy that defines living jawed vertebrates. Morphologically, the cucullaris muscle exists between the branchiomeric series of muscles innervated by special visceral efferent neurons and the rostral somitic muscles innervated by general somatic efferent neurons. The category to which the SAN belongs to both developmentally and evolutionarily has long been controversial. To clarify this, we assessed the innervation and cytoarchitecture of the spinal nerve plexus in the lamprey and reviewed studies of SAN in various species of vertebrates and their embryos. We then reconstructed an evolutionary sequence in which phylogenetic changes in developmental neuronal patterning led towards the gnathostome-specific SAN. We hypothesize that the SAN arose as part of a lamprey-like spinal nerve plexus that innervates the cyclostome-type infraoptic muscle, a candidate cucullaris precursor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoki N Tada
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pose-Méndez S, Candal E, Mazan S, Rodríguez-Moldes I. Genoarchitecture of the rostral hindbrain of a shark: basis for understanding the emergence of the cerebellum at the agnathan–gnathostome transition. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1321-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
23
|
Koop D, Chen J, Theodosiou M, Carvalho JE, Alvarez S, de Lera AR, Holland LZ, Schubert M. Roles of retinoic acid and Tbx1/10 in pharyngeal segmentation: amphioxus and the ancestral chordate condition. EvoDevo 2014; 5:36. [PMID: 25664163 PMCID: PMC4320481 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although chordates descend from a segmented ancestor, the evolution of head segmentation has been very controversial for over 150 years. Chordates generally possess a segmented pharynx, but even though anatomical evidence and gene expression analyses suggest homologies between the pharyngeal apparatus of invertebrate chordates, such as the cephalochordate amphioxus, and vertebrates, these homologies remain contested. We, therefore, decided to study the evolution of the chordate head by examining the molecular mechanisms underlying pharyngeal morphogenesis in amphioxus, an animal lacking definitive neural crest. Results Focusing on the role of retinoic acid (RA) in post-gastrulation pharyngeal morphogenesis, we found that during gastrulation, RA signaling in the endoderm is required for defining pharyngeal and non-pharyngeal domains and that this process involves active degradation of RA anteriorly in the embryo. Subsequent extension of the pharyngeal territory depends on the creation of a low RA environment and is coupled to body elongation. RA further functions in pharyngeal segmentation in a regulatory network involving the mutual inhibition of RA- and Tbx1/10-dependent signaling. Conclusions These results indicate that the involvement of RA signaling and its interactions with Tbx1/10 in head segmentation preceded the evolution of neural crest and were thus likely present in the ancestral chordate. Furthermore, developmental comparisons between different deuterostome models suggest that the genetic mechanisms for pharyngeal segmentation are evolutionary ancient and very likely predate the origin of chordates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2041-9139-5-36) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demian Koop
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202 USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (CNRS UMR 5242, UCBL, ENS, INRA 1288), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Maria Theodosiou
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (CNRS UMR 5242, UCBL, ENS, INRA 1288), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - João E Carvalho
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7009, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France ; CNRS, UMR 7009, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, 33610 Vigo, Spain
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, 33610 Vigo, Spain
| | - Linda Z Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202 USA
| | - Michael Schubert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7009, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France ; CNRS, UMR 7009, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Juarez M, Reyes M, Coleman T, Rotenstein L, Sao S, Martinez D, Jones M, Mackelprang R, De Bellard ME. Characterization of the trunk neural crest in the bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum. J Comp Neurol 2014; 521:3303-20. [PMID: 23640803 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a population of mesenchymal cells that after migrating from the neural tube gives rise to structure and cell types: the jaw, part of the peripheral ganglia, and melanocytes. Although much is known about neural crest development in jawed vertebrates, a clear picture of trunk neural crest development for elasmobranchs is yet to be developed. Here we present a detailed study of trunk neural crest development in the bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum. Vital labeling with dioctadecyl tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) and in situ hybridization using cloned Sox8 and Sox9 probes demonstrated that trunk neural crest cells follow a pattern similar to the migratory paths already described in zebrafish and amphibians. We found shark trunk neural crest along the rostral side of the somites, the ventromedial pathway, the branchial arches, the gut, the sensory ganglia, and the nerves. Interestingly, C. punctatum Sox8 and Sox9 sequences aligned with vertebrate SoxE genes, but appeared to be more ancient than the corresponding vertebrate paralogs. The expression of these two SoxE genes in trunk neural crest cells, especially Sox9, matched the Sox10 migratory patterns observed in teleosts. Also of interest, we observed DiI cells and Sox9 labeling along the lateral line, suggesting that in C. punctatum, glial cells in the lateral line are likely of neural crest origin. Although this has been observed in other vertebrates, we are the first to show that the pattern is present in cartilaginous fishes. These findings demonstrate that trunk neural crest cell development in C. punctatum follows the same highly conserved migratory pattern observed in jawed vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Juarez
- Biology Department, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Oisi Y, Ota KG, Fujimoto S, Kuratani S. Development of the Chondrocranium in Hagfishes, with Special Reference to the Early Evolution of Vertebrates. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:944-61. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Oisi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kinya G. Ota
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan 26242, Taiwan
| | - Satoko Fujimoto
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Adachi N, Kuratani S. Development of head and trunk mesoderm in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus torazame: I. Embryology and morphology of the head cavities and related structures. Evol Dev 2013; 14:234-56. [PMID: 23017073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2012.00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate head segmentation has attracted the attention of comparative and evolutionary morphologists for centuries, given its importance for understanding the developmental body plan of vertebrates and its evolutionary origin. In particular, the segmentation of the mesoderm is central to the problem. The shark embryo has provided a canonical morphological scheme of the head, with its epithelialized coelomic cavities (head cavities), which have often been regarded as head somites. To understand the evolutionary significance of the head cavities, the embryonic development of the mesoderm was investigated at the morphological and histological levels in the shark, Scyliorhinus torazame. Unlike somites and some enterocoelic mesodermal components in other vertebrates, the head cavities in S. torazame appeared as irregular cyst(s) in the originally unsegmented mesenchymal head mesoderm, and not via segmentation of an undivided coelom. The mandibular cavity appeared first in the paraxial part of the mandibular mesoderm, followed by the hyoid cavity, and the premandibular cavity was the last to form. The prechordal plate was recognized as a rhomboid roof of the preoral gut, continuous with the rostral notochord, and was divided anteroposteriorly into two parts by the growth of the hypothalamic primordium. Of those, the posterior part was likely to differentiate into the premandibular cavity, and the anterior part disappeared later. The head cavities and somites in the trunk exhibited significant differences, in terms of histological appearance and timing of differentiation. The mandibular cavity developed a rostral process secondarily; its homology to the anterior cavity reported in some elasmobranch embryos is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Adachi
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Takechi M, Adachi N, Hirai T, Kuratani S, Kuraku S. The Dlx genes as clues to vertebrate genomics and craniofacial evolution. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:110-8. [PMID: 23291259 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The group of Dlx genes belongs to the homeobox-containing superfamily, and its members are involved in various morphogenetic processes. In vertebrate genomes, Dlx genes exist as multiple paralogues generated by tandem duplication followed by whole genome duplications. In this review, we provide an overview of the Dlx gene phylogeny with an emphasis on the chordate lineage. Referring to the Dlx gene repertoire, we discuss the establishment and conservation of the nested expression patterns of the Dlx genes in craniofacial development. Despite the accumulating genomic sequence resources in diverse vertebrates, embryological analyses of Dlx gene expression and function remain limited in terms of species diversity. By supplementing our original analysis of shark embryos with previous data from other osteichthyans, such as mice and zebrafish, we support the previous speculation that the nested Dlx expression in the pharyngeal arch is likely a shared feature among all the extant jawed vertebrates. Here, we highlight several hitherto unaddressed issues regarding the evolution and function of Dlx genes, with special reference to the craniofacial development of vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takechi
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|