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Wang Z, Xu Y, Huang L, Zhao J, Ye Y, Liu C, Wang B, Zhao H, Zhang H. Ultrastructural characteristics and morphological relationships of cardiomyocytes and telocytes in the myocardium of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13008. [PMID: 38230833 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are distinctive interstitial cells due to their characteristic structures and heterogeneity. They are suggested to participate in tissue repair/regeneration. TCs have been identified in many organs of various mammals. However, data on TCs in lower animals are still very limited. In this work, TCs were identified in the myocardium of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The structural relationships between TCs and neighbouring cell types were measured using the ImageJ (FiJi) morphometric software. TCs with slender Tps (telepodes) were located around cardiomyocytes (CMC). TEM revealed TCs with long Tps in the stroma between CMC. The homocellular tight junctions were observed between the Tps. The Tps were also very close to the neighbouring CMC. The distance between Tps and CMC was 0.15 ± 0.08 μm. Notably, Tps were observed to adhere to the periphery of the satellite cells. The Tps and the satellite cells established heterocellular structural connections by tight junctions. Additionally, Tps were frequently observed in close proximity to mast cells (MCs). The distance between the Tps and the MCs was 0.19 ± 0.09 μm. These results confirmed that TCs are present in the myocardium of the bullfrog, and that TCs established structural relationships with neighbouring cell types, including satellite cells and MCs. These findings provide the anatomical evidence to support the note that TCs are involved in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yizhen Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ling Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yaqiong Ye
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Canying Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Stem Cells of Ordinary Universities, Foshan, China
| | - Bingyun Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Stem Cells of Ordinary Universities, Foshan, China
| | - Haiquan Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Stem Cells of Ordinary Universities, Foshan, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Smith LH, Park SA, Gjeltema J, Moore BA. Two is not necessarily better than one: A double lens in a pre-metamorphic adult axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:176-179. [PMID: 36152337 PMCID: PMC10036263 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old female pre-metamorphic axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) was examined for a suspected anterior lens luxation. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed two lens-like structures in the anterior chamber of the right eye (OD), each with cataractous change. Ultrasound biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed without sedation, and revealed small lenticular structures each with distinct nuclei and cortices. Although a distinct connection of the two lenticular structures could not be definitively ruled out, the structures appeared separate. Each of the lenticular structures was closely associated with its respective iris leaflet. This report demonstrates application of advanced imaging for diagnostic use in axolotl ophthalmology, showing that imaging of the lens can be performed without sedation, topical anesthetic, nor contact gel with high diagnostic quality. Although two distinct lenses were diagnosed with no historical evidence of trauma, the small sizes of each lenticular structure, with no detectable connection between them, are suggestive of a possible regenerative abnormality. This report opens discussion for the regenerative capabilities of the pre-metamorphic adult axolotl and possible implementations of their use in regenerative medicine research for the development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- LH Smith
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - SA Park
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - J Gjeltema
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center and the Department of Medicine and Epidemiology of the University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - BA. Moore
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Matsubara H, Kawasumi-Kita A, Nara S, Yokoyama H, Hayashi T, Takeuchi T, Yokoyama H. Appendage-restricted gene induction using a heated agarose gel for studying regeneration in metamorphosed Xenopus laevis and Pleurodeles waltl. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:86-93. [PMID: 36680534 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians and fish often regenerate lost parts of their appendages (tail, limb, and fin) after amputation. Limb regeneration in adult amphibians provides an excellent model for appendage (limb) regeneration through 3D morphogenesis along the proximodistal, dorsoventral, and anteroposterior axes in mammals, because the limb is a homologous organ among amphibians and mammals. However, manipulating gene expression in specific appendages of adult amphibians remains difficult; this in turn hinders elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying appendage regeneration. To address this problem, we devised a system for appendage-specific gene induction using a simplified protocol named the "agarose-embedded heat shock (AeHS) method" involving the combination of a heat-shock-inducible system and insertion of an appendage in a temperature-controlled agarose gel. Gene expression was then induced specifically and ubiquitously in the regenerating limbs of metamorphosed amphibians, including a frog (Xenopus laevis) and newt (Pleurodeles waltl). We also induced gene expression in the regenerating tail of a metamorphosed P. waltl newt using the same method. This method can be applied to adult amphibians with large body sizes. Furthermore, this method enables simultaneous induction of gene expression in multiple individuals; further, the data are obtained in a reproducible manner, enabling the analysis of gene functions in limb and tail regeneration. Therefore, this method will facilitate elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying appendage regeneration in amphibians, which can support the development of regenerative therapies for organs, such as the limbs and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Matsubara
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Aiko Kawasumi-Kita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Saki Nara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hibiki Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- Amphibian Research Center / Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
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4
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Actin cable formation and epidermis-dermis positional relationship during complete skin regeneration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15913. [PMID: 36151111 PMCID: PMC9508246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to a certain developmental stage, a fetus can completely regenerate wounds in the skin. To clarify the mechanism of fetal skin regeneration, identifying when the skin switches from fetal-type wound regeneration to adult-type wound repair is necessary. We hypothesized that this switch occurs at several time points and that complete skin regeneration requires epidermal–dermal interactions and the formation of actin cables. We compared normal skin and wound morphology at each developmental stage. We examined two parameters: epidermal texture and dermal structure. We found that the three-dimensional structure of the skin was completely regenerated in full-thickness skin incisions made before embryonic day (E) 13. However, the skin texture did not regenerate in wounds made after E14. We also found that the dermal structure regenerates up to E16, but wounds created after E17 heal as scars with dermal fibrosis. By controlling the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase and altering actin cable formation, we could regulate scar formation in utero. These findings may contribute to therapies that allow complete skin regeneration without scarring.
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Abstract
Despite the evolutionary loss of tissue regenerative potential, robust skeletal muscle repair processes are largely retained even in higher vertebrates. In mammals, the skeletal muscle regeneration program is driven by resident stem cells termed satellite cells, guided by the coordinated activity of multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors and other cell types. A thorough understanding of muscle repair mechanisms is crucial not only for combating skeletal myopathies, but for its prospective aid in devising therapeutic strategies to endow regenerative potential on otherwise regeneration-deficient organs. In this review, we discuss skeletal muscle regeneration from an evolutionary perspective, summarize the current knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms, and highlight novel paradigms of muscle repair revealed by explorations of the recent decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedah M Hindi
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Chowdhury K, Lin S, Lai SL. Comparative Study in Zebrafish and Medaka Unravels the Mechanisms of Tissue Regeneration. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.783818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration has been in the spotlight of research for its fascinating nature and potential applications in human diseases. The trait of regenerative capacity occurs diversely across species and tissue contexts, while it seems to decline over evolution. Organisms with variable regenerative capacity are usually distinct in phylogeny, anatomy, and physiology. This phenomenon hinders the feasibility of studying tissue regeneration by directly comparing regenerative with non-regenerative animals, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio) and mice (Mus musculus). Medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a fish model with a complete reference genome and shares a common ancestor with zebrafish approximately 110–200 million years ago (compared to 650 million years with mice). Medaka shares similar features with zebrafish, including size, diet, organ system, gross anatomy, and living environment. However, while zebrafish regenerate almost every organ upon experimental injury, medaka shows uneven regenerative capacity. Their common and distinct biological features make them a unique platform for reciprocal analyses to understand the mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Here we summarize current knowledge about tissue regeneration in these fish models in terms of injured tissues, repairing mechanisms, available materials, and established technologies. We further highlight the concept of inter-species and inter-organ comparisons, which may reveal mechanistic insights and hint at therapeutic strategies for human diseases.
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Storer MA, Miller FD. Cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate mammalian digit tip regeneration. Open Biol 2020; 10:200194. [PMID: 32993414 PMCID: PMC7536070 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Digit tip regeneration is one of the few examples of true multi-tissue regeneration in an adult mammal. The key step in this process is the formation of the blastema, a transient proliferating cell mass that generates the different cell types of the digit to replicate the original structure. Failure to form the blastema results in a lack of regeneration and has been postulated to be the reason why mammalian limbs cannot regrow following amputation. Understanding how the blastema forms and functions will help us to determine what is required for mammalian regeneration to occur and will provide insights into potential therapies for mammalian tissue regeneration and repair. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms that influence murine blastema formation and govern digit tip regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekayla A Storer
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1L7.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1A8.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1A8.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1A8
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Storer MA, Mahmud N, Karamboulas K, Borrett MJ, Yuzwa SA, Gont A, Androschuk A, Sefton MV, Kaplan DR, Miller FD. Acquisition of a Unique Mesenchymal Precursor-like Blastema State Underlies Successful Adult Mammalian Digit Tip Regeneration. Dev Cell 2020; 52:509-524.e9. [PMID: 31902657 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigate the origin and nature of blastema cells that regenerate the adult murine digit tip. We show that Pdgfra-expressing mesenchymal cells in uninjured digits establish the regenerative blastema and are essential for regeneration. Single-cell profiling shows that the mesenchymal blastema cells are distinct from both uninjured digit and embryonic limb or digit Pdgfra-positive cells. This unique blastema state is environmentally determined; dermal fibroblasts transplanted into the regenerative, but not non-regenerative, digit express blastema-state genes and contribute to bone regeneration. Moreover, lineage tracing with single-cell profiling indicates that endogenous osteoblasts or osteocytes acquire a blastema mesenchymal transcriptional state and contribute to both dermis and bone regeneration. Thus, mammalian digit tip regeneration occurs via a distinct adult mechanism where the regenerative environment promotes acquisition of a blastema state that enables cells from tissues such as bone to contribute to the regeneration of other mesenchymal tissues such as the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekayla A Storer
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Neemat Mahmud
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Konstantina Karamboulas
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael J Borrett
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Scott A Yuzwa
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alexander Gont
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alaura Androschuk
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael V Sefton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada.
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9
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Insights regarding skin regeneration in non-amniote vertebrates: Skin regeneration without scar formation and potential step-up to a higher level of regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:109-121. [PMID: 31831357 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin wounds are among the most common injuries in animals and humans. Vertebrate skin is composed of an epidermis and dermis. After a deep skin injury in mammals, the wound heals, but the dermis cannot regenerate. Instead, collagenous scar tissue forms to fill the gap in the dermis, but the scar does not function like the dermis and often causes disfiguration. In contrast, in non-amniote vertebrates, including fish and amphibians, the dermis and skin derivatives are regenerated after a deep skin injury, without a recognizable scar remaining. Furthermore, skin regeneration can be compared with a higher level of organ regeneration represented by limb regeneration in these non-amniotes, as fish, anuran amphibians (frogs and toads), and urodele amphibians (newts and salamanders) have a high capacity for organ regeneration. Comparative studies of skin regeneration together with limb or other organ regeneration could reveal how skin regeneration is stepped up to a higher level of regeneration. The long history of regenerative biology research has revealed that fish, anurans, and urodeles have their own strengths as models for regeneration studies, and excellent model organisms of these non-amniote vertebrates that are suitable for molecular genetic studies are now available. Here, we summarize the advantages of fish, anurans, and urodeles for skin regeneration studies with special reference to three model organisms: zebrafish (Danio rerio), African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), and Iberian ribbed newt (Pleurodele waltl). All three of these animals quickly cover skin wounds with the epidermis (wound epidermis formation) and regenerate the dermis and skin derivatives as adults. The availability of whole genome sequences, transgenesis, and genome editing with these models enables cell lineage tracing and the use of human disease models in skin regeneration phenomena, for example. Zebrafish present particular advantages in genetics research (e.g., human disease model and Cre-loxP system). Amphibians (X. laevis and P. waltl) have a skin structure (keratinized epidermis) common with humans, and skin regeneration in these animals can be stepped up to limb regeneration, a higher level of regeneration.
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10
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Dasyani M, Tan WH, Sundaram S, Imangali N, Centanin L, Wittbrodt J, Winkler C. Lineage tracing of col10a1 cells identifies distinct progenitor populations for osteoblasts and joint cells in the regenerating fin of medaka (Oryzias latipes). Dev Biol 2019; 455:85-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Beyret E, Martinez Redondo P, Platero Luengo A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Elixir of Life: Thwarting Aging With Regenerative Reprogramming. Circ Res 2019; 122:128-141. [PMID: 29301845 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
All living beings undergo systemic physiological decline after ontogeny, characterized as aging. Modern medicine has increased the life expectancy, yet this has created an aged society that has more predisposition to degenerative disorders. Therefore, novel interventions that aim to extend the healthspan in parallel to the life span are needed. Regeneration ability of living beings maintains their biological integrity and thus is the major leverage against aging. However, mammalian regeneration capacity is low and further declines during aging. Therefore, modalities that reinforce regeneration can antagonize aging. Recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine have shown that aging is not an irreversible process. Conversion of somatic cells to embryonic-like pluripotent cells demonstrated that the differentiated state and age of a cell is not fixed. Identification of the pluripotency-inducing factors subsequently ignited the idea that cellular features can be reprogrammed by defined factors that specify the desired outcome. The last decade consequently has witnessed a plethora of studies that modify cellular features including the hallmarks of aging in addition to cellular function and identity in a variety of cell types in vitro. Recently, some of these reprogramming strategies have been directly used in animal models in pursuit of rejuvenation and cell replacement. Here, we review these in vivo reprogramming efforts and discuss their potential use to extend the longevity by complementing or augmenting the regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergin Beyret
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Paloma Martinez Redondo
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Aida Platero Luengo
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.).
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12
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Yokoyama H, Kudo N, Todate M, Shimada Y, Suzuki M, Tamura K. Skin regeneration of amphibians: A novel model for skin regeneration as adults. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:316-325. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori Japan
| | - Nanako Kudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori Japan
| | - Momoko Todate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori Japan
| | - Yuri Shimada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Division of Morphogenesis; National Institute for Basic Biology; National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Okazaki Aichi Japan
- Department of Basic Biology; School of Life Science; the Graduate University of Advanced Studies; Hayama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
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13
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Liu FY, Hsu TC, Choong P, Lin MH, Chuang YJ, Chen BS, Lin C. Uncovering the regeneration strategies of zebrafish organs: a comprehensive systems biology study on heart, cerebellum, fin, and retina regeneration. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:29. [PMID: 29560825 PMCID: PMC5861487 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Regeneration is an important biological process for the restoration of organ mass, structure, and function after damage, and involves complex bio-physiological mechanisms including cell differentiation and immune responses. We constructed four regenerative protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks using dynamic models and AIC (Akaike’s Information Criterion), based on time-course microarray data from the regeneration of four zebrafish organs: heart, cerebellum, fin, and retina. We extracted core and organ-specific proteins, and proposed a recalled-blastema-like formation model to uncover regeneration strategies in zebrafish. Results It was observed that the core proteins were involved in TGF-β signaling for each step in the recalled-blastema-like formation model and TGF-β signaling may be vital for regeneration. Integrins, FGF, and PDGF accelerate hemostasis during heart injury, while Bdnf shields retinal neurons from secondary damage and augments survival during the injury response. Wnt signaling mediates the growth and differentiation of cerebellum and fin neural stem cells, potentially providing a signal to trigger differentiation. Conclusion Through our analysis of all four zebrafish regenerative PPI networks, we provide insights that uncover the underlying strategies of zebrafish organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yu Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Te-Cheng Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Patrick Choong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Medical Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- Department of Medical Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Sen Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Che Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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14
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Baghdadi MB, Tajbakhsh S. Regulation and phylogeny of skeletal muscle regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 433:200-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Otsuka-Yamaguchi R, Kawasumi-Kita A, Kudo N, Izutsu Y, Tamura K, Yokoyama H. Cells from subcutaneous tissues contribute to scarless skin regeneration in Xenopus laevis froglets. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:585-597. [PMID: 28618059 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammals cannot regenerate the dermis and other skin structures after an injury and instead form a scar. However, a Xenopus laevis froglet can regenerate scarless skin, including the dermis and secretion glands, on the limbs and trunk after skin excision. Subcutaneous tissues in the limbs and trunk consist mostly of muscles. Although subcutaneous tissues beneath a skin injury appear disorganized, the cellular contribution of these underlying tissues to skin regeneration remains unclear. RESULTS We crossed the inbred J strain with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled transgenic Xenopus line to obtain chimeric froglets that have GFP-negative skin and GFP-labeled subcutaneous tissues and are not affected by immune rejection after metamorphosis. We found that GFP-positive cells from subcutaneous tissues contributed to regenerating the skin, especially the dermis, after an excision injury. We also showed that the skin on the head, which is over bone rather than muscle, can also completely regenerate skin structures. CONCLUSIONS Cells derived from subcutaneous tissues, at least in the trunk region, contribute to and may be essential for skin regeneration. Characterizing the subcutaneous tissue-derived cells that contribute to skin regeneration in amphibians may lead to the induction of cells that can regenerate complete skin structures without scarring in mammals. Developmental Dynamics 246:585-597, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Otsuka-Yamaguchi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aiko Kawasumi-Kita
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nanako Kudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yumi Izutsu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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Hesse RG, Kouklis GK, Ahituv N, Pomerantz JH. The human ARF tumor suppressor senses blastema activity and suppresses epimorphic tissue regeneration. eLife 2015; 4:e07702. [PMID: 26575287 PMCID: PMC4657621 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of proliferation and differentiation by tumor suppressor genes suggests that evolution of divergent tumor suppressor repertoires could influence species' regenerative capacity. To directly test that premise, we humanized the zebrafish p53 pathway by introducing regulatory and coding sequences of the human tumor suppressor ARF into the zebrafish genome. ARF was dormant during development, in uninjured adult fins, and during wound healing, but was highly expressed in the blastema during epimorphic fin regeneration after amputation. Regenerative, but not developmental signals resulted in binding of zebrafish E2f to the human ARF promoter and activated conserved ARF-dependent Tp53 functions. The context-dependent activation of ARF did not affect growth and development but inhibited regeneration, an unexpected distinct tumor suppressor response to regenerative versus developmental environments. The antagonistic pleiotropic characteristics of ARF as both tumor and regeneration suppressor imply that inducing epimorphic regeneration clinically would require modulation of ARF -p53 axis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Hesse
- Department of Surgery,
Division of Plastic Surgery, Program in Craniofacial Biology,
University of California, San Francisco,
San
Francisco, United States
| | - Gayle K Kouklis
- Department of Surgery,
Division of Plastic Surgery, Program in Craniofacial Biology,
University of California, San Francisco,
San
Francisco, United States
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of
Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Institute for Human
Genetics, University of California, San
Francisco, San
Francisco, United States
| | - Jason H Pomerantz
- Departments of Surgery
and Orofacial Sciences, Division of Plastic Surgery, Program in Craniofacial
Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell
Research, University of California, San
Francisco, San
Francisco, United States
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Kawasumi-Kita A, Hayashi T, Kobayashi T, Nagayama C, Hayashi S, Kamei Y, Morishita Y, Takeuchi T, Tamura K, Yokoyama H. Application of local gene induction by infrared laser-mediated microscope and temperature stimulator to amphibian regeneration study. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:601-13. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Kawasumi-Kita
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry; RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- School of Life Science; Faculty of Medicine; Tottori University; Yonago Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Chikashi Nagayama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Shinichi Hayashi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility; National Institute for Basic Biology; Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 445-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science of the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI); Okazaki Aichi 445-8585 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry; RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- School of Life Science; Faculty of Medicine; Tottori University; Yonago Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori 036-8561 Japan
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Hayashi S, Ochi H, Ogino H, Kawasumi A, Kamei Y, Tamura K, Yokoyama H. Transcriptional regulators in the Hippo signaling pathway control organ growth in Xenopus tadpole tail regeneration. Dev Biol 2014; 396:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yap1, transcription regulator in the Hippo signaling pathway, is required for Xenopus limb bud regeneration. Dev Biol 2014; 388:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Heber-Katz E, Zhang Y, Bedelbaeva K, Song F, Chen X, Stocum DL. Cell cycle regulation and regeneration. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 367:253-76. [PMID: 23263201 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of ear punch holes in the MRL mouse and amputated limbs of the axolotl show a number of similarities. A large proportion of the fibroblasts of the uninjured MRL mouse ear are arrested in G2 of the cell cycle, and enter nerve-dependent mitosis after injury to form a ring-shaped blastema that regenerates the ear tissue. Multiple cell types contribute to the establishment of the regeneration blastema of the urodele limb by dedifferentiation, and there is substantial reason to believe that the cells of this early blastema are also arrested in G2, and enter mitosis under the influence of nerve-dependent factors supplied by the apical epidermal cap. Molecular analysis reveals other parallels, such as; (1) the upregulation of Evi5, a centrosomal protein that prevents mitosis by stabilizing Emi1, a protein that inhibits the degradation of cyclins by the anaphase promoting complex and (2) the expression of sodium channels by the epidermis. A central feature in the entry into the cell cycle by MRL ear fibroblasts is a natural downregulation of p21, and knockout of p21 in wild-type mice confers regenerative capacity on non-regenerating ear tissue. Whether the same is true for entry into the cell cycle in regenerating urodele limbs is presently unknown.
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Abstract
Sensory hair cells are exquisitely sensitive vertebrate mechanoreceptors that mediate the senses of hearing and balance. Understanding the factors that regulate the development of these cells is important, not only to increase our understanding of ear development and its functional physiology but also to shed light on how these cells may be replaced therapeutically. In this review, we describe the signals and molecular mechanisms that initiate hair cell development in vertebrates, with particular emphasis on the transcription factor Atoh1, which is both necessary and sufficient for hair cell development. We then discuss recent findings on how microRNAs may modulate the formation and maturation of hair cells. Last, we review recent work on how hair cells are regenerated in many vertebrate groups and the factors that conspire to prevent this regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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Mercer SE, Cheng CH, Atkinson DL, Krcmery J, Guzman CE, Kent DT, Zukor K, Marx KA, Odelberg SJ, Simon HG. Multi-tissue microarray analysis identifies a molecular signature of regeneration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52375. [PMID: 23300656 PMCID: PMC3530543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inability to functionally repair tissues that are lost as a consequence of disease or injury remains a significant challenge for regenerative medicine. The molecular and cellular processes involved in complete restoration of tissue architecture and function are expected to be complex and remain largely unknown. Unlike humans, certain salamanders can completely regenerate injured tissues and lost appendages without scar formation. A parsimonious hypothesis would predict that all of these regenerative activities are regulated, at least in part, by a common set of genes. To test this hypothesis and identify genes that might control conserved regenerative processes, we performed a comprehensive microarray analysis of the early regenerative response in five regeneration-competent tissues from the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Consistent with this hypothesis, we established a molecular signature for regeneration that consists of common genes or gene family members that exhibit dynamic differential regulation during regeneration in multiple tissue types. These genes include members of the matrix metalloproteinase family and its regulators, extracellular matrix components, genes involved in controlling cytoskeleton dynamics, and a variety of immune response factors. Gene Ontology term enrichment analysis validated and supported their functional activities in conserved regenerative processes. Surprisingly, dendrogram clustering and RadViz classification also revealed that each regenerative tissue had its own unique temporal expression profile, pointing to an inherent tissue-specific regenerative gene program. These new findings demand a reconsideration of how we conceptualize regenerative processes and how we devise new strategies for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Mercer
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine and Children’s Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chia-Ho Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald L. Atkinson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Krcmery
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine and Children’s Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Claudia E. Guzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine and Children’s Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David T. Kent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Katherine Zukor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Marx
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shannon J. Odelberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Hans-Georg Simon
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine and Children’s Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Abstract
Traditionally, the adult heart has been viewed as a terminally differentiated postmitotic organ in which the number of cardiomyocytes is established at birth and these cells persist throughout the life span of the organ and organism. However, the discovery that cardiac stem cells live in the heart and differentiate into the various cardiac cell lineages has dramatically changed our understanding of myocardial biology. Deciphering the biological processes that lead to myocyte renewal is a challenging task. Cardiac regeneration may be accomplished by (1) commitment of multipotent stem cells that generate all specialized lineages within the parenchyma, (2) activation of unipotent progenitors with restricted differentiation potential, (3) replication of pre-existing differentiated cells, (4) transdifferentiation of exogenous progenitors that undergo plastic conversion into cells different from the organ of origin, and (5) dedifferentiation of cardiomyocytes that re-enter the cell cycle and divide. These multiple mechanisms of cell growth may act in concert to regenerate complex structures and restore the function of the target organ.
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Wong C, Jones DL. Efficiency of spermatogonial dedifferentiation during aging. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33635. [PMID: 22442704 PMCID: PMC3307750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adult stem cells are critical for tissue homeostasis; therefore, the mechanisms utilized to maintain an adequate stem cell pool are important for the survival of an individual. In Drosophila, one mechanism utilized to replace lost germline stem cells (GSCs) is dedifferentiation of early progenitor cells. However, the average number of male GSCs decreases with age, suggesting that stem cell replacement may become compromised in older flies. Methodology/Principal Findings Using a temperature sensitive allelic combination of Stat92E to control dedifferentiation, we found that germline dedifferentiation is remarkably efficient in older males; somatic cells are also effectively replaced. Surprisingly, although the number of somatic cyst cells also declines with age, the proliferation rate of early somatic cells, including cyst stem cells (CySCs) increases. Conclusions These data indicate that defects in spermatogonial dedifferentiation are not likely to contribute significantly to an aging-related decline in GSCs. In addition, our findings highlight differences in the ways GSCs and CySCs age. Strategies to initiate or enhance the ability of endogenous, differentiating progenitor cells to replace lost stem cells could provide a powerful and novel strategy for maintaining tissue homeostasis and an alternative to tissue replacement therapy in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihunt Wong
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - D. Leanne Jones
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rodrigues AMC, Christen B, Martí M, Izpisúa Belmonte JC. Skeletal muscle regeneration in Xenopus tadpoles and zebrafish larvae. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 12:9. [PMID: 22369050 PMCID: PMC3313851 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-12-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Mammals are not able to restore lost appendages, while many amphibians are. One important question about epimorphic regeneration is related to the origin of the new tissues and whether they come from mature cells via dedifferentiation and/or from stem cells. Several studies in urodele amphibians (salamanders) indicate that, after limb or tail amputation, the multinucleated muscle fibres do dedifferentiate by fragmentation and proliferation, thereby contributing to the regenerate. In Xenopus laevis tadpoles, however, it was shown that muscle fibres do not contribute directly to the tail regenerate. We set out to study whether dedifferentiation was present during muscle regeneration of the tadpole limb and zebrafish larval tail, mainly by cell tracing and histological observations. Results Cell tracing and histological observations indicate that zebrafish tail muscle do not dedifferentiate during regeneration. Technical limitations did not allow us to trace tadpole limb cells, nevertheless we observed no signs of dedifferentiation histologically. However, ultrastructural and gene expression analysis of regenerating muscle in tadpole tail revealed an unexpected dedifferentiation phenotype. Further histological studies showed that dedifferentiating tail fibres did not enter the cell cycle and in vivo cell tracing revealed no evidences of muscle fibre fragmentation. In addition, our results indicate that this incomplete dedifferentiation was initiated by the retraction of muscle fibres. Conclusions Our results show that complete skeletal muscle dedifferentiation is less common than expected in lower vertebrates. In addition, the discovery of incomplete dedifferentiation in muscle fibres of the tadpole tail stresses the importance of coupling histological studies with in vivo cell tracing experiments to better understand the regenerative mechanisms.
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26
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Vivien C, Scerbo P, Girardot F, Le Blay K, Demeneix BA, Coen L. Non-viral expression of mouse Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 transcription factors efficiently reprograms tadpole muscle fibers in vivo. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:7427-35. [PMID: 22232554 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.324368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by a limited combination of transcription factors. To date, most current iPSC generation protocols rely on viral vector usage in vitro, using cells removed from their physiological context. Such protocols are hindered by low derivation efficiency and risks associated with genome modifications of reprogrammed cells. Here, we reprogrammed cells in an in vivo context using non-viral somatic transgenesis in Xenopus tadpole tail muscle, a setting that provides long term expression of non-integrated transgenes in vivo. Expression of mouse mOct4, mSox2, and mKlf4 (OSK) led rapidly and reliably to formation of proliferating cell clusters. These clusters displayed the principal hallmarks of pluripotency: alkaline phosphatase activity, up-regulation of key epigenetic and chromatin remodeling markers, and reexpression of endogenous pluripotent markers. Furthermore, these clusters were capable of differentiating into derivatives of the three germ layers in vitro and into neurons and muscle fibers in vivo. As in situ reprogramming occurs along with muscle tissue repair, the data provide a link between these two processes and suggest that they act synergistically. Notably, every OSK injection resulted in cluster formation. We conclude that reprogramming is achievable in an anamniote model and propose that in vivo approaches could provide rapid and efficient alternative for non-viral iPSC production. The work opens new perspectives in basic stem cell research and in the longer term prospect of regenerative medicine protocols development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Vivien
- UMR CNRS 7221,Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes,Département Régulations Développement et Diversité Mole´culaire,Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris, France
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27
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Sousa S, Afonso N, Bensimon-Brito A, Fonseca M, Simões M, Leon J, Roehl H, Cancela ML, Jacinto A. Differentiated skeletal cells contribute to blastema formation during zebrafish fin regeneration. Development 2011; 138:3897-905. [PMID: 21862555 DOI: 10.1242/dev.064717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The origin of cells that generate the blastema following appendage amputation has been a long-standing question in epimorphic regeneration studies. The blastema is thought to originate from either stem (or progenitor) cells or differentiated cells of various tissues that undergo dedifferentiation. Here, we investigate the origin of cells that contribute to the regeneration of zebrafish caudal fin skeletal elements. We provide evidence that the process of lepidotrichia (bony rays) regeneration is initiated as early as 24 hours post-amputation and that differentiated scleroblasts acquire a proliferative state, detach from the lepidotrichia surface, migrate distally, integrate into the blastema and dedifferentiate. These findings provide novel insights into the origin of cells in epimorphic appendage regeneration in zebrafish and suggest conservation of regeneration mechanisms between fish and amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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Tanaka EM, Reddien PW. The cellular basis for animal regeneration. Dev Cell 2011; 21:172-85. [PMID: 21763617 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of animals to regenerate missing parts is a dramatic and poorly understood aspect of biology. The sources of new cells for these regenerative phenomena have been sought for decades. Recent advances involving cell fate tracking in complex tissues have shed new light on the cellular underpinnings of regeneration in Hydra, planarians, zebrafish, Xenopus, and Axolotl. Planarians accomplish regeneration with use of adult pluripotent stem cells, whereas several vertebrates utilize a collection of lineage-restricted progenitors from different tissues. Together, an array of cellular strategies-from pluripotent stem cells to tissue-specific stem cells and dedifferentiation-are utilized for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly M Tanaka
- Technical University of Dresden, DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, c/o Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden, Germany.
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Abstract
The MRL (Murphy Roths Large) mouse has provided a unique model of adult mammalian regeneration as multiple tissues show this important phenotype. Furthermore, the healing employs a blastema-like structure similar to that seen in amphibian regenerating tissue. Cells from the MRL mouse display DNA damage, cell cycle G2/M arrest, and a reduced level of p21CIP1/WAF. A functional role for p21 was confirmed when tissue injury in an adult p21-/- mouse showed a healing phenotype that matched the MRL mouse, with the replacement of tissues, including cartilage, and with hair follicle formation and a lack of scarring. Since the major canonical function of p21 is part of the p53/p21 axis, we explored the consequences of p53 deletion. A regenerative response was not seen in a p53-/- mouse and the elimination of p53 from the MRL background had no negative effect on the regeneration of the MRL.p53-/- mouse. An exploration of other knockout mice to identify p21-dependent, p53-independent regulatory pathways involved in the regenerative response revealed another significant finding showing that elimination of transforming growth factor-β1 displayed a healing response as well. These results are discussed in terms of their effect on senescence and differentiation.
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Neff AW, King MW, Mescher AL. Dedifferentiation and the role of sall4 in reprogramming and patterning during amphibian limb regeneration. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:979-89. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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31
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Stocum DL, Cameron JA. Looking proximally and distally: 100 years of limb regeneration and beyond. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:943-68. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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McEwan J, Lynch J, Beck CW. Expression of key retinoic acid modulating genes suggests active regulation during development and regeneration of the amphibian limb. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1259-70. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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33
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Santosh N, Windsor LJ, Mahmoudi BS, Li B, Zhang W, Chernoff EA, Rao N, Stocum DL, Song F. Matrix metalloproteinase expression during blastema formation in regeneration-competent versus regeneration-deficient amphibian limbs. Dev Dyn 2010; 240:1127-41. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhang Y, Li TS, Lee ST, Wawrowsky KA, Cheng K, Galang G, Malliaras K, Abraham MR, Wang C, Marbán E. Dedifferentiation and proliferation of mammalian cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12559. [PMID: 20838637 PMCID: PMC2933247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has long been thought that mammalian cardiomyocytes are terminally-differentiated and unable to proliferate. However, myocytes in more primitive animals such as zebrafish are able to dedifferentiate and proliferate to regenerate amputated cardiac muscle. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we test the hypothesis that mature mammalian cardiomyocytes retain substantial cellular plasticity, including the ability to dedifferentiate, proliferate, and acquire progenitor cell phenotypes. Two complementary methods were used: 1) cardiomyocyte purification from rat hearts, and 2) genetic fate mapping in cardiac explants from bi-transgenic mice. Cardiomyocytes isolated from rodent hearts were purified by multiple centrifugation and Percoll gradient separation steps, and the purity verified by immunostaining and RT-PCR. Within days in culture, purified cardiomyocytes lost their characteristic electrophysiological properties and striations, flattened and began to divide, as confirmed by proliferation markers and BrdU incorporation. Many dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes went on to express the stem cell antigen c-kit, and the early cardiac transcription factors GATA4 and Nkx2.5. Underlying these changes, inhibitory cell cycle molecules were suppressed in myocyte-derived cells (MDCs), while microRNAs known to orchestrate proliferation and pluripotency increased dramatically. Some, but not all, MDCs self-organized into spheres and re-differentiated into myocytes and endothelial cells in vitro. Cell fate tracking of cardiomyocytes from 4-OH-Tamoxifen-treated double-transgenic MerCreMer/ZEG mouse hearts revealed that green fluorescent protein (GFP) continues to be expressed in dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes, two-thirds of which were also c-kit+. Conclusions/Significance Contradicting the prevailing view that they are terminally-differentiated, postnatal mammalian cardiomyocytes are instead capable of substantial plasticity. Dedifferentiation of myocytes facilitates proliferation and confers a degree of stemness, including the expression of c-kit and the capacity for multipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Zhang
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shuo-Tsan Lee
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kolja A. Wawrowsky
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ke Cheng
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Giselle Galang
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Konstantinos Malliaras
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - M. Roselle Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Monje PV, Soto J, Bacallao K, Wood PM. Schwann cell dedifferentiation is independent of mitogenic signaling and uncoupled to proliferation: role of cAMP and JNK in the maintenance of the differentiated state. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31024-36. [PMID: 20634285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.116970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelinating Schwann cells (SCs) are highly plastic cells that are able to dedifferentiate and re-enter the cell cycle. However, the molecular signals controlling dedifferentiation are not completely understood. Because a connection between mitogenic signaling and myelin loss has been suggested, we investigated the role of cAMP, a strong inducer of the myelinating phenotype, and mitogenic factors activating receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on SC dedifferentiation. We herein provide evidence indicating that cAMP was required to not only initiate but also maintain a state of differentiation because SCs rapidly dedifferentiated and became competent to resume proliferation upon the removal of cAMP stimulation. Surprisingly, isolated SCs could undergo multiple cycles of differentiation and dedifferentiation upon cAMP addition and removal, respectively, in the absence of mitogenic factors and without entering the cell cycle. Conversely, the activation of RTKs and the ERK cascade by a variety of growth factors, including neuregulin, was not sufficient to initiate dedifferentiation in the presence of cAMP. Importantly, a reduction of cAMP triggered dedifferentiation through a mechanism that required JNK, rather than ERK, activity and an induction of the expression of c-Jun, a transcriptional inhibitor of myelination. In summary, the reversible transition from an undifferentiated to a myelinating state was dependent on cAMP but independent of RTK signaling and cell cycle progression, further indicating that dedifferentiation and proliferation are uncoupled and differentially regulated events in SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula V Monje
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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Abstract
Sensory hair cells of the inner ear are responsible for translating auditory or vestibular stimuli into electrical energy that can be perceived by the nervous system. Although hair cells are exquisitely mechanically sensitive, they can be easily damaged by excessive stimulation by ototoxic drugs and by the effects of aging. In mammals, auditory hair cells are never replaced, such that cumulative damage to the ear causes progressive and permanent deafness. In contrast, non-mammalian vertebrates are capable of replacing lost hair cells, which has led to efforts to understand the molecular and cellular basis of regenerative responses in different vertebrate species. In this review, we describe recent progress in understanding the limits to hair cell regeneration in mammals and discuss the obstacles that currently exist for therapeutic approaches to hair cell replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 295, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Antos CL, Tanaka EM. Vertebrates that regenerate as models for guiding stem cels. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 695:184-214. [PMID: 21222207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7037-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There are several animal model organisms that have the ability to regenerate severe injuries by stimulating local cells to restore damaged and lost organs and appendages. In this chapter, we will describe how various vertebrate animals regenerate different structures (central nervous system, heart and appendages) as well as detail specific cellular and molecular features concerning the regeneration of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Antos
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany,
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Abstract
The reversal of cellular differentiation, or dedifferentiation, has fascinated biologists for many decades. While cells can be re-programmed extensively in culture, examples of in vivo dedifferentiation have recently emerged in both vertebrate and invertebrate systems, allowing for analysis of this intriguing process under more physiologically relevant conditions. Studies suggest that dedifferentiation occurs not only during large-scale cellular regeneration, but also at low levels to replenish stem cells lost due to normal turnover. Our recent paper demonstrates a novel method to induce the dedifferentiation of lineage-committed stem cell daughters back into germline stem cells (GSCs) in the Drosophila testis. We also show a requirement for activation of Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-STAT) signaling in this process, and suggest that normally non-motile germline cells gain mobility and out-compete resident somatic cells for occupancy in the stem cell-maintaining microenvironment (niche). Here, we discuss what our findings reveal about stem cell competition and the capacity of various cell types to dedifferentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Rebecca Sheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sheng XR, Brawley CM, Matunis EL. Dedifferentiating spermatogonia outcompete somatic stem cells for niche occupancy in the Drosophila testis. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 5:191-203. [PMID: 19664993 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Differentiating cells can dedifferentiate to replace stem cells in aged or damaged tissues, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In the Drosophila testis, a cluster of stromal cells called the hub creates a niche by locally activating Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-STAT) signaling in adjacent germline and somatic stem cells. Here, we establish a system to study spermatogonial dedifferentiation. Ectopically expressing the differentiation factor bag-of-marbles (Bam) removes germline stem cells from the niche. However, withdrawing ectopic Bam causes interconnected spermatogonia to fragment, move into the niche, exchange positions with resident somatic stem cells, and establish contact with the hub. Concomitantly, actin-based protrusions appear on subsets of spermatogonia, suggesting acquired motility. Furthermore, global downregulation of Jak-STAT signaling inhibits dedifferentiation, indicating that normal levels of pathway activation are required to promote movement of spermatogonia into the niche during dedifferentiation, where they outcompete somatic stem cells for niche occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Rebecca Sheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Beck CW, Izpisúa Belmonte JC, Christen B. Beyond early development: Xenopus as an emerging model for the study of regenerative mechanisms. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1226-48. [PMID: 19280606 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While Xenopus is a well-known model system for early vertebrate development, in recent years, it has also emerged as a leading model for regeneration research. As an anuran amphibian, Xenopus laevis can regenerate the larval tail and limb by means of the formation of a proliferating blastema, the lens of the eye by transdifferentiation of nearby tissues, and also exhibits a partial regeneration of the postmetamorphic froglet forelimb. With the availability of inducible transgenic techniques for Xenopus, recent experiments are beginning to address the functional role of genes in the process of regeneration. The use of soluble inhibitors has also been very successful in this model. Using the more traditional advantages of Xenopus, others are providing important lineage data on the origin of the cells that make up the tissues of the regenerate. Finally, transcriptome analyses of regenerating tissues seek to identify the genes and cellular processes that enable successful regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 238:1226-1248, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline W Beck
- Department of Zoology and Genetics Otago, University of Otago, New Zealand.
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Isolation and in vitro cultivation turns cells from exocrine human pancreas into multipotent stem-cells. Ann Anat 2009; 191:446-58. [PMID: 19716277 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several research groups have reported on the existence and in vitro characterization of multipotent stem-cells from the pancreas. However, the origin of these cells remains largely unexplained. Here, we report that in vitro culturing itself can turn adult cells from human exocrine pancreas into a cell population with typical stem cell characteristics. A simple, yet reliable method enabled us to track cell fates: Combining automated continuous observation using time-lapse microscopy with immunocytochemical analyses, we found that a significant fraction of the pancreatic cells ( approximately 14%) can survive trypsination and displays a drastic change in the protein expression profile. After further cultivation, these cells give rise to a heterogeneous cell population with typical multipotent stem cell characteristics; i.e. they proliferate over long time periods and continuously give rise to specialized cells from at least two germ layers. Although we cannot exclude that a rare pre-existing stem cell-type also contributes to the final in vitro-population, the majority of cells must have been arisen from mature pancreatic cells. Our findings indicate that multipotent cells for regenerative medicine, instead of being laboriously isolated, can be generated in large amounts by in vitro de-differentiation.
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Stocum DL, Zupanc GK. Stretching the limits: Stem cells in regeneration science. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:3648-71. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Kim HJ, Archer E, Escobedo N, Tapscott SJ, Unguez GA. Inhibition of mammalian muscle differentiation by regeneration blastema extract of Sternopygus macrurus. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2830-43. [PMID: 18816861 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration through stem cell activation and/or cell dedifferentiation is widely distributed across the animal kingdom. By comparison, regeneration in mammals is poor and this may reflect a limited dedifferentiation potential of mature cells. Because mammalian myotubes can dedifferentiate in the presence of newt blastema extract, the present study tested the dedifferentiation induction capability of the blastema from the teleost Sternopygus macrurus (SmBE). Our in vitro data showed that SmBE did not induce cell cycle reentry of myonuclei in myotubes. Instead, SmBE caused myotubes to detach and time-lapse imaging analyses characterized the cellular events before their detachment. Furthermore, SmBE enhanced myoblast proliferation and reversibly inhibited their differentiation. These data suggest the presence of protein factors in SmBE that regulate mammalian muscle physiology and differentiation, but do not support the conservation of a dedifferentiation induction capability by the blastema of S. macrurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
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Siebert S, Anton-Erxleben F, Bosch TCG. Cell type complexity in the basal metazoan Hydra is maintained by both stem cell based mechanisms and transdifferentiation. Dev Biol 2007; 313:13-24. [PMID: 18029279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms controlling the stability of the differentiated cell state is a fundamental problem in biology. To characterize the critical regulatory events that control stem cell behavior and cell plasticity in vivo in an organism at the base of animal evolution, we have generated transgenic Hydra lines [Wittlieb, J., Khalturin, K., Lohmann, J., Anton-Erxleben, F., Bosch, T.C.G., 2006. Transgenic Hydra allow in vivo tracking of individual stem cells during morphogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103, 6208-6211] which express eGFP in one of the differentiated cell types. Here we present a novel line which expresses eGFP specifically in zymogen gland cells. These cells are derivatives of the interstitial stem cell lineage and have previously been found to express two Dickkopf related genes [Augustin, R., Franke, A., Khalturin, K., Kiko, R., Siebert, S. Hemmrich, G., Bosch, T.C.G., 2006. Dickkopf related genes are components of the positional value gradient in Hydra. Dev. Biol. 296 (1), 62-70]. In the present study we have generated transgenic Hydra in which eGFP expression is under control of the promoter of one of them, HyDkk1/2/4 C. Transgenic Hydra recapitulate faithfully the previously described graded activation of HyDkk1/2/4 C expression along the body column, indicating that the promoter contains all elements essential for spatial and temporal control mechanisms. By in vivo monitoring of eGFP+ gland cells, we provide direct evidence for continuous transdifferentiation of zymogen cells into granular mucous cells in the head region. We also show that in this tissue a subpopulation of mucous gland cells directly derives from interstitial stem cells. These findings indicate that both stem cell-based mechanisms and transdifferentiation are involved in normal development and maintenance of cell type complexity in Hydra. The results demonstrate a remarkable plasticity in the differentiation capacity of cells in an organism which diverged before the origin of bilaterian animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Siebert
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Kumar A, Brockes JP. Preparation of cultured myofibers from larval salamander limbs for cellular plasticity studies. Nat Protoc 2007; 2:939-47. [PMID: 17446893 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the mechanisms underlying cellular plasticity in salamander cells is important because these may give pointers to the restricted regenerative ability of mammals. The myofibers from salamanders are remarkable for their ability to undergo cellularization and cell-cycle re-entry during regeneration. Here, we describe a detailed method for the isolation and culture of larval salamander myofibers in numbers suitable for cellular plasticity studies. The basic protocol for isolation and purification of cells can be completed in 4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Malchesky PS. Artificial Organs 2006: a year in review. Artif Organs 2007; 31:225-41. [PMID: 17343699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2007.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Malchesky
- Artificial Organs Editorial Office, 10 West Erie Street, Painesville, OH 44077, USA.
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