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Hassan SSM, Kamel AH, Fathy MA. All-solid-state paper-based potentiometric combined sensor modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and molecularly imprinted polymer for monitoring losartan drug in pharmaceuticals and biological samples. Talanta 2023; 253:123907. [PMID: 36095941 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A cost-effective, highly selective and sensitive paper-based potentiometric combined sensor for losartan potassium drug (LOS) is fabricated, characterized and used for the drug monitoring. The sensor consists of 2 strips of filter paper (20 × 5 mm each) as platform, each imprinted with 4 mm diameter circular spot of carbon. One carbon spot is covered by a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for use as a substrate for the recognition sensor and the other without rGO is used for the reference electrode. LOS molecularly imprinted drug polymer (MIP) is applied onto the graphene oxide containing strip to act as a drug recognition sensing material and a solid-state polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is applied onto the second carbon spot to act as a reference electrode. Performance characteristics of the combined sensor are examined with chronopotentiometry (CP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Increase effect of rGO on the interfacial double-layer capacitance of the sensing membrane and consequently on the potential stability is confirmed. The developed combined sensor (strip cell) displays a Nernstian slope of -58.2 ± 0.3 mV/decade (R2 = 0.9994) over the linear range 8.5 × 10-7 - 6.9 × 10-2 M with a detection limit of 2.7 ± 0.3 × 10-7 M. The sensor shows remarkable selectivity toward various related compounds especially those commonly used by the COVID-19 patients such as paracetamol, ascorbic acid and dextromethorphan. The assay method is validated and proved to be satisfactory for direct potentiometric determination of LOS-K in some pharmaceutical formulations and in spiked human urine samples. An average recovery of 96.3 ± 0.3-98.7 ± 0.6% of the nominal or spiked concentration and a mean relative standard deviation of ±0.6% are obtained. The use of an indicating and a reference electrodes combined into a single flexible disposable paper platform enables applications to a minimum sample volume due to the close proximity of the responsive membrane and the liquid junction. The efficiency of the proposed sensor in complex urine matrix suggests its application in hospitals for rapid diagnosis of overdose patients and for quality control/quality assurance tests in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S M Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
| | - Ayman H Kamel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sokheer, 32038, Bahrain
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Tsiailanis AD, Vrettos EI, Choleva M, Kiriakidi S, Ganai AM, Patha TK, Karpoormath R, Mavromoustakos T, Fragopoulou E, Tzakos AG. Development of a DHA-Losartan hybrid as a potent inhibitor of multiple pathway-induced platelet aggregation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:13889-13900. [PMID: 34791990 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1996461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the scientific progression in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) they remain the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. The classic treatment involves the simultaneous dosing of two antiplatelet drugs, aspirin and clopidogrel/prasugrel. However, besides drug resistance, severe side effects have been also manifested including acute bleeding and toxicity. Thus, new therapeutic agents with enhanced efficacy and diminished side effects are of importance. Towards this end, omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids have demonstrated potent efficacy against CVDs through inhibiting platelet aggregation that bears a pivotal role in atherothrombosis. Another factor that displays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases is the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and especially the AT1R blocker losartan that has been reported to exert antiplatelet activity mediated by this receptor. Along these lines, we envisaged developing a molecular hybrid consisted of docosahexaenoic acid (ω-3 fatty acid) and losartan, that could exert a notable antiplatelet effect against CVDs. The design and synthesis of the new DHA-losartan hybrid, designated DHA-L, bestowed with the additive properties of the parent compounds, is reported. In silico studies were first exploited to validate the potential of DHA-L to retain losartan's ability to bind AT1R. The antiplatelet activity of DHA-L was evaluated against in vitro platelet aggregation induced by several platelet agonists. Notably, the hybrid illustrated a pleiotropic antiplatelet profile inhibiting platelet aggregation through multiple platelet activation pathways including P2Y12, PAR-1 (Protease-Activated Receptor-1), PAF (Platelet Activating Factor), COX-1 (cyclooxygenase-1) and collagen receptors. The stability of DHA-L in human plasma and in a wide range of pH values was also evaluated over time using an HPLC protocol. The hybridization approach described herein could pave the way for the development of novel potent multitargeted therapeutics with enhanced antiplatelet profile.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis D Tsiailanis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eirinaios I Vrettos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Choleva
- School of Health Science and Education, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Kiriakidi
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ab Majeed Ganai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, South Africa
| | - Tabasum Khan Patha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, South Africa
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elizabeth Fragopoulou
- School of Health Science and Education, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, Greece
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Jeon I, Moon SJ, Park SI, Choi Y, Jung J, Yu KS, Chung JY. Pharmacokinetics of a Fixed-Dose Combination of Amlodipine/Losartan and Chlorthalidone Compared to Concurrent Administration of the Separate Components. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 11:91-99. [PMID: 34159751 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is more effectively treated with coadministration of 2 or more antihypertensive drugs than with high-dose monotherapy. Therefore, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and thiazides are coadministered to treat hypertension. The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of HCP1401, a fixed-dose combination of amlodipine 5 mg, losartan 100 mg, and chlorthalidone 25 mg, with the separate components (loose combination) of amlodipine/losartan 5/100 mg and chlorthalidone 25 mg. A randomized, open-label, single-dose, 2-way crossover study was conducted. Blood samples for amlodipine and chlorthalidone were collected for up to 144 hours after dosing, whereas those for losartan were collected up to 48 hours after dosing. The PK parameters of these drugs were calculated using a noncompartmental method. Sixty subjects completed the study. The geometric mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals of maximum plasma concentration and area under the concentration-time curve to the last measurable point for amlodipine, losartan, and chlorthalidone were within the conventional bioequivalence range of 0.80 to 1.25. There were no clinically significant changes in safety assessments, and the treatments were well tolerated. The PK characteristics and tolerability profiles of a single oral FDC of amlodipine, losartan, and chlorthalidone were equivalent to those of individual tablets in a loose combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseung Jeon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol Ju Moon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology and Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-In Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Choi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Jung
- Hanmi Pharmaceutical Company, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Chung
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Sakuma K, Shimoda A, Shiratori H, Komatsu T, Watanabe K, Chiba T, Aimoto M, Nagasawa Y, Hori Y, Shirai K, Takahara A. Angiotensin II acutely increases arterial stiffness as monitored by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in anesthetized rabbits. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 140:205-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Meyers TA, Heitzman JA, Krebsbach AM, Aufdembrink LM, Hughes R, Bartolomucci A, Townsend D. Acute AT 1R blockade prevents isoproterenol-induced injury in mdx hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 128:51-61. [PMID: 30664850 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disease characterized by skeletal muscle degeneration and a significant cardiomyopathy secondary to cardiomyocyte damage and myocardial loss. The molecular basis of DMD lies in the absence of the protein dystrophin, which plays critical roles in mechanical membrane integrity and protein localization at the sarcolemma. A popular mouse model of DMD is the mdx mouse, which lacks dystrophin and displays mild cardiac and skeletal pathology that can be exacerbated to advance the disease state. In clinical and pre-clinical studies of DMD, angiotensin signaling pathways have emerged as therapeutic targets due to their adverse influence on muscle remodeling and oxidative stress. Here we aim to establish a physiologically relevant cardiac injury model in the mdx mouse, and determine whether acute blockade of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) may be utilized for prevention of dystrophic injury. METHODS AND RESULTS A single IP injection of isoproterenol (Iso, 10 mg/kg) was used to induce cardiac stress and injury in mdx and wild type (C57Bl/10) mice. Mice were euthanized 8 h, 30 h, 1 week, or 1 month following the injection, and hearts were harvested for injury evaluation. At 8 and 30 h post-injury, mdx hearts showed 2.2-fold greater serum cTnI content and 3-fold more extensive injury than wild type hearts. Analysis of hearts 1 week and 1 month after injury revealed significantly higher fibrosis in mdx hearts, with a more robust and longer-lasting immune response compared to wild type hearts. In the 30-hour group, losartan treatment initiated 1 h before Iso injection protected dystrophic hearts from cardiac damage, reducing mdx acute injury area by 2.8-fold, without any significant effect on injury in wild type hearts. However, both wild type and dystrophic hearts showed a 2-fold reduction in the magnitude of the macrophage response to injury 30 h after Iso with losartan. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that acute blockade of AT1R has the potential for robust injury prevention in a model of Iso-induced dystrophic heart injury. In addition to selectively limiting dystrophic cardiac damage, blocking AT1R may serve to limit the inflammatory nature of the immune response to injury in all hearts. Our findings strongly suggest that earlier adoption of angiotensin receptor blockers in DMD patients could limit myocardial damage and subsequent cardiomyopathy.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cardiomyopathies/drug therapy
- Cardiomyopathies/genetics
- Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Heart/drug effects
- Heart/physiopathology
- Humans
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Losartan/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/drug therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Sarcolemma/metabolism
- Sarcolemma/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Meyers
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jackie A Heitzman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aimee M Krebsbach
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lauren M Aufdembrink
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert Hughes
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Nguyen HQ, Lin J, Kimoto E, Callegari E, Tse S, Obach RS. Prediction of Losartan-Active Carboxylic Acid Metabolite Exposure Following Losartan Administration Using Static and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2758-2770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Santos-Cab N, Barranco-G LM, Aguilar-Ca JC, Carrasco-P MDC, Flores-Mur FJ. Evaluation of the Possible Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Amlodipine, Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide in Mexican Healthy Volunteers. INT J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.101.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Jiang P, Loyau S, Tchitchinadze M, Ropers J, Jondeau G, Jandrot-Perrus M. Inhibition of Glycoprotein VI Clustering by Collagen as a Mechanism of Inhibiting Collagen-Induced Platelet Responses: The Example of Losartan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128744. [PMID: 26052700 PMCID: PMC4460036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of platelets to collagen triggers the formation of a platelet clot. Pharmacological agents capable of inhibiting platelet activation by collagen are thus of potential therapeutic interest. Thrombus formation is initiated by the interaction of the GPIb-V-IX complex with collagen-bound vWF, while GPVI interaction with collagen triggers platelet activation that is reinforced by ADP and thromboxane A2. Losartan is an angiotensin II (Ang II) type I receptor (AT1R) antagonist proposed to have an antiplatelet activity via the inhibition of both the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor (TP) and the glycoprotein VI (GPVI). Here, we characterized in vitro the effects of losartan at different doses on platelet responses: losartan inhibited platelet aggregation and secretion induced by 1 μg.mL-1 and 10 μg.mL-1 of collagen with an IC50 of ~ 6 μM. Losartan inhibited platelet responses induced by the GPVI specific collagen related peptide but not by the α2β1 specific peptide. However, losartan did not inhibit the binding of recombinant GPVI to collagen, which is not in favor of a simple competition. Indeed, the clustering of GPVI observed in flow cytometry and using the Duolink methodology, was inhibited by losartan. The impact of a therapeutic dose of losartan (100 mg/day) on platelet responses was analyzed ex vivo in a double blind study. No statistically significant differences were observed between losartan-treated (n=25) and non-treated (n=30) patients in terms of collagen and U46619-induced platelet activation. These data indicate that in treated patients, losartan does not achieve a measurable antiplatelet effect but provide the proof of concept that inhibiting collagen-induced GPVI clustering is of pharmacological interest to obtain an antithrombotic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Inserm, UMR_S1148, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1148, Paris, France
| | | | - Maria Tchitchinadze
- APHP- CNMR Syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Ropers
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Ambroise Paré—UFR Médecine Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest, Université Versailles St-Quentin, Boulogne, France
| | - Guillaume Jondeau
- Inserm, UMR_S1148, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1148, Paris, France
- APHP- CNMR Syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- Inserm, UMR_S1148, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1148, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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9
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Oxidative degradation of the antihypertensive drug losartan by alkaline copper(III) periodate complex in the presence and absence of ruthenium(III) catalyst: a kinetic and mechanistic study of losartan metabolite. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Charoo NA, Cristofoletti R, Khatri AR, Ali AA. Significance of metabolites in bioequivalence: losartan potassium as a case study. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1584-91. [PMID: 24700383 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of metabolite data as a supportive evidence of comparable therapeutic outcome is recommended by various guidance documents. However, a consensus on using it solely to establish bioequivalence (BE) is lacking as parent drug is believed to detect pharmacokinetic differences between test and reference formulations better. Four BE studies of losartan potassium reported in the literature are reviewed. In all the four studies, 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of geometric mean ratios of the test and reference formulations for maximum blood drug concentration (Cmax ) of losartan potassium were outside the acceptable range of 80%-125%, whereas, 90% CIs for its active metabolite, losartan carboxylic acid (LCA), were within the acceptance criteria. Although BE with respect to area under the plasma concentration versus time profile curve was demonstrated in all the cases, BE with respect to Cmax could not be established. However, marketing authorization in all the four cases was granted based on scientific evidence that LCA is 10-40 times more potent than losartan, LCA exhibited higher plasma concentration levels than losartan, pharmacodynamic effects correlate with LCA, and losartan shows wide therapeutic index. Further, widened CI limits for losartan were accepted. Losartan presents an opportunity in the diligence of the principles of quality risk management for selecting moiety on which BE decision must be based.
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García G, Serrano I, Sánchez-Alonso P, Rodríguez-Puyol M, Alajarín R, Griera M, Vaquero JJ, Rodríguez-Puyol D, Álvarez-Builla J, Díez-Marqués ML. New losartan-hydrocaffeic acid hybrids as antihypertensive-antioxidant dual drugs: Ester, amide and amine linkers. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 50:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Yang SH, Cho YA, Choi JS. Effects of ticlopidine on pharmacokinetics of losartan and its main metabolite EXP-3174 in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:967-72. [PMID: 21666702 PMCID: PMC4003123 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Losartan and antiplatelet agent ticlopidine can be prescribed concomitantly for prevention or therapy of cardiovascular diseases. Hence, the effects of ticlopidine on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active metabolite EXP-3174 were evaluated in rats. METHODS Ticlopidine (4 or 10 mg/kg po) was administered 30 min before administration of losartan (9 mg/kg po or 3 mg/kg iv). The activity of human CYP2C9 and 3A4 were measured using the CYP inhibition assay kit. The activity of P-gp was evaluated using rhodamine-123 retention assay in MCF-7/ADR cells. RESULTS Ticlopidine (10 mg/kg) significantly increased the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUCs) and peak plasma concentration (C(max)) of oral losartan (9 mg/kg), as well as the AUCs of the active metabolite EXP-3174. Ticlopidine (10 mg/kg) did not significantly change the pharmacokinetics of intravenous losartan (3 mg/kg). Ticlopidine inhibited CYP2C9 and 3A4 with IC₅₀ values of 26.0 and 32.3 μmol/L, respectively. The relative cellular uptake of rhodamine-123 was unchanged. CONCLUSION The significant increase in the AUC of losartan (9 mg/kg) by ticlopidine (10 mg/kg) could be attributed to the inhibition of CYP2C9- and 3A4-mediated losartan metabolism in small intestine and/or in liver. The inhibition of P-gp in small intestine and reduction of renal elimination of losartan by ticlopidine are unlikely to be causal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-hyung Yang
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, Korea
| | - Young-ah Cho
- College of Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660–701, Korea
| | - Jun-shik Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501–759, Korea
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13
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Yan YD, Kim HK, Seo KH, Lee WS, Lee GS, Woo JS, Yong CS, Choi HG. The Physicochemical Properties, in Vitro Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Ester Prodrug of EXP3174. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:2132-40. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100166c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dong Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea, Hanmi Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm Co. Ltd., Dongtam-myeon, 377-1 Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 445-913, South Korea, and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 1271, Sa-3-Dong, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Han-Kyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea, Hanmi Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm Co. Ltd., Dongtam-myeon, 377-1 Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 445-913, South Korea, and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 1271, Sa-3-Dong, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Ki-Heon Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea, Hanmi Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm Co. Ltd., Dongtam-myeon, 377-1 Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 445-913, South Korea, and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 1271, Sa-3-Dong, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Won Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea, Hanmi Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm Co. Ltd., Dongtam-myeon, 377-1 Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 445-913, South Korea, and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 1271, Sa-3-Dong, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Gwan-Sun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea, Hanmi Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm Co. Ltd., Dongtam-myeon, 377-1 Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 445-913, South Korea, and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 1271, Sa-3-Dong, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea, Hanmi Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm Co. Ltd., Dongtam-myeon, 377-1 Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 445-913, South Korea, and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 1271, Sa-3-Dong, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Chul-Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea, Hanmi Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm Co. Ltd., Dongtam-myeon, 377-1 Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 445-913, South Korea, and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 1271, Sa-3-Dong, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea, Hanmi Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm Co. Ltd., Dongtam-myeon, 377-1 Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 445-913, South Korea, and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 1271, Sa-3-Dong, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
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14
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Polinko M, Riffel K, Song H, Lo MW. Simultaneous determination of losartan and EXP3174 in human plasma and urine utilizing liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:73-84. [PMID: 12946533 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Losartan is an orally active angiotensin II receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of hypertension. EXP3174 is an active metabolite, which contributes to the overall activity of losartan. Analytical methods for the simultaneous determination of losartan and its active metabolite EXP3174 in human plasma and urine with limited plasma sample size have been developed and validated to support a pediatric clinical program. In both methods, analytes are extracted from the matrixes by liquid-liquid extraction and separated using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) with a Turbo ionspray (TIS) interface in multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode is used for detection of the analytes in both methods. The plasma method has a lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 1 ng/ml with a linearity range of 1-500 ng/ml for losartan and EXP3174 using 100 microl of plasma. For the urine method, the LOQ for both losartan and EXP3174 is 2 ng/ml using 0.5 ml of urine, and the linearity range for both analytes is 2-1000 ng/ml. Validation procedures have proven that both methods are robust, accurate, and reproducible. Both methods have been used to assay clinical samples and provided satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Polinko
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, WP 75A-303, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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