1
|
Adıgüzel E, Ülger TG. A marine-derived antioxidant astaxanthin as a potential neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic agent: A review of its efficacy on neurodegenerative conditions. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 977:176706. [PMID: 38843946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a potent lipid-soluble carotenoid produced by several different freshwater and marine microorganisms, including microalgae, bacteria, fungi, and yeast. The proven therapeutic effects of astaxanthin against different diseases have made this carotenoid popular in the nutraceutical market and among consumers. Recently, astaxanthin is also receiving attention for its effects in the co-adjuvant treatment or prevention of neurological pathologies. In this systematic review, studies evaluating the efficacy of astaxanthin against different neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular diseases, and spinal cord injury are analyzed. Based on the current literature, astaxanthin shows potential biological activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, its preventive and therapeutic activities against the above-mentioned diseases have been emphasized in studies with different experimental designs. In contrast, none of the 59 studies reviewed reported any safety concerns or adverse health effects as a result of astaxanthin supplementation. The preventive or therapeutic role of astaxanthin may vary depending on the dosage and route of administration. Although there is a consensus in the literature regarding its effectiveness against the specified diseases, it is important to determine the safe intake levels of synthetic and natural forms and to determine the most effective forms for oral intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Adıgüzel
- Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, 70100, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Taha Gökmen Ülger
- Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bolu, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harrison DE, Strong R, Reifsnyder P, Rosenthal N, Korstanje R, Fernandez E, Flurkey K, Ginsburg BC, Murrell MD, Javors MA, Lopez-Cruzan M, Nelson JF, Willcox BJ, Allsopp R, Watumull DM, Watumull DG, Cortopassi G, Kirkland JL, Tchkonia T, Choi YG, Yousefzadeh MJ, Robbins PD, Mitchell JR, Acar M, Sarnoski EA, Bene MR, Salmon A, Kumar N, Miller RA. Astaxanthin and meclizine extend lifespan in UM-HET3 male mice; fisetin, SG1002 (hydrogen sulfide donor), dimethyl fumarate, mycophenolic acid, and 4-phenylbutyrate do not significantly affect lifespan in either sex at the doses and schedules used. GeroScience 2024; 46:795-816. [PMID: 38041783 PMCID: PMC10828146 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In genetically heterogeneous (UM-HET3) mice produced by the CByB6F1 × C3D2F1 cross, the Nrf2 activator astaxanthin (Asta) extended the median male lifespan by 12% (p = 0.003, log-rank test), while meclizine (Mec), an mTORC1 inhibitor, extended the male lifespan by 8% (p = 0.03). Asta was fed at 1840 ± 520 (9) ppm and Mec at 544 ± 48 (9) ppm, stated as mean ± SE (n) of independent diet preparations. Both were started at 12 months of age. The 90th percentile lifespan for both treatments was extended in absolute value by 6% in males, but neither was significant by the Wang-Allison test. Five other new agents were also tested as follows: fisetin, SG1002 (hydrogen sulfide donor), dimethyl fumarate, mycophenolic acid, and 4-phenylbutyrate. None of these increased lifespan significantly at the dose and method of administration tested in either sex. Amounts of dimethyl fumarate in the diet averaged 35% of the target dose, which may explain the absence of lifespan effects. Body weight was not significantly affected in males by any of the test agents. Late life weights were lower in females fed Asta and Mec, but lifespan was not significantly affected in these females. The male-specific lifespan benefits from Asta and Mec may provide insights into sex-specific aspects of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Harrison
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
| | - Randy Strong
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Education, and Clinical Center, Geriatric Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter Reifsnyder
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Ron Korstanje
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Education, and Clinical Center, Geriatric Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Flurkey
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Brett C Ginsburg
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Meredith D Murrell
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Martin A Javors
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marisa Lopez-Cruzan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - James F Nelson
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bradley J Willcox
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Richard Allsopp
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | | | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Murat Acar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ethan A Sarnoski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael R Bene
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Adam Salmon
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Education, and Clinical Center, Geriatric Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Navasuja Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fooladi S, Nematollahi MH, Rabiee N, Iravani S. Bacterial Cellulose-Based Materials: A Perspective on Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37146213 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Today, a wide variety of bio- and nanomaterials have been deployed for cardiovascular tissue engineering (TE), including polymers, metal oxides, graphene/its derivatives, organometallic complexes/composites based on inorganic-organic components, among others. Despite several advantages of these materials with unique mechanical, biological, and electrical properties, some challenges still remain pertaining to their biocompatibility, cytocompatibility, and possible risk factors (e.g., teratogenicity or carcinogenicity), restricting their future clinical applications. Natural polysaccharide- and protein-based (nano)structures with the benefits of biocompatibility, sustainability, biodegradability, and versatility have been exploited in the field of cardiovascular TE focusing on targeted drug delivery, vascular grafts, engineered cardiac muscle, etc. The usage of these natural biomaterials and their residues offers several advantages in terms of environmental aspects such as alleviating emission of greenhouse gases as well as the production of energy as a biomass consumption output. In TE, the development of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds with potentially three-dimensional structures, high porosity, and suitable cellular attachment/adhesion still needs to be comprehensively studied. In this context, bacterial cellulose (BC) with high purity, porosity, crystallinity, unique mechanical properties, biocompatibility, high water retention, and excellent elasticity can be considered as promising candidate for cardiovascular TE. However, several challenges/limitations regarding the absence of antimicrobial factors and degradability along with the low yield of production and extensive cultivation times (in large-scale production) still need to be resolved using suitable hybridization/modification strategies and optimization of conditions. The biocompatibility and bioactivity of BC-based materials along with their thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability are crucial aspects in designing TE scaffolds. Herein, cardiovascular TE applications of BC-based materials are deliberated, with a focus on the most recent advancements, important challenges, and future perspectives. Other biomaterials with cardiovascular TE applications and important roles of green nanotechnology in this field of science are covered to better compare and comprehensively review the subject. The application of BC-based materials and the collective roles of such biomaterials in the assembly of sustainable and natural-based scaffolds for cardiovascular TE are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Fooladi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 76169-13555 Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 76169-13555 Kerman, Iran
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 76169-13555 Kerman, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Xie J, Zhou L, Zhang J, Chen Z, Xiao J, Cao Y, Xiao H. Recent advances in health benefits and bioavailability of dietary astaxanthin and its isomers. Food Chem 2023; 404:134605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
5
|
Sun J, Yan J, Dong H, Gao K, Yu K, He C, Mao X. Astaxanthin with different configurations: sources, activity, post-modification and application in foods. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
6
|
Patil AD, Kasabe PJ, Dandge PB. Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential of natural bioactive pigment: astaxanthin. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 35794254 PMCID: PMC9259778 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) is an orange-red, lipophilic keto-carotenoid pigment. It is majorly found in marine ecosystems particularly in aquatic animals such as salmon, shrimp, trout, krill, crayfish, and so on. It is also synthesized in microalgae Heamatococcus pluvialis, Chlorococcum, Chlorella zofingiensis, red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma and bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens. Some aquatic and terrestrial creatures regarded as a primary and secondary sources of the astaxanthin producing and accumulating it through their metabolic pathways. Astaxanthin is the powerful antioxidant, nutritional supplement as well as promising therapeutic compound, observed to have activities against different ravaging diseases and disorders. Researchers have reported remarkable bioactivities of astaxanthin against major non-communicable chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, and immune disorders. The current review discusses some structural aspects of astaxanthin. It further elaborates its multiple potencies such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-cancer, anti-obese, anti-diabetic, anti-ageing, anti-TB, anti-viral, anti-COVID 19, neuro-protective, nephro-protective, and fertility-enhancing properties. These potencies make it a more precious entity in the preventions as well as treatments of prevalent systematic diseases and/or disorders. Also, the review is acknowledging and documenting its powerful bioactivities in relation with the pharmaceutical as well as nutraceutical applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apurva D. Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004 Maharashtra India
| | - Pramod J. Kasabe
- School of Nanoscience and Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra India
| | - Padma B. Dandge
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004 Maharashtra India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shatoor AS, Al Humayed S. Astaxanthin Ameliorates high-fat diet-induced cardiac damage and fibrosis by upregulating and activating SIRT1. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:7012-7021. [PMID: 34867002 PMCID: PMC8626242 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the protective effect of astaxanthin (ASX) against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced cardiac damage and fibrosis in rats and examined if the mechanism of protection involves modulating SIRT1. Rat were divided into 5 groups (n = 10/group) as: 1) control: fed normal diet (3.82 kcal/g), 2) control + ASX (200 mg/kg/orally), 3) HFD: fed HFD (4.7 kcal/g), 4) HFD + ASX (200 mg/kg/orally), and HFD + ASX + EX-527 (1 mg/kg/i.p) (a selective SIRT1 inhibitor). All treatments were conducted for 14 weeks. Administration of ASX reduced cardiomyocyte damage, inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, preserved cardiac fibers structure, prevented collagen deposition and protein levels of TGF-β 1 in the left ventricles (LVs) of HFD-fed rats. In the LVs of both the control and HFD-fed rat, ASX significantly reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and p-smad2/3 (Lys19) but increased the levels of glutathione (GSH), catalase, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Concomitantly, it increased the nuclear activity of Nrf2 and reduced that of NF-κB p65. Furthermore, administration of ASX to both the control and HFD-fed rats increased total and nuclear levels of SIRT1, stimulated the nuclear activity of SIRT1, and reduced the acetylation of Nrf2, NF-κB p65, and Smad3. All these cardiac beneficial effects of ASX in the HFD-fed rats were abolished by co-administration of EX-527. In conclusion, ASX stimulates antioxidants and inhibits markers of inflammation under basal and HFD conditions. The mechanism of protection involves, at least, activation SIRT1 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Shatoor
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, College of Medicine, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Al Humayed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Astaxanthin for the Food Industry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092666. [PMID: 34063189 PMCID: PMC8125449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthophyll astaxanthin, which is commonly used in aquaculture, is one of the most expensive and important industrial pigments. It is responsible for the pink and red color of salmonid meat and shrimp. Due to having the strongest anti-oxidative properties among carotenoids and other health benefits, natural astaxanthin is used in nutraceuticals and cosmetics, and in some countries, occasionally, to fortify foods and beverages. Its use in food technology is limited due to the unknown effects of long-term consumption of synthetic astaxanthin on human health as well as few sources and the high cost of natural astaxanthin. The article characterizes the structure, health-promoting properties, commercial sources and industrial use of astaxanthin. It presents the possibilities and limitations of the use of astaxanthin in food technology, considering its costs and food safety. It also presents the possibilities of stabilizing astaxanthin and improving its bioavailability by means of micro- and nanoencapsulation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang L, Qiao X, Nan H, Cao Y, Xu J, Xue C. mPEG-carboxymethyl astaxanthin monoester: A novel hydrophilic astaxanthin with increased water solubility and bioavailability. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
Hwang SH, Kim JM, Kim S, Yoon MJ, Park KS. Chemical Transformation of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis Improves Its Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Activities. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19120-19130. [PMID: 32775914 PMCID: PMC7408224 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a strong antioxidant, but the effect of esterification on its biological activities remains unclear. Here, we chemically synthesized three forms of astaxanthin (nonesterified (Ast-N), monoesterified (Ast-mE), and diesterified (Ast-dE) forms) using esterified astaxanthin (Ast-E) in natural extract from Haematococcus pluvialis and characterized them by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the samples containing three forms of astaxanthin at different ratios were evaluated. The sample containing the maximum level of Ast-mE compared to those of Ast-N and Ast-dE showed the highest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. We also observed the greatest increase in expression of genes related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in samples containing the highest Ast-mE. These results provide a foundation for in-depth investigation of astaxanthin and other antioxidant molecules, allowing for the development of a practical and cost-effective strategy to improve antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activities of natural extracts that can be used as dietary supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hyun Hwang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of
Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic
of Korea
| | - Ji Min Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of
Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic
of Korea
| | - Seokjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of
Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic
of Korea
| | - Min Jin Yoon
- Natural Bio Tree,
Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi 13449, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Soo Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of
Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic
of Korea
- ;
. Phone/Fax: +82-2-450-3742
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Y, Yang L, Guo Y, Zhang T, Qiao X, Wang J, Xu J, Xue C. Hydrophilic Astaxanthin: PEGylated Astaxanthin Fights Diabetes by Enhancing the Solubility and Oral Absorbability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3649-3655. [PMID: 32118432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To develop hydrophilic astaxanthin with significantly enhanced solubility and stability, astaxanthin polyethylene glycol succinate (APGS) was synthesized by esterification of an astaxanthin succinate diester with polyethylene glycol 1000. The chemical structure of the hydrophilic derivative was confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra. APGS showed better solubility than free astaxanthin in water and enhanced bioavailability compared to that of free astaxanthin. Additionally, testing the effects on diabetes and inflammation in a high-fat- and high-sucrose-diet-induced insulin-resistant mouse model demonstrated its benefits, suggesting that APGS maintains the health-promoting properties of astaxanthin. These results suggest that APGS could be a better source of hydrophilic astaxanthin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Qiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266235, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Haley HMS, Hill AG, Greenwood AI, Woerly EM, Rienstra CM, Burke MD. Peridinin Is an Exceptionally Potent and Membrane-Embedded Inhibitor of Bilayer Lipid Peroxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15227-15240. [PMID: 30388000 PMCID: PMC6452872 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antilipoperoxidant protein dysfunction is associated with many human diseases, suggesting that bilayer lipid peroxidation may contribute broadly to pathogenesis. Small molecule inhibitors of this membrane-localized chemistry could in theory enable better understanding and/or treatment of such diseases, but currently available compounds have important limitations. Many biological questions thus remain unanswered, and clinical trials have largely been disappointing. Enabled by efficient, building block-based syntheses of three atypical carotenoid natural products produced by microorganisms that thrive in environments of extreme oxidative stress, we found that peridinin is a potent inhibitor of nonenzymatic bilayer lipid peroxidation in liposomes and in primary human endothelial cells. We also found that peridinin blocks monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion, a key step in atherogenesis. A series of frontier solid-state NMR experiments with a site-specifically 13C-labeled isotopolog synthesized using the same MIDA boronate building block-based total synthesis approach revealed that peridinin is completely embedded within and physically spans the hydrophobic core of POPC membranes, maximizing its effective molarity at the site of the targeted lipid peroxidation reactions. Alternatively, the widely used carotenoid astaxanthin is significantly less potent and was found to primarily localize extramembranously. Peridinin thus represents a promising and biophysically well-characterized starting point for the development of small molecule antilipoperoxidants that serve as more effective biological probes and/or therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. S. Haley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Adam G. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alexander I. Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Facility in Applied Science and Physics, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, United States (A.I.G.)
| | - Eric M. Woerly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States (E.M.W.)
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61821, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zuluaga M, Gregnanin G, Cencetti C, Di Meo C, Gueguen V, Letourneur D, Meddahi-Pellé A, Pavon-Djavid G, Matricardi P. PVA/Dextran hydrogel patches as delivery system of antioxidant astaxanthin: a cardiovascular approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 13:015020. [PMID: 28875946 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa8a86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
After myocardial infarction, the heart's mechanical properties and its intrinsic capability to recover are compromised. To improve this recovery, several groups have developed cardiac patches based on different biomaterials strategies. Here, we developed polyvinylalcohol/dextran (PVA/Dex) elastic hydrogel patches, obtained through the freeze thawing (FT) process, with the aim to deliver locally a potent natural antioxidant molecule, astaxanthin, and to assist the heart's response against the generated myofibril stress. Extensive rheological and dynamo-mechanical characterization of the effect of the PVA molecular weight, number of freeze-thawing cycles and Dex addition on the mechanical properties of the resulting hydrogels, were carried out. Hydrogel systems based on PVA 145 kDa and PVA 47 kDa blended with Dex 40 kDa, were chosen as the most promising candidates for this application. In order to improve astaxanthin solubility, an inclusion system using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was prepared. This system was posteriorly loaded within the PVA/Dex hydrogels. PVA145/Dex 1FT and PVA47/Dex 3FT showed the best rheological and mechanical properties when compared to the other studied systems; environmental scanning electron microscope and confocal imaging evidenced a porous structure of the hydrogels allowing astaxanthin release. In vitro cellular behavior was analyzed after 24 h of contact with astaxanthin-loaded hydrogels. In vivo subcutaneous biocompatibility was performed in rats using PVA145/Dex 1FT, as the best compromise between mechanical support and astaxanthin delivery. Finally, ex vivo and in vivo experiments showed good mechanical and compatibility properties of this hydrogel. The obtained results showed that the studied materials have a potential to be used as myocardial patches to assist infarcted heart mechanical function and to reduce oxidative stress by the in situ release of astaxanthin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zuluaga
- INSERM, U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cite 99, Av. Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France. INSERM, U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, CHU X. Bichat, 46 rue H. Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zuluaga M, Gueguen V, Letourneur D, Pavon-Djavid G. Astaxanthin-antioxidant impact on excessive Reactive Oxygen Species generation induced by ischemia and reperfusion injury. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 279:145-158. [PMID: 29179950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) was shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular pathologies. Particularly, oxidative stress has proved to mediate abnormal platelet function and dysfunctional endothelium-dependent vasodilatation representing a key factor in the progression of ischemic injuries. Antioxidants like carotenoids have been suggested to contribute in their prevention and treatment. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid produced naturally and synthetically, shows interesting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In vivo studies applying different models of induced ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury confirm astaxanthin's protective action after oral or intravenous administration. However, some studies have shown some limitations after oral administration such as low stability, bioavailability and bioefficacy, revealing a need for the implementation of new biomaterials to act as astaxanthin vehicles in vivo. Here, a brief overview of the chemical characteristics of astaxanthin, the carrier systems developed for overcoming its delivery drawbacks and the animal studies showing its potential effect to treat I/R injury are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zuluaga
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cite 99, Av. Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - V Gueguen
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cite 99, Av. Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - D Letourneur
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cite 99, Av. Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - G Pavon-Djavid
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cite 99, Av. Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Weintraub S, Shpigel T, Harris LG, Schuster R, Lewis EC, Lewitus DY. Astaxanthin-based polymers as new antimicrobial compounds. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00663b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the development of a library of polyastaxanthin, new polyester compounds with significant antimicrobial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Weintraub
- Plastics and Polymer Engineering Department
- Shenkar – Engineering Art Design
- Ramat-Gan
- Israel
| | - T. Shpigel
- Plastics and Polymer Engineering Department
- Shenkar – Engineering Art Design
- Ramat-Gan
- Israel
| | - L. G. Harris
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
- Institute of Life Science
- Swansea University Medical School
- Swansea
- UK
| | - R. Schuster
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Beer-Sheva
- Israel
| | - E. C. Lewis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Beer-Sheva
- Israel
| | - D. Y. Lewitus
- Plastics and Polymer Engineering Department
- Shenkar – Engineering Art Design
- Ramat-Gan
- Israel
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zaidi A, Li H, Sliwka HR, Partali V, Ernst H, Melø TB. Energy and electron transfer reactions of polyenic acids with variable chain lengths. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Yang J, Ahn HN, Chang M, Narasimhan P, Chan PH, Song YS. Complement component 3 inhibition by an antioxidant is neuroprotective after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice. J Neurochem 2012. [PMID: 23199288 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress after stroke is associated with the inflammatory system activation in the brain. The complement cascade, especially the degradation products of complement component 3, is a key inflammatory mediator of cerebral ischemia. We have shown that pro-inflammatory complement component 3 is increased by oxidative stress after ischemic stroke in mice using DNA array. In this study, we investigated whether up-regulation of complement component 3 is directly related to oxidative stress after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation in brain cells. Persistent up-regulation of complement component 3 expression was reduced in copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice, and manganese-superoxide dismutase knock-out mice showed highly increased complement component 3 levels after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Antioxidant N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone treatment suppressed complement component 3 expression after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Accumulation of complement component 3 in neurons and microglia was decreased by N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone, which reduced infarct volume and impaired neurological deficiency after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice. Small interfering RNA specific for complement component 3 transfection showed a significant increase in brain cells viability after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Our study suggests that the neuroprotective effect of antioxidants through complement component 3 suppression is a new strategy for potential therapeutic approaches in stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zeeshan M, Sliwka HR, Partali V, Martínez A. Electron uptake by classical electron donators: astaxanthin and carotenoid aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Astaxanthin in cardiovascular health and disease. Molecules 2012; 17:2030-48. [PMID: 22349894 PMCID: PMC6268807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17022030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are established processes contributing to cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis. However, antioxidant therapies tested in cardiovascular disease such as vitamin E, C and β-carotene have proved unsuccessful at reducing cardiovascular events and mortality. Although these outcomes may reflect limitations in trial design, new, more potent antioxidant therapies are being pursued. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid found in microalgae, fungi, complex plants, seafood, flamingos and quail is one such agent. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Limited, short duration and small sample size studies have assessed the effects of astaxanthin on oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers and have investigated bioavailability and safety. So far no significant adverse events have been observed and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation are attenuated with astaxanthin supplementation. Experimental investigations in a range of species using a cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion model demonstrated cardiac muscle preservation when astaxanthin is administered either orally or intravenously prior to the induction of ischaemia. Human clinical cardiovascular studies using astaxanthin therapy have not yet been reported. On the basis of the promising results of experimental cardiovascular studies and the physicochemical and antioxidant properties and safety profile of astaxanthin, clinical trials should be undertaken.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ryu SK, King TJ, Fujioka K, Pattison J, Pashkow FJ, Tsimikas S. Effect of an oral astaxanthin prodrug (CDX-085) on lipoprotein levels and progression of atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-) and ApoE(-/-) mice. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:99-105. [PMID: 22406426 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oxidative stress and inflammation are key promoters of atherosclerosis and myocardial damage. When orally administered, the novel astaxanthin prodrug CDX-085 delivers high levels of the xanthophyll antioxidant astaxanthin that protects LDL from oxidation and reduces primary thrombosis. In this study, we analyzed whether delivery of astaxanthin from administration of the CDX-085 prodrug reduces plasma lipoprotein levels and the progression of atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor negative (LDLR(-/-)) and apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. METHODS Relative circulating levels of astaxanthin derived from CDX-085 administration compared to administration of pure astaxanthin was initially evaluated in a canine model. In mouse Study #1, 16 wild-type and 16 LDLR(-/-) mice on 0.5% cholesterol diet supplemented with either 0.0%, 0.08%, 0.2% and 0.4% CDX-085 were used to assess plasma levels and lipoprotein biodistribution measured by FPLC after 4 weeks treatment. In Study #2, 36 male LDLR(-/-) mice were randomized to a 0.5% cholesterol chow diet (CHOW group, n=12) or 0.5% cholesterol chow fortified with 0.08% CDX-085 (n=12) or 0.5% cholesterol chow with 0.4% CDX-085 (n=12) for 12 weeks. In Study #3, 34 male ApoE(-/-) mice were randomized in the same fashion as the Study #2 and fed similar diets for 9 weeks. RESULTS CDX-085 administration was shown to result in significantly higher levels of circulating astaxanthin (p<0.001 ANOVA) over a 72 h period compared to pure, non-esterified astaxanthin in a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in beagles. In Study #1, plasma astaxanthin levels were 5-9-fold higher in LDLR(-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice. Astaxanthin was highly distributed among all lipoprotein fractions, generally reflecting cholesterol content of lipoproteins. In Study #2, administration of CDX-085 resulted in significantly lower total cholesterol levels (528±68 mg/dL vs. 550±67 mg/dL vs. 602±80 mg/dL, p=0.047) and aortic arch atherosclerosis (9.0±4.2% vs. 9.8±3.5% vs. 13.2±3.6%, p=0.023) in the 0.4% CDX-085 group compared to the 0.08% CDX-085 and CHOW groups, respectively. In ApoE(-/-) mice, a 72% reduction in triglycerides in the 0.4% CDX-085 group and 50% reduction in the 0.08% CDX-085 groups was noted compared to CHOW group (final levels 17±11 mg/dL vs. 30±15 mg/dL vs. 60±32 mg/dL, respectively, p=0.001). CONCLUSION Oral administration of the novel astaxanthin prodrug CDX-085 shows that it distributes among lipoproteins. CDX-085 lowers total cholesterol and aortic arch atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-) mice and triglyceride levels in ApoE(-/-) mice and shows promise for further evaluation in human studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kee Ryu
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Novel cationic carotenoid lipids as delivery vectors of antisense oligonucleotides for exon skipping in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Molecules 2012; 17:1138-48. [PMID: 22274137 PMCID: PMC6268324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a common, inherited, incurable, fatal muscle wasting disease caused by deletions that disrupt the reading frame of the DMD gene such that no functional dystrophin protein is produced. Antisense oligonucleotide (AO)-directed exon skipping restores the reading frame of the DMD gene, and truncated, yet functional dystrophin protein is expressed. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of two novel rigid, cationic carotenoid lipids, C30-20 and C20-20, in the delivery of a phosphorodiamidate morpholino (PMO) AO, specifically designed for the targeted skipping of exon 45 of DMD mRNA in normal human skeletal muscle primary cells (hSkMCs). The cationic carotenoid lipid/PMO-AO lipoplexes yielded significant exon 45 skipping relative to a known commercial lipid, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (EPC).
Collapse
|
23
|
Riccioni G, D’Orazio N, Franceschelli S, Speranza L. Marine carotenoids and cardiovascular risk markers. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1166-1175. [PMID: 21822408 PMCID: PMC3148495 DOI: 10.3390/md9071166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine carotenoids are important bioactive compounds with physiological activities related to prevention of degenerative diseases found principally in plants, with potential antioxidant biological properties deriving from their chemical structure and interaction with biological membranes. They are substances with very special and remarkable properties that no other groups of substances possess and that form the basis of their many, varied functions and actions in all kinds of living organisms. The potential beneficial effects of marine carotenoids have been studied particularly in astaxanthin and fucoxanthin as they are the major marine carotenoids. Both these two carotenoids show strong antioxidant activity attributed to quenching singlet oxygen and scavenging free radicals. The potential role of these carotenoids as dietary anti-oxidants has been suggested to be one of the main mechanisms for their preventive effects against cancer and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this short review is to examine the published studies concerning the use of the two marine carotenoids, astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Riccioni
- Cardiology Unit, San Camillo de Lellis Hospital, via Isonzo, Manfredonia, Foggia, 71043, Italy
- Human Nutrition, Department of Biomedical Science, via Dei vestini, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti, 66013, Italy; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-0882-227022; Fax: +39-0882-227022
| | - Nicolantonio D’Orazio
- Human Nutrition, Department of Biomedical Science, via Dei vestini, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti, 66013, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Sara Franceschelli
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, via Dei Vestini, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti, 66013, Italy; E-Mails: (S.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Lorenza Speranza
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, via Dei Vestini, University G. D’Annunzio, Chieti, 66013, Italy; E-Mails: (S.F.); (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fassett RG, Coombes JS. Astaxanthin: a potential therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:447-65. [PMID: 21556169 PMCID: PMC3083660 DOI: 10.3390/md9030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid present in microalgae, fungi, complex plants, seafood, flamingos and quail. It is an antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties and as such has potential as a therapeutic agent in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Synthetic forms of astaxanthin have been manufactured. The safety, bioavailability and effects of astaxanthin on oxidative stress and inflammation that have relevance to the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, have been assessed in a small number of clinical studies. No adverse events have been reported and there is evidence of a reduction in biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation with astaxanthin administration. Experimental studies in several species using an ischaemia-reperfusion myocardial model demonstrated that astaxanthin protects the myocardium when administered both orally or intravenously prior to the induction of the ischaemic event. At this stage we do not know whether astaxanthin is of benefit when administered after a cardiovascular event and no clinical cardiovascular studies in humans have been completed and/or reported. Cardiovascular clinical trials are warranted based on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties, the safety profile and preliminary experimental cardiovascular studies of astaxanthin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Fassett
- Renal Research Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital and The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Butterfield Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Khan SK, Malinski T, Mason RP, Kubant R, Jacob RF, Fujioka K, Denstaedt SJ, King TJ, Jackson HL, Hieber AD, Lockwood SF, Goodin TH, Pashkow FJ, Bodary PF. Novel astaxanthin prodrug (CDX-085) attenuates thrombosis in a mouse model. Thromb Res 2010; 126:299-305. [PMID: 20728920 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality in most industrialized countries as well as in developing nations. A pro-oxidative state appears to promote and/or exacerbate vascular disease complications. Furthermore, a state of low-grade chronic inflammation can promote increased oxidative stress and lead to endothelial cell and platelet dysfunction ultimately contributing to thrombogenesis. OBJECTIVES In this study, the effect of a proprietary astaxanthin prodrug (CDX-085) on thrombus formation was investigated using a mouse model of arterial thrombosis. The influence of free astaxanthin, the active drug of CDX-085, on human endothelial cells and rat platelets was evaluated to investigate potential mechanisms of action. METHODS AND RESULTS Oral administration of CDX-085 (0.4% in chow, approximately 500 mg/kg/day) to 6-8 week old C57BL/6 male mice for 14 days resulted in significant levels of free astaxanthin in the plasma, liver, heart and platelets. When compared to control mice, the CDX-085 fed group exhibited significant increases in basal arterial blood flow and significant delays in occlusive thrombus formation following the onset of vascular endothelial injury. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and platelets isolated from Wistar-Kyoto rats treated with free astaxanthin demonstrated significantly increased levels of released nitric oxide (NO) and significantly decreased peroxynitrite (ONOO-) levels. CONCLUSION Observations of increased NO and decreased ONOO- levels in endothelial cells and platelets support a potential mechanism of action for astaxanthin (CDX-085 active drug). These studies support the potential of CDX-085 and its metabolite astaxanthin in the treatment or prevention of thrombotic cardiovascular complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy K Khan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Carotenoids are a class of natural fat-soluble pigments found principally in plants. They have potential antioxidant biological properties due to their chemical structure and interaction with biological membranes. The most abundant carotenoids in the diet are beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin. Numerous epidemiologic studies have supported the hypothesis that antioxidants could be used as an inexpensive means of prevention, and possibly treatment, of cardiovascular diseases, even though findings from interventional trials have been mixed, with some positive findings, many null findings, and some suggestion of harm in certain high-risk populations. Recent smaller interventional studies with carefully chosen populations, such as those under high levels of oxidative stress, have yielded largely positive results. This suggests that we need more hypothesis-driven and rigorous clinical trial designs. The aim of this review is to examine the published studies about the use of carotenoids, especially lycopene and astaxanthin, in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
27
|
Fassett RG, Coombes JS. Astaxanthin, oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Future Cardiol 2009; 5:333-42. [PMID: 19656058 DOI: 10.2217/fca.09.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is accepted that oxidative stress and inflammation play an integral role in the pathophysiology of many chronic diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The xanthophyll carotenoid dietary supplement astaxanthin has demonstrated potential as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent in models of cardiovascular disease. There have been at least eight clinical studies conducted in over 180 humans using astaxanthin to assess its safety, bioavailability and clinical aspects relevant to oxidative stress, inflammation or the cardiovascular system. There have been no adverse outcomes reported. Studies have demonstrated reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation and improved blood rheology. A larger number of experimental studies have been performed using astaxanthin. In particular, studies in a variety of animals using a model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion have demonstrated protective effects from prior administration of astaxanthin both intravenously and orally. Future clinical studies and trials will help determine the efficacy of antioxidants such as astaxanthin on vascular structure, function, oxidative stress and inflammation in a variety of patients at risk of, or with, established cardiovascular disease. These may lead to large intervention trials assessing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Fassett
- School of Human Movement Studies & School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liang J, Tian YX, Yang F, Zhang JP, Skibsted LH. Antioxidant synergism between carotenoids in membranes. Astaxanthin as a radical transfer bridge. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
29
|
Shen H, Kuo CC, Chou J, Delvolve A, Jackson SN, Post J, Woods AS, Hoffer BJ, Wang Y, Harvey BK. Astaxanthin reduces ischemic brain injury in adult rats. FASEB J 2009; 23:1958-68. [PMID: 19218497 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-123281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ATX) is a dietary carotenoid of crustaceans and fish that contributes to their coloration. Dietary ATX is important for development and survival of salmonids and crustaceans and has been shown to reduce cardiac ischemic injury in rodents. The purpose of this study was to examine whether ATX can protect against ischemic injury in the mammalian brain. Adult rats were injected intracerebroventricularly with ATX or vehicle prior to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). ATX was present in the infarction area at 70-75 min after onset of MCAo. Treatment with ATX, compared to vehicle, increased locomotor activity in stroke rats and reduced cerebral infarction at 2 d after MCAo. To evaluate the protective mechanisms of ATX against stroke, brain tissues were assayed for free radical damage, apoptosis, and excitoxicity. ATX antagonized ischemia-mediated loss of aconitase activity and reduced glutamate release, lipid peroxidation, translocation of cytochrome c, and TUNEL labeling in the ischemic cortex. ATX did not alter physiological parameters, such as body temperature, brain temperature, cerebral blood flow, blood gases, blood pressure, and pH. Collectively, our data suggest that ATX can reduce ischemia-related injury in brain tissue through the inhibition of oxidative stress, reduction of glutamate release, and antiapoptosis. ATX may be clinically useful for patients vulnerable or prone to ischemic events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pashkow FJ, Watumull DG, Campbell CL. Astaxanthin: a novel potential treatment for oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2008; 101:58D-68D. [PMID: 18474276 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in several different manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD). They are generated, in part, from the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that activate transcriptional messengers, such as nuclear factor-kappaB, tangibly contributing to endothelial dysfunction, the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, irreversible damage after ischemic reperfusion, and even arrhythmia, such as atrial fibrillation. Despite this connection between oxidative stress and CVD, there are currently no recognized therapeutic interventions to address this important unmet need. Antioxidants that provide a broad, "upstream" approach via ROS/RNS quenching or free radical chain breaking seem an appropriate therapeutic option based on epidemiologic, dietary, and in vivo animal model data. However, human clinical trials with several different well-known agents, such as vitamin E and beta-carotene, have been disappointing. Does this mean antioxidants as a class are ineffective, or rather that the "right" compound(s) have yet to be found, their mechanisms of action understood, and their appropriate targeting and dosages determined? A large class of potent naturally-occurring antioxidants exploited by nature-the oxygenated carotenoids (xanthophylls)-have demonstrated utility in their natural form but have eluded development as successful targeted therapeutic agents up to the present time. This article characterizes the mechanism by which this novel group of antioxidants function and reviews their preclinical development. Results from multiple species support the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties of the prototype compound, astaxanthin, establishing it as an appropriate candidate for development as a therapeutic agent for cardiovascular oxidative stress and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredric J Pashkow
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gregg A, Bottle SE, Devine SM, Figler H, Linden J, White P, Pouton CW, Urmaliya V, Scammells PJ. Dual acting antioxidant A1 adenosine receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5437-41. [PMID: 17689079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of some potent and selective A(1) adenosine receptor agonists, which incorporate a functionalised linker attached to an antioxidant moiety. N(6)-(2,2,5,5-Tetramethylpyrrolidin-1-yloxyl-3-ylmethyl)adenosine (VCP28, 2e) proved to be an agonist with high affinity (K(i)=50nM) and good selectivity (A(3)/A(1) > or = 400) for the A(1) adenosine receptor. N(6)-[4-[2-[1,1,3,3-Tetramethylisoindolin-2-yloxyl-5-amido]ethyl]phenyl]adenosine (VCP102, 5a) has higher binding affinity (K(i)=7 nM), but lower selectivity (A(3)/A(1)= approximately 3). All compounds bind weakly (K(i)>1 microM) to A(2A) and A(2B) receptors. The combination of A(1) agonist activity and antioxidant activity has the potential to produce cardioprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gregg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bikádi Z, Hazai E, Zsila F, Lockwood SF. Molecular modeling of non-covalent binding of homochiral (3S,3′S)-astaxanthin to matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5451-8. [PMID: 16716595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are under investigation for the treatment of various important chronic illnesses, including cancer, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In particular, MMP-13 is currently being probed as a potential key target in CVD and malignant disease due to its documented effects on extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, important in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Within the family of related mammalian MMP enzymes, MMP-13 possesses a large hydrophobic binding pocket relative to that of other MMPs. Homochiral astaxanthin (3S,3'S-AST; 3S,3'S-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione), an important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory xanthophyll carotenoid, is an active metabolite of several novel soft drugs in clinical development; it is also extensively used and tested as a human nutraceutical. In the current study, the prediction of the geometry and energetics of its binding to human MMP-13 was conducted with molecular modeling. The method used was found to predict the energy of binding of known ligands of MMP-13 with great precision. Blind docking using the whole protein target was then used in order to identify the possible binding site(s) of AST. AST was predicted to bind at several sites in close proximity to the active center. Subsequent analyses focused on the binding site at the atomic (i.e., amino acid sequence) level suggested that AST can bind to MMP-13 with high affinity and favorable energetics. Therefore, the modeling study predicts potential direct enzyme-inhibitory activity of AST against MMP-13, a behavior that may be exploited in mammalian systems in which pathological upregulation of MMP activity is paramount.
Collapse
|
33
|
Gross GJ, Hazen SL, Lockwood SF. Seven day oral supplementation with Cardax TM (disodium disuccinate astaxanthin) provides significant cardioprotection and reduces oxidative stress in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 283:23-30. [PMID: 16444582 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-2217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, the improved oral bioavailability of a synthetic astaxanthin derivative (Cardax; disodium disuccinate astaxanthin) was utilized to evaluate its potential effects as a cardioprotective agent after 7-day subchronic oral administration as a feed supplement to Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals received one of two concentrations of Cardax in feed (0.1 and 0.4%; approximately 125 and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively) or control feed without drug for 7 days prior to the infarct study carried out on day 8. Thirty minutes of occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was followed by 2 h of reperfusion prior to sacrifice, a regimen which resulted in a mean infarct size (IS) as a percentage (%) of the area at risk (AAR; IS/AAR,%) of 61 +/- 1.8%. The AAR was quantified by Patent blue dye injection, and IS was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Cardax at 0.1 and 0.4% in feed for 7 days resulted in a significant mean reduction in IS/AAR,% to 45 +/- 2.0% (26% salvage) and 39 +/- 1.5% (36% salvage), respectively. Myocardial levels of free astaxanthin achieved after 7-day supplementation at each of the two concentrations (400 +/- 65 nM and 1634 +/- 90 nM, respectively) demonstrated excellent solid-tissue target organ loading after oral supplementation. Parallel trends in reduction of plasma levels of multiple lipid peroxidation products with disodium disuccinate astaxanthin supplementation were observed, consistent with the documented in vitro antioxidant mechanism of action. These results extend the potential utility of this compound for cardioprotection to the elective human cardiovascular patient population, for which 7-day oral pre-treatment (as with statins) provides significant reductions in induced periprocedural infarct size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett J Gross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jackson HL, Nadolski GT, Braun C, Lockwood SF. Efficient Total Synthesis of Lycophyll (ψ,ψ-Carotene-16,16‘-diol). Org Process Res Dev 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/op050137f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry L. Jackson
- Hawaii Biotech, Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Suite 200, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, U.S.A
| | - Geoffry T. Nadolski
- Hawaii Biotech, Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Suite 200, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, U.S.A
| | - Cristi Braun
- Hawaii Biotech, Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Suite 200, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, U.S.A
| | - Samuel F. Lockwood
- Hawaii Biotech, Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Suite 200, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|