1
|
Cardoso-Silva S, Mizael JSS, Frascareli D, de Lima Ferreira PA, Figueira RCL, Pompêo M, Vicente E, Moschini-Carlos V. Past environmental changes: using sedimentary photosynthetic pigments to enhance subtropical reservoir management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:22994-23010. [PMID: 38413525 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32574-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The historical impacts of eutrophication processes were investigated in six subtropical reservoirs (São Paulo, Brazil) using a paleolimnological approach. We questioned whether the levels of pigment indicators of algal biomass could provide information about trophic increase and whether carotenoid pigments could offer additional insights. The following proxies were employed: organic matter, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, photosynthetic pigments (by high-performance liquid chromatography), sedimentation rates, and geochronology (by 210 Pb technique). Principal component analysis indicated a gradient of eutrophication. In eutrophic reservoirs (e.g., Rio Grande and Salto Grande), levels of lutein and zeaxanthin increased over time, suggesting growth of Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria. These pigments were significantly associated with algal biomass, reflecting their participation in phytoplankton composition. In mesotrophic reservoirs, Broa and Itupararanga, increases and significative linear correlations (r > 0.70) between pigments and nutrients are mainly linked to agricultural and urban activities. In the oligotrophic reservoir Igaratá, lower pigment and nutrient levels reflected lesser human impact and good water quality. This study underscores eutrophication's complexity across subtropical reservoirs. Photosynthetic pigments associated with specific algal groups were informative, especially when correlated with nutrient data. The trophic increase, notably in the 1990s, may have been influenced by neoliberal policies. Integrated pigment and geochemical analysis offers a more precise understanding of eutrophication changes and their ties to human factors. Such research can aid environmental monitoring and sustainable policy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Cardoso-Silva
- Environmental Sciences Program, Institute of Science and Technology, State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Soares Silva Mizael
- Environmental Sciences Program, Institute of Science and Technology, State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele Frascareli
- Environmental Sciences Program, Institute of Science and Technology, State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Pompêo
- Ecology Department, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Vicente
- Microbiology and Ecology Department, Valencia University, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Viviane Moschini-Carlos
- Environmental Sciences Program, Institute of Science and Technology, State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schneider G, Figueroa FL, Vega J, Avilés A, Horta PA, Korbee N, Bonomi-Barufi J. Effects of UV–visible radiation on growth, photosynthesis, pigment accumulation and UV-absorbing compounds in the red macroalga Gracilaria cornea (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
3
|
Qui-Minet ZN, Davoult D, Grall J, Delaunay C, Six C, Cariou T, Martin S. Physiology of maerl algae: Comparison of inter- and intraspecies variations. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:831-848. [PMID: 33316844 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Free-living red coralline algae play an important role in the carbon and carbonate cycles of coastal environments. In this study, we examined the physiology of free-living coralline algae-forming maerl beds in the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France), where Lithothamnion corallioides is the dominant maerl (i.e., rhodolith) species. Phymatolithon calcareum and Lithophyllum incrustans are also present (in lower abundances) at a specific site in the bay. We aimed to assess how maerl physiology is affected by seasonality and/or local environmental variations at the inter- and intraspecific levels. Physiological measurements (respiration, photosynthetic, and calcification rates) were performed using incubation chambers in winter and summer to compare (1) the dominant maerl species at three sites and (2) three coexisting maerl species at one site. Comparison of the three coexisting maerl species suggests that L. corallioides is the best adapted to the current environmental conditions in the Bay of Brest, because this species is the most robust to dissolution in the dark in winter and has the highest calcification efficiency in the light. Comparisons of L. corallioides metabolic rates between stations showed that morphological variations within this species are the main factor affecting its photosynthetic and calcification rates. Environmental factors such as freshwater inputs also affect its calcification rates in the dark. In addition to interspecies variation in maerl physiology, there were intraspecific variations associated with direct (water physico-chemistry) or indirect (morphology) local environmental conditions. This study demonstrates the plasticity of maerl physiology in response to environmental changes, which is fundamental for maerl persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zujaila Nohemy Qui-Minet
- CNRS, UMR 7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Davoult
- CNRS, UMR 7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Grall
- IUEM, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Coralie Delaunay
- CNRS, UMR 7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Six
- CNRS, UMR 7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Cariou
- CNRS, Fédération de Recherche FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, Place Georges Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- CNRS, UMR 7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Enhancement of Xanthophyll Synthesis in Porphyra/Pyropia Species (Rhodophyta, Bangiales) by Controlled Abiotic Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19040221. [PMID: 33921190 PMCID: PMC8071490 DOI: 10.3390/md19040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Red alga species belonging to the Porphyra and Pyropia genera (commonly known as Nori), which are widely consumed and commercialized due to their high nutritional value. These species have a carotenoid profile dominated by xanthophylls, mostly lutein and zeaxanthin, which have relevant benefits for human health. The effects of different abiotic factors on xanthophyll synthesis in these species have been scarcely studied, despite their health benefits. The objectives of this study were (i) to identify the abiotic factors that enhance the synthesis of xanthophylls in Porphyra/Pyropia species by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the xanthophyll content found in the literature, and (ii) to recommend a culture method that would allow a significant accumulation of these compounds in the biomass of these species. The results show that salinity significantly affected the content of total carotenoids and led to higher values under hypersaline conditions (70,247.91 µg/g dm at 55 psu). For lutein and zeaxanthin, the wavelength treatment caused significant differences between the basal and maximum content (4.16–23.47 µg/g dm). Additionally, in Pyropia spp., the total carotenoids were considerably higher than in Porphyra spp.; however, the lutein and zeaxanthin contents were lower. We discuss the specific conditions for each treatment and the relation to the ecological distribution of these species.
Collapse
|
5
|
Schneider G, Figueroa FL, Vega J, Avilés A, Chaves P, Horta PA, Korbee N, Bonomi-Barufi J. Physiological and biochemical responses driven by different UV-visible radiation in Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse (Rhodophyta). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1650-1664. [PMID: 33030484 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00135j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Light, or visible radiation, serves as a source of energy for photosynthesis of plants and most algae. In addition, light and ultraviolet radiation (UV-A and UV-B) act as a biological signal, triggering several cellular processes that are mediated by photoreceptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical responses of Osmundea pinnatifida driven by different radiations through putative photoreceptors. For this, O. pinnatifida was grown under different radiation treatments composed by high intensity of light emitted by a low pressure sodium lamp (SOX), aiming to saturate photosynthesis, which was supplemented by low intensities of visible (red, green and blue) and ultraviolet radiation (UV-A and UV-B), in order to activate photoreceptors. Growth rates, photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, polyphenols, soluble proteins, phycobiliproteins, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and carotenoids were evaluated during the experiment. Complementary UV-A radiation positively influenced growth rates after 15 days of experiment, although the presence of a peak of blue light in this treatment can also have contributed. UV-B radiation increased the concentration of zeaxanthin and chlorophyll a. The blue light caused the accumulation of chlorophyll a, violaxanthin, phycoerythrin and polyphenols on different days of the experiment. Phycoerythrin also increased under green and red light conditions. Our results showed that some compounds can be modulated by different radiation, and the involvement of photoreceptors is suggested. In red algae, photoreceptors sensitive to red, green and blue light have been identified, however little is known about UV photoreceptors. The presence of photoreceptors sensitive to UV radiation in O. pinnatifida is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geniane Schneider
- Phycology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lalegerie F, Lajili S, Bedoux G, Taupin L, Stiger-Pouvreau V, Connan S. Photo-protective compounds in red macroalgae from Brittany: Considerable diversity in mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 147:37-48. [PMID: 31014905 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To cope with the biotic and abiotic stresses experienced within their environment, marine macroalgae have developed certain defence mechanisms including the synthesis of photo-protective molecules against light and particularly harmful UV radiation. The aim of this study was to screen selected red algae, a highly diverse phylogenetic group, for the production of photo-protective molecules. The pigment content and composition (i.e. chlorophyll-a, phycobiliproteins and carotenoids) and the composition of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) were studied in 40 species of red macroalgae collected in Brittany (France), at two distinct periods (i.e. February and July 2017). A high inter-specific variability was demonstrated in terms of pigment content and MAA composition. Twenty-three potential MAAs were detected by HPLC, and six were identified by LC-MS (i.e. shinorine, palythine, asterina-330, porphyra-334, usurijene and palythene). This is the first study to report on the composition of pigments and MAAs in a diverse group of red seaweeds from Brittany, including some species for which the MAA composition has never been studied before. Nevertheless, the results suggested that some species of red algae are more likely to cope with high levels of light radiation since those species such as Bostrychia scorpioides, Porphyra dioica, Gracilaria vermiculophylla and Vertebrata lanosa are living in environments exposed to higher levels of irradiation, and had various MAAs in addition to their photo-protective pigments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Lalegerie
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France.
| | - Sirine Lajili
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| | - Gilles Bedoux
- Marine Biotechnology and Chemistry Laboratory (LBCM, EA 3884), University of South Brittany (UBS), 56017, Vannes, France
| | - Laure Taupin
- Marine Biotechnology and Chemistry Laboratory (LBCM, EA 3884), University of South Brittany (UBS), 56017, Vannes, France
| | | | - Solène Connan
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzane, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dautermann O, Lohr M. A functional zeaxanthin epoxidase from red algae shedding light on the evolution of light-harvesting carotenoids and the xanthophyll cycle in photosynthetic eukaryotes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:879-891. [PMID: 28949044 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The epoxy-xanthophylls antheraxanthin and violaxanthin are key precursors of light-harvesting carotenoids and participate in the photoprotective xanthophyll cycle. Thus, the invention of zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) catalyzing their formation from zeaxanthin has been a fundamental step in the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes. ZEP genes have only been found in Viridiplantae and chromalveolate algae with secondary plastids of red algal ancestry, suggesting that ZEP evolved in the Viridiplantae and spread to chromalveolates by lateral gene transfer. By searching publicly available sequence data from 11 red algae covering all currently recognized red algal classes we identified ZEP candidates in three species. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the red algal ZEP is most closely related to ZEP proteins from photosynthetic chromalveolates possessing secondary plastids of red algal origin. Its enzymatic activity was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of red algal pigment extracts and by cloning and functional expression of the ZEP gene from Madagascaria erythrocladioides in leaves of the ZEP-deficient aba2 mutant of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Unlike other ZEP enzymes examined so far, the red algal ZEP introduces only a single epoxy group into zeaxanthin, yielding antheraxanthin instead of violaxanthin. The results indicate that ZEP evolved before the split of Rhodophyta and Viridiplantae and that chromalveolates acquired ZEP from the red algal endosymbiont and not by lateral gene transfer. Moreover, the red algal ZEP enables engineering of transgenic plants incorporating antheraxanthin instead of violaxanthin in their photosynthetic machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dautermann
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Takaichi S, Yokoyama A, Mochimaru M, Uchida H, Murakami A. Carotenogenesis diversification in phylogenetic lineages of Rhodophyta. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:329-338. [PMID: 27273528 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid composition is very diverse in Rhodophyta. In this study, we investigated whether this variation is related to the phylogeny of this group. Rhodophyta consists of seven classes, and they can be divided into two groups on the basis of their morphology. The unicellular group (Cyanidiophyceae, Porphyridiophyceae, Rhodellophyceae, and Stylonematophyceae) contained only β-carotene and zeaxanthin, "ZEA-type carotenoids." In contrast, within the macrophytic group (Bangiophyceae, Compsopogonophyceae, and Florideophyceae), Compsopogonophyceae contained antheraxanthin in addition to ZEA-type carotenoids, "ANT-type carotenoids," whereas Bangiophyceae contained α-carotene and lutein along with ZEA-type carotenoids, "LUT-type carotenoids." Florideophyceae is divided into five subclasses. Ahnfeltiophycidae, Hildenbrandiophycidae, and Nemaliophycidae contained LUT-type carotenoids. In Corallinophycidae, Hapalidiales and Lithophylloideae in Corallinales contained LUT-type carotenoids, whereas Corallinoideae in Corallinales contained ANT-type carotenoids. In Rhodymeniophycidae, most orders contained LUT-type carotenoids; however, only Gracilariales contained ANT-type carotenoids. There is a clear relationship between carotenoid composition and phylogenetics in Rhodophyta. Furthermore, we searched open genome databases of several red algae for references to the synthetic enzymes of the carotenoid types detected in this study. β-Carotene and zeaxanthin might be synthesized from lycopene, as in land plants. Antheraxanthin might require zeaxanthin epoxydase, whereas α-carotene and lutein might require two additional enzymes, as in land plants. Furthermore, Glaucophyta contained ZEA-type carotenoids, and Cryptophyta contained β-carotene, α-carotene, and alloxanthin, whose acetylenic group might be synthesized from zeaxanthin by an unknown enzyme. Therefore, we conclude that the presence or absence of the four enzymes is related to diversification of carotenoid composition in these three phyla.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Musashino, 180-0023, Japan
| | - Akiko Yokoyama
- R&D Center for Algae Biomass and Energy System, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Mari Mochimaru
- Department of Natural Sciences, Komazawa University, Setagaya, Tokyo, 154-8525, Japan
| | - Hiroko Uchida
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Awaji, 656-2401, Japan
| | - Akio Murakami
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Awaji, 656-2401, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chan CX, Blouin NA, Zhuang Y, Zäuner S, Prochnik SE, Lindquist E, Lin S, Benning C, Lohr M, Yarish C, Gantt E, Grossman AR, Lu S, Müller K, W Stiller J, Brawley SH, Bhattacharya D. Porphyra (Bangiophyceae) Transcriptomes Provide Insights Into Red Algal Development And Metabolism. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2012; 48:1328-1342. [PMID: 27009986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The red seaweed Porphyra (Bangiophyceae) and related Bangiales have global economic importance. Here, we report the analysis of a comprehensive transcriptome comprising ca. 4.7 million expressed sequence tag (EST) reads from P. umbilicalis (L.) J. Agardh and P. purpurea (Roth) C. Agardh (ca. 980 Mbp of data generated using 454 FLX pyrosequencing). These ESTs were isolated from the haploid gametophyte (blades from both species) and diploid conchocelis stage (from P. purpurea). In a bioinformatic analysis, only 20% of the contigs were found to encode proteins of known biological function. Comparative analysis of predicted protein functions in mesophilic (including Porphyra) and extremophilic red algae suggest that the former has more putative functions related to signaling, membrane transport processes, and establishment of protein complexes. These enhanced functions may reflect general mesophilic adaptations. A near-complete repertoire of genes encoding histones and ribosomal proteins was identified, with some differentially regulated between the blade and conchocelis stage in P. purpurea. This finding may reflect specific regulatory processes associated with these distinct phases of the life history. Fatty acid desaturation patterns, in combination with gene expression profiles, demonstrate differences from seed plants with respect to the transport of fatty acid/lipid among subcellular compartments and the molecular machinery of lipid assembly. We also recovered a near-complete gene repertoire for enzymes involved in the formation of sterols and carotenoids, including candidate genes for the biosynthesis of lutein. Our findings provide key insights into the evolution, development, and biology of Porphyra, an important lineage of red algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheong Xin Chan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - Nicolas A Blouin
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Yunyun Zhuang
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Simone Zäuner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Simon E Prochnik
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, 94958, USA
| | - Erika Lindquist
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, 94958, USA
| | - Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles Yarish
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, Connecticut, 06901, USA
| | - Elisabeth Gantt
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Kirsten Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John W Stiller
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, 27834, USA
| | - Susan H Brawley
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Raven JA, Hurd CL. Ecophysiology of photosynthesis in macroalgae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 113:105-25. [PMID: 22843100 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-012-9768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae occur in the marine benthos from the upper intertidal to depths of more than 200 m, contributing up to 1 Pg C per year to global primary productivity. Freshwater macroalgae are mainly green (Chlorophyta) with some red (Rhodophyta) and a small contribution of brown (Phaeophyceae) algae, while in the ocean all three higher taxa are important. Attempts to relate the depth distribution of three higher taxa of marine macroalgae to their photosynthetic light use through their pigmentation in relation to variations in spectral quality of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) with depth (complementary chromatic adaptation) and optical thickness (package effect) have been relatively unsuccessful. The presence (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae) or absence (Rhodophyta) of a xanthophyll cycle is also not well correlated with depth distribution of marine algae. The relative absence of freshwater brown algae does not seem to be related to their photosynthetic light use. Photosynthetic inorganic carbon acquisition in some red and a few green macroalgae involves entry of CO(2) by diffusion. Other red and green macroalgae, and brown macroalgae, have CO(2) concentrating mechanisms; these frequently involve acid and alkaline zones on the surface of the alga with CO(2) (produced from HCO(3) (-)) entering in the acid zones, while some macroalgae have CCMs based on active influx of HCO(3) (-). These various mechanisms of carbon acquisition have different responses to the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer, which is determined by macroalgal morphology and water velocity. Energetic predictions that macroalgae growing at or near the lower limit of PAR for growth should rely on diffusive CO(2) entry without acid and alkaline zones, and on NH(4) (+) rather than NO(3) (-) as nitrogen source, are only partially borne out by observation. The impact of global environmental change on marine macroalgae mainly relates to ocean acidification and warming with shoaling of the thermocline and decreased nutrient flux to the upper mixed layer. Predictions of the impact on macroalgae requires further experiments on interactions among increased inorganic carbon, increased temperature and decreased nitrogen and phosphorus supply, and, when possible, studies of genetic adaptation to environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Takaichi S. Carotenoids in algae: distributions, biosyntheses and functions. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1101-1118. [PMID: 21747749 PMCID: PMC3131562 DOI: 10.3390/md9061101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For photosynthesis, phototrophic organisms necessarily synthesize not only chlorophylls but also carotenoids. Many kinds of carotenoids are found in algae and, recently, taxonomic studies of algae have been developed. In this review, the relationship between the distribution of carotenoids and the phylogeny of oxygenic phototrophs in sea and fresh water, including cyanobacteria, red algae, brown algae and green algae, is summarized. These phototrophs contain division- or class-specific carotenoids, such as fucoxanthin, peridinin and siphonaxanthin. The distribution of α-carotene and its derivatives, such as lutein, loroxanthin and siphonaxanthin, are limited to divisions of Rhodophyta (macrophytic type), Cryptophyta, Euglenophyta, Chlorarachniophyta and Chlorophyta. In addition, carotenogenesis pathways are discussed based on the chemical structures of carotenoids and known characteristics of carotenogenesis enzymes in other organisms; genes and enzymes for carotenogenesis in algae are not yet known. Most carotenoids bind to membrane-bound pigment-protein complexes, such as reaction center, light-harvesting and cytochrome b(6)f complexes. Water-soluble peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein (PCP) and orange carotenoid protein (OCP) are also established. Some functions of carotenoids in photosynthesis are also briefly summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kosugi-cho, Nakahara, Kawasaki 211-0063, Japan; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-44-733-3584; Fax: +81-44-733-3584
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Thoen HH, Johnsen G, Berge J. Pigmentation and spectral absorbance in the deep-sea arctic amphipods Eurythenes gryllus and Anonyx sp. Polar Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-010-0861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
van de Poll WH, Buma AGJ. Does ultraviolet radiation affect the xanthophyll cycle in marine phytoplankton? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1295-301. [DOI: 10.1039/b904501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|