1
|
Fernández PA, Amsler CD, Hurd CL, Díaz PA, Gaitán-Espitia JD, Macaya EC, Schmider-Martínez A, Garrido I, Murúa P, Buschmann AH. Diverse inorganic carbon uptake strategies in Antarctic seaweeds: Revealing species-specific responses and implications for Ocean Acidification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174006. [PMID: 38889822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Seaweeds are important components of coastal benthic ecosystems along the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), providing refuge, food, and habitat for numerous associated species. Despite their crucial role, the WAP is among the regions most affected by global climate change, potentially impacting the ecology and physiology of seaweeds. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to increased dissolved inorganic carbon (Ci) with consequent declines in oceanic pH and alterations in seawater carbonate chemistry, known as Ocean Acidification (OA). Seaweeds possess diverse strategies for Ci uptake, including CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), which may distinctly respond to changes in Ci concentrations. Conversely, some seaweeds do not operate CCMs (non-CCM species) and rely solely on CO2. Nevertheless, our understanding of the status and functionality of Ci uptake strategies in Antarctic seaweeds remains limited. Here, we investigated the Ci uptake strategies of seaweeds along a depth gradient in the WAP. Carbon isotope signatures (δ13C) and pH drift assays were used as indicators of the presence or absence of CCMs. Our results reveal variability in CCM occurrence among algal phyla and depths ranging from 0 to 20 m. However, this response was species specific. Among red seaweeds, the majority relied solely on CO2 as an exogenous Ci source, with a high percentage of non-CCM species. Green seaweeds exhibited depth-dependent variations in CCM status, with the proportion of non-CCM species increasing at greater depths. Conversely, brown seaweeds exhibited a higher prevalence of CCM species, even in deep waters, indicating the use of CO2 and HCO3-. Our results are similar to those observed in temperate and tropical regions, indicating that the potential impacts of OA on Antarctic seaweeds will be species specific. Additionally, OA may potentially increase the abundance of non-CCM species relative to those with CCMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Fernández
- Centro i∼mar, CeBiB & MASH, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue km6, Puerto Montt 580000, Chile.
| | - Charles D Amsler
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue km6, Puerto Montt 580000, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Erasmo C Macaya
- Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | | | - Ignacio Garrido
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile; Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco (LCRAC), Instituto Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; Department of Biology and Québec-Océan, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pedro Murúa
- Laboratorio de Macroalgas y Ficopatologia, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Buschmann
- Centro i∼mar, CeBiB & MASH, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue km6, Puerto Montt 580000, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sui J, Cui Y, Zhang J, Li S, Zhao Y, Bai M, Feng G, Wu H. Enhanced biomass production and harvesting efficiency of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under high-ammonium conditions by powdered oyster shell. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 403:130904. [PMID: 38801957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii prefers ammonium (NH4+) as a nitrogen source, but its late-stage growth under high-NH4+ concentrations (0.5 ∼ 1 g/L) is retarded due to medium acidification. In this study, oyster shell powders were shown to increase the tolerance of C. reinhardtii to NH4+ supplementation at 0.7 g/L in TAP medium in 1-L bubble-column bioreactors, resulting in a 22.9 % increase in biomass production, 62.1 % rise in unsaturated fatty acid accumulation, and 19.2 % improvement in harvesting efficiency. Powdered oyster shell mitigated medium acidification (pH 7.2-7.8) and provided dissolved inorganic carbon up to 8.02 × 103 μmol/L, facilitating a 76.3 % NH4+ consumption, release of up to 189 mg/L of Ca2+, a 42.1 % reduction in ζ-potential and 27.7 % increase in flocculation activity of microalgae cells. This study highlights a promising approach to utilize powdered oyster shell as a liming agent, supplement carbon source, and bio-flocculant for enhancing biomass production and microalgae harvesting in NH4+-rich environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jikang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Yuxuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Jinku Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Mingkai Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Guangxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
| | - Haohao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kelly KJ, Mansour A, Liang C, Kim AM, Mancini LA, Bertin MJ, Jenkins BD, Hutchins DA, Fu FX. Simulated upwelling and marine heatwave events promote similar growth rates but differential domoic acid toxicity in Pseudo-nitzschia australis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102467. [PMID: 37544669 PMCID: PMC10404803 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Along the west coast of the United States, highly toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms have been associated with two contrasting regional phenomena: seasonal upwelling and marine heatwaves. While upwelling delivers cool water rich in pCO2 and an abundance of macronutrients to the upper water column, marine heatwaves instead lead to warmer surface waters, low pCO2, and reduced nutrient availability. Understanding Pseudo-nitzschia dynamics under these two conditions is important for bloom forecasting and coastal management, yet the mechanisms driving toxic bloom formation during contrasting upwelling vs. heatwave conditions remain poorly understood. To gain a better understanding of what drives Pseudo-nitzschia australis growth and toxicity during these events, multiple-driver scenario or 'cluster' experiments were conducted using temperature, pCO2, and nutrient levels reflecting conditions during upwelling (13 °C, 900 ppm pCO2, replete nutrients) and two intensities of marine heatwaves (19 °C or 20.5 °C, 250 ppm pCO2, reduced macronutrients). While P. australis grew equally well under both heatwave and upwelling conditions, similar to what has been observed in the natural environment, cells were only toxic in the upwelling treatment. We also conducted single-driver experiments to gain a mechanistic understanding of which drivers most impact P. australis growth and toxicity. These experiments indicated that nitrogen concentration and N:P ratio were likely the drivers that most influenced domoic acid production, while the impacts of temperature or pCO2 concentration were less pronounced. Together, these experiments may help to provide both mechanistic and holistic perspectives on toxic P. australis blooms in the dynamic and changing coastal ocean, where cells interact simultaneously with multiple altered environmental variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyla J Kelly
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amjad Mansour
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chen Liang
- Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrew M Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Lily A Mancini
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Matthew J Bertin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Bethany D Jenkins
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States; Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - David A Hutchins
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fei-Xue Fu
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sanchez-Arcos C, Paris D, Mazzella V, Mutalipassi M, Costantini M, Buia MC, von Elert E, Cutignano A, Zupo V. Responses of the Macroalga Ulva prolifera Müller to Ocean Acidification Revealed by Complementary NMR- and MS-Based Omics Approaches. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120743. [PMID: 36547890 PMCID: PMC9783899 DOI: 10.3390/md20120743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is a dramatic perturbation of seawater environments due to increasing anthropogenic emissions of CO2. Several studies indicated that OA frequently induces marine biota stress and a reduction of biodiversity. Here, we adopted the macroalga Ulva prolifera as a model and applied a complementary multi-omics approach to investigate the metabolic profiles under normal and acidified conditions. Our results show that U. prolifera grows at higher rates in acidified environments. Consistently, we observed lower sucrose and phosphocreatine concentrations in response to a higher demand of energy for growth and a higher availability of essential amino acids, likely related to increased protein biosynthesis. In addition, pathways leading to signaling and deterrent compounds appeared perturbed. Finally, a remarkable shift was observed here for the first time in the fatty acid composition of triglycerides, with a decrease in the relative abundance of PUFAs towards an appreciable increase of palmitic acid, thus suggesting a remodeling in lipid biosynthesis. Overall, our studies revealed modulation of several biosynthetic pathways under OA conditions in which, besides the possible effects on the marine ecosystem, the metabolic changes of the alga should be taken into account considering its potential nutraceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sanchez-Arcos
- Institute for Zoology, Cologne Biocenter University of Cologne, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Debora Paris
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Valerio Mazzella
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia Marine Center, 80077 Ischia, Italy
| | - Mirko Mutalipassi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Calabria Marine Centre, 87071 Amendolara, Italy
| | - Maria Costantini
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Buia
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia Marine Center, 80077 Ischia, Italy
| | - Eric von Elert
- Institute for Zoology, Cologne Biocenter University of Cologne, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Adele Cutignano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (V.Z.); Tel.: +39-081-8675313 (A.C.); +39-081-5833503 (V.Z.)
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80077 Ischia, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (V.Z.); Tel.: +39-081-8675313 (A.C.); +39-081-5833503 (V.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Leung JYS, Zhang S, Connell SD. Is Ocean Acidification Really a Threat to Marine Calcifiers? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 980+ Studies Spanning Two Decades. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107407. [PMID: 35934837 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is considered detrimental to marine calcifiers, but mounting contradictory evidence suggests a need to revisit this concept. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to critically re-evaluate the prevailing paradigm of negative effects of ocean acidification on calcifiers. Based on 5153 observations from 985 studies, many calcifiers (e.g., echinoderms, crustaceans, and cephalopods) are found to be tolerant to near-future ocean acidification (pH ≈ 7.8 by the year 2100), but coccolithophores, calcifying algae, and corals appear to be sensitive. Calcifiers are generally more sensitive at the larval stage than adult stage. Over 70% of the observations in growth and calcification are non-negative, implying the acclimation capacity of many calcifiers to ocean acidification. This capacity can be mediated by phenotypic plasticity (e.g., physiological, mineralogical, structural, and molecular adjustments), transgenerational plasticity, increased food availability, or species interactions. The results suggest that the impacts of ocean acidification on calcifiers are less deleterious than initially thought as their adaptability has been underestimated. Therefore, in the forthcoming era of ocean acidification research, it is advocated that studying how marine organisms persist is as important as studying how they perish, and that future hypotheses and experimental designs are not constrained within the paradigm of negative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y S Leung
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Sam Zhang
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cornwall CE, Harvey BP, Comeau S, Cornwall DL, Hall-Spencer JM, Peña V, Wada S, Porzio L. Understanding coralline algal responses to ocean acidification: Meta-analysis and synthesis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:362-374. [PMID: 34689395 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is a major threat to the persistence of biogenic reefs throughout the world's ocean. Coralline algae are comprised of high magnesium calcite and have long been considered one of the most susceptible taxa to the negative impacts of OA. We summarize these impacts and explore the causes of variability in coralline algal responses using a review/qualitative assessment of all relevant literature, meta-analysis, quantitative assessment of critical responses, and a discussion of physiological mechanisms and directions for future research. We find that most coralline algae experienced reduced abundance, calcification rates, recruitment rates, and declines in pH within the site of calcification in laboratory experiments simulating OA or at naturally elevated CO2 sites. There were no other consistent physiological responses of coralline algae to simulated OA (e.g., photo-physiology, mineralogy, and survival). Calcification/growth was the most frequently measured parameters in coralline algal OA research, and our meta-analyses revealed greater declines in seawater pH were associated with significant decreases in calcification in adults and similar but nonsignificant trends for juveniles. Adults from the family Mesophyllumaceae also tended to be more robust to OA, though there was insufficient data to test similar trends for juveniles. OA was the dominant driver in the majority of laboratory experiments where other local or global drivers were assessed. The interaction between OA and any other single driver was often additive, though factors that changed pH at the surface of coralline algae (light, water motion, epiphytes) acted antagonistically or synergistically with OA more than any other drivers. With advances in experimental design and methodological techniques, we now understand that the physiology of coralline algal calcification largely dictates their responses to OA. However, significant challenges still remain, including improving the geographic and life-history spread of research effort and a need for holistic assessments of physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Cornwall
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ben P Harvey
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Steeve Comeau
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS-INSU, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Daniel L Cornwall
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Viviana Peña
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Coruña, Spain
| | - Shigeki Wada
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Lucia Porzio
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Falkenberg LJ, Scanes E, Ducker J, Ross PM. Biotic habitats as refugia under ocean acidification. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab077. [PMID: 34540232 PMCID: PMC8445512 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Habitat-forming organisms have an important role in ameliorating stressful conditions and may be of particular relevance under a changing climate. Increasing CO2 emissions are driving a range of environmental changes, and one of the key concerns is the rapid acceleration of ocean acidification and associated reduction in pH. Such changes in seawater chemistry are anticipated to have direct negative effects on calcifying organisms, which could, in turn, have negative ecological, economic and human health impacts. However, these calcifying organisms do not exist in isolation, but rather are part of complex ecosystems. Here, we use a qualitative narrative synthesis framework to explore (i) how habitat-forming organisms can act to restrict environmental stress, both now and in the future; (ii) the ways their capacity to do so is modified by local context; and (iii) their potential to buffer the effects of future change through physiological processes and how this can be influenced by management adopted. Specifically, we highlight examples that consider the ability of macroalgae and seagrasses to alter water carbonate chemistry, influence resident organisms under current conditions and their capacity to do so under future conditions, while also recognizing the potential role of other habitats such as adjacent mangroves and saltmarshes. Importantly, we note that the outcome of interactions between these functional groups will be context dependent, influenced by the local abiotic and biotic characteristics. This dependence provides local managers with opportunities to create conditions that enhance the likelihood of successful amelioration. Where individuals and populations are managed effectively, habitat formers could provide local refugia for resident organisms of ecological and economic importance under an acidifying ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Falkenberg
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Elliot Scanes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - James Ducker
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Pauline M Ross
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mandal A, Dutta A, Das R, Mukherjee J. Role of intertidal microbial communities in carbon dioxide sequestration and pollutant removal: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 170:112626. [PMID: 34153859 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal microbial communities occur as biofilms or microphytobenthos (MPB) which are sediment-attached assemblages of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, diatoms embedded in extracellular polymeric substances. Despite their global occurrence, they have not been reviewed in light of their structural and functional characteristics. This paper reviews the importance of such microbial communities and their importance in carbon dioxide sequestration as well as pollutant bioremediation. Global annual benthic microalgal productivity was 500 million tons of carbon, 50% of which contributed towards the autochthonous carbon fixation in the estuaries. Primary production by MPB was 27-234 gCm-2y-1 in the estuaries of Asia, Europe and the United States. Mechanisms of heavy metal removal remain to be tested in intertidal communities. Cyanobacteria facilitate hydrocarbon degradation in intertidal biofilms and microbial mats by supporting the associated sulfate-reducing bacteria and aerobic heterotrophs. Physiological cooperation between the microorganisms in intertidal communities imparts enhanced ability to utilize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants by these microorganisms than mono-species communities. Future research may be focused on biochemical characteristics of intertidal mats and biofilms, pollutant-microbial interactions and ecosystem influences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mandal
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, 700032, India
| | - Ahana Dutta
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, 700032, India
| | - Reshmi Das
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, 700032, India.
| | - Joydeep Mukherjee
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, 700032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fieber AM, Bourdeau PE. Elevated pCO 2 reinforces preference among intertidal algae in both a specialist and generalist herbivore. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 168:112377. [PMID: 33901905 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) can induce changes in marine organisms and species interactions. We examined OA effects on intertidal macroalgal growth, palatability, and consumption by a specialist crab (Pugettia producta) and a generalist snail (Tegula funebralis) herbivore. Moderate increases in pCO2 increased algal growth in most species, but effects of pCO2 on C:N and phenolic content varied by species. Elevated pCO2 had no effect on algal acceptability to herbivores, but did affect their preference ranks. Under elevated pCO2, electivity for a preferred kelp (Egregia menziesii) and preference rankings among algal species strengthened for both P. producta and T. funebralis, attributable to resilience of E. menziesii in elevated pCO2 and to changes in palatability among less-preferred species. Preferred algae may therefore grow more under moderate pCO2 increases in the future, but their appeal to herbivores may be strengthened by associated shifts in nutritional quality and defensive compounds in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Fieber
- Telonicher Marine Laboratory, Humboldt State University, Trinidad, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, USA.
| | - Paul E Bourdeau
- Telonicher Marine Laboratory, Humboldt State University, Trinidad, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zuñiga-Rios D, Vásquez-Elizondo RM, Caamal E, Robledo D. Photosynthetic responses of Halimeda scabra (Chlorophyta, Bryopsidales) to interactive effects of temperature, pH, and nutrients and its carbon pathways. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10958. [PMID: 33717694 PMCID: PMC7938779 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the interactive effects of temperature, pH, and nutrients on photosynthetic performance in the calcareous tropical macroalga Halimeda scabra. A significant interaction among these factors on gross photosynthesis (Pgross) was found. The highest values of Pgross were reached at the highest temperature, pH, and nutrient enrichment tested and similarly in the control treatment (no added nutrients) at 33 °C at the lowest pH. The Q10Pgross values confirmed the effect of temperature only under nutrient enrichment scenarios. Besides the above, bicarbonate (HCO3−) absorption was assessed by the content of carbon stable isotope (δ13C) in algae tissue and by its incorporation into photosynthetic products, as well as by carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors (Acetazolamide, AZ and Ethoxyzolamide, EZ) assays. The labeling of δ13C revealed this species uses both, CO2 and HCO3− forms of Ci relying on a CO2 Concentration Mechanism (CCM). These results were validated by the EZ-AZ inhibition assays in which photosynthesis inhibition was observed, indicating the action of internal CA, whereas AZ inhibitor did not affect maximum photosynthesis (Pmax). The incorporation of 13C isotope into aspartate in light and dark treatments also confirmed photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic the HCO3−uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edgar Caamal
- Department of Marine Resources, Cinvestav, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Daniel Robledo
- Department of Marine Resources, Cinvestav, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ji Y, Gao K. Effects of climate change factors on marine macroalgae: A review. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2020; 88:91-136. [PMID: 34119047 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae, the main primary producers in coastal waters, play important roles in the fishery industry and global carbon cycles. With progressive ocean global changes, however, they are increasingly exposed to enhanced levels of multiple environmental drivers, such as ocean acidification, warming, heatwaves, UV radiation and deoxygenation. While most macroalgae have developed physiological strategies against variations of these drivers, their eco-physiological responses to each or combinations of the drivers differ spatiotemporally and species-specifically. Many freshwater macroalgae are tolerant of pH drop and its diel fluctuations and capable of acclimating to changes in carbonate chemistry. However, calcifying species, such as coralline algae, are very sensitive to acidification of seawater, which reduces their calcification, and additionally, temperature rise and UV further decrease their physiological performance. Except for these calcifying species, both economically important and harmful macroalgae can benefit from elevated CO2 concentrations and moderate temperature rise, which might be responsible for increasing events of harmful macroalgal blooms including green macroalgal blooms caused by Ulva spp. and golden tides caused by Sargassum spp. Upper intertidal macroalgae, especially those tolerant of dehydration during low tide, increase their photosynthesis under elevated CO2 concentrations during the initial dehydration period, however, these species might be endangered by heatwaves, which can expose them to high temperature levels above their thermal windows' upper limit. On the other hand, since macroalgae are distributed in shallow waters, they are inevitably exposed to solar UV radiation. The effects of UV radiation, depending on weather conditions and species, can be harmful as well as beneficial to many species. Moderate levels of UV-A (315-400nm) can enhance photosynthesis of green, brown and red algae, while UV-B (280-315nm) mainly show inhibitory impacts. Although little has been documented on the combined effects of elevated CO2, temperature or heatwaves with UV radiation, exposures to heatwaves during midday under high levels of UV radiation can be detrimental to most species, especially to their microscopic stages which are less tolerant of climate change induced stress. In parallel, reduced availability of dissolved O2 in coastal water along with eutrophication might favour the macroalgae's carboxylation process by suppressing their oxygenation or photorespiration. In this review, we analyse effects of climate change-relevant drivers individually and/or jointly on different macroalgal groups and different life cycle stages based on the literatures surveyed, and provide perspectives for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen, China; School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guy-Haim T, Silverman J, Wahl M, Aguirre J, Noisette F, Rilov G. Epiphytes provide micro-scale refuge from ocean acidification. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 161:105093. [PMID: 32798779 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coralline algae, a major calcifying component of coastal shallow water communities, have been shown to be one of the more vulnerable taxonomic groups to ocean acidification (OA). Under OA, the interaction between corallines and epiphytes was previously described as both positive and negative. We hypothesized that the photosynthetic activity and the complex structure of non-calcifying epiphytic algae that grow on corallines ameliorate the chemical microenvironmental conditions around them, providing protection from OA. Using mesocosm and microsensor experiments, we showed that the widespread coralline Ellisolandia elongata is less susceptible to the detrimental effects of OA when covered with non-calcifying epiphytic algae, and its diffusive boundary layer is thicker than when not covered by epiphytes. By modifying the microenvironmental carbonate chemistry, epiphytes, facilitated by OA, create micro-scale shield (and refuge) with more basic conditions that may allow the persistence of corallines associated with them during acidified conditions. Such ecological refugia could also assist corallines under near-future anthropogenic OA conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Guy-Haim
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 8030, Haifa, 31080, Israel; The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel; GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Experimental Ecology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, 24105, Germany.
| | - Jacob Silverman
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 8030, Haifa, 31080, Israel
| | - Martin Wahl
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Experimental Ecology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Julio Aguirre
- Department of Stratigraphy and Paleontology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/n, 18002, Granada, Spain
| | - Fanny Noisette
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gil Rilov
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 8030, Haifa, 31080, Israel; The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Niu X, Zhang D, Zhang R, Song Q, Li Y, Wang M. Physiological and biochemical responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to phosphine (PH 3) under elevated CO 2. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 94:171-178. [PMID: 32563481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphine (PH3) is an important factor driving the outbreak of cyanobacterial blooms that produce toxic microcystin threating human health. To clarify the physiological and biochemical responses of cyanobacteria to PH3 under elevated CO2 concentration, Microcystis aeruginosa was used in the coupling treatment of 1000 ppmv CO2 and PH3 at different concentrations respectively. The chlorophyll a (Chl-a), carotenoid, net photosynthetic rate and total protein of M. aeruginosa exhibited evidently increasing tendency under the coupling treatment of 1000 ppmv CO2 and PH3 at different concentrations (7.51 × 10-3, 2.48 × 10-2, 7.51 × 10-2 mg/L). The coupling treatments resulted in the higher concentrations of Chl-a and carotenoid of M. aeruginosa, compared to those in the control and the treatment with CO2 alone, and their enhancement increased with the increase in PH3 concentrations. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the coupling treatment with CO2 and PH3 of 2.48 × 10-2 mg/L and 7.51 × 10-3 mg/L showed increasing tendency, compared to the treatment with PH3 alone. Additionally, the coupling treatment with 1000 ppmv CO2 and PH3 also altered the pH and DO level in the culture medium. In this regard, the coupling treatment with CO2 and PH3 at an appropriate concentration can enhance the resistance of M. aeruginosa to PH3 toxicity and is beneficial to the reproduction of M. aeruginosa, presumably resulting in potential for the outbreak of cyanobacteria bloom. Given the concern about global warming and the increase in atmospheric CO2 level, our research laid a foundation for the scientific understanding of the correlation between PH3 and cyanobacteria blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210093, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China.
| | - Runyuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Qi Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Yankun Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Mo Wang
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sordo L, Santos R, Barrote I, Silva J. Temperature amplifies the effect of high CO 2 on the photosynthesis, respiration, and calcification of the coralline algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11000-11009. [PMID: 31641450 PMCID: PMC6802031 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of ocean acidification (OA) and global warming is expected to have a significant effect on the diversity and functioning of marine ecosystems, particularly on calcifying algae such as rhodoliths (maërl) that form extensive beds worldwide, from polar to tropical regions. In addition, the increasing frequency of extreme events, such as heat waves, threatens coastal ecosystems and may affect their capacity to fix blue carbon. The few studies where the simultaneous effects of both temperature and CO2 were investigated have revealed contradictory results. To assess the effect that high temperature spells can have on the maërl beds under OA, we tested the short-time effects of temperature and CO2 on the net photosynthesis, respiration, and calcification of the recently described species Phymatolithon lusitanicum, the most common maërl species of southern Portugal. Photosynthesis, calcification, and respiration increased with temperature, and the differences among treatments were enhanced under high CO2. We found that in the short term, the metabolic rates of Phymatolithon lusitanicum will increase with CO2 and temperature as will the coupling between calcification and photosynthesis. However, under high CO2, this coupling will favor photosynthesis over calcification, which, in the long term, can have a negative effect on the blue carbon fixing capacity of the maërl beds from southern Portugal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sordo
- Marine Plant Ecology Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
- Portuguese Institute of Ocean and Atmosphere (IPMA)OlhãoPortugal
| | - Rui Santos
- Marine Plant Ecology Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - Isabel Barrote
- Marine Plant Ecology Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - João Silva
- Marine Plant Ecology Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mutalipassi M, Mazzella V, Zupo V. Ocean acidification influences plant-animal interactions: The effect of Cocconeis scutellum parva on the sex reversal of Hippolyte inermis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218238. [PMID: 31242214 PMCID: PMC6594605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (O.A.) influences the ecology of oceans and it may impact plant-animal interactions at various levels. Seagrass meadows located at acidified vents in the Bay of Naples (Italy) are considered an open window to forecast the effects of global-changes on aquatic communities. Epiphytic diatoms of the genus Cocconeis are abundant in seagrass meadows, including acidified environments, where they play key ecological roles. A still-unknown apoptogenic compound produced by Cocconeis triggers the suicide of the androgenic gland of Hippolyte inermis Leach 1816, a protandric hermaphroditic shrimp distributed in P. oceanica meadows located both at normal pH and in acidified vents. Feeding on Cocconeis sp. was proven important for the stability of the shrimp's natural populations. Since O.A. affects the physiology of diatoms, we investigated if, in future scenarios of O.A., Cocconeis scutellum parva will still produce an effect on shrimp's physiology. Cell densities of Cocconeis scutellum parva cultivated in custom-designed photobioreactors at two pH conditions (pH 7.7 and 8.2) were compared. In addition, we determined the effects of the ingestion of diatoms on the process of sex reversal of H. inermis and we calculated the % female on the total of mature individuals-1 (F/mat). We observed significant differences in cell densities of C. scutellum parva at the two pH conditions. In fact, the highest cell densities (148,808 ±13,935 cells. mm-2) was obtained at day 13 (pH 7.7) and it is higher than the highest cell densities (38,066 (±4,166) cells. mm-2, day 13) produced at pH 8.2. Diatoms cultured at acidified conditions changed their metabolism. In fact, diatoms grown in acidified conditions produced in H. inermis a proportion of females (F/mat 36.3 ±5.9%) significantly lower than diatoms produced at normal pH (68.5 ±2.8), and it was not significantly different from that elicited by negative controls (31.7 ±5.6%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Mutalipassi
- Integrated Ecology Department, Benthic Ecology Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia, Italy
| | - Valerio Mazzella
- Integrated Ecology Department, Benthic Ecology Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia, Italy
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Integrated Ecology Department, Benthic Ecology Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
In-situ behavioural and physiological responses of Antarctic microphytobenthos to ocean acidification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1890. [PMID: 30760730 PMCID: PMC6374400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is predicted to alter benthic marine community structure and function, however, there is a paucity of field experiments in benthic soft sediment communities and ecosystems. Benthic diatoms are important components of Antarctic coastal ecosystems, however very little is known of how they will respond to ocean acidification. Ocean acidification conditions were maintained by incremental computer controlled addition of high fCO2 seawater representing OA conditions predicted for the year 2100. Respiration chambers and PAM fluorescence techniques were used to investigate acute behavioural, photosynthetic and net production responses of benthic microalgae communities to OA in in-situ field experiments. We demonstrate how OA can modify behavioural ecology, which changes photo-physiology and net production of benthic microalgae. Ocean acidification treatments significantly altered behavioural ecology, which in turn altered photo-physiology. The ecological trends presented here have the potential to manifest into significant ecological change over longer time periods.
Collapse
|
17
|
van der Loos LM, Schmid M, Leal PP, McGraw CM, Britton D, Revill AT, Virtue P, Nichols PD, Hurd CL. Responses of macroalgae to CO 2 enrichment cannot be inferred solely from their inorganic carbon uptake strategy. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:125-140. [PMID: 30680101 PMCID: PMC6342131 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased plant biomass is observed in terrestrial systems due to rising levels of atmospheric CO2, but responses of marine macroalgae to CO2 enrichment are unclear. The 200% increase in CO2 by 2100 is predicted to enhance the productivity of fleshy macroalgae that acquire inorganic carbon solely as CO2 (non-carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanism [CCM] species-i.e., species without a carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanism), whereas those that additionally uptake bicarbonate (CCM species) are predicted to respond neutrally or positively depending on their affinity for bicarbonate. Previous studies, however, show that fleshy macroalgae exhibit a broad variety of responses to CO2 enrichment and the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This physiological study compared the responses of a CCM species (Lomentaria australis) with a non-CCM species (Craspedocarpus ramentaceus) to CO2 enrichment with regards to growth, net photosynthesis, and biochemistry. Contrary to expectations, there was no enrichment effect for the non-CCM species, whereas the CCM species had a twofold greater growth rate, likely driven by a downregulation of the energetically costly CCM(s). This saved energy was invested into new growth rather than storage lipids and fatty acids. In addition, we conducted a comprehensive literature synthesis to examine the extent to which the growth and photosynthetic responses of fleshy macroalgae to elevated CO2 are related to their carbon acquisition strategies. Findings highlight that the responses of macroalgae to CO2 enrichment cannot be inferred solely from their carbon uptake strategy, and targeted physiological experiments on a wider range of species are needed to better predict responses of macroalgae to future oceanic change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luna M. van der Loos
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Marine EcologyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Pablo P. Leal
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP)Puerto MonttChile
| | - Christina M. McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, NIWA/University of Otago Research Centre for OceanographyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Damon Britton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | - Patti Virtue
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- CSIRO Oceans and AtmosphereHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Antarctic Climate and EcosystemsCooperative Research CentreHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Peter D. Nichols
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- CSIRO Oceans and AtmosphereHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Catriona L. Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumar A, AbdElgawad H, Castellano I, Selim S, Beemster GTS, Asard H, Buia MC, Palumbo A. Effects of ocean acidification on the levels of primary and secondary metabolites in the brown macroalga Sargassum vulgare at different time scales. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:946-956. [PMID: 29960231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most of the studies regarding the impact of ocean acidification on macroalgae have been carried out for short-term periods, in controlled laboratory conditions, thus hampering the possibility to scale up the effects on long-term. In the present study, the volcanic CO2 vents off Ischia Island were used as a natural laboratory to investigate the metabolic response of the brown alga Sargassum vulgare to acidification at different time scales. For long-term effects, algal populations naturally growing at acidified and control sites were compared. For short-term responses, in situ reciprocal transplants from control to acidified site and vice-versa were performed. Changes in the levels of sugars, fatty acids (FAs), amino acids (AAs), antioxidants, and phenolic compounds were examined. Our main finding includes variable metabolic response of this alga at different time scales to natural acidification. The levels of sugars, FAs, and some secondary metabolites were lower in the natural population at the acidified site, whereas the majority of AAs were higher than those detected in thalli growing at control site. Moreover, in algae transplanted from control to acidified site, soluble sugars (glucose and mannose), majority of AAs, and FAs increased in comparison to control plants transplanted within the same site. The differences in the response of the macroalga suggest that the metabolic changes observed in transplants may be due to acclimation that supports algae to cope with acidification, thus leading to adaptation to lowered pH in long time scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Center of Villa Dohrn Ischia - Benthic Ecology, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, P.ta S. Pietro, Ischia, Naples, Italy; Centre for Climate Change Studies, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research Group (IMPRES), Department of Biology, Groenenborgerlaan 171, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. 2014, Saudi Arabia; Microbiology and Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia P.O. 41522, Egypt
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research Group (IMPRES), Department of Biology, Groenenborgerlaan 171, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research Group (IMPRES), Department of Biology, Groenenborgerlaan 171, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Cristina Buia
- Center of Villa Dohrn Ischia - Benthic Ecology, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, P.ta S. Pietro, Ischia, Naples, Italy.
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leung JYS, Nagelkerken I, Russell BD, Ferreira CM, Connell SD. Boosted nutritional quality of food by CO 2 enrichment fails to offset energy demand of herbivores under ocean warming, causing energy depletion and mortality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:360-366. [PMID: 29791888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The CO2-boosted trophic transfer from primary producers to herbivores has been increasingly discovered at natural CO2 vents and in laboratory experiments. Despite the emerging knowledge of this boosting effect, we do not know the extent to which it may be enhanced or dampened by ocean warming. We investigated whether ocean acidification and warming enhance the nutritional quality (C:N ratio) and energy content of turf algae, which is speculated to drive higher feeding rate, greater energy budget and eventually faster growth of herbivores. This proposal was tested by observing the physiological (feeding rate, respiration rate and energy budget) and demographic responses (growth and survival) of a common grazing gastropod (Phasianella australis) to ocean acidification and warming in a 6-month mesocosm experiment. Whilst we observed the boosting effect of ocean acidification and warming in isolation on the energy budget of herbivores by either increasing feeding rate on the more nutritious algae or increasing energy gain per feeding effort, their growth and survival were reduced by the sublethal thermal stress under ocean warming, especially when both climate change stressors were combined. This reduced growth and survival occurred as a consequence of depleted energy reserves, suggesting that the boosting effect via trophic transfer might not sufficiently compensate for the increased energy demand imposed by ocean warming. In circumstances where ocean acidification and warming create an energy demand on herbivores that outweighs the energy enhancement of their food (i.e. primary producers), the performance of herbivores to control their blooming resources likely deteriorates and thus runaway primary production ensues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y S Leung
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bayden D Russell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; The Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Camilo M Ferreira
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
González CP, Edding M, Torres R, Manríquez PH. Increased temperature but not pCO 2 levels affect early developmental and reproductive traits of the economically important habitat-forming kelp Lessonia trabeculata. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:694-703. [PMID: 30301088 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ocean warming and ocean acidification on developmental and reproductive traits of Lessonia trabeculata were evaluated. Meiospores were cultured for 35 days in an experimental mesocosm where temperature (~15 and 19 °C) and partial CO2 pressure (pCO2, ~400 and 1300 μatm) were controlled. The results indicate that germination was reduced at 19 °C, whereas the increase of pCO2 only had effects at 15 °C. Likewise, the increase in temperature significantly affected the vegetative growth of female gametophytes. Sex ratio was not affected significantly by any of the variables studied. Fertility and reproductive success decreased by about 50% at 19 °C. The pCO2 levels had no significant effects on most early developmental traits. The results suggest that ocean warming or periodic warming events (e.g. an El Niño event) might affect the recruiting capacity of this or other similar species by affecting their early developmental stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio P González
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Mario Edding
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile; Centro de Investigación: Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cavalcanti GS, Shukla P, Morris M, Ribeiro B, Foley M, Doane MP, Thompson CC, Edwards MS, Dinsdale EA, Thompson FL. Rhodoliths holobionts in a changing ocean: host-microbes interactions mediate coralline algae resilience under ocean acidification. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:701. [PMID: 30249182 PMCID: PMC6154897 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Life in the ocean will increasingly have to contend with a complex matrix of concurrent shifts in environmental properties that impact their physiology and control their life histories. Rhodoliths are coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) that are photosynthesizers, calcifiers, and ecosystem engineers and therefore represent important targets for ocean acidification (OA) research. Here, we exposed live rhodoliths to near-future OA conditions to investigate responses in their photosynthetic capacity, calcium carbonate production, and associated microbiome using carbon uptake, decalcification assays, and whole genome shotgun sequencing metagenomic analysis, respectively. The results from our live rhodolith assays were compared to similar manipulations on dead rhodolith (calcareous skeleton) biofilms and water column microbial communities, thereby enabling the assessment of host-microbiome interaction under climate-driven environmental perturbations. Results Under high pCO2 conditions, live rhodoliths exhibited positive physiological responses, i.e. increased photosynthetic activity, and no calcium carbonate biomass loss over time. Further, whereas the microbiome associated with live rhodoliths remained stable and resembled a healthy holobiont, the microbial community associated with the water column changed after exposure to elevated pCO2. Conclusions Our results suggest that a tightly regulated microbial-host interaction, as evidenced by the stability of the rhodolith microbiome recorded here under OA-like conditions, is important for host resilience to environmental stress. This study extends the scarce comprehension of microbes associated with rhodolith beds and their reaction to increased pCO2, providing a more comprehensive approach to OA studies by assessing the host holobiont. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5064-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle S Cavalcanti
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil. .,Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
| | - Priya Shukla
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Megan Morris
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Bárbara Ribeiro
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Mariah Foley
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Michael P Doane
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Cristiane C Thompson
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Matthew S Edwards
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | | | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Johns CT, Grubb AR, Nissimov JI, Natale F, Knapp V, Mui A, Fredricks HF, Van Mooy BAS, Bidle KD. The mutual interplay between calcification and coccolithovirus infection. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:1896-1915. [PMID: 30043404 PMCID: PMC7379532 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two prominent characteristics of marine coccolithophores are their secretion of coccoliths and their susceptibility to infection by coccolithoviruses (EhVs), both of which display variation among cells in culture and in natural populations. We examined the impact of calcification on infection by challenging a variety of Emiliania huxleyi strains at different calcification states with EhVs of different virulence. Reduced cellular calcification was associated with increased infection and EhV production, even though calcified cells and associated coccoliths had significantly higher adsorption coefficients than non-calcified (naked) cells. Sialic acid glycosphingolipids, molecules thought to mediate EhV infection, were generally more abundant in calcified cells and enriched in purified, sorted coccoliths, suggesting a biochemical link between calcification and adsorption rates. In turn, viable EhVs impacted cellular calcification absent of lysis by inducing dramatic shifts in optical side scatter signals and a massive release of detached coccoliths in a subpopulation of cells, which could be triggered by resuspension of healthy, calcified host cells in an EhV-free, 'induced media'. Our findings show that calcification is a key component of the E. huxleyi-EhV arms race and an aspect that is critical both to the modelling of these host-virus interactions in the ocean and interpreting their impact on the global carbon cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Johns
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Austin R Grubb
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Jozef I Nissimov
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Frank Natale
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Viki Knapp
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,University of South Carolina, Honors College, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Alwin Mui
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Helen F Fredricks
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Benjamin A S Van Mooy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Kay D Bidle
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zweng RC, Koch MS, Bowes G. The role of irradiance and C-use strategies in tropical macroalgae photosynthetic response to ocean acidification. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9479. [PMID: 29930306 PMCID: PMC6013460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fleshy macroalgae may increase photosynthesis with greater CO2 availability under ocean acidification (OA) and outcompete calcifying macroalgae important for tropical reef accretion. Macroalgae use energy-dependent carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to take up HCO3-, the dominant inorganic carbon for marine photosynthesis, but carbon-use strategies may depend on the pCO2, pH and irradiance. We examined photosynthesis in eight tropical macroalgae across a range of irradiances (0-1200 μmol photon m-2 s-1), pH levels (7.5-8.5) and CO2 concentrations (3-43 μmol kg-1). Species-specific CCM strategies were assessed using inhibitors and δ13C isotope signatures. Our results indicate that the log of irradiance is a predictor of the photosynthetic response to elevated pCO2 (R2 > 0.95). All species utilized HCO3-, exhibited diverse C-use pathways and demonstrated facultative HCO3- use. All fleshy species had positive photosynthetic responses to OA, in contrast to a split amongst calcifiers. We suggest that shifts in photosynthetically-driven tropical macroalgal changes due to OA will most likely occur in moderate to high-irradiance environments when CCMs are ineffective at meeting the C-demands of photosynthesis. Further, facultative use of HCO3- allows greater access to CO2 for photosynthesis under OA conditions, particularly amongst fleshy macroalgae, which could contribute to enhance fleshy species dominance over calcifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina C Zweng
- Biological Sciences Department, Aquatic Plant Ecology Lab, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 618 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Marguerite S Koch
- Biological Sciences Department, Aquatic Plant Ecology Lab, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - George Bowes
- Department of Biology University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sordo L, Santos R, Barrote I, Silva J. High CO 2 decreases the long-term resilience of the free-living coralline algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4781-4792. [PMID: 29876057 PMCID: PMC5980507 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mäerl/rhodolith beds are protected habitats that may be affected by ocean acidification (OA), but it is still unclear how the availability of CO 2 will affect the metabolism of these organisms. Some of the inconsistencies found among OA experimental studies may be related to experimental exposure time and synergetic effects with other stressors. Here, we investigated the long-term (up to 20 months) effects of OA on the production and calcification of the most common mäerl species of southern Portugal, Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Both the photosynthetic and calcification rates increased with CO 2 after the first 11 months of the experiment, whereas respiration slightly decreased with CO 2. After 20 months, the pattern was reversed. Acidified algae showed lower photosynthetic and calcification rates, as well as lower accumulated growth than control algae, suggesting that a metabolic threshold was exceeded. Our results indicate that long-term exposure to high CO 2 will decrease the resilience of Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Our results also show that shallow communities of these rhodoliths may be particularly at risk, while deeper rhodolith beds may become ocean acidification refuges for this biological community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sordo
- Marine Plant Ecology Research GroupCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - Rui Santos
- Marine Plant Ecology Research GroupCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - Isabel Barrote
- Marine Plant Ecology Research GroupCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - João Silva
- Marine Plant Ecology Research GroupCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Legrand E, Riera P, Bohner O, Coudret J, Schlicklin F, Derrien M, Martin S. Impact of ocean acidification and warming on the productivity of a rock pool community. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 136:78-88. [PMID: 29472033 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined experimentally the combined effect of ocean acidification and warming on the productivity of rock pool multi-specific assemblages, composed of coralline algae, fleshy algae, and grazers. Natural rock pool communities experience high environmental fluctuations. This may confer physiological advantage to rock pool communities when facing predicted acidification and warming. The effect of ocean acidification and warming have been assessed at both individual and assemblage level to examine the importance of species interactions in the response of assemblages. We hypothesized that rock pool assemblages have physiological advantage when facing predicted ocean acidification and warming. Species exhibited species-specific responses to increased temperature and pCO2. Increased temperature and pCO2 have no effect on assemblage photosynthesis, which was mostly influenced by fleshy algal primary production. The response of coralline algae to ocean acidification and warming depended on the season, which evidenced the importance of physiological adaptations to their environment in their response to climate change. We suggest that rock pool assemblages are relatively robust to changes in temperature and pCO2, in terms of primary production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwann Legrand
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France.
| | - Pascal Riera
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Olivier Bohner
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Jérôme Coudret
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Ferdinand Schlicklin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Marie Derrien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hernández CA, Sangil C, Fanai A, Hernández JC. Macroalgal response to a warmer ocean with higher CO 2 concentration. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 136:99-105. [PMID: 29478765 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary production and respiration rates were studied for six seaweed species (Cystoseira abies-marina, Lobophora variegata, Pterocladiella capillacea, Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Padina pavonica and Corallina caespitosa) from Subtropical North-East Atlantic, to estimate the combined effects of different pH and temperature levels. Macroalgal samples were cultured at temperature and pH combinations ranging from current levels to those predicted for the next century (19, 21, 23, 25 °C, pH: 8.1, 7.7 and 7.4). Decreased pH had a positive effect on short-term production of the studied species. Raised temperatures had a more varied and species dependent effect on short term primary production. Thermophilic algae increased their production at higher temperatures, while temperate species were more productive at lower or present temperature conditions. Temperature also affected algal respiration rates, which were higher at low temperature levels. The results suggest that biomass and productivity of the more tropical species in coastal ecosystems would be enhanced by future ocean conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celso A Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias (Sección Biología), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Carlos Sangil
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias (Sección Biología), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | - José Carlos Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias (Sección Biología), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gimenez Papiol G. Climate conditions, and changes, affect microalgae communities… should we worry? INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2018; 14:181-184. [PMID: 29193695 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae play a pivotal role in the regulation of Earth's climate and its cycles, but are also affected by climate change, mainly by changes in temperature, light, ocean acidification, water stratification, and precipitation-induced nutrient inputs. The changes and impacts on microalgae communities are difficult to study, predict, and manage, but there is no doubt that there will be changes. These changes will have impacts beyond microalgae communities, and many of them will be negative. Some actions are currently ongoing for the mitigation of some of the negative impacts, such as harmful algal blooms and water quality, but global efforts for reducing CO2 emissions, temperature rises, and ocean acidification are paramount for reducing the impact of climate change on microalgae communities, and eventually, on human well-being. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:181-184. © 2018 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Gimenez Papiol
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Present address: Fondazione IMC - Centro Marino Internazionale ONLUS, Località Sa Mardini - Torregrande, Oristano, Sardegna, Italia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shi X, Li S, Wei L, Qin B, Brookes JD. CO 2 alters community composition of freshwater phytoplankton: A microcosm experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:69-77. [PMID: 28688257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of CO2 and related changes in water carbonate chemistry on freshwater phytoplankton were studied in in situ microcosm experiments, performed in East Lake Taihu, in August 2013 and April 2014, respectively. The microcosm treatments represented low (270ppm), present (380ppm), and high (750ppm) pCO2 conditions. Elevated CO2 decreased pH and increased aqueous CO2 concentrations, and did not change alkalinity. The maximum reduction of pH was 0.26 when CO2 increased from current level to 750ppm at the ending of experiment in the spring. The rise of pCO2 stimulated the growth of phytoplankton, and the net primary production could increase by 35% when CO2 was elevated from current level to 750ppm in summer. Interestingly, our results indicated that increasing pCO2 affected phytoplankton community structure in the microcosms. Cyanobacteria tended to be superior under high pCO2, with two species Anabaena circinalis and Anabaena eucompacta benefitting from the rising pCO2. The response of chlorophytes and diatoms to the rise of pCO2 depended on taxa. In contrast, increased CO2 did not change biomass or productivity of phytoplankton in spring, when biomass was relatively low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Lijun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Boqiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Justin D Brookes
- Water Research Centre, Environment Institute, School of Biological, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jellison BM, Ninokawa AT, Hill TM, Sanford E, Gaylord B. Ocean acidification alters the response of intertidal snails to a key sea star predator. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0890. [PMID: 27358371 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Organism-level effects of ocean acidification (OA) are well recognized. Less understood are OA's consequences for ecological species interactions. Here, we examine a behaviourally mediated predator-prey interaction within the rocky intertidal zone of the temperate eastern Pacific Ocean, using it as a model system to explore OA's capacity to impair invertebrate anti-predator behaviours more broadly. Our system involves the iconic sea star predator, Pisaster ochraceus, that elicits flee responses in numerous gastropod prey. We examine, in particular, the capacity for OA-associated reductions in pH to alter flight behaviours of the black turban snail, Tegula funebralis, an often-abundant and well-studied grazer in the system. We assess interactions between these species at 16 discrete levels of pH, quantifying the full functional response of Tegula under present and near-future OA conditions. Results demonstrate the disruption of snail anti-predator behaviours at low pH, with decreases in the time individuals spend in refuge locations. We also show that fluctuations in pH, including those typical of rock pools inhabited by snails, do not materially change outcomes, implying little capacity for episodically benign pH conditions to aid behavioural recovery. Together, these findings suggest a strong potential for OA to induce cascading community-level shifts within this long-studied ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron T Ninokawa
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Tessa M Hill
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ghedini G, Connell SD. Moving ocean acidification research beyond a simple science: Investigating ecological change and their stabilizers. FOOD WEBS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
31
|
Hendriks IE, Duarte CM, Marbà N, Krause-Jensen D. pH gradients in the diffusive boundary layer of subarctic macrophytes. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
32
|
Cornwall CE, Revill AT, Hall-Spencer JM, Milazzo M, Raven JA, Hurd CL. Inorganic carbon physiology underpins macroalgal responses to elevated CO 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46297. [PMID: 28417970 PMCID: PMC5394685 DOI: 10.1038/srep46297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of CO2 on photosynthetic organisms will be a key driver of ecosystem change under ocean acidification. Predicting the responses of macroalgal species to ocean acidification is complex, but we demonstrate that the response of assemblages to elevated CO2 are correlated with inorganic carbon physiology. We assessed abundance patterns and a proxy for CO2:HCO3- use (δ13C values) of macroalgae along a gradient of CO2 at a volcanic seep, and examined how shifts in species abundance at other Mediterranean seeps are related to macroalgal inorganic carbon physiology. Five macroalgal species capable of using both HCO3- and CO2 had greater CO2 use as concentrations increased. These species (and one unable to use HCO3-) increased in abundance with elevated CO2 whereas obligate calcifying species, and non-calcareous macroalgae whose CO2 use did not increase consistently with concentration, declined in abundance. Physiological groupings provide a mechanistic understanding that will aid us in determining which species will benefit from ocean acidification and why.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Cornwall
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- School of Earth Sciences, Oceans Institute, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | | | - Jason M. Hall-Spencer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
- Shimoda Marine Research Centre, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Marco Milazzo
- DiSTeM, CoNISMa, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - John A. Raven
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Catriona L. Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Costa GB, Simioni C, Pereira DT, Ramlov F, Maraschin M, Chow F, Horta PA, Bouzon ZL, Schmidt ÉC. The brown seaweed Sargassum cymosum: changes in metabolism and cellular organization after long-term exposure to cadmium. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:817-837. [PMID: 27352314 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sargassum cymosum was exposed to cadmium (Cd) to determine any physiological and ultrastructural effects. To accomplish this, S. cymosum samples were cultivated under photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and Cd (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg L-1) during 7 and 14 days in laboratory-controlled conditions (0 mg L-1 Cd at both exposure times as control). Seaweeds had high retention capacity (over 90 %) for both exposure times. Growth rates showed significant increases by 14 days, especially for 0.1 and 0.4 mg L-1 Cd. Photosynthetic parameters were unaffected by Cd treatments. Chlorophyll contents were present in higher concentrations for all Cd treatments compared to respective control. Carotenoid profile showed significant differences in total composition and proportion of fucoxanthin and β-carotene, and no lutein was detected at 14 days. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds showed major accumulation at 14 days. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses presented major alterations in Cd-treated samples, when compared with respective control, in particular disorganization of cell wall fibrils. When compared to respective control samples, multivariate analyses showed disparate and complex interactions among metabolites in Cd-exposed seaweeds, giving evidence of physiological defence response. Thus, it can be concluded that Cd is a stressor for S. cymosum, resulting in physiological and structural alterations related to defence mechanisms against oxidative stress and toxicological effects resulting from long-term metal exposure. However, in the present paper, some observed changes also appear to result from acclimation mechanisms under lower concentration of Cd relative to the tolerance of S. cymosum to experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia B Costa
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Carmen Simioni
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Débora T Pereira
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ramlov
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Maraschin
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Fungyi Chow
- Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, CEP, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Horta
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Zenilda L Bouzon
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Éder C Schmidt
- Postgraduate Program in Cell Biology and Development, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianopolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fernández PA, Roleda MY, Leal PP, Hurd CL. Seawater pH, and not inorganic nitrogen source, affects pH at the blade surface of Macrocystis pyrifera: implications for responses of the giant kelp to future oceanic conditions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:107-119. [PMID: 27293117 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), the ongoing decline in seawater pH, is predicted to have wide-ranging effects on marine organisms and ecosystems. For seaweeds, the pH at the thallus surface, within the diffusion boundary layer (DBL), is one of the factors controlling their response to OA. Surface pH is controlled by both the pH of the bulk seawater and by the seaweeds' metabolism: photosynthesis and respiration increase and decrease pH within the DBL (pHDBL ), respectively. However, other metabolic processes, especially the uptake of inorganic nitrogen (Ni ; NO3- and NH4+ ) may also affect the pHDBL . Using Macrocystis pyrifera, we hypothesized that (1) NO3- uptake will increase the pHDBL , whereas NH4+ uptake will decrease it, (2) if NO3- is cotransported with H+ , increases in pHDBL would be greater under an OA treatment (pH = 7.65) than under an ambient treatment (pH = 8.00), and (3) decreases in pHDBL will be smaller at pH 7.65 than at pH 8.00, as higher external [H+ ] might affect the strength of the diffusion gradient. Overall, Ni source did not affect the pHDBL . However, increases in pHDBL were greater at pH 7.65 than at pH 8.00. CO2 uptake was higher at pH 7.65 than at pH 8.00, whereas HCO3- uptake was unaffected by pH. Photosynthesis and respiration control pHDBL rather than Ni uptake. We suggest that under future OA, Macrocystis pyrifera will metabolically modify its surface microenvironment such that the physiological processes of photosynthesis and Ni uptake will not be affected by a reduced pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Y Roleda
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Pablo P Leal
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Collins S. Growth rate evolution in improved environments under Prodigal Son dynamics. Evol Appl 2016; 9:1179-1188. [PMID: 27695525 PMCID: PMC5039330 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
I use an individual-based model to investigate the evolution of cell division rates in asexual populations under chronic environmental enrichment. I show that maintaining increased growth rates over hundreds of generations following environmental improvement can be limited by increases in cellular damage associated with more rapid reproduction. In the absence of further evolution to either increase damage tolerance or decrease the cost of repair or rate of damage, environmental improvement does not reliably lead to long-term increases in reproductive rate in microbes. Here, more rapid cell division rates also increases damage, leading to selection for damage avoidance or repair, and a subsequent decrease in population growth, which I call Prodigal Son dynamics, because the consequences of 'living fast' force a return to ancestral growth rates. Understanding the conditions under which environmental enrichment is expected to sustainably increase cell division rates is important in applications that require rapid cell division (e.g. biofuel reactors) or seek to avoid the emergence of rapid cell division rates (controlling biofouling).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Collins
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sordo L, Santos R, Reis J, Shulika A, Silva J. A direct CO 2 control system for ocean acidification experiments: testing effects on the coralline red algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2503. [PMID: 27703853 PMCID: PMC5045892 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most ocean acidification (OA) experimental systems rely on pH as an indirect way to control CO2. However, accurate pH measurements are difficult to obtain and shifts in temperature and/or salinity alter the relationship between pH and pCO2. Here we describe a system in which the target pCO2 is controlled via direct analysis of pCO2 in seawater. This direct type of control accommodates potential temperature and salinity shifts, as the target variable is directly measured instead of being estimated. Water in a header tank is permanently re-circulated through an air-water equilibrator. The equilibrated air is then routed to an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) that measures pCO2 and conveys this value to a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. The controller commands a solenoid valve that opens and closes the CO2 flush that is bubbled into the header tank. This low-cost control system allows the maintenance of stabilized levels of pCO2 for extended periods of time ensuring accurate experimental conditions. This system was used to study the long term effect of OA on the coralline red algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum. We found that after 11 months of high CO2 exposure, photosynthesis increased with CO2 as opposed to respiration, which was positively affected by temperature. Results showed that this system is adequate to run long-term OA experiments and can be easily adapted to test other relevant variables simultaneously with CO2, such as temperature, irradiance and nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sordo
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve , FARO , Portugal
| | - Rui Santos
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve , FARO , Portugal
| | - Joao Reis
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve , FARO , Portugal
| | - Alona Shulika
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve , FARO , Portugal
| | - Joao Silva
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve , FARO , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Britton D, Cornwall CE, Revill AT, Hurd CL, Johnson CR. Ocean acidification reverses the positive effects of seawater pH fluctuations on growth and photosynthesis of the habitat-forming kelp, Ecklonia radiata. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26036. [PMID: 27229624 PMCID: PMC4882519 DOI: 10.1038/srep26036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is the reduction in seawater pH due to the absorption of human-released CO2 by the world's oceans. The average surface oceanic pH is predicted to decline by 0.4 units by 2100. However, kelp metabolically modifies seawater pH via photosynthesis and respiration in some temperate coastal systems, resulting in daily pH fluctuations of up to ±0.45 units. It is unknown how these fluctuations in pH influence the growth and physiology of the kelp, or how this might change with OA. In laboratory experiments that mimicked the most extreme pH fluctuations measured within beds of the canopy-forming kelp Ecklonia radiata in Tasmania, the growth and photosynthetic rates of juvenile E. radiata were greater under fluctuating pH (8.4 in the day, 7.8 at night) than in static pH treatments (8.4, 8.1, 7.8). However, pH fluctuations had no effect on growth rates and a negative effect on photosynthesis when the mean pH of each treatment was reduced by 0.3 units. Currently, pH fluctuations have a positive effect on E. radiata but this effect could be reversed in the future under OA, which is likely to impact the future ecological dynamics and productivity of habitats dominated by E. radiata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damon Britton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Christopher E. Cornwall
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- School of Earth and Environment, Oceans Institute, & ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Catriona L. Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Craig R. Johnson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chan BKK, Wang TW, Chen PC, Lin CW, Chan TY, Tsang LM. Community Structure of Macrobiota and Environmental Parameters in Shallow Water Hydrothermal Vents off Kueishan Island, Taiwan. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148675. [PMID: 26849440 PMCID: PMC4744018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal vents represent a unique habitat in the marine ecosystem characterized with high water temperature and toxic acidic chemistry. Vents are distributed at depths ranging from a few meters to several thousand meters. The biological communities of shallow-water vents have, however, been insufficiently studied in most biogeographic areas. We attempted to characterize the macrofauna and macroflora community inhabiting the shallow-water vents off Kueishan Island, Taiwan, to identify the main abiotic factors shaping the community structure and the species distribution. We determined that positively buoyant vent fluid exhibits a more pronounced negative impact to species on the surface water than on the bottom layer. Species richness increased with horizontal distance from the vent, and continuing for a distance of 2000 m, indicating that the vent fluid may exert a negative impact over several kilometers. The community structure off Kueishan Island displayed numerous transitions along the horizontal gradient, which were broadly congruent with changes in environmental conditions. Combination of variation in Ca2+, Cl-, temperature, pH and depth were revealed to show the strongest correlation with the change in benthic community structure, suggesting multiple factors of vent fluid were influencing the associated fauna. Only the vent crabs of Kueishan Island may have an obligated relationship with vents and inhabit the vent mouths because other fauna found nearby are opportunistic taxa that are more tolerant to acidic and toxic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Teng-Wei Wang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chen Chen
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Exhibition, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
| | - Tin-Yam Chan
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ling Ming Tsang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Roleda MY, Cornwall CE, Feng Y, McGraw CM, Smith AM, Hurd CL. Effect of Ocean Acidification and pH Fluctuations on the Growth and Development of Coralline Algal Recruits, and an Associated Benthic Algal Assemblage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140394. [PMID: 26469945 PMCID: PMC4607452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coralline algae are susceptible to the changes in the seawater carbonate system associated with ocean acidification (OA). However, the coastal environments in which corallines grow are subject to large daily pH fluctuations which may affect their responses to OA. Here, we followed the growth and development of the juvenile coralline alga Arthrocardia corymbosa, which had recruited into experimental conditions during a prior experiment, using a novel OA laboratory culture system to simulate the pH fluctuations observed within a kelp forest. Microscopic life history stages are considered more susceptible to environmental stress than adult stages; we compared the responses of newly recruited A. corymbosa to static and fluctuating seawater pH with those of their field-collected parents. Recruits were cultivated for 16 weeks under static pH 8.05 and 7.65, representing ambient and 4× preindustrial pCO2 concentrations, respectively, and two fluctuating pH treatments of daily [Formula: see text] (daytime pH = 8.45, night-time pH = 7.65) and daily [Formula: see text] (daytime pH = 8.05, night-time pH = 7.25). Positive growth rates of new recruits were recorded in all treatments, and were highest under static pH 8.05 and lowest under fluctuating pH 7.65. This pattern was similar to the adults' response, except that adults had zero growth under fluctuating pH 7.65. The % dry weight of MgCO3 in calcite of the juveniles was reduced from 10% at pH 8.05 to 8% at pH 7.65, but there was no effect of pH fluctuation. A wide range of fleshy macroalgae and at least 6 species of benthic diatoms recruited across all experimental treatments, from cryptic spores associated with the adult A. corymbosa. There was no effect of experimental treatment on the growth of the benthic diatoms. On the community level, pH-sensitive species may survive lower pH in the presence of diatoms and fleshy macroalgae, whose high metabolic activity may raise the pH of the local microhabitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuanyuan Feng
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Abigail M. Smith
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Catriona L. Hurd
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hurd CL. Slow-flow habitats as refugia for coastal calcifiers from ocean acidification. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:599-605. [PMID: 26986784 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The pH of the oceans' surface water is dropping, termed ocean acidification (OA), and the 0.4 unit reduction in pH by 2100 is projected to negatively impact benthic coastal organisms that produce calcium carbonate "skeletons." Research has focussed on identifying species that are susceptible to OA, but there is an urgent need to discover refuge habitats that will afford protection to vulnerable species. The susceptibility of calcium carbonate skeletons to dissolution by OA depends on the pH at their surface, and this is controlled by the interaction between seawater velocity and organismal metabolism. This perspective considers how seawater velocity modifies the responses of calcifying organisms (seaweed, shellfish, and tropical corals) to OA through its action on controlling diffusion boundary layer thickness and thereby the pH and calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω) at the organisms' surface. Evidence is presented to support the idea that slow-flow habitats, such as wave-sheltered bays or the within canopies of seaweed/seagrass beds, might provide inexpensive refugia from OA for vulnerable coastal calcifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Iñiguez C, Carmona R, Lorenzo MR, Niell FX, Wiencke C, Gordillo FJL. Increased CO2 modifies the carbon balance and the photosynthetic yield of two common Arctic brown seaweeds: Desmarestia aculeata and Alaria esculenta. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1724-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
42
|
Fernández PA, Roleda MY, Hurd CL. Effects of ocean acidification on the photosynthetic performance, carbonic anhydrase activity and growth of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 124:293-304. [PMID: 25869634 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Under ocean acidification (OA), the 200 % increase in CO2(aq) and the reduction of pH by 0.3-0.4 units are predicted to affect the carbon physiology and growth of macroalgae. Here we examined how the physiology of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera is affected by elevated pCO2/low pH. Growth and photosynthetic rates, external and internal carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, HCO3 (-) versus CO2 use were determined over a 7-day incubation at ambient pCO2 400 µatm/pH 8.00 and a future OA treatment of pCO2 1200 µatm/pH 7.59. Neither the photosynthetic nor growth rates were changed by elevated CO2 supply in the OA treatment. These results were explained by the greater use of HCO3 (-) compared to CO2 as an inorganic carbon (Ci) source to support photosynthesis. Macrocystis is a mixed HCO3 (-) and CO2 user that exhibits two effective mechanisms for HCO3 (-) utilization; as predicted for species that possess carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), photosynthesis was not substantially affected by elevated pCO2. The internal CA activity was also unaffected by OA, and it remained high and active throughout the experiment; this suggests that HCO3 (-) uptake via an anion exchange protein was not affected by OA. Our results suggest that photosynthetic Ci uptake and growth of Macrocystis will not be affected by elevated pCO2/low pH predicted for the future, but the combined effects with other environmental factors like temperature and nutrient availability could change the physiological response of Macrocystis to OA. Therefore, further studies will be important to elucidate how this species might respond to the global environmental change predicted for the ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Fernández
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chen CS, Anaya JM, Chen EYT, Farr E, Chin WC. Ocean warming-acidification synergism undermines dissolved organic matter assembly. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118300. [PMID: 25714090 PMCID: PMC4340923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the influence of synergisms on natural processes is a critical step toward determining the full-extent of anthropogenic stressors. As carbon emissions continue unabated, two major stressors--warming and acidification--threaten marine systems on several scales. Here, we report that a moderate temperature increase (from 30°C to 32°C) is sufficient to slow--even hinder--the ability of dissolved organic matter, a major carbon pool, to self-assemble to form marine microgels, which contribute to the particulate organic matter pool. Moreover, acidification lowers the temperature threshold at which we observe our results. These findings carry implications for the marine carbon cycle, as self-assembled marine microgels generate an estimated global seawater budget of ~1016 g C. We used laser scattering spectroscopy to test the influence of temperature and pH on spontaneous marine gel assembly. The results of independent experiments revealed that at a particular point, both pH and temperature block microgel formation (32°C, pH 8.2), and disperse existing gels (35°C). We then tested the hypothesis that temperature and pH have a synergistic influence on marine gel dispersion. We found that the dispersion temperature decreases concurrently with pH: from 32°C at pH 8.2, to 28°C at pH 7.5. If our laboratory observations can be extrapolated to complex marine environments, our results suggest that a warming-acidification synergism can decrease carbon and nutrient fluxes, disturbing marine trophic and trace element cycles, at rates faster than projected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Shuo Chen
- School of Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Jesse M. Anaya
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Y-T Chen
- School of Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Erik Farr
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Wei-Chun Chin
- School of Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Haigh R, Ianson D, Holt CA, Neate HE, Edwards AM. Effects of Ocean Acidification on Temperate Coastal Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries in the Northeast Pacific. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117533. [PMID: 25671596 PMCID: PMC4324998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As the oceans absorb anthropogenic CO2 they become more acidic, a problem termed ocean acidification (OA). Since this increase in CO2 is occurring rapidly, OA may have profound implications for marine ecosystems. In the temperate northeast Pacific, fisheries play key economic and cultural roles and provide significant employment, especially in rural areas. In British Columbia (BC), sport (recreational) fishing generates more income than commercial fishing (including the expanding aquaculture industry). Salmon (fished recreationally and farmed) and Pacific Halibut are responsible for the majority of fishery-related income. This region naturally has relatively acidic (low pH) waters due to ocean circulation, and so may be particularly vulnerable to OA. We have analyzed available data to provide a current description of the marine ecosystem, focusing on vertical distributions of commercially harvested groups in BC in the context of local carbon and pH conditions. We then evaluated the potential impact of OA on this temperate marine system using currently available studies. Our results highlight significant knowledge gaps. Above trophic levels 2–3 (where most local fishery-income is generated), little is known about the direct impact of OA, and more importantly about the combined impact of multi-stressors, like temperature, that are also changing as our climate changes. There is evidence that OA may have indirect negative impacts on finfish through changes at lower trophic levels and in habitats. In particular, OA may lead to increased fish-killing algal blooms that can affect the lucrative salmon aquaculture industry. On the other hand, some species of locally farmed shellfish have been well-studied and exhibit significant negative direct impacts associated with OA, especially at the larval stage. We summarize the direct and indirect impacts of OA on all groups of marine organisms in this region and provide conclusions, ordered by immediacy and certainty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Haigh
-
Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Debby Ianson
-
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 4B2, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Carrie A. Holt
-
Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Holly E. Neate
-
Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
-
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Edwards
-
Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
-
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rautenberger R, Fernández PA, Strittmatter M, Heesch S, Cornwall CE, Hurd CL, Roleda MY. Saturating light and not increased carbon dioxide under ocean acidification drives photosynthesis and growth in Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta). Ecol Evol 2015; 5:874-88. [PMID: 25750714 PMCID: PMC4338970 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon physiology of a genetically identified Ulva rigida was investigated under different CO2(aq) and light levels. The study was designed to answer whether (1) light or exogenous inorganic carbon (Ci) pool is driving growth; and (2) elevated CO2(aq) concentration under ocean acidification (OA) will downregulate CAext-mediated [Formula: see text] dehydration and alter the stable carbon isotope (δ (13)C) signatures toward more CO2 use to support higher growth rate. At pHT 9.0 where CO2(aq) is <1 μmol L(-1), inhibition of the known [Formula: see text] use mechanisms, that is, direct [Formula: see text] uptake through the AE port and CAext-mediated [Formula: see text] dehydration decreased net photosynthesis (NPS) by only 56-83%, leaving the carbon uptake mechanism for the remaining 17-44% of the NPS unaccounted. An in silico search for carbon-concentrating mechanism elements in expressed sequence tag libraries of Ulva found putative light-dependent [Formula: see text] transporters to which the remaining NPS can be attributed. The shift in δ (13)C signatures from -22‰ toward -10‰ under saturating light but not under elevated CO2(aq) suggest preference and substantial [Formula: see text] use to support photosynthesis and growth. U. rigida is Ci saturated, and growth was primarily controlled by light. Therefore, increased levels of CO2(aq) predicted for the future will not, in isolation, stimulate Ulva blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Rautenberger
- Department of Botany, University of OtagoP.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Pamela A Fernández
- Department of Botany, University of OtagoP.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Martina Strittmatter
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine InstituteOban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland
| | - Svenja Heesch
- Irish Seaweed Research Group, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of IrelandGalway (NUIG), University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Christopher E Cornwall
- Department of Botany, University of OtagoP.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Department of Botany, University of OtagoP.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Michael Y Roleda
- Department of Botany, University of OtagoP.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Bioforsk Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental ResearchKudalsveien 6, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fernández PA, Hurd CL, Roleda MY. Bicarbonate uptake via an anion exchange protein is the main mechanism of inorganic carbon acquisition by the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) under variable pH. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:998-1008. [PMID: 26988782 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrocystis pyrifera is a widely distributed, highly productive, seaweed. It is known to use bicarbonate (HCO3 (-) ) from seawater in photosynthesis and the main mechanism of utilization is attributed to the external catalyzed dehydration of HCO3 (-) by the surface-bound enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CAext ). Here, we examined other putative HCO3 (-) uptake mechanisms in M. pyrifera under pHT 9.00 (HCO3 (-) : CO2 = 940:1) and pHT 7.65 (HCO3 (-) : CO2 = 51:1). Rates of photosynthesis, and internal CA (CAint ) and CAext activity were measured following the application of AZ which inhibits CAext , and DIDS which inhibits a different HCO3 (-) uptake system, via an anion exchange (AE) protein. We found that the main mechanism of HCO3 (-) uptake by M. pyrifera is via an AE protein, regardless of the HCO3 (-) : CO2 ratio, with CAext making little contribution. Inhibiting the AE protein led to a 55%-65% decrease in photosynthetic rates. Inhibiting both the AE protein and CAext at pHT 9.00 led to 80%-100% inhibition of photosynthesis, whereas at pHT 7.65, passive CO2 diffusion supported 33% of photosynthesis. CAint was active at pHT 7.65 and 9.00, and activity was always higher than CAext , because of its role in dehydrating HCO3 (-) to supply CO2 to RuBisCO. Interestingly, the main mechanism of HCO3 (-) uptake in M. pyrifera was different than that in other Laminariales studied (CAext -catalyzed reaction) and we suggest that species-specific knowledge of carbon uptake mechanisms is required in order to elucidate how seaweeds might respond to future changes in HCO3 (-) :CO2 due to ocean acidification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Fernández
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Michael Y Roleda
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Bioforsk Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Kudalsveien 6, Bodø, 8049, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Evolution of Marine Organisms under Climate Change at Different Levels of Biological Organisation. WATER 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/w6113545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
48
|
Clark DR, Flynn KJ, Fabian H. Variation in elemental stoichiometry of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (Bacillariophyceae) in response to combined nutrient stress and changes in carbonate chemistry. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:640-651. [PMID: 26988448 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The combined consequences of the multi-stressors of pH and nutrient availability upon the growth of a marine diatom were investigated. Thalassiosira weissflogii was grown in N- or P-limited batch culture in sealed systems, with pH commencing at 8.2 ("extant" conditions) or 7.6 ("ocean acidification" [OA] conditions), and then pH was allowed to either drift with growth, or was held fixed. Results indicated that within the pH range tested, the stability of environmental pH rather than its value (i.e., OA vs. extant) fundamentally influenced biomass accumul-ation and C:N:P stoichiometry. Despite large changes in total alkalinity in the fixed pH systems, final biomass production was consistently greater in these systems than that in drifting pH systems. In drift systems, pH increased to exceed pH 9.5, a level of alkalinity that was inhibitory to growth. No statis-tically significant differences between pH treatments were measured for N:C, P:C or N:P ratios during nutrient-replete growth, although the diatom expre-ssed greater plasticity in P:C and N:P ratios than in N:C during this growth phase. During nutrient-deplete conditions, the capacity for uncoupled carbon fixa-tion at fixed pH was considerably greater than that measured in drift pH systems, leading to strong contrasts in C:N:P stoichiometry between these treatments. Whether environmental pH was stable or drifted directly influenced the extent of physiological stress. In contrast, few distinctions could be drawn between "extant" versus "OA" conditions for cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Clark
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Kevin J Flynn
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research (CSAR), Swansea University, Wallace Building, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Heiner Fabian
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research (CSAR), Swansea University, Wallace Building, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Basallote MD, De Orte MR, DelValls TÁ, Riba I. Studying the effect of CO2-induced acidification on sediment toxicity using acute amphipod toxicity test. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8864-8872. [PMID: 24988484 DOI: 10.1021/es5015373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon capture and storage is increasingly being considered one of the most efficient approaches to mitigate the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere associated with anthropogenic emissions. However, the environmental effects of potential CO2 leaks remain largely unknown. The amphipod Ampelisca brevicornis was exposed to environmental sediments collected in different areas of the Gulf of Cádiz and subjected to several pH treatments to study the effects of CO2-induced acidification on sediment toxicity. After 10 days of exposure, the results obtained indicated that high lethal effects were associated with the lowest pH treatments, except for the Ría of Huelva sediment test. The mobility of metals from sediment to the overlying seawater was correlated to a pH decrease. The data obtained revealed that CO2-related acidification would lead to lethal effects on amphipods as well as the mobility of metals, which could increase sediment toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dolores Basallote
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN WiCop. Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz , Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Development of a Continuous Phytoplankton Culture System for Ocean Acidification Experiments. WATER 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/w6061860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|