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Neel AI, Wang Y, Sun H, Liontis KE, McCormack MC, Mayer JC, Cervera Juanes RP, Davenport AT, Grant KA, Daunais JD, Chen R. Differential regulation of G protein-coupled receptor-associated proteins in the caudate and the putamen of cynomolgus macaques following chronic ethanol drinking. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38783749 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The dorsal striatum is composed of the caudate nucleus and the putamen in human and non-human primates. These two regions receive different cortical projections and are functionally distinct. The caudate is involved in the control of goal-directed behaviors, while the putamen is implicated in habit learning and formation. Previous reports indicate that ethanol differentially influences neurotransmission in these two regions. Because neurotransmitters primarily signal through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate neuronal activity, the present study aimed to determine whether ethanol had a region-dependent impact on the expression of proteins that are involved in the trafficking and function of GPCRs, including G protein subunits and their effectors, protein kinases, and elements of the cytoskeleton. Western blotting was performed to examine protein levels in the caudate and the putamen of male cynomolgus macaques that self-administered ethanol for 1 year under free access conditions, along with control animals that self-administered an isocaloric sweetened solution under identical operant conditions. Among the 18 proteins studied, we found that the levels of one protein (PKCβ) were increased, and 13 proteins (Gαi1/3, Gαi2, Gαo, Gβ1γ, PKCα, PKCε, CaMKII, GSK3β, β-actin, cofilin, α-tubulin, and tubulin polymerization promoting protein) were reduced in the caudate of alcohol-drinking macaques. However, ethanol did not alter the expression of any proteins examined in the putamen. These observations underscore the unique vulnerability of the caudate nucleus to changes in protein expression induced by chronic ethanol exposure. Whether these alterations are associated with ethanol-induced dysregulation of GPCR function and neurotransmission warrants future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Neel
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yutong Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Haiguo Sun
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine E Liontis
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary C McCormack
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan C Mayer
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rita P Cervera Juanes
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - April T Davenport
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James D Daunais
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Galbo-Thomma LK, Epperly PM, Blough BE, Landavazo A, Saldaña SJ, Carroll FI, Czoty PW. Cognitive-Enhancing Effects of Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists in Group-Housed Cynomolgus Monkeys Who Drink Ethanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 389:258-267. [PMID: 38135508 PMCID: PMC11125785 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cognitive impairments that are often observed in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) partially contribute to the extremely low rates of treatment initiation and adherence. Brain acetylcholine receptors (AChR) mediate and modulate cognitive and reward-related behavior, and their distribution can be altered by long-term heavy drinking. Therefore, AChRs are promising pharmacotherapeutic targets for treating the cognitive symptoms of AUD. In the present study, the procognitive efficacy of two AChR agonists, xanomeline and varenicline, were evaluated in group-housed monkeys who self-administered ethanol for more than 1 year. The muscarinic AChR antagonist scopolamine was used to disrupt performance of a serial stimulus discrimination and reversal (SDR) task designed to probe cognitive flexibility, defined as the ability to modify a previously learned behavior in response to a change in reinforcement contingencies. The ability of xanomeline and varenicline to remediate the disruptive effects of scopolamine was compared between socially dominant and subordinate monkeys, with lighter and heavier drinking histories, respectively. We hypothesized that subordinate monkeys would be more sensitive to all three drugs. Scopolamine dose-dependently impaired performance on the serial SDR task in all monkeys at doses lower than those that produced nonspecific impairments (e.g., sedation); its potency did not differ between dominant and subordinate monkeys. However, both AChR agonists were effective in remediating the scopolamine-induced deficit in subordinate monkeys but not in dominant monkeys. These findings suggest xanomeline and varenicline may be effective for enhancing cognitive flexibility in individuals with a history of heavy drinking. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Procognitive effects of two acetylcholine (ACh) receptor agonists were assessed in group-housed monkeys who had several years' experience drinking ethanol. The muscarinic ACh receptor agonist xanomeline and the nicotinic ACh receptor agonist varenicline reversed a cognitive deficit induced by the muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist scopolamine. However, this effect was observed only in lower-ranking (subordinate) monkeys and not higher-ranking (dominant monkeys). Results suggest that ACh agonists may effectively remediate alcohol-induced cognitive deficits in a subpopulation of those with alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K Galbo-Thomma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (L.K.G.-T., P.M.E., S.J.S., P.W.C.) and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.E.B., A.L., F.I.C.)
| | - Phillip M Epperly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (L.K.G.-T., P.M.E., S.J.S., P.W.C.) and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.E.B., A.L., F.I.C.)
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (L.K.G.-T., P.M.E., S.J.S., P.W.C.) and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.E.B., A.L., F.I.C.)
| | - Antonio Landavazo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (L.K.G.-T., P.M.E., S.J.S., P.W.C.) and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.E.B., A.L., F.I.C.)
| | - Santiago J Saldaña
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (L.K.G.-T., P.M.E., S.J.S., P.W.C.) and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.E.B., A.L., F.I.C.)
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (L.K.G.-T., P.M.E., S.J.S., P.W.C.) and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.E.B., A.L., F.I.C.)
| | - Paul W Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (L.K.G.-T., P.M.E., S.J.S., P.W.C.) and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.E.B., A.L., F.I.C.)
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Farahbakhsh ZZ, Holleran KM, Sens JP, Fordahl SC, Mauterer MI, López AJ, Cuzon Carlson VC, Kiraly DD, Grant KA, Jones SR, Siciliano CA. Synchrony between midbrain gene transcription and dopamine terminal regulation is modulated by chronic alcohol drinking. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.15.584711. [PMID: 38559169 PMCID: PMC10979957 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.584711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is marked by disrupted behavioral and emotional states which persist into abstinence. The enduring synaptic alterations that remain despite the absence of alcohol are of interest for interventions to prevent relapse. Here, 28 male rhesus macaques underwent over 20 months of alcohol drinking interspersed with three 30-day forced abstinence periods. After the last abstinence period, we paired direct sub-second dopamine monitoring via ex vivo voltammetry in nucleus accumbens slices with RNA-sequencing of the ventral tegmental area. We found persistent augmentation of dopamine transporter function, kappa opioid receptor sensitivity, and dynorphin release - all inhibitory regulators which act to decrease extracellular dopamine. Surprisingly, though transcript expression was not altered, the relationship between gene expression and functional readouts of these encoded proteins was highly dynamic and altered by drinking history. These results outline the long-lasting synaptic impact of alcohol use and suggest that assessment of transcript-function relationships is critical for the rational design of precision therapeutics.
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Galbo-Thomma LK, Davenport AT, Epperly PM, Czoty PW. Influence of social rank on the development of long-term ethanol drinking trajectories in cynomolgus monkeys. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1943-1951. [PMID: 37553910 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress contribute to the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, characterizing the role of chronic social stressors in the development of problematic drinking trajectories in humans is complicated by practical and ethical constraints. Group-housed nonhuman primates develop social dominance hierarchies that represent a continuum of social experiences from enrichment in higher-ranked (dominant) monkeys to chronic social stress in lower-ranked (subordinate) individuals. This framework provides a translationally relevant model of chronic social stress that can be used to characterize its effects on vulnerability to AUD. METHODS Twelve male cynomolgus monkeys living in three social groups with established social dominance hierarchies were provided access to ethanol and water for 22 h/day, 4-5 days/week, for 1 year. Ethanol-free periods (2- or 3-day "weekends" or longer periods up to 10 days) were spent in social groups to maintain the stability of the social hierarchies. Observational studies conducted 6 months into the year of drinking assessed signs of ethanol withdrawal. After 1 year, monkeys were individually housed 24 h/day, 7 days/week for four consecutive weeks to examine the effect of eliminating the "weekends" spent socially housed. RESULTS Subordinate monkeys had significantly higher mean daily ethanol intakes than dominant monkeys across 1 year of open access. Subordinates also had higher intakes on the first day back drinking following ethanol-free periods of 9-10 days. Moreover, during the last 4 weeks of open access, intakes on the first drinking day after an ethanol-free weekend increased significantly in subordinate monkeys. This effect diminished when all monkeys were individually housed for 4 weeks, indicating that the increased intake in subordinates was driven by the social environment. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that social subordination, which is associated with chronic social stress, results in increased vulnerability to the development and maintenance of heavy drinking trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K Galbo-Thomma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - April T Davenport
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Phillip M Epperly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul W Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Li Y, Wang H, Li X, Shu H, Wang S, Luo S, Li X, Yu Y. Resting-state functional MRI investigation of the effect of long-term alcohol exposure on the brain function in rhesus monkey. Neurosci Lett 2023; 813:137438. [PMID: 37579869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was aimed to investigate the effect of long-term exposure of alcohol on the resting-state brain functions in rhesus monkey by using the 3.0 T resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS The animal models were developed by exposing six male rhesus monkeys to alcohol for different time points: P0 (non-exposed), P1 (1 month), P2 (3 months), P3 (6 months), and P4 (36 months). A multi-period rsfMRI scan was performed before and after exposure of animals to alcohol. The collected data were analyzed by the fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and the regional homogeneity (ReHo) method, and the different brain regions were compared for their respective functions through differences in the fALFF and ReHo values. RESULTS The results showed statistical significances in different brain regions. The left superior parietal lobule and the left fusiform gyrus showed statistically different fALFF values (p < 0.01). Similarly, the left medial orbital gyrus and the right postcentral gyrus showed statistically different ReHo values (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The long-term exposure of rhesus monkeys to alcohol mainly induced changes in four parts of the brain, including the left superior parietal lobule, left fusiform gyrus, left medial orbital gyrus, and the right postcentral gyrus. These changes in different brain parts, over the study period, with most significant changes found within 6 months of exposure of rhesus monkeys to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Haibao Wang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoshu Li
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongmin Shu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Shilei Luo
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaohu Li
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Pareek T, Overton JS, Nguyen LT, Rahman MT, Sharmin D, Cook JM, Platt DM. Modeling cue-exposure therapy for alcohol use disorder in rhesus monkeys: Effects of putative cognitive enhancers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 243:109735. [PMID: 36549228 PMCID: PMC9852009 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cue-exposure therapy (CET) is an effective approach for anxiety-related disorders, but its effectiveness for substance use disorders is less clear. One potential means of improving CET outcomes is to include a cognitive-enhancing pharmacotherapy. This study evaluated d-cycloserine (DCS) and RY-023, putative cognitive enhancers targeting glutamate and GABA systems, respectively, in a monkey model of CET for alcohol use disorder. METHODS Male rhesus monkeys (n = 4) underwent multiple cycles of the CET procedure. During baseline (Phase 1), monkeys self-administered an ethanol solution under a fixed-ratio schedule and limited access conditions such that every 5th response in a 3-h session resulted in 30-s access to a drinking spout and a change in ethanol-paired cue lights from white to red. Behavior then was extinguished (Phase 2) by omitting the ethanol solution yet retaining the ethanol-paired stimulus lights. Monkeys also received injections of vehicle, DCS (3 mg/kg), a partial agonist at the glycine modulatory site on glutamatergic NMDA receptors, or the α5GABAA receptor-selective inverse agonist RY-023 (0.03 or 0.3 mg/kg). Once responding declined, monkeys underwent a cue reactivity test (Phase 3), and then returned to self-administration the following day to assess reacquisition (Phase 4). RESULTS Through multiple cycles, self-administration remained stable. Compared to vehicle, DCS facilitated extinction of ethanol seeking (Phase 2) and delayed reacquisition of ethanol self-administration (Phase 4). In contrast, RY-023 facilitated extinction (Phase 2) and reduced cue reactivity (Phase 3). CONCLUSIONS Adjunctive pharmacotherapy can improve CET outcomes, but the choice of pharmacotherapy should be dependent on the outcome of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Pareek
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - John S Overton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Luat T Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Donna M Platt
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Center for Innovation and Discovery in Addictions, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Clites BL, Hofmann HA, Pierce JT. The Promise of an Evolutionary Perspective of Alcohol Consumption. Neurosci Insights 2023; 18:26331055231163589. [PMID: 37051560 PMCID: PMC10084549 DOI: 10.1177/26331055231163589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The urgent need for medical treatments of alcohol use disorders has motivated the search for novel molecular targets of alcohol response. Most studies exploit the strengths of lab animals without considering how these and other species may have adapted to respond to alcohol in an ecological context. Here, we provide an evolutionary perspective on the molecular and genetic underpinnings of alcohol consumption by reviewing evidence that alcohol metabolic enzymes have undergone adaptive evolution at 2 evolutionary junctures: first, to enable alcohol consumption accompanying the advent of a frugivorous diet in a primate ancestor, and second, to decrease the likelihood of excessive alcohol consumption concurrent with the spread of agriculture and fermentation in East Asia. By similarly considering how diverse vertebrate and invertebrate species have undergone natural selection for alcohol responses, novel conserved molecular targets of alcohol are likely be discovered that may represent promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Clites
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hans A Hofmann
- Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan T Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Sattgast LH, Branscum AJ, Newman N, Gonzales SW, Benton ML, Baker EJ, Grant KA, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT. Ethanol alters the relationship between IGF-1 and bone turnover in male macaques. J Endocrinol 2022; 255:131-141. [PMID: 36194528 PMCID: PMC9651018 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) influences bone turnover. Transient decreases in IGF-I levels and/or bioavailability may contribute to the detrimental effects of alcohol on bone. The goals of this non-human primate study were to i) evaluate the 20-h response of bone turnover markers to ethanol consumption and ii) assess how ethanol consumption influences the relationship between IGF-1 and these markers. Osteocalcin (bone formation), carboxyterminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX, bone resorption), IGF-1, and IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) were measured in plasma from male rhesus macaques (N = 10, 8.4 ± 0.3 years) obtained at 12:00, 16:00, and 06:00 h during two phases: pre-ethanol (alcohol-naïve) and ethanol access. During the ethanol access phase, monkeys consumed 1.5 g/kg/day ethanol (4% w/v) beginning at 10:00 h. Osteocalcin and CTX were lower, and the ratio of osteocalcin to CTX was higher at each time point during ethanol access compared to the pre-ethanol phase. Pre-ethanol marker levels did not vary across time points, but markers varied during ethanol access. IGF-1 levels, but not IGFBP-1 levels, varied during the pre-ethanol phase. In contrast, IGF-1 levels were stable during ethanol access but IGFBP-1 levels varied. There were positive relationships between IGF-1 and turnover markers during the pre-ethanol phase, but not during ethanol access. In conclusion, chronic ethanol consumption reduces levels of bone turnover markers and blocks the normal positive relationship between IGF-1 and turnover markers and alters the normal relationship between IGF-1 and IGFBP-1. These findings support the hypothesis that chronic alcohol consumption leads to growth hormone/IGF-1 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara H. Sattgast
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Adam J. Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Natali Newman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Steven W. Gonzales
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | - Erich J. Baker
- Department of Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Russell T. Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Urszula T. Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Excessive alcohol consumption after exposure to two types of chronic social stress: intermittent episodes vs. continuous exposure in C57BL/6J mice with a history of drinking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3287-3296. [PMID: 35974246 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The attraction to alcohol can be greatly increased when it is consumed in a social context. While pro-social interactions can potentiate voluntary alcohol drinking under some conditions, aversive social experience (i.e., social stress) can similarly intensify alcohol consumption. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine how exposure to different types of chronic social stress (i.e., intermittent episodes of social defeat or continuous social stress) influences alcohol consumption and the reinforcing effects of alcohol in mice with a history of drinking. METHODS Separate cohorts of male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to either 10 days of continuous or intermittent social defeat stress. In experiment 1, mice were assigned to 20% w/v alcohol consumption in a two-bottle choice protocol both prior to and after exposure to social defeat stress. In a second experiment, mice engaged in an operant response sequence to gain access to alcohol wherein completion of a fixed interval (FI; 5 min) schedule was reinforced with continuous access to alcohol (fixed ratio; FR1) for up to 1.8 g/kg. Alcohol-reinforced responding and subsequent alcohol consumption were assessed daily for 4 weeks prior to the 10-day social stress exposure and for 6-week post-stress. Machine learning was implemented to standardize the analysis of defeat behaviors exhibited by the intruder mouse during confrontation with an attacking resident. RESULTS In mice with a prior history of alcohol drinking, intermittent episodes of social defeat stress produced a significant increase in 20% EtOH consumption in preference over concurrently available water. This increased intake persisted for at least 6 weeks after the final social stress experience. Intermittently stressed mice also accelerated their anticipatory responding during the fixed interval component of the operant response chain that was reinforced by alcohol. Neither unstressed controls nor mice exposed to continuous social stress exhibited significant increases in alcohol consumption and alcohol reinforcement. DISCUSSION Episodic social defeat stress promotes the seeking and consumption of alcohol, extending earlier work to alcohol-experienced mice. We hypothesize that intermittent access to alcohol and intermittent episodes of social stress are additive and share common sensitizing neural mechanisms that engender excessive alcohol consumption.
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Stinson BT, Galbo LK, Flynn SM, Gouin A, Epperly PM, Davenport AT, Czoty PW. Punishment of ethanol choice in rhesus monkeys. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:395-401. [PMID: 35942846 PMCID: PMC9373234 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A defining characteristic of individuals diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (AUD) is that negative outcomes related to drinking do not lead them to reduce their alcohol use. In rodent models of AUD, this characteristic has been studied by adding the bitter tastant quinine to an ethanol solution. In this study, we extended this approach to a nonhuman primate model in which the ability of quinine to decrease the choice of a 4% ethanol solution vs. water was measured. Five adult female rhesus monkeys with 7.3 years of experience drinking ethanol were given access to a 4% ethanol solution and water for 3 h per day. When ethanol choice was stable, a single quinine concentration (0.03-5.6 g /L) was added to the ethanol solution for 1 day until a quinine concentration-effect curve was generated. After determining the quinine concentration that reduced ethanol choice by half (the quinine EC 50 ), the relative reinforcing strength of ethanol was manipulated by adding quinine or sucrose to the water alternative depending on the monkey's baseline choice. Adding quinine to ethanol produced a concentration-dependent decrease in ethanol choice and intake. Importantly, water intake increased, indicating an effect on response allocation rather than simply a decrease in fluid consumption. Consistent with this conclusion, the addition of quinine or sucrose to the water alternative resulted in predictable increases and decreases, respectively, in ethanol choice. These studies establish a model of punishment of ethanol choice in nonhuman primates that can be used to understand the contextual, biologic and pharmacologic factors that influence sensitivity to the punishment of alcohol drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Stinson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Rodberg EM, Vazey EM. Individual differences in behavioral flexibility predict future volitional ethanol consumption in mice. Alcohol 2022; 101:37-43. [PMID: 35395359 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control is key to regulating alcohol intake and preventing relapse. Behavioral inflexibility can prevent adaptive strategies such as mindfulness or other relapse-prevention behaviors. In a mouse model we investigated whether individual variability in behavioral flexibility (using attentional set-shifting task; ASST) predicts future alcohol intake. Adult male and female C57BL/6J mice were subjected to ASST using a bowl-digging paradigm where mice identify a baited bowl based on compound odor and textural cues. This was completed prior to any alcohol exposure. Individual performance across mice varied within the group. We integrated several metrics, specifically ASST stage completed, trials to completion, and errors performed to produce an individual performance index measure of behavioral flexibility. Afterward, ASST mice were trained to drink ethanol (15%, v/v, 1 h/day) for 3-4 weeks until intake stabilized. Using this prospective approach, we identified an inverse relationship between behavioral flexibility and drinking-less-flexible mice had a propensity to consume more alcohol. Similar relationships have been identified previously in non-human primates and rats. Our results show that the relationship between alcohol and behavioral flexibility is a robust trait that is conserved across species and can be used in mice to study neural substrates underlying these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Rodberg
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program and Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Elena M Vazey
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program and Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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12
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Grant KA, Newman NN, Gonzales SW, Cuzon Carlson VC. Impact of putamen inhibition by DREADDs on schedule-induced drinking in rhesus monkeys. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 117:493-504. [PMID: 35411949 PMCID: PMC9090979 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The putamen is a nucleus within the sensory-motor striatal network that is involved in automatic, habitual actions. Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) is highly automated behavior, reliably occurring under intermediate interval schedules of reinforcement. The effect of putamen inhibition in mediating SIP of water and ethanol (4% w/v) under a Fixed Time 5-min (FT-5 min) schedule for food delivery was tested in 12 rhesus monkeys (6 male, 6 female). Water and ethanol SIP sessions ended after set volumes were consumed. Baseline patterns of SIP intake differed between water and ethanol SIP in volume but not in pattern of drinking. Activation of the designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug (DREADD: hM4Di) with deschloroclozapine (DCZ; 300 μg/kg, i.m.) administered 30 min prior to the onset of the SIP session, for four consecutive sessions. DCZ administration increased the postpellet drink volume and reduced the time to drink both water and ethanol. Although the effect of DCZ treatment was similar for increasing SIP with either water or ethanol, post-DCZ return to baseline SIP rates of differed, perhaps highlighting the effect of a state dependency with ethanol SIP. Overall, the study shows that targeting the putamen with the inhibitory DREADD produces a reversible, reproducible and reliable increase in adjunctive drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Natali N Newman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton
| | - Steven W Gonzales
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton
| | - Verginia C Cuzon Carlson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
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13
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Synaptic effects of IL-1β and CRF in the central amygdala after protracted alcohol abstinence in male rhesus macaques. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:847-856. [PMID: 34837077 PMCID: PMC8882167 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A major barrier to remission from an alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the continued risk of relapse during abstinence. Assessing the neuroadaptations after chronic alcohol and repeated abstinence is important to identify mechanisms that may contribute to relapse. In this study, we used a rhesus macaque model of long-term alcohol use and repeated abstinence, providing a platform to extend mechanistic findings from rodents to primates. The central amygdala (CeA) displays elevated GABA release following chronic alcohol in rodents and in abstinent male macaques, highlighting this neuroadaptation as a conserved mechanism that may underlie excessive alcohol consumption. Here, we determined circulating interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels, CeA transcriptomic changes, and the effects of IL-1β and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) signaling on CeA GABA transmission in male controls and abstinent drinkers. While no significant differences in peripheral IL-1β or the CeA transcriptome were observed, pathway analysis identified several canonical immune-related pathways. We addressed this potential dysregulation of CeA immune signaling in abstient drinkers with an electrophysiological approach. We found that IL-1β decreased CeA GABA release in controls while abstinent drinkers were less sensitive to IL-1β's effects, suggesting adaptations in the neuromodulatory role of IL-1β. In contrast, CRF enhanced CeA GABA release similarly in controls and abstinent drinkers, consistent with rodent studies. Notably, CeA CRF expression was inversely correlated with intoxication, suggesting that CRF levels during abstinence may predict future intoxication. Together, our findings highlight conserved and divergent actions of chronic alcohol on neuroimmune and stress signaling on CeA GABA transmission across rodents and macaques.
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14
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Moore S, Radunskaya A, Zollinger E, Grant KA, Gonzales S, Walter NAR, Baker EJ. Pairing food and drink: A physiological model of blood ethanol levels for a variety of drinking behaviors. Math Biosci 2022; 345:108778. [PMID: 35033503 PMCID: PMC8918017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a blood ethanol concentration compartment model which utilizes an animal's ethanol intake, food intake, and weight to predict the animal's blood ethanol concentration at any given time. By incorporating the food digestion process into the model we can predict blood ethanol concentration levels over time for a variety of drinking and eating scenarios. The model is calibrated and validated using data from cohorts of male monkeys, and is able to capture blood ethanol concentration kinetics of the monkeys from a variety of drinking behavior classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Moore
- Baylor University, Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Ami Radunskaya
- Pomona College, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Claremont, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Erich J Baker
- Baylor University, Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics, Waco, TX, USA
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15
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Social dominance in monkeys: Lack of effect on ethanol self-administration during schedule induction. Alcohol 2022; 98:1-7. [PMID: 34728320 PMCID: PMC8714688 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primate models of alcohol use disorder (AUD) frequently utilize schedule-induced polydipsia to initiate ethanol drinking. Previous research has demonstrated that specific characteristics of drinking during the final phase of induction, in which monkeys consume 1.5 g/kg of ethanol per day, can predict whether monkeys become heavy or light drinkers when they subsequently have free access to ethanol (22 hours per day; Baker, Farro, Gonzales, Helms, & Grant, 2017; Grant et al., 2008). A monkey's position in the social dominance hierarchy is another factor associated with ethanol drinking in nonhuman primates; lower social status is associated with higher ethanol intakes. In the present study, characteristics of drinking during induction were measured in 12 male cynomolgus monkeys living in three established social groups (4 monkeys per group). All monkeys were induced to consume water, then increasing doses of ethanol (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/kg) for 30 sessions per dose using a 300-s fixed-time schedule of food pellet delivery. Drinking sessions occurred five days per week and monkeys were group-housed on the other two days. Contrary to our hypothesis that subordinate monkeys would show characteristics of drinking during the last phase of induction that were predictive of later heavy drinking, no significant differences were observed between dominant and subordinate monkeys in any phase of induction. When ethanol availability was subsequently increased to 22 hours per day for 5 weeks, the intakes of subordinate- and dominant-ranked monkeys diverged, with higher intakes on average in subordinates. Several factors unique to the conditions of induction may have obscured any influence of social rank, including the limited duration of sessions and limited maximal ethanol intake. The data support the conclusion that the effects of social rank on ethanol consumption require unrestricted access to ethanol.
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16
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Dose-response effects of alcohol on biochemical markers of bone turnover in non-human primates: Effects of species, sex and age of onset of drinking. Bone Rep 2022; 16:101159. [PMID: 34977281 PMCID: PMC8683688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Alcohol consumption suppressed bone turnover in male non-human primates; however, it is unclear the extent to which this effect depends upon biological variables. Using archived plasma samples, we investigated whether sex, age of onset of alcohol intake, and species influence the effects of graded increases in alcohol consumption on bone turnover markers. Methods 91 male and female macaques (rhesus and cynomolgus), ranging in age from 4 years (adolescent) to 10 years (adult) were required to increase their consumption of ethanol in 30-day increments: 0 g/kg/day, followed by 0.5 g/kg/day, 1.0 g/kg/day, and, finally, 1.5 g/kg/day. Plasma osteocalcin (formation), plasma CTX (resorption) and osteocalcin to CTX ratio (turnover balance) were measured during these intervals to assess the dose-response effects of alcohol. Results We detected no relationship between dose and osteocalcin when all monkeys were combined, but there was a significant effect of sex (lower levels in females) and interactions between alcohol dose and sex (osteocalcin levels increased with dose in rhesus females). In contrast, we detected a negative linear dose-response relationship for ethanol and CTX. We did not detect a relationship between dose and osteocalcin to CTX ratio overall, but there was a significant positive relationship detected in females (no change in males). Increased age predicted lower biomarker levels for both osteocalcin and CTX. Species was a significant predictor for osteocalcin and the osteocalcin to CTX ratio in these models. Conclusion These findings indicate that age, sex, and species influence bone turnover and support the concept that factors beyond quantity of alcohol affect skeletal response to alcohol consumption. Age, sex, and species influenced markers of bone turnover in non-human primates. Ethanol consumption resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in CTX. Ethanol consumption resulted in increased osteocalcin in rhesus females.
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17
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Malherbe DC, Messaoudi I. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Monocyte and Macrophage Dysfunction by Chronic Alcohol Consumption. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911951. [PMID: 35844518 PMCID: PMC9277054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drinking alcohol, even in moderation, can affect the immune system. Studies have shown disproportionate effects of alcohol on circulating and tissue-resident myeloid cells (granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells). These cells orchestrate the body's first line of defense against microbial challenges as well as maintain tissue homeostasis and repair. Alcohol's effects on these cells are dependent on exposure pattern, with acute drinking dampening but chronic drinking enhancing production of inflammatory mediators. Although chronic drinking is associated with heightened systemic inflammation, studies on tissue resident macrophage populations in several organs including the spleen, liver, brain, and lung have also shown compromised functional and metabolic capacities of these cells. Many of these effects are thought to be mediated by oxidative stress caused by alcohol and its metabolites which can directly impact the cellular epigenetic landscapes. In addition, since myeloid cells are relatively short-lived in circulation and are under constant repopulation from the bone marrow compartment, alcohol's effects on bone marrow progenitors and hematopoiesis are important for understanding the impact of alcohol systemically on these myeloid populations. Alcohol-induced disruption of progenitor, circulating, and tissue resident myeloid populations contribute to the increased susceptibility of patients with alcohol use disorders to viral and bacterial infections. In this review, we provide an overview of the impact of chronic alcohol consumption on the function of monocytes and macrophages in host defense, tissue repair and inflammation. We then summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced disruption and examine changes in transcriptome and epigenome of monocytes and mcrophages. Overall, chronic alcohol consumption leads to hyper-inflammation concomitant with decreased microbial and wound healing responses by monocytes/macrophages due to a rewiring of the epigentic and transcriptional landscape. However, in advanced alcoholic liver disease, myeloid cells become immunosuppressed as a response to the surrounding hyper-inflammatory milieu. Therefore, the effect of chronic alcohol on the inflammatory response depends on disease state and the immune cell population.
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18
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Miczek KA, DiLeo A, Newman EL, Akdilek N, Covington HE. Neurobiological Bases of Alcohol Consumption After Social Stress. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 54:245-281. [PMID: 34964935 PMCID: PMC9698769 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The urge to seek and consume excessive alcohol is intensified by prior experiences with social stress, and this cascade can be modeled under systematically controlled laboratory conditions in rodents and non-human primates. Adaptive coping with intermittent episodes of social defeat stress often transitions to maladaptive responses to traumatic continuous stress, and alcohol consumption may become part of coping responses. At the circuit level, the neural pathways subserving stress coping intersect with those for alcohol consumption. Increasingly discrete regions and connections within the prefrontal cortex, the ventral and dorsal striatum, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, tegmental areas as well as brain stem structures begin to be identified as critical for reacting to and coping with social stress while seeking and consuming alcohol. Several candidate molecules that modulate signals within these neural connections have been targeted in order to reduce excessive drinking and relapse. In spite of some early clinical failures, neuropeptides such as CRF, opioids, or oxytocin continue to be examined for their role in attenuating stress-escalated drinking. Recent work has focused on neural sites of action for peptides and steroids, most likely in neuroinflammatory processes as a result of interactive effects of episodic social stress and excessive alcohol seeking and drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus A. Miczek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyssa DiLeo
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily L. Newman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Naz Akdilek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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19
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LO JO, SCHABEL MC, ROBERTS VH, MORGAN TK, FEI SS, GAO L, RAY KG, LEWANDOWSKI KS, NEWMAN NP, BOHN JA, GRANT KA, FRIAS AE, KROENKE CD. Effects of early daily alcohol exposure on placental function and fetal growth in a rhesus macaque model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 226:130.e1-130.e11. [PMID: 34364844 PMCID: PMC8748286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal alcohol exposure is the most common cause of birth defects and intellectual disabilities and can increase the risk of stillbirth and negatively impact fetal growth. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of early prenatal alcohol exposure on nonhuman primate placental function and fetal growth. We hypothesized that early chronic prenatal alcohol would alter placental perfusion and oxygen availability that adversely affects fetal growth. STUDY DESIGN Rhesus macaques self-administered 1.5 g/kg/d of ethanol (n=12) or isocaloric maltose-dextrin (n=12) daily before conception through the first 60 days of gestation (term is approximately 168 days). All animals were serially imaged with Doppler ultrasound to measure fetal biometry, uterine artery volume blood flow, and placental volume blood flow. Following Doppler ultrasound, all animals underwent both blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging to characterize placental blood oxygenation and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to quantify maternal placental perfusion. Animals were delivered by cesarean delivery for placental collection and fetal necropsy at gestational days 85 (n=8), 110 (n=8), or 135 (n=8). Histologic and RNA-sequencing analyses were performed on collected placental tissue. RESULTS Placental volume blood flow was decreased at all gestational time points in ethanol-exposed vs control animals, but most significantly at gestational day 110 by Doppler ultrasound (P<.05). A significant decrease in total volumetric blood flow occurred in ethanol-exposed vs control animals on dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging at both gestation days 110 and 135 (P<.05); moreover, a global reduction in T2∗, high blood deoxyhemoglobin concentration, occurred throughout gestation (P<.05). Similarly, evidence of placental ischemic injury was notable by histologic analysis, which revealed a significant increase in microscopic infarctions in ethanol-exposed, not control, animals, largely present at middle to late gestation. Fetal biometry and weight were decreased in ethanol-exposed vs control animals, but the decrease was not significant. Analysis with RNA sequencing suggested the involvement of the inflammatory and extracellular matrix response pathways. CONCLUSION Early chronic prenatal alcohol exposure significantly diminished placental perfusion at mid to late gestation and also significantly decreased the oxygen supply to the fetal vasculature throughout pregnancy, these findings were associated with the presence of microscopic placental infarctions in the nonhuman primate. Although placental adaptations may compensate for early environmental perturbations to fetal growth, placental blood flow and oxygenation were reduced, consistent with the evidence of placental ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie O. LO
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA,Corresponding Author: Jamie Lo, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L458, Portland, Oregon 97239, Work Phone: (503) 494-2101, Home Phone: (503) 679-2025, Fax: (503) 494-5296,
| | - Matthias C. SCHABEL
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Victoria H.J. ROBERTS
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Terry K. MORGAN
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Suzanne S. FEI
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Lina GAO
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Karina G. RAY
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Katherine S. LEWANDOWSKI
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Natali P. NEWMAN
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jacqueline A. BOHN
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kathleen A. GRANT
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Antonio E. FRIAS
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Christopher D. KROENKE
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
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20
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Nieto SJ, Grodin EN, Aguirre CG, Izquierdo A, Ray LA. Translational opportunities in animal and human models to study alcohol use disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:496. [PMID: 34588417 PMCID: PMC8481537 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal and human laboratory paradigms offer invaluable approaches to study the complex etiologies and mechanisms of alcohol use disorder (AUD). We contend that human laboratory models provide a "bridge" between preclinical and clinical studies of AUD by allowing for well-controlled experimental manipulations in humans with AUD. As such, examining the consilience between experimental models in animals and humans in the laboratory provides unique opportunities to refine the translational utility of such models. The overall goal of the present review is to provide a systematic description and contrast of commonly used animal paradigms for the study of AUD, as well as their human laboratory analogs if applicable. While there is a wide breadth of animal species in AUD research, the paradigms discussed in this review rely predominately on rodent research. The overarching goal of this effort is to provide critical analysis of these animal models and to link them to human laboratory models of AUD. By systematically contrasting preclinical and controlled human laboratory models, we seek to identify opportunities to enhance their translational value through forward and reverse translation. We provide future directions to reconcile differences between animal and human work and to improve translational research for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Nieto
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Erica N. Grodin
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Claudia G. Aguirre
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Alicia Izquierdo
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Lara A. Ray
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
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21
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Salinas AG, Mateo Y, Carlson VCC, Stinnett GS, Luo G, Seasholtz AF, Grant KA, Lovinger DM. Long-term alcohol consumption alters dorsal striatal dopamine release and regulation by D2 dopamine receptors in rhesus macaques. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1432-1441. [PMID: 33452430 PMCID: PMC8209056 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The dorsal striatum (DS) is implicated in behavioral and neural processes including action control and reinforcement. Alcohol alters these processes in rodents, and it is believed that the development of alcohol use disorder involves changes in DS dopamine signaling. In nonhuman primates, the DS can be divided into caudate and putamen subregions. As part of a collaborative effort examining the effects of long-term alcohol self-administration in rhesus macaques, we examined DS dopamine signaling using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. We found that chronic alcohol self-administration resulted in several dopamine system adaptations. Most notably, dopamine release was altered in a sex- and region-dependent manner. Following long-term alcohol consumption, male macaques, regardless of abstinence status, had reduced dopamine release in putamen, while only male macaques in abstinence had reduced dopamine release in caudate. In contrast, female macaques had enhanced dopamine release in the caudate, but not putamen. Dopamine uptake was also enhanced in females, but not males (regardless of abstinence state). We also found that dopamine D2/3 autoreceptor function was reduced in male, but not female, alcohol drinkers relative to control groups. Finally, we found that blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors inhibited evoked dopamine release in nonhuman primates. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that long-term alcohol consumption can sex-dependently alter dopamine release, as well as its feedback control mechanisms in both DS subregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando G. Salinas
- grid.22448.380000 0004 1936 8032Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Yolanda Mateo
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Verginia C. Cuzon Carlson
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
| | - Gwen S. Stinnett
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Guoxiang Luo
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Audrey F. Seasholtz
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Kathleen A. Grant
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
| | - David M. Lovinger
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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22
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Sattgast LH, Branscum AJ, Walter NA, Newman N, Gonzales SW, Grant KA, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT. Effects of graded increases in ethanol consumption on biochemical markers of bone turnover in young adult male cynomolgus macaques. Alcohol 2021; 91:53-59. [PMID: 33358984 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heavy alcohol use is often associated with reduced bone mineral density and altered bone turnover. However, the dose response effects of ethanol on bone turnover have not been established. This study examined the effects of graded increases of ethanol consumption on biochemical markers of bone turnover in young adult male cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). For this study, 6.6-year-old (95% CI: 6.5, 6.7) male macaques were subjected to three 30-day sessions of increased ethanol intake over a 90-day interval. During the first 30 days, the monkeys drank a predetermined volume of ethanol corresponding to 0.5 g/kg/day, followed by 1.0 g/kg/day and 1.5 g/kg/day. Osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, and carboxyterminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX), a marker of resorption, were measured during each 30-day session. In addition, the ratio of osteocalcin to CTX was determined as a surrogate measure of global turnover balance. Mean osteocalcin decreased by 2.6 ng/mL (1.8, 3.5) for each one-half unit (0.5 g/kg/day) increase in dose (p < 0.001). Mean CTX decreased by 0.13 ng/mL (0.06, 0.20) for each one-half unit increase in dose (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was an inverse relationship between dose and the ratio of osteocalcin to CTX, such that the mean ratio decreased by 0.9 (0.3, 1.5) for each one-half unit increase in dose (p = 0.01). In summary, male cynomolgus macaques had decreased blood osteocalcin and CTX, and osteocalcin to CTX ratio during the 90-day interval of graded increases in ethanol consumption, indicative of reduced bone turnover and negative turnover balance, respectively. These findings suggest that over the range ingested, ethanol resulted in a linear decrease in bone turnover. Furthermore, the negative bone turnover balance observed is consistent with reported effects of chronic alcohol intake on the skeleton.
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Alcohol. Alcohol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816793-9.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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24
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Shields CN, Gremel CM. Review of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Alcohol Dependence: A Disrupted Cognitive Map? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1952-1964. [PMID: 32852095 PMCID: PMC8261866 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a persistent worldwide problem associated with long-lasting impairments to decision making processes. Some aspects of dysfunction are thought to reflect alcohol-induced changes to relevant brain areas such as the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In this review, we will examine how chronic alcohol exposure alters OFC function to potentially contribute to maladaptive decision making, and explore experimental behavioral approaches that may be better suited to test whether alcohol dependence disrupts OFC's function. We argue that although past works suggest impairments in aspects of OFC function, more information may be gained by specifically targeting tasks to the broader function of OFC as put forth by the recent hypothesis of OFC as a "cognitive map" of task space. Overall, we suggest that such a focus could provide a better understanding of how OFC function changes in alcohol dependence, and could inform better assessment tools and treatment options for clinicians working with this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe N. Shields
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christina M. Gremel
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- The Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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25
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Jimenez VA, Walter NAR, Shnitko TA, Newman N, Diem K, Vanderhooft L, Hunt H, Grant KA. Mifepristone Decreases Chronic Voluntary Ethanol Consumption in Rhesus Macaques. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:258-267. [PMID: 32873623 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of short-term treatment with mifepristone (MIFE), a high-affinity, nonselective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, to reduce ethanol drinking was tested in a rhesus macaque model. Stable individual daily ethanol intakes were established, ranging from 1.6 to 4.0 g/kg per day (n = 9 monkeys). After establishment of chronic ethanol intake, a MIFE dosing regimen that modeled a study of rodent drinking and human alcohol craving was evaluated. Three doses of MIFE (17, 30, and 56 mg/kg per day) were each administered for four consecutive days. Both 30 and 56 mg/kg decreased ethanol intake compared with baseline drinking levels without a change in water intake. The dose of 56 mg/kg per day of MIFE produced the largest reduction in ethanol self-administration, with the average intake at 57% of baseline intakes. Cortisol was elevated during MIFE dosing, and a mediation analysis revealed that the effect on ethanol drinking was fully mediated through cortisol. During a forced abstinence phase, access to 1.5 g/kg ethanol resulted in relapse in all drinkers and was not altered by treatment with 56 mg/kg MIFE. Overall, these results show that during active drinking MIFE is efficacious in reducing heavy alcohol intake in a monkey model, an effect that was related to MIFE-induced increase in cortisol. However, MIFE treatment did not eliminate ethanol drinking. Further, cessation of MIFE treatment resulted in a rapid return to baseline intakes, and MIFE was not effective in preventing a relapse during early abstinence. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Mifepristone reliably decreases average daily ethanol self-administration in a nonhuman primate model. This effect was mediated by cortisol, was most effective during open-access conditions, and did not prevent or reduce relapse drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Jimenez
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Hillsboro, Oregon (V.A.J., N.A.R.W., T.A.S., N.N., K.D., L.V., K.A.G.); Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California (H.H.); and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.A.G.)
| | - Nicole A R Walter
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Hillsboro, Oregon (V.A.J., N.A.R.W., T.A.S., N.N., K.D., L.V., K.A.G.); Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California (H.H.); and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.A.G.)
| | - Tatiana A Shnitko
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Hillsboro, Oregon (V.A.J., N.A.R.W., T.A.S., N.N., K.D., L.V., K.A.G.); Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California (H.H.); and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.A.G.)
| | - Natali Newman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Hillsboro, Oregon (V.A.J., N.A.R.W., T.A.S., N.N., K.D., L.V., K.A.G.); Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California (H.H.); and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.A.G.)
| | - Kaya Diem
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Hillsboro, Oregon (V.A.J., N.A.R.W., T.A.S., N.N., K.D., L.V., K.A.G.); Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California (H.H.); and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.A.G.)
| | - Lauren Vanderhooft
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Hillsboro, Oregon (V.A.J., N.A.R.W., T.A.S., N.N., K.D., L.V., K.A.G.); Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California (H.H.); and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.A.G.)
| | - Hazel Hunt
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Hillsboro, Oregon (V.A.J., N.A.R.W., T.A.S., N.N., K.D., L.V., K.A.G.); Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California (H.H.); and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.A.G.)
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Hillsboro, Oregon (V.A.J., N.A.R.W., T.A.S., N.N., K.D., L.V., K.A.G.); Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California (H.H.); and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (K.A.G.)
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Wang X, Cuzon Carlson VC, Studholme C, Newman N, Ford MM, Grant KA, Kroenke CD. In utero MRI identifies consequences of early-gestation alcohol drinking on fetal brain development in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10035-10044. [PMID: 32312804 PMCID: PMC7211988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919048117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One factor that contributes to the high prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is binge-like consumption of alcohol before pregnancy awareness. It is known that treatments are more effective with early recognition of FASD. Recent advances in retrospective motion correction for the reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) fetal brain MRI have led to significant improvements in the quality and resolution of anatomical and diffusion MRI of the fetal brain. Here, a rhesus macaque model of FASD, involving oral self-administration of 1.5 g/kg ethanol per day beginning prior to pregnancy and extending through the first 60 d of a 168-d gestational term, was utilized to determine whether fetal MRI could detect alcohol-induced abnormalities in brain development. This approach revealed differences between ethanol-exposed and control fetuses at gestation day 135 (G135), but not G110 or G85. At G135, ethanol-exposed fetuses had reduced brainstem and cerebellum volume and water diffusion anisotropy in several white matter tracts, compared to controls. Ex vivo electrophysiological recordings performed on fetal brain tissue obtained immediately following MRI demonstrated that the structural abnormalities observed at G135 are of functional significance. Specifically, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes measured from individual neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex and putamen strongly correlated with diffusion anisotropy in the white matter tracts that connect these structures. These findings demonstrate that exposure to ethanol early in gestation perturbs development of brain regions associated with motor control in a manner that is detectable with fetal MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97214
| | - Verginia C Cuzon Carlson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Colin Studholme
- Biomedical Image Computing Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Natali Newman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Matthew M Ford
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Christopher D Kroenke
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97214
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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Shnitko TA, Gonzales SW, Newman N, Grant KA. Behavioral Flexibility in Alcohol-Drinking Monkeys: The Morning After. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:729-737. [PMID: 31984521 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy alcohol drinking has aspects of inflexible behavior. This study addressed the consequences of chronic alcohol drinking on cognitive and sensory-motor domains of behavioral flexibility in rhesus monkeys. METHODS Behavioral flexibility was assessed in 12 monkeys (n = 9, ethanol [EtOH] drinkers) with a set-shifting visual discrimination procedure before alcohol self-administration and while maintaining consumption of 1.5 g/kg/d EtOH. Task performance was assessed in the morning after ~18 hours of drinking 1.5 g/kg, and 1 hour before the next day's drinking session began. The first 10 set-shifting sessions had the original (preethanol) test parameters and were used to determine retention of preethanol performance. Then, an effect of sensory-motor challenge (60% reduction in the size of the discriminative stimuli) on performance was assessed during 10 additional sessions. RESULTS There were no average group-dependent differences in the performance between control and EtOH groups at the preethanol time-point. The daily consumption of 1.5 g/kg/d produced binge alcohol intakes in 7 of 9 monkeys (blood EtOH concentration [BEC ≥ 80 mg/dl]). Chronic daily intakes of 1.5 g/kg had no effect on retention of the task in the sober state. However, when challenged with a reduction in the size of the stimuli, daily 1.5 g/kg EtOH resulted in a decrement in performance due to an increase in the number of errors. CONCLUSIONS Rhesus monkeys consuming 1.5 g/kg alcohol daily perform equally as could as control monkeys in retention of a well-learned cognitive task. However, this pattern of daily alcohol intake robustly decreased the ability to flexibly adjust behavior when confronted with novel changes to perceptual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Shnitko
- From the, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Steven W Gonzales
- From the, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Natali Newman
- From the, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- From the, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Kahler-Quesada AM, Grant KA, Walter NAR, Newman N, Allen MR, Burr DB, Branscum AJ, Maddalozzo GF, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT. Voluntary Chronic Heavy Alcohol Consumption in Male Rhesus Macaques Suppresses Cancellous Bone Formation and Increases Bone Marrow Adiposity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:2494-2503. [PMID: 31557335 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic heavy alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for bone fracture, but comorbidities associated with alcohol intake may contribute to increased fracture rates in alcohol abusers. To address the specific effects of alcohol on bone, we used a nonhuman primate model and evaluated voluntary alcohol consumption on: (i) global markers of bone turnover in blood and (ii) cancellous bone mass, density, microarchitecture, turnover, and microdamage in lumbar vertebra. METHODS Following a 4-month induction period, 6-year-old male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, n = 13) voluntarily self-administered water or ethanol (EtOH; 4% w/v) for 22 h/d, 7 d/wk, for a total of 12 months. Control animals (n = 9) consumed an isocaloric maltose-dextrin solution. Tetracycline hydrochloride was administered orally 17 and 3 days prior to sacrifice to label mineralizing bone surfaces. Global skeletal response to EtOH was evaluated by measuring plasma osteocalcin and carboxyterminal collagen cross-links (CTX). Local response was evaluated in lumbar vertebra using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, microcomputed tomography, static and dynamic histomorphometry, and histological assessment of microdamage. RESULTS Monkeys in the EtOH group consumed an average of 2.8 ± 0.2 (mean ± SE) g/kg/d of EtOH (30 ± 2% of total calories), resulting in an average blood EtOH concentration of 88.3 ± 8.8 mg/dl 7 hours after the session onset. Plasma CTX and osteocalcin tended to be lower in EtOH-consuming monkeys compared to controls. Significant differences in bone mineral density in lumbar vertebrae 1 to 4 were not detected with treatment. However, cancellous bone volume fraction (in cores biopsied from the central region of the third vertebral body) was lower in EtOH-consuming monkeys compared to controls. Furthermore, EtOH-consuming monkeys had lower osteoblast perimeter and mineralizing perimeter, no significant difference in osteoclast perimeter, and higher bone marrow adiposity than controls. No significant differences between groups were detected in microcrack density (2nd lumbar vertebra). CONCLUSIONS Voluntary chronic heavy EtOH consumption reduces cancellous bone formation in lumbar vertebra by decreasing osteoblast-lined bone perimeter, a response associated with an increase in bone marrow adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna M Kahler-Quesada
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Nicole A R Walter
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Natali Newman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David B Burr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Adam J Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Gianni F Maddalozzo
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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Effects of stimulation of mu opioid and nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptors on alcohol drinking in rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1476-1484. [PMID: 30970376 PMCID: PMC6784996 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) persists as a devastating public health problem; widely effective pharmacological treatments are needed. Evidence from rodent models suggests that stimulating brain receptors for the neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP) can decrease ethanol drinking. We characterized the effects of the mu opioid peptide (MOP) receptor agonist buprenorphine and the buprenorphine analog (2S)-2-[(5R,6R,7R,14S)-N-cyclopropylmethyl-4,5-epoxy-6,14-ethano-3-hydroxy-6 methoxymorphinan-7-yl]-3,3-dimethylpentan-2-ol (BU08028), which stimulates MOP and NOP receptors, in a translational nonhuman primate model of AUD. Rhesus monkeys drank a 4% ethanol solution 6 h per day, 5 days per week via an operant behavioral panel in their home cages. To assess behavioral selectivity, monkeys responded via a photo-optic switch to earn food pellets. After characterizing the acute effects of BU08028 (0.001-0.01 mg/kg, i.m.) and buprenorphine (0.003-0.056 mg/kg, i.m.), the drugs were administered chronically using a model of pharmacotherapy assessment that incorporates clinical aspects of AUD and treatment. Acutely, both drugs decreased ethanol drinking at doses that did not affect food-maintained responding. During chronic treatment, effects of BU08028 and buprenorphine were maintained for several weeks without development of tolerance or emergence of adverse effects. BU08028 was ~0.5 and 1.0 log units more potent in acute and chronic studies, respectively. The selective NOP receptor agonist SCH 221510 also selectively decreased ethanol intakes when given acutely (0.03-1.0 mg/kg, i.m.), whereas the MOP antagonist naltrexone (1.7-5.6 mg/kg, i.m.) decreased both ethanol intake and food pellets delivered. These data demonstrate that bifunctional MOP/NOP agonists, which may have therapeutic advantages to MOP-selective drugs, can decrease alcohol drinking in nonhuman primates.
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Chronic ethanol drinking increases during the luteal menstrual cycle phase in rhesus monkeys: implication of progesterone and related neurosteroids. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1817-1828. [PMID: 30645681 PMCID: PMC6606379 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sporadic reports of alcohol consumption being linked to menstrual cycle phase highlight the need to consider hormonally characterized menstrual cycle phase in understanding the sex-specific effects of risk for alcohol drinking in women. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between menstrual cycle phase, characterized by circulating progesterone and menses, with accurate daily alcohol intakes in rhesus monkeys, and the contribution of progesterone derived neuroactive steroids to cycle-related alcohol drinking. METHODS Menses (daily) and progesterone (2-3×/week) were obtained in female monkeys (n = 8, 5 ethanol, 3 control) for 12-18 months. Ethanol monkeys were then induced to drink ethanol (4% w/v; 3 months) and given 22 h/day access to ethanol and water for approximately 1 year. In selected cycles, a panel of neuroactive steroids were assayed during follicular and luteal phases from pre-ethanol and ethanol exposure. RESULTS There were minimal to no effects of ethanol on menstrual cycle length, progesterone levels, and follicular or luteal phase length. The monkeys drank more ethanol during the luteal phase, compared to the follicular phase, and ethanol intake was highest in the late luteal phase when progesterone declines rapidly. Two neuroactive steroids were higher during the luteal phase versus the follicular phase, and several neuroactive steroids were higher in the pre- vs. post-ethanol drinking menstrual cycles. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that normal menstrual cycle fluctuations in progesterone, particularly during the late luteal phase, can modulate ethanol intake. Two of 11 neuroactive steroids were selectively associated with the effect of cycle progesterone on ethanol drinking, suggesting possible links to CNS mechanisms of ethanol intake control.
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Alcohol-induced changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome of rhesus macaques. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1531-1544. [PMID: 30903211 PMCID: PMC6613802 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Increasing evidence has demonstrated that changes in the gut microbiome, including those associated with dietary influences, are associated with alterations in many physiological processes. Alcohol consumption is common across human cultures and is likely to have a major effect on the gut microbiome, but there remains a paucity of information on its effects in primates. OBJECTIVES The effects of chronic alcohol consumption on the primate gut microbiome and metabolome were studied in rhesus macaques that were freely drinking alcohol. The objectives of the study were to determine what changes occurred in the gut microbiome following long-term exposure to alcohol and if these changes were reversible following a period of abstinence. METHODS Animals consuming alcohol were compared to age-matched controls without access to alcohol and were studied before and after a period of abstinence. Fecal samples from rhesus macaques were used for 16S rRNA sequencing to profile the gut microbiome and for metabolomic profiling using mass spectrometry. RESULTS Alcohol consumption resulted in a loss of alpha-diversity in rhesus macaques, though this was partially ameliorated by a period of abstinence. Higher levels of Firmicutes were observed in alcohol-drinking animals at the expense of a number of other microbial taxa, again normalizing in part with a period of abstinence. Metabolomic changes were primarily associated with differences in glycolysis when animals were consuming alcohol and differences in fatty acids when alcohol-drinking animals became abstinent. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of alcohol has specific effects on the microbiome and metabolome of rhesus macaques independent of secondary influences. Many of these changes are reversed by a relatively short period of abstinence.
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Synaptic adaptations in the central amygdala and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus associated with protracted ethanol abstinence in male rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:982-993. [PMID: 30555160 PMCID: PMC6461779 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a significant global burden. Stress has been identified as an etiological factor in the initiation and continuation of ethanol consumption. Understanding adaptations within stress circuitry is an important step toward novel treatment strategies. The effects of protracted abstinence following long-term ethanol self-administration on the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were evaluated in male rhesus monkeys. Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, inhibitory GABAergic transmission in the CeA and excitatory glutamatergic transmission in the PVN were measured. CeA neurons from abstinent drinkers displayed an elevated baseline spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequency compared with controls, indicating increased presynaptic GABA release. Application of acute ethanol significantly increased the frequency of sIPSCs in controls, but not in abstinent drinkers, suggesting a tolerance to ethanol-enhanced GABA release in abstinent rhesus monkeys with a history of chronic ethanol self-administration and repeated abstinence. In the PVN, the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC) was elevated in abstinent drinkers compared with controls, indicating increased presynaptic glutamate release. Notably, acute ethanol decreased presynaptic glutamate release onto parvocellular PVN neurons in both controls and abstinent drinkers, suggesting a lack of tolerance to acute ethanol among PVN neurons. These results are the first to demonstrate distinct synaptic adaptations and ethanol sensitivity in both the extrahypothalamic and hypothalamic stress circuits in abstinent rhesus males. Importantly, our findings describe adaptations in stress circuitry present in the brain at a state during abstinence, just prior to relapse to ethanol drinking.
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Moore S, Radunskaya A, Zollinger E, Grant KA, Gonzales S, Baker EJ. Time for a Drink? A Mathematical Model of Non-human Primate Alcohol Consumption. FRONTIERS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS 2019; 5:6. [PMID: 31058177 PMCID: PMC6497450 DOI: 10.3389/fams.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We simulate a non-human primate's alcohol drinking pattern in order to better understand temporal patterning of alcoholic drinks that can lead to the excessive intakes associated with alcohol use disorder. A stochastic mathematical model of alcohol consumption pattern is developed, where model parameters are calibrated to an individual monkey's drinking history. The model predicts a time series that simulates a monkey's alcohol intake in time, and we analyze this drinking pattern to understand the variations in day and night drinking, the lengths of drinks (intake in 5 or more consecutive secs), and lengths of bouts (1 or more drinks per 5 min occasion). This time series can predict a lifetime categorical drinking level (light, binge, heavy, or very heavy), thus correlating an individual monkey's parameters with distinct long term drinking classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Moore
- Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Ami Radunskaya
- Department of Mathematics, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Zollinger
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, St. Joseph’s College, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | | | - Steven Gonzales
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Erich J. Baker
- Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
- Correspondence: Erich J. Baker,
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Shnitko TA, Gonzales SW, Grant KA. Low cognitive flexibility as a risk for heavy alcohol drinking in non-human primates. Alcohol 2019; 74:95-104. [PMID: 30097387 PMCID: PMC6202248 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse is frequently considered a habitual or inflexible behavior; however, measures of pre-existing cognitive flexibility prior to initiation of alcohol use are usually not available. This study used rhesus monkeys and an attentional set-shifting task to investigate whether pre-existing cognitive flexibility would predict increased risk for heavy alcohol drinking. As previously reported, monkeys were given 30 daily set-shifting sessions prior to alcohol access. These sessions consisted of the same sequence of eight unique visual discriminations (sets) of two objects that varied on two dimensions (shapes and colors). The ratio of errors per trials, session duration, and maximum set reached were primary dependent variables from each session and were used to compose a session performance index (PI) that ranged from a low performance PI of 31 to an optimal performance PI of 247. Here, animals underwent an alcohol induction period followed by 22 weeks of daily (22-h) self-administration sessions with free access to water and alcohol. Based on average daily alcohol intake during 22 weeks of 22-h/day access, the monkeys were categorized as non-heavy (mean = 2.0 ± 0.3 g/kg/day; n = 3) and heavy (mean = 3.3 ± 0.5 g/kg/day; n = 6) drinkers. The two groups diverged in performance on the set-shifting task across the 30 pre-alcohol sessions, and at the end of the pre-alcohol testing, the group average PI was 216 ± 27 and 137 ± 71 for the future non-heavy and heavy drinkers, respectively. The data show that low cognitive flexibility assessed with a set-shifting procedure was predictive of future classification as a heavy alcohol drinker. The data highlight individual differences in both cognitive flexibility and in alcohol self-administration in this population of rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Shnitko
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006-3448, United States
| | - Steven W Gonzales
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006-3448, United States
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006-3448, United States; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L-470, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States.
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Thomas SG, Czoty PW. Effect of menstrual cycle on ethanol drinking in rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 194:205-209. [PMID: 30453105 PMCID: PMC6312462 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in the abuse-related effects of alcohol have been demonstrated in the clinic and in preclinical animal models. Less is known about the influence of menstrual cycle phase on drinking. METHODS In this study, we examined the relationship between menstrual cycle phase and intake of ethanol (EtOH) in five adult female rhesus monkeys. Subjects consumed a 4% EtOH solution in their home cage 6 h per day, 5 days per week and pressed a lever to receive food pellets during the drinking session. Menstrual cycle was determined with vaginal swabs 5-7 days per week. To facilitate comparison with previous studies, the cycle was divided three different ways for analysis. RESULTS First, no significant difference was observed when EtOH intake was compared between phases defined as "follicular" (days 5-10) and "luteal" (19-24). Second, when the cycle was further divided into four phases [early follicular (days 1-7), late follicular (8-14), early luteal (15-21) and late luteal (22-next cycle)], significant differences were detected, with intake highest in phases that bracket menses and lowest in the late follicular phase. Finally, EtOH intake during "mid-cycle" (days 12-16) was significantly lower than during "menses" (days 1-5) and "late luteal" (last 5 days). Effect sizes were small to moderate, although absolute differences in EtOH intake (g/kg) were <15%. Food-maintained responding was not different across phases. CONCLUSIONS Menstrual cycle has modest but statistically significant and selective effects on EtOH drinking, with higher EtOH intake observed in the peri-menstrual period compared to the middle of the cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul W. Czoty
- Corresponding author: Paul W. Czoty, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, Phone: 336-713-7112,
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Dorofeikova MV, Filatova EV, Orlov AA, Egorov AY. Effect of Early Sucrose Diet on Ethanol Preference and Behavior in Male and Female Wistar Rats. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093018040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hilderbrand ER, Lasek AW. Studying Sex Differences in Animal Models of Addiction: An Emphasis on Alcohol-Related Behaviors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1907-1916. [PMID: 29227676 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are essential for understanding the biological factors that contribute to drug and alcohol addiction and discovering new pharmacotherapies to treat these disorders. Alcohol (ethanol) is the most commonly abused drug in the world, and as the prevalence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) increases, so does the need for effective pharmacotherapies. In particular, treatments with high efficacy in the growing number of female AUD sufferers are needed. Female animals remain underrepresented in biomedical research and sex differences in the brain's response to alcohol are poorly understood. To help bridge the gender gap in addiction research, this Review discusses strategies that researchers can use to examine sex differences in the context of several common animal models of AUD. Self-administration, two-bottle choice, drinking in the dark, and conditioned place preference are discussed, with a focus on the role of estrogen as a mediator of sex differences in alcohol-related behaviors.
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Alexander NJ, Rau AR, Jimenez VA, Daunais JB, Grant KA, McCool BA. SNARE Complex-Associated Proteins in the Lateral Amygdala of Macaca mulatta Following Long-Term Ethanol Drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1661-1673. [PMID: 29944190 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work with long-term ethanol (EtOH) self-administration in nonhuman primate models has revealed a complex array of behavioral and physiological effects that closely mimic human alcohol abuse. Detailed neurophysiological analysis in these models suggests a myriad of pre- and postsynaptic neurobiological effects that may contribute to the behavioral manifestations of long-term EtOH drinking. The molecular mechanisms regulating presynaptic effects of this chronic EtOH exposure are largely unknown. To this end, we analyzed the effects of long-term EtOH self-administration on the levels of presynaptic SNARE complex proteins in Macaca mulatta basolateral amygdala, a brain region known to regulate both aversive and reward-seeking behaviors. METHODS Basolateral amygdala samples from control and EtOH-drinking male and female monkeys were processed. Total basolateral amygdala protein was analyzed by Western blotting using antibodies directed against both core SNARE and SNARE-associated proteins. We also performed correlational analyses between protein expression levels and a number of EtOH drinking parameters, including lifetime grams of EtOH consumed, preference, and blood alcohol concentration. RESULTS Significant interactions or main effects of sex/drinking were seen for a number of SNARE core and SNARE-associated proteins. Across the range of EtOH-drinking phenotypes, SNAP25 and Munc13-1 proteins levels were significantly different between males and females, and Munc13-2 levels were significantly lower in animals with a history of EtOH drinking. A separate analysis of very heavy-drinking individuals revealed significant decreases in Rab3c (females) and complexin 2 (males). CONCLUSIONS Protein expression analysis of basolateral amygdala total protein from controls and animals following long-term EtOH self-administration suggests a number of alterations in core SNARE or SNARE-associated components that could dramatically alter presynaptic function. A number of proteins or multiprotein components were also correlated with EtOH drinking behavior, which suggest a potentially heritable role for presynaptic SNARE proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Alexander
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Andrew R Rau
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Vanessa A Jimenez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James B Daunais
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Brian A McCool
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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You C, Vandegrift B, Brodie MS. Ethanol actions on the ventral tegmental area: novel potential targets on reward pathway neurons. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1711-1726. [PMID: 29549390 PMCID: PMC5949141 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) evaluates salience of environmental stimuli and provides dopaminergic innervation to many brain areas affected by acute and chronic ethanol exposure. While primarily associated with rewarding and reinforcing stimuli, recent evidence indicates a role for the VTA in aversion as well. Ethanol actions in the VTA may trigger neuroadaptation resulting in reduction of the aversive responses to alcohol and a relative increase in the rewarding responses. In searching for effective pharmacotherapies for the treatment of alcohol abuse and alcoholism, recognition of this imbalance may reveal novel strategies. In addition to conventional receptor/ion channel pharmacotherapies, epigenetic factors that control neuroadaptation to chronic ethanol treatment can be targeted as an avenue for development of therapeutic approaches to restore the balance. Furthermore, when exploring therapies to address reward/aversion imbalance in the action of alcohol in the VTA, sex differences have to be taken into account to ensure effective treatment for both men and women. These principles apply to a VTA-centric approach to therapies, but should hold true when thinking about the overall approach in the development of neuroactive drugs to treat alcohol use disorders. Although the functions of the VTA itself are complex, it is a useful model system to evaluate the reward/aversion imbalance that occurs with ethanol exposure and could be used to provide new leads in the efforts to develop novel drugs to treat alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang You
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Room E-202, M/C 901, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Bertha Vandegrift
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Room E-202, M/C 901, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mark S Brodie
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Room E-202, M/C 901, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Cuzon Carlson VC, Grant KA, Lovinger DM. Synaptic adaptations to chronic ethanol intake in male rhesus monkey dorsal striatum depend on age of drinking onset. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:128-142. [PMID: 29241653 PMCID: PMC5820135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One in 12 adults suffer with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Studies suggest the younger the age in which alcohol consumption begins the higher the probability of being diagnosed with AUD. Binge/excessive alcohol drinking involves a transition from flexible to inflexible behavior likely involving the dorsal striatum (caudate and putamen nuclei). A major focus of this study was to examine the effect of age of drinking onset on subsequent chronic, voluntary ethanol intake and dorsal striatal circuitry. Data from rhesus monkeys (n = 45) that started drinking as adolescents, young adults or mature adults confirms an age-related risk for heavy drinking. Striatal neuroadaptations were examined using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology to record AMPA receptor-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and GABAA receptor-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) from medium-sized spiny projection neurons located in the caudate or putamen nuclei. In controls, greater GABAergic transmission (mIPSC frequency and amplitude) was observed in the putamen compared to the caudate. With advancing age, in the absence of ethanol, an increase in mIPSC frequency concomitant with changes in mIPSC amplitude was observed in both regions. Chronic ethanol drinking decreased mIPSC frequency in the putamen regardless of age of onset. In the caudate, an ethanol drinking-induced increase in mIPSC frequency was only observed in monkeys that began drinking as young adults. Glutamatergic transmission did not differ between the dorsal striatal subregions in controls. With chronic ethanol drinking there was a decrease in the postsynaptic characteristics of rise time and area of mEPSCs in the putamen but an increase in mEPSC frequency in the caudate. Together, the observed changes in striatal physiology indicate a combined disinhibition due to youth and ethanol leading to abnormally strong activation of the putamen that could contribute to the increased risk for problem drinking in younger drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verginia C Cuzon Carlson
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, United States; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, United States; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - David M Lovinger
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, United States.
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Siciliano CA, Karkhanis AN, Holleran KM, Melchior JR, Jones SR. Cross-Species Alterations in Synaptic Dopamine Regulation After Chronic Alcohol Exposure. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 248:213-238. [PMID: 29675581 PMCID: PMC6195853 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders are a leading public health concern, engendering enormous costs in terms of both economic loss and human suffering. These disorders are characterized by compulsive and excessive alcohol use, as well as negative affect and alcohol craving during abstinence. Extensive research has implicated the dopamine system in both the acute pharmacological effects of alcohol and the symptomology of alcohol use disorders that develop after extended alcohol use. Preclinical research has shed light on many mechanisms by which chronic alcohol exposure dysregulates the dopamine system. However, many of the findings are inconsistent across experimental parameters such as alcohol exposure length, route of administration, and model organism. We propose that the dopaminergic alterations driving the core symptomology of alcohol use disorders are likely to be relatively stable across experimental settings. Recent work has been aimed at using multiple model organisms (mouse, rat, monkey) across various alcohol exposure procedures to search for commonalities. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the effects of chronic alcohol use on the dopamine system by highlighting findings that are consistent across experimental setting and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Siciliano
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anushree N Karkhanis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Katherine M Holleran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James R Melchior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sara R Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Beattie MC, Reguyal CS, Porcu P, Daunais JB, Grant KA, Morrow AL. Neuroactive Steroid (3α,5α)3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP) and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine MCP-1 Levels in Hippocampus CA1 are Correlated with Voluntary Ethanol Consumption in Cynomolgus Monkey. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 42:12-20. [PMID: 29112774 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroactive steroids such as (3α,5α)3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP, allopregnanolone) are potent neuromodulators that enhance GABAergic neurotransmission and produce inhibitory neurobehavioral and anti-inflammatory effects. Chronic ethanol (EtOH) consumption reduces 3α,5α-THP levels in human plasma, but has brain region- and species-specific effects on central nervous system levels of 3α,5α-THP. We explored the relationship between 3α,5α-THP levels in the hippocampus and voluntary EtOH consumption in the cynomolgus monkey following daily self-administration of EtOH for 12 months and further examined the relationship with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function prior to EtOH exposure. We simultaneously explored hippocampus levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the neuroimmune response to EtOH, following chronic self-administration. METHODS Monkeys were subjected to scheduled induction of water and EtOH consumption (0 to 1.5 g/kg) over 4 months, followed by free access to EtOH or water for 22 h/d over 12 months. Immunohistochemistry was performed using an anti-3α,5α-THP or anti-MCP-1 antibody. Prolonged voluntary drinking resulted in individual differences in EtOH consumption that ranged from 1.2 to 4.2 g/kg/d over 12 months. RESULTS Prolonged EtOH consumption increased cellular 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity by 12 ± 2% (p < 0.05) and reduced MCP-1 immunoreactivity by 23 ± 9% (p < 0.05) in the hippocampus CA1. In both cases, the effect of EtOH was most pronounced in heavy drinkers that consumed ≥3 g/kg for ≥20% of days. 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity was positively correlated with average daily EtOH intake (Spearman r = 0.76, p < 0.05) and dexamethasone inhibition of HPA axis function (Spearman r = 0.9, p < 0.05). In contrast, MCP-1 immunoreactivity was negatively correlated with average daily EtOH intake (Spearman r = -0.78, p < 0.05) and dexamethasone suppression of HPA axis function (Spearman r = -0.76, p < 0.05). Finally, 3α,5α-THP and MCP-1 immunoreactivity were inversely correlated with each other (Spearman r = -0.68, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that voluntary, long-term EtOH consumption results in higher levels of 3α,5α-THP, while decreasing levels of MCP-1 in the CA1 hippocampus, and that both changes may be linked to HPA axis function and the magnitude of voluntary EtOH consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Beattie
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher S Reguyal
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Patrizia Porcu
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James B Daunais
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - A Leslie Morrow
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Barker JM, Taylor JR. Sex differences in incentive motivation and the relationship to the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders. Physiol Behav 2017; 203:91-99. [PMID: 28974459 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable evidence of higher rates of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in men than in women, there is a dearth of research into the underlying causes of this disparity. As the gap in high risk drinking between men and women closes, it is critical to disentangle the biological factors that may place men and women at different risk for the development of AUDs as well as AUD-associated health problems. While sex differences in alcohol drinking have been reported in animal models and in human alcoholics, it increasingly seems that consummatory behavior may be dissociated from propensity toward inflexible and cue-elicited drug seeking and taking that characterize alcohol use disorders. While much of this work was initially performed in males a growing, yet limited, body of literature suggests that there are sex differences in both cue reactivity, and further, the relationship between cue reactivity and the maintenance of addictive behavior, indicating that males may be at greater risk for the development of a subset of addiction-related behaviors independent of alcohol consumption. Here, we will review the current literature on sex effects on the relationship between incentive motivation and addictive behavior and discuss unanswered questions that we expect will inform the development of individualized and sex-specific treatment and prevention strategies for AUDs. We believe that a greater understanding of how sex interacts with in cue reactivity to independently mediate the drug taking and risk for the development of uncontrolled drug or alcohol-seeking and -taking will inform the development of individualized treatment and prevention strategies for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Barker
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Jane R Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
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Chandler CM, Follett ME, Porter NJ, Liang KY, Vallender EJ, Miller GM, Rowlett JK, Platt DM. Persistent negative effects of alcohol drinking on aspects of novelty-directed behavior in male rhesus macaques. Alcohol 2017; 63:19-26. [PMID: 28847378 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans with histories of prolonged heavy alcohol use exhibit poorer performance on cognitive tasks associated with problem solving, short-term memory, and visuospatial reasoning, even following the cessation of drinking, when compared with healthy controls. It is unclear, however, whether the cognitive problems are a consequence of alcohol exposure or a contributing factor to alcohol-use disorders. Here, we examined the relationship between performance on a novel object recognition (NOR) task and total alcohol consumption (TAC) in adult male rhesus macaques (n = 12; ETH group; trained to self-administer alcohol). NOR performance in this group was assessed prior to induction of alcohol drinking ("pre") and, again, after a 1-year abstinence period ("post") and was compared to the performance of a second group (n = 6; Control group), which was alcohol-naïve. In the NOR task, difficulty was manipulated across three phases by varying specific object features and/or by varying duration of access to objects. For each monkey, we measured aspects of novelty-related behavior including novelty detection, novelty reactivity, and perseverative behavior. TAC during induction and a "free" access period in which the monkey could choose between water and a 4% w/v ethanol solution also was determined. We found that performance deficits in the NOR task were a consequence of high total alcohol intake instead of a predictor of subsequent high intake. Poor NOR performance in drinkers with the highest intakes was characterized by increased perseverative behavior rather than an inability to detect or react to novelty. Finally, the observed deficits are long-lasting - persisting even after a year of abstinence. Given the prevalent and persistent nature of alcohol-induced cognitive deficits in patients in treatment settings, understanding the nature of the deficit and its neural basis could ultimately offer novel treatment approaches based on the reversal of alcohol-induced impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie M Chandler
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Meagan E Follett
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | | | - Kevin Y Liang
- Harvard Medical School/NEPRC, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Eric J Vallender
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Harvard Medical School/NEPRC, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Gregory M Miller
- Harvard Medical School/NEPRC, Southborough, MA 01772, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James K Rowlett
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Harvard Medical School/NEPRC, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Donna M Platt
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Harvard Medical School/NEPRC, Southborough, MA 01772, USA.
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Rowland JA, Stapleton-Kotloski JR, Alberto GE, Davenport AT, Kotloski RJ, Friedman DP, Godwin DW, Daunais JB. Changes in nonhuman primate brain function following chronic alcohol consumption in previously naïve animals. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177. [PMID: 28622627 PMCID: PMC5540330 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with neurophysiological changes in brain activity; however, these changes are not well localized in humans. Non-human primate models of alcohol abuse enable control over many potential confounding variables associated with human studies. The present study utilized high-resolution magnetoencephalography (MEG) to quantify the effects of chronic EtOH self-administration on resting state (RS) brain function in vervet monkeys. METHODS Adolescent male vervet monkeys were trained to self-administer ethanol (n=7) or an isocaloric malto-dextrin solution (n=3). Following training, animals received 12 months of free access to ethanol. Animals then underwent RS magnetoencephalography (MEG) and subsequent power spectral analysis of brain activity at 32 bilateral regions of interest associated with the chronic effects of alcohol use. RESULTS demonstrate localized changes in brain activity in chronic heavy drinkers, including reduced power in the anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala as well as increased power in the right medial orbital and parietal areas. DISCUSSION The current study is the first demonstration of whole-head MEG acquisition in vervet monkeys. Changes in brain activity were consistent with human electroencephalographic studies; however, MEG was able to extend these findings by localizing the observed changes in power to specific brain regions. These regions are consistent with those previously found to exhibit volume loss following chronic heavy alcohol use. The ability to use MEG to evaluate changes in brain activity following chronic ethanol exposure provides a potentially powerful tool to better understand both the acute and chronic effects of alcohol on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Rowland
- Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, W.G. "Bill" Hefner VA Medical Center, Salisbury, NC, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | | | - Greg E Alberto
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - April T Davenport
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Kotloski
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neurology, William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David P Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Dwayne W Godwin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James B Daunais
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Jimenez VA, Grant KA. Studies using macaque monkeys to address excessive alcohol drinking and stress interactions. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:127-135. [PMID: 28347838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of non-human primates (NHPs) in studies of volitional, oral self-administration of alcohol can help address the complex interplay between stress and excessive alcohol consumption. There are aspects to brain, endocrine and behavior of NHPs, particularly macaques, that provide a critical translational link towards understanding the risks and consequences of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in humans. These include wide individual differences in escalating daily alcohol intake, accurate measures of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormonal interactions, neuroanatomical specificity of synaptic adaptations to chronic alcohol, genetic similarities to humans, and the ability to conduct in vivo brain imaging. When placed in a framework that alcohol addiction is a sequence of dysregulations in motivational circuitry associated with severity of AUD, the NHP can provide within-subject information on both risks for and consequences of repeatedly drinking to intoxication. Notably, long-term adaptations in neurocircuitry that mediate behavioral reinforcement, stress responses and executive functions are possible with NHPs. We review here the substantial progress made using NHPs to address the complex relationship between alcohol and stress as risk factors and consequences of daily drinking to intoxication. This review also highlights areas where future studies of brain and HPA axis adaptations are needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in stress leading to excessive alcohol consumption. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Jimenez
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland, OR, USA; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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Lo JO, Schabel MC, Roberts VHJ, Wang X, Lewandowski KS, Grant KA, Frias AE, Kroenke CD. First trimester alcohol exposure alters placental perfusion and fetal oxygen availability affecting fetal growth and development in a non-human primate model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 216:302.e1-302.e8. [PMID: 28153658 PMCID: PMC5334435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal alcohol exposure leads to impaired fetal growth, brain development, and stillbirth. Placental impairment likely contributes to these adverse outcomes, but the mechanisms and specific vasoactive effects of alcohol that links altered placental function to impaired fetal development remain areas of active research. OBJECTIVE Recently, we developed magnetic resonance imaging techniques in nonhuman primates to characterize placental blood oxygenation through measurements of T2* and perfusion using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of first-trimester alcohol exposure on macaque placental function and to characterize fetal brain development in vivo. STUDY DESIGN Timed-pregnant Rhesus macaques (n=12) were divided into 2 groups: control (n=6) and ethanol exposed (n=6). Animals were trained to self-administer orally either 1.5 g/kg/d of a 4% ethanol solution (equivalent to 6 drinks/d) or an isocaloric control fluid from preconception until gestational day 60 (term is G168). All animals underwent Doppler ultrasound scanning followed by magnetic resonance imaging that consisted of T2* and dynamic contrast-enhanced measurements. Doppler ultrasound scanning was used to measure uterine artery and umbilical vein velocimetry and diameter to calculate uterine artery volume blood flow and placental volume blood flow. After noninvasive imaging, animals underwent cesarean delivery for placenta collection and fetal necropsy at gestational day 110 (n=6) or 135 (n=6). RESULTS Fetal weight and biparietal diameter were significantly smaller in ethanol-exposed animals compared with control animals at gestational day 110. By Doppler ultrasound scanning, placental volume blood flow was significantly lower (P=.04) at gestational day 110 in ethanol-exposed vs control animals. A significant reduction in placental blood flow was evident by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. As we demonstrated recently, T2* values vary throughout the placenta and reveal gradients in blood deoxyhemoglobin concentration that range from highly oxygenated blood (long T2*) proximal to spiral arteries to highly deoxygenated blood (short T2*). Distributions of T2*throughout the placenta show significant global reduction in T2* (and hence high blood deoxyhemoglobin concentration) in ethanol-exposed vs control animals at gestational day 110 (P=.02). Fetal brain measurements indicated impaired growth and development at gestational day 110, but less so at gestational day 135 in ethanol-exposed vs control animals. CONCLUSION Chronic first-trimester ethanol exposure significantly reduces placental perfusion and oxygen supply to the fetal vasculature later in pregnancy. These perturbations of placental function are associated with fetal growth impairments. However, differences between ethanol-exposed and control animals in placental function and fetal developmental outcomes were smaller at gestational day 135 than at gestational day 110. These findings are consistent with placental adaptation to early perturbations that allow for compensated placental function and maintenance of fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie O Lo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.
| | - Matthias C Schabel
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Victoria H J Roberts
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Katherine S Lewandowski
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Antonio E Frias
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Christopher D Kroenke
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
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Beattie MC, Maldonado-Devincci AM, Porcu P, O'Buckley TK, Daunais JB, Grant KA, Morrow AL. Voluntary ethanol consumption reduces GABAergic neuroactive steroid (3α,5α)3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP) in the amygdala of the cynomolgus monkey. Addict Biol 2017; 22:318-330. [PMID: 26625954 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids such as (3α,5α)3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP, allopregnanolone) enhance the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic effects of ethanol and modulate excessive drinking in rodents. Moreover, chronic ethanol consumption reduces 3α,5α-THP levels in human plasma, rat hippocampus and mouse limbic regions. We explored the relationship between 3α,5α-THP levels in limbic brain areas and voluntary ethanol consumption in the cynomolgus monkey following daily self-administration of ethanol for 12 months and further examined the relationship to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function prior to ethanol exposure. Monkeys were subjected to scheduled induction of ethanol consumption followed by free access to ethanol or water for 22 h/day over 12 months. Immunohistochemistry was performed using an anti-3α,5α-THP antibody. Prolonged voluntary drinking resulted in individual differences in ethanol consumption that ranged from 1.2 to 4.2 g/kg/day over 12 months. Prolonged ethanol consumption reduced cellular 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity by 13 ± 2 percent (P < 0.05) in the lateral amygdala and 17 ± 2 percent (P < 0.05) in the basolateral amygdala. The effect of ethanol was most pronounced in heavy drinkers that consumed ≥3 g/kg ≥ 20 percent of days. Consequently, 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity in both the lateral and basolateral amygdala was inversely correlated with average daily ethanol intake (Spearman r = -0.87 and -0.72, respectively, P < 0.05). However, no effect of ethanol and no correlation between drinking and 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity were observed in the basomedial amygdala. 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity following ethanol exposure was also correlated with HPA axis function prior to ethanol exposure. These data indicate that voluntary ethanol drinking reduces amygdala levels of 3α,5α-THP in non-human primates and that amygdala 3α,5α-THP levels may be linked to HPA axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Beattie
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Antoniette M. Maldonado-Devincci
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Patrizia Porcu
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
- Neuroscience Institute; National Research Council of Italy (CNR); Italy
| | - Todd K. O'Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - James B. Daunais
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston Salem NC USA
| | - Kathleen A. Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center; Oregon Health and Science University; Beaverton OR USA
| | - A. Leslie Morrow
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
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Baker EJ, Walter NAR, Salo A, Rivas Perea P, Moore S, Gonzales S, Grant KA. Identifying Future Drinkers: Behavioral Analysis of Monkeys Initiating Drinking to Intoxication is Predictive of Future Drinking Classification. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:626-636. [PMID: 28055132 PMCID: PMC5347908 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Monkey Alcohol Tissue Research Resource (MATRR) is a repository and analytics platform for detailed data derived from well-documented nonhuman primate (NHP) alcohol self-administration studies. This macaque model has demonstrated categorical drinking norms reflective of human drinking populations, resulting in consumption pattern classifications of very heavy drinking (VHD), heavy drinking (HD), binge drinking (BD), and low drinking (LD) individuals. Here, we expand on previous findings that suggest ethanol drinking patterns during initial drinking to intoxication can reliably predict future drinking category assignment. METHODS The classification strategy uses a machine-learning approach to examine an extensive set of daily drinking attributes during 90 sessions of induction across 7 cohorts of 5 to 8 monkeys for a total of 50 animals. A Random Forest classifier is employed to accurately predict categorical drinking after 12 months of self-administration. RESULTS Predictive outcome accuracy is approximately 78% when classes are aggregated into 2 groups, "LD and BD" and "HD and VHD." A subsequent 2-step classification model distinguishes individual LD and BD categories with 90% accuracy and between HD and VHD categories with 95% accuracy. Average 4-category classification accuracy is 74%, and provides putative distinguishing behavioral characteristics between groupings. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that data derived from the induction phase of this ethanol self-administration protocol have significant predictive power for future ethanol consumption patterns. Importantly, numerous predictive factors are longitudinal, measuring the change of drinking patterns through 3 stages of induction. Factors during induction that predict future heavy drinkers include being younger at the time of first intoxication and developing a shorter latency to first ethanol drink. Overall, this analysis identifies predictive characteristics in future very heavy drinkers that optimize intoxication, such as having increasingly fewer bouts with more drinks. This analysis also identifies characteristic avoidance of intoxicating topographies in future low drinkers, such as increasing number of bouts and waiting longer before the first ethanol drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich J Baker
- Department of Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Nicole A R Walter
- Division of Neuroscience at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alex Salo
- Department of Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Pablo Rivas Perea
- Department of Computer Science, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York
| | - Sharon Moore
- Department of Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Steven Gonzales
- Division of Neuroscience at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Roberto M, Varodayan FP. Synaptic targets: Chronic alcohol actions. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:85-99. [PMID: 28108359 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol acts on numerous cellular and molecular targets to regulate neuronal communication within the brain. Chronic alcohol exposure and acute withdrawal generate prominent neuroadaptations at synapses, including compensatory effects on the expression, localization and function of synaptic proteins, channels and receptors. The present article reviews the literature describing the synaptic effects of chronic alcohol exposure and their relevance for synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. This review is not meant to be comprehensive, but rather to highlight the effects that have been observed most consistently and that are thought to contribute to the development of alcohol dependence and the negative aspects of withdrawal. Specifically, we will focus on the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain, glutamate and GABA, respectively, and how their neuroadaptations after chronic alcohol exposure contributes to alcohol reinforcement, dependence and withdrawal. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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