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Aguilar LA, Coker CR, McCullers Z, Evans A, Showemimo O, Melkumyan M, Keller BN, Snyder AE, Bingaman SS, Randall PA, Hajnal A, Browning KN, Arnold AC, Silberman Y. Adolescent alcohol disrupts development of noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and enhances stress behaviors in adulthood in mice in a sex specific manner. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 9:100132. [PMID: 38162404 PMCID: PMC10756564 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are common mental health issues worldwide and can lead to other chronic diseases. Stress is a major factor in the development and continuation of AUDs, and adolescent alcohol exposure can lead to enhanced stress-responsivity and increased risk for AUD development in adulthood. The exact mechanisms behind the interaction between adolescence, stress, and alcohol are not fully understood and require further research. In this regard, the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) provides dense norepinephrine projections to the extended amygdala, providing a key pathway for stress-related alcohol behaviors. While NTS norepinephrine neurons are known to be alcohol sensitive, whether adolescent alcohol disrupts NTS-norepinephrine neuron development and if this is related to altered stress-sensitivity and alcohol preference in adulthood has not previously been examined. Here, we exposed male and female C57Bl/6J mice to the commonly used adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) vapor model during postnatal day 28-42 and examined AIE effects on: 1) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA expression in the NTS across various ages (postnatal day 21-90), 2) behavioral responses to acute stress in the light/dark box test in adulthood, 3) NTS TH neuron responses to acute stress and ethanol challenges in adulthood, and 4) ethanol conditioned place preference behavior in adulthood. Overall the findings indicate that AIE alters NTS TH mRNA expression and increases anxiety-like behaviors following acute stress exposure in a sex-dependent manner. These mRNA expression and behavioral changes occur in the absence of AIE-induced changes in NTS TH neuron sensitivity to either acute stress or acute alcohol exposure or changes to ethanol conditioned place preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz A. Aguilar
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
- Currently at Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, USA
| | - Caitlin R. Coker
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
- Penn State College of Medicine, Graduate Program in Anatomy, USA
- Currently at Georgetown University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Zari McCullers
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
- Penn State College of Medicine, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, USA
| | - Alexandra Evans
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
- Penn State College of Medicine, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, USA
| | - Opeyemi Showemimo
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
- Penn State College of Medicine, Graduate Program in Anatomy, USA
| | - Mariam Melkumyan
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
- Penn State College of Medicine, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, USA
| | - Bailey N. Keller
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
- Penn State College of Medicine, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, USA
| | - Angela E. Snyder
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
- Penn State College of Medicine, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, USA
| | - Sarah S. Bingaman
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Andras Hajnal
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
| | - Kirsteen N. Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
| | - Amy C. Arnold
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
| | - Yuval Silberman
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, USA
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O'Sullivan SJ, McIntosh-Clarke D, Park J, Vadigepalli R, Schwaber JS. Single Cell Scale Neuronal and Glial Gene Expression and Putative Cell Phenotypes and Networks in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius in an Alcohol Withdrawal Time Series. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:739790. [PMID: 34867221 PMCID: PMC8641127 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.739790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is characterized by neuronal hyperexcitability, autonomic dysregulation, and severe negative emotion. The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) likely plays a prominent role in the neurological processes underlying these symptoms as it is the main viscerosensory nucleus in the brain. The NTS receives visceral interoceptive inputs, influences autonomic outputs, and has strong connections to the limbic system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to maintain homeostasis. Our prior analysis of single neuronal gene expression data from the NTS shows that neurons exist in heterogeneous transcriptional states that form distinct functional subphenotypes. Our working model conjectures that the allostasis secondary to alcohol dependence causes peripheral and central biological network decompensation in acute abstinence resulting in neurovisceral feedback to the NTS that substantially contributes to the observed AWS. We collected single noradrenergic and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) neurons and microglia from rat NTS and measured a subset of their transcriptome as pooled samples in an alcohol withdrawal time series. Inflammatory subphenotypes predominate at certain time points, and GLP-1 subphenotypes demonstrated hyperexcitability post-withdrawal. We hypothesize such inflammatory and anxiogenic signaling contributes to alcohol dependence via negative reinforcement. Targets to mitigate such dysregulation and treat dependence can be identified from this dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J O'Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Damani McIntosh-Clarke
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - James Park
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - James S Schwaber
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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O'Sullivan SJ, Schwaber JS. Similarities in alcohol and opioid withdrawal syndromes suggest common negative reinforcement mechanisms involving the interoceptive antireward pathway. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:355-364. [PMID: 33647322 PMCID: PMC8555739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol and opioids are two major contributors to so-called deaths of despair. Though the effects of these substances on mammalian systems are distinct, commonalities in their withdrawal syndromes suggest a shared pathophysiology. For example, both are characterized by marked autonomic dysregulation and are treated with alpha-2 agonists. Moreover, alcohol and opioids rapidly induce dependence motivated by withdrawal avoidance. Resemblances observed in withdrawal syndromes and abuse behavior may indicate common addiction mechanisms. We argue that neurovisceral feedback influences autonomic and emotional circuits generating antireward similarly for both substances. Amygdala is central to this hypothesis as it is principally responsible for negative emotion, prominent in addiction and motivated behavior, and processes autonomic inputs while generating autonomic outputs. The solitary nucleus (NTS) has strong bidirectional connections to the amygdala and receives interoceptive inputs communicating visceral states via vagal afferents. These visceral-emotional hubs are strongly influenced by the periphery including gut microbiota. We propose that gut dysbiosis contributes to alcohol and opioid withdrawal syndromes by contributing to peripheral and neuroinflammation that stimulates these antireward pathways and motivates substance dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J O'Sullivan
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James S Schwaber
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Kiser PD, Palczewski K. Pathways and disease-causing alterations in visual chromophore production for vertebrate vision. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100072. [PMID: 33187985 PMCID: PMC7948990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.014405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All that we view of the world begins with an ultrafast cis to trans photoisomerization of the retinylidene chromophore associated with the visual pigments of rod and cone photoreceptors. The continual responsiveness of these photoreceptors is then sustained by regeneration processes that convert the trans-retinoid back to an 11-cis configuration. Recent biochemical and electrophysiological analyses of the retinal G-protein-coupled receptor (RGR) suggest that it could sustain the responsiveness of photoreceptor cells, particularly cones, even under bright light conditions. Thus, two mechanisms have evolved to accomplish the reisomerization: one involving the well-studied retinoid isomerase (RPE65) and a second photoisomerase reaction mediated by the RGR. Impairments to the pathways that transform all-trans-retinal back to 11-cis-retinal are associated with mild to severe forms of retinal dystrophy. Moreover, with age there also is a decline in the rate of chromophore regeneration. Both pharmacological and genetic approaches are being used to bypass visual cycle defects and consequently mitigate blinding diseases. Rapid progress in the use of genome editing also is paving the way for the treatment of disparate retinal diseases. In this review, we provide an update on visual cycle biochemistry and then discuss visual-cycle-related diseases and emerging therapeutics for these disorders. There is hope that these advances will be helpful in treating more complex diseases of the eye, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Kiser
- The Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Research Service, The VA Long Beach Health Care System, Long Beach, California, USA; The Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- The Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; The Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; The Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
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Staehle MM, O’Sullivan S, Vadigepalli R, Kernan KF, Gonye GE, Ogunnaike BA, Schwaber JS. Diurnal Patterns of Gene Expression in the Dorsal Vagal Complex and the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala - Non-rhythm-generating Brain Regions. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:375. [PMID: 32477043 PMCID: PMC7233260 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes that establish the circadian clock have differential expression with respect to solar time in central and peripheral tissues. Here, we find circadian-time-induced differential expression in a large number of genes not associated with circadian rhythms in two brain regions lacking overt circadian function: the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). These regions primarily engage in autonomic, homeostatic, and emotional regulation. However, we find striking diurnal shifts in gene expression in these regions of male Sprague Dawley rats with no obvious patterns that could be attributed to function or region. These findings have implications for the design of gene expression studies as well as for the potential effects of xenobiotics on these regions that regulate autonomic and emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Staehle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Sean O’Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kate F. Kernan
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gregory E. Gonye
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - James S. Schwaber
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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O'Sullivan SJ, Malahias E, Park J, Srivastava A, Reyes BAS, Gorky J, Vadigepalli R, Van Bockstaele EJ, Schwaber JS. Single-Cell Glia and Neuron Gene Expression in the Central Amygdala in Opioid Withdrawal Suggests Inflammation With Correlated Gut Dysbiosis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:665. [PMID: 31333398 PMCID: PMC6619439 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-seeking in opioid dependence is due in part to the severe negative emotion associated with the withdrawal syndrome. It is well-established that negative emotional states emerge from activity in the amygdala. More recently, gut microflora have been shown to contribute substantially to such emotions. We measured gene expression in single glia and neurons gathered from the amygdala using laser capture microdissection and simultaneously measured gut microflora in morphine-dependent and withdrawn rats to investigate drivers of negative emotion in opioid withdrawal. We found that neuroinflammatory genes, notably Tnf, were upregulated in the withdrawal condition and that astrocytes, in particular, were highly active. We also observe a decreased Firmicutes to Bacteroides ratio in opioid withdrawal indicating gut dysbiosis. We speculate that these inflammatory and gut microflora changes contribute to the negative emotion experienced in opioid withdrawal that motivates dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J O'Sullivan
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Evangelia Malahias
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James Park
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jon Gorky
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James S Schwaber
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Sánchez-Alvarez R, Gayen S, Vadigepalli R, Anni H. Ethanol diverts early neuronal differentiation trajectory of embryonic stem cells by disrupting the balance of lineage specifiers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63794. [PMID: 23724002 PMCID: PMC3665827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ethanol is a toxin responsible for the neurodevelopmental deficits of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Recent evidence suggests that ethanol modulates the protein expression of lineage specifier transcription factors Oct4 (Pou5f1) and Sox2 in early stages of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation. We hypothesized that ethanol induced an imbalance in the expression of Oct4 and Sox2 in early differentiation, that dysregulated the expression of associated and target genes and signaling molecules and diverted cells from neuroectodermal (NE) formation. Methodology/Principal Findings We showed modulation by ethanol of 33 genes during ES cell differentiation, using high throughput microfluidic dynamic array chips measuring 2,304 real time quantitative PCR assays. Based on the overall gene expression dynamics, ethanol drove cells along a differentiation trajectory away from NE fate. These ethanol-induced gene expression changes were observed as early as within 2 days of differentiation, and were independent of cell proliferation or apoptosis. Gene expression changes were correlated with fewer βIII-tubulin positive cells of an immature neural progenitor phenotype, as well as a disrupted actin cytoskeleton were observed. Moreover, Tuba1a and Gapdh housekeeping genes were modulated by ethanol during differentiation and were replaced by a set of ribosomal genes with stable expression. Conclusions/Significance These findings provided an ethanol-response gene signature and pointed to the transcriptional dynamics underlying lineage imbalance that may be relevant to FASD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sánchez-Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Gayen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RV); (HA)
| | - Helen Anni
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RV); (HA)
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Freeman K, Staehle MM, Vadigepalli R, Gonye GE, Ogunnaike BA, Hoek JB, Schwaber JS. Coordinated dynamic gene expression changes in the central nucleus of the amygdala during alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 37 Suppl 1:E88-100. [PMID: 22827539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol use causes widespread changes in the cellular biology of the amygdala's central nucleus (CeA), a GABAergic center that integrates autonomic physiology with the emotional aspects of motivation and learning. While alcohol-induced neurochemical changes play a role in dependence and drinking behavior, little is known about the CeA's dynamic changes during withdrawal, a period of emotional and physiologic disturbance. METHODS We used a qRT-PCR platform to measure 139 transcripts in 92 rat CeA samples from control (N = 33), chronically alcohol exposed (N = 26), and withdrawn rats (t = 4, 8, 18, 32, and 48 hours; N = 5, 10, 7, 6, 5). This focused transcript set allowed us to identify significant dynamic expression patterns during the first 48 hours of withdrawal and propose potential regulatory mechanisms. RESULTS Chronic alcohol exposure causes a limited number of small magnitude expression changes. In contrast, withdrawal results in a greater number of large changes within 4 hours of removal of the alcohol diet. Sixty-five of the 139 measured transcripts (47%) showed differential regulation during withdrawal. Over the 48-hour period, dynamic changes in the expression of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A) ), ionotropic glutamate and neuropeptide system-related G-protein-coupled receptor subunits, and the Ras/Raf signaling pathway were seen as well as downstream transcription factors (TFs) and epigenetic regulators. Four temporally correlated gene clusters were identified with shared functional roles including NMDA receptors, MAPKKK and chemokine signaling cascades, and mediators of long-term potentiation, among others. Cluster promoter regions shared overrepresented binding sites for multiple TFs including Cebp, Usf-1, Smad3, Ap-2, and c-Ets, suggesting a potential regulatory role. CONCLUSIONS During alcohol withdrawal, the CeA experiences rapid changes in mRNA expression of these functionally related transcripts that were not predicted by measurement during chronic exposure. This study provides new insight into dynamic expression changes during alcohol withdrawal and suggests novel regulatory relationships that potentially impact the aspects of emotional modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Freeman
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology (KF, MMS, RV, GEG, JBH, JSS), Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS), Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS, BAO), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Mary M Staehle
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology (KF, MMS, RV, GEG, JBH, JSS), Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS), Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS, BAO), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology (KF, MMS, RV, GEG, JBH, JSS), Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS), Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS, BAO), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Gregory E Gonye
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology (KF, MMS, RV, GEG, JBH, JSS), Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS), Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS, BAO), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Babatunde A Ogunnaike
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology (KF, MMS, RV, GEG, JBH, JSS), Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS), Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS, BAO), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Jan B Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology (KF, MMS, RV, GEG, JBH, JSS), Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS), Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS, BAO), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - James S Schwaber
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology (KF, MMS, RV, GEG, JBH, JSS), Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS), Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey; Department of Chemical Engineering (MMS, BAO), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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Freeman K, Brureau A, Vadigepalli R, Staehle MM, Brureau MM, Gonye GE, Hoek JB, Hooper DC, Schwaber JS. Temporal changes in innate immune signals in a rat model of alcohol withdrawal in emotional and cardiorespiratory homeostatic nuclei. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:97. [PMID: 22626265 PMCID: PMC3411448 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic alcohol use changes the brain’s inflammatory state. However, there is little work examining the progression of the cytokine response during alcohol withdrawal, a period of profound autonomic and emotional upset. This study examines the inflammatory response in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and dorsal vagal complex (DVC), brain regions neuroanatomically associated with affective and cardiorespiratory regulation in an in vivo rat model of withdrawal following a single chronic exposure. Methods For qRT-PCR studies, we measured the expression of TNF-α, NOS-2, Ccl2 (MCP-1), MHC II invariant chain CD74, and the TNF receptor Tnfrsf1a in CeA and DVC samples from adult male rats exposed to a liquid alcohol diet for thirty-five days and in similarly treated animals at four hours and forty-eight hours following alcohol withdrawal. ANOVA was used to identify statistically significant treatment effects. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and confocal microscopy were performed in a second set of animals during chronic alcohol exposure and subsequent 48-hour withdrawal. Results Following a chronic alcohol exposure, withdrawal resulted in a statistically significant increase in the expression of mRNAs specific for innate immune markers Ccl2, TNF-α, NOS-2, Tnfrsf1a, and CD74. This response was present in both the CeA and DVC and most prominent at 48 hours. Confocal IHC of samples taken 48 hours into withdrawal demonstrate the presence of TNF-α staining surrounding cells expressing the neural marker NeuN and endothelial cells colabeled with ICAM-1 (CD54) and RECA-1, markers associated with an inflammatory response. Again, findings were consistent in both brain regions. Conclusions This study demonstrates the rapid induction of Ccl2, TNF-α, NOS-2, Tnfrsf1a and CD74 expression during alcohol withdrawal in both the CeA and DVC. IHC dual labeling showed an increase in TNF-α surrounding neurons and ICAM-1 on vascular endothelial cells 48 hours into withdrawal, confirming the inflammatory response at the protein level. These findings suggest that an abrupt cessation of alcohol intake leads to an acute central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response in these regions that regulate autonomic and emotional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Freeman
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
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