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Moretti G, Bufalari A. Editorial: A review of canine soft tissue sarcomas: new insights in diagnostic and treatment measures. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1454513. [PMID: 39051014 PMCID: PMC11266169 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1454513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Moretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Bertram CA, Donovan TA, Bartel A. Mitotic activity: A systematic literature review of the assessment methodology and prognostic value in canine tumors. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241239565. [PMID: 38533804 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241239565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
One of the most relevant prognostic indices for tumors is cellular proliferation, which is most commonly measured by the mitotic activity in routine tumor sections. The goal of this systematic review was to analyze the methods and prognostic relevance of histologically measuring mitotic activity that have been reported for canine tumors in the literature. A total of 137 articles that correlated the mitotic activity in canine tumors with patient outcome were identified through a systematic (PubMed and Scopus) and nonsystematic (Google Scholar) literature search and eligibility screening process. Mitotic activity methods encompassed the mitotic count (MC, number of mitotic figures per tumor area) in 126 studies, presumably the MC (method not specified) in 6 studies, and the mitotic index (MI, number of mitotic figures per number of tumor cells) in 5 studies. A particularly high risk of bias was identified based on the available details of the MC methods and statistical analyses, which often did not quantify the prognostic discriminative ability of the MC and only reported P values. A significant association of the MC with survival was found in 72 of 109 (66%) studies. However, survival was evaluated by at least 3 studies in only 7 tumor types/groups, of which a prognostic relevance is apparent for mast cell tumors of the skin, cutaneous melanoma, and soft tissue tumor of the skin and subcutis. None of the studies using the MI found a prognostic relevance. This review highlights the need for more studies with standardized methods and appropriate analysis of the discriminative ability to prove the prognostic value of the MC and MI in various tumor types. Future studies are needed to evaluate the influence of the performance of individual pathologists on the appropriateness of prognostic thresholds and investigate methods to improve interobserver reproducibility.
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Rai T, Morisi A, Bacci B, Bacon NJ, Dark MJ, Aboellail T, Thomas SA, La Ragione RM, Wells K. Keeping Pathologists in the Loop and an Adaptive F1-Score Threshold Method for Mitosis Detection in Canine Perivascular Wall Tumours. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:644. [PMID: 38339394 PMCID: PMC10854568 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Performing a mitosis count (MC) is the diagnostic task of histologically grading canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma (cSTS). However, mitosis count is subject to inter- and intra-observer variability. Deep learning models can offer a standardisation in the process of MC used to histologically grade canine Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Subsequently, the focus of this study was mitosis detection in canine Perivascular Wall Tumours (cPWTs). Generating mitosis annotations is a long and arduous process open to inter-observer variability. Therefore, by keeping pathologists in the loop, a two-step annotation process was performed where a pre-trained Faster R-CNN model was trained on initial annotations provided by veterinary pathologists. The pathologists reviewed the output false positive mitosis candidates and determined whether these were overlooked candidates, thus updating the dataset. Faster R-CNN was then trained on this updated dataset. An optimal decision threshold was applied to maximise the F1-score predetermined using the validation set and produced our best F1-score of 0.75, which is competitive with the state of the art in the canine mitosis domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranpreet Rai
- Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
- Surrey DataHub, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Ambra Morisi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (A.M.); (R.M.L.R.)
| | - Barbara Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | | | - Michael J. Dark
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Tawfik Aboellail
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Spencer A. Thomas
- Department of Computer Science, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
- National Physical Laboratory, London TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Roberto M. La Ragione
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; (A.M.); (R.M.L.R.)
- School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kevin Wells
- Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
- Surrey DataHub, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
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Hay AN, Ruger L, Hsueh A, Vickers E, Klahn S, Vlaisavljevich E, Tuohy J. A review of the development of histotripsy for extremity tumor ablation with a canine comparative oncology model to inform human treatments. Int J Hyperthermia 2023; 40:2274802. [PMID: 37994796 PMCID: PMC10669778 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2023.2274802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devasting disease resulting in millions of deaths worldwide in both humans and companion animals, including dogs. Treatment of cancer is complex and challenging and therefore often multifaceted, as in the case of osteosarcoma (OS) and soft tissue sarcoma (STS). OS predominantly involves the appendicular skeleton and STS commonly develops in the extremities, resulting in treatment challenges due to the need to balance wide-margin resections to achieve local oncological control against the functional outcomes for the patient. To achieve wide tumor resection, invasive limb salvage surgery is often required, and the patient is at risk for numerous complications which can ultimately lead to impaired limb function and mobility. The advent of tumor ablation techniques offers the exciting potential of developing noninvasive or minimally invasive treatment options for extremity tumors. One promising innovative tumor ablation technique with strong potential to serve as a noninvasive limb salvage treatment for extremity tumor patients is histotripsy. Histotripsy is a novel, noninvasive, non-thermal, and non-ionizing focused ultrasound technique which uses controlled acoustic cavitation to mechanically disintegrate tissue with high precision. In this review, we present the ongoing development of histotripsy as a non-surgical alternative for extremity tumors and highlight the value of spontaneously occurring OS and STS in the pet dog as a comparative oncology research model to advance this field of histotripsy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alayna N. Hay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA
| | - Lauren Ruger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Andy Hsueh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA
| | - Elliana Vickers
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
- Graduate program in Translation Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Joanne Tuohy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA
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5
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Razzuoli E, Chirullo B, De Ciucis CG, Mecocci S, Martini I, Zoccola R, Campanella C, Varello K, Petrucci P, Di Meo A, Bozzetta E, Tarantino M, Goria M, Modesto P. Animal models of Soft Tissue Sarcoma for alternative anticancer therapy studies: characterization of the A-72 Canine Cell Line. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1615-1627. [PMID: 37038001 PMCID: PMC10484808 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS) cell line A-72 has been largely employed for antiviral and antiproliferative studies. However, there are few information on their characteristics. Our aim was to evaluate A-72 expression level of genes and proteins involved in the innate immune response and cell cycle, their ability to respond to infective stressors and their possible use as a cellular model for anti-cancer studies in human and animal medicine. For this purpose, we evaluated the basal expression of immune-related, cell cycle and DNA repair genes on this cell line and tumoral tissues. A-72 ability to respond to a wild-type strain of Salmonella typhimurium was assessed. S. typhimurium showed ability to penetrate A-72 causing pro-inflammatory response accompanied by a decrease of cell viability. IL10 and IL18 genes were not expressed in A-72 while CXCL8, NOS2, CXCR4 and PTEN were highly expressed in all samples and TP53 was slightly expressed, as shown in human STS. Our results outline the ability of A-72 to respond to a bacterial agent by modifying the expression of important genes involved in innate immune response and provide a useful model for in vitro evaluation of new therapeutic approaches that could be translated into the human oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Chirullo
- Unit of Emerging Zoonoses Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Grazia De Ciucis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Isabella Martini
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Zoccola
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Campanella
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Katia Varello
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Petrucci
- Unit of Emerging Zoonoses Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Meo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Tarantino
- Unit of Emerging Zoonoses Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Goria
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Modesto
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy
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Cardoso de Almeida Moreira AR, Franzoni MS, Dos Anjos DS, César-Jark P, Nóbrega J, Laufer-Amorim R, Valsecchi Henriques M, Neto OP, Fonseca-Alves CE. Proposing Clinicopathological Staging and Mitotic Count as Prognostic Factors for Canine Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050327. [PMID: 37235410 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a heterogeneous group of malignant mesenchymal tumors with similar histological features and biological behaviors. They are characterized by a low to moderate local recurrence rate and low metastasis, affecting approximately 20% of patients. Although this tumor set is vital in veterinary medicine, no previous unified staging system or mitotic count has been associated with patient prognosis. Therefore, this study proposed a new clinicopathological staging method and evaluated a cut-off value for mitosis related to the survival of dogs affected by STS. This study included 105 dogs affected by STS, treated only with surgery, and a complete follow-up evaluation. The new clinicopathological staging system evaluated tumor size (T), nodal involvement (N), distant metastasis (M), and histological grading criteria (G) to categorize the tumor stage into four groups (stages I, II, III, and IV). The proposed tumor staging system was able to differentiate patients' prognoses, with dogs with stage IV disease experiencing the lowest survival time and dogs with stage I disease having the highest survival time (p < 0.001). Moreover, we assessed the median mitosis (based on mitotic count) and its association with overall survival. Our study's median mitosis was 5, and patients with ≤5 mitoses had a higher survival time (p = 0.006). Overall, the proposed staging system and mitotic count seemed promising in the prediction of patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayara Simão Franzoni
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliano Nóbrega
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Renée Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Marina Valsecchi Henriques
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Osmar Pinto Neto
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Anhembi University, São Paulo 04546-001, Brazil
- Arena235 Research Lab, São José dos Campos 12246-876, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University (UNIP), Bauru 17048-290, Brazil
- Veterinary Oncology Service (SEOVET), São Paulo 05016-000, Brazil
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Bray JP, Munday JS. Development of a Nomogram to Predict the Outcome for Patients with Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040266. [PMID: 37104421 PMCID: PMC10146366 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are common cutaneous or subcutaneous neoplasms in dogs. Most STSs are initially treated by surgical excision, and local recurrence may develop in almost 20% of patients. Currently, it is difficult to predict which STS will recur after excision, but this ability would greatly assist patient management. In recent years, the nomogram has emerged as a tool to allow oncologists to predict an outcome from a combination of risk factors. The aim of this study was to develop a nomogram for canine STSs and determine if the nomogram could predict patient outcomes better than individual tumour characteristics. The current study provides the first evidence in veterinary oncology to support a role for the nomogram to assist with predicting the outcome for patients after surgery for STSs. The nomogram developed in this study accurately predicted tumour-free survival in 25 patients but failed to predict recurrence in 1 patient. Overall, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, and negative predictive values for the nomogram were 96%, 45%, 45%, and 96%, respectively (area under the curve: AUC = 0.84). This study suggests a nomogram could play an important role in helping to identify patients who could benefit from revision surgery or adjuvant therapy for an STS.
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Bray JP, Perrott MR, Munday JS. Immunostaining for VEGF and Decorin Predicts Poor Survival and Recurrence in Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040256. [PMID: 37104411 PMCID: PMC10143017 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether using immunohistochemistry to detect the angiogenic proteins vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and decorin can help predict the risk of local recurrence of, or death from, canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS). VEGF and decorin were detected using validated immunohistochemical methods on 100 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of canine STS. The tumours had been resected previously, with clinical outcome determined by questionnaire. Each slide was assessed by light microscopy and the pattern of immunostaining with VEGF and decorin determined. Patterns of immunostaining were then analysed to detect associations with outcome measures of local recurrence and tumour-related death. High VEGF immunostaining was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with both increased local recurrence and reduced survival time. The distribution of decorin immunostaining within the tumour was significantly associated with survival time (p = 0.04) and local tumour recurrence (p = 0.02). When VEGF and decorin scores were combined, STS with both high VEGF and low decorin immunostaining were more likely to recur or cause patient death (p < 0.001). The results of this study suggest that immunostaining of VEGF and decorin may help predict the risk of local recurrence of canine STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Bray
- AURA Veterinary, 70 Priestley Road, Surrey Research Park, Guildford GU2 7AJ, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthew R. Perrott
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - John S. Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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Bray J, Eward W, Breen M. Evaluating the relevance of surgical margins. Part one: The problems with current methodology. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:1-11. [PMID: 36308442 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of cancer surgery is to achieve a "clean" microscopic resection, with no residual tumour remaining in the wound. To achieve that goal, the surgeon typically incorporates a measured buffer of grossly normal tissue about the entire circumference of the tumour. Microscopic analysis of the resection boundaries is then performed to determine if all traces of the tumour have been completely removed. This analysis is thought to provide a surrogate indication as to the likelihood for that tumour to recur after surgery. However, it is recognised that tumour recurrence may not occur even when microscopic evidence of tumour has been identified at the resection margins, and recurrence can also occur when conventional histology has considered the tumour to have been completely removed. The explanations for this dichotomy are numerous and include technical and practical limitations of the processing methodology, and also several surgeon-related and tumour-related reasons. Ultimately, the inability to confidently determine when a tumour has been removed sufficiently to prevent recurrence can impact on the ability to provide owners with confident treatment advice. In this article, the authors describe the challenges with defining the true extent of the tumour margin from the perspective of the surgeon, the pathologist and the tumour. The authors also provide an analysis of why our current efforts to ensure that all traces of the local tumour have been successfully removed may provide an imperfect assessment of the risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Will Eward
- Duke Cancer Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Bray J, Eward W, Breen M. Defining the relevance of surgical margins. Part two: Strategies to improve prediction of recurrence risk. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:145-158. [PMID: 36745110 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complex nature of tumour biology and the integration between host tissues and molecular processes of the tumour cells, a continued reliance on the status of the microscopic cellular margin should not remain our only determinant of the success of a curative-intent surgery for patients with cancer. Based on current evidence, relying on a purely cellular focus to provide a binary indication of treatment success can provide an incomplete interpretation of potential outcome. A more holistic analysis of the cancer margin may be required. If we are to move ahead from our current situation - and allow treatment plans to be more intelligently tailored to meet the requirements of each individual tumour - we need to improve our utilisation of techniques that either improve recognition of residual tumour cells within the surgical field or enable a more comprehensive interrogation of tumour biology that identifies a risk of recurrence. In the second article in this series on defining the relevance of surgical margins, the authors discuss possible alternative strategies for margin assessment and evaluation in the canine and feline cancer patient. These strategies include considering adoption of the residual tumour classification scheme; intra-operative imaging systems including fluorescence-guided surgery, optical coherence tomography and Raman spectroscopy; molecular analysis and whole transcriptome analysis of tissues; and the development of a biologic index (nomogram). These techniques may allow evaluation of individual tumour biology and the status of the resection margin in ways that are different to our current techniques. Ultimately, these techniques seek to better define the risk of tumour recurrence following surgery and provide the surgeon and patient with more confidence in margin assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Will Eward
- Orthopedic Surgical Oncologist, Duke Cancer Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Oscar J. Fletcher Distinguished Professor of Comparative Oncology Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Hicks K, LeRoith T, Partridge B, Dervisis N. In-Transit Metastasis in a Dog with High-Grade Soft Tissue Sarcoma: A Case Report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2023; 59:36-39. [PMID: 36584319 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A 6 yr old male castrated American Staffordshire terrier was referred for a nonhealing wound at the site of a previously incompletely excised, high-grade soft tissue sarcoma. Physical examination revealed right popliteal lymphadenopathy and a fungating mass of the right pelvic limb at the level of the hock. Thoracic and abdominal computed tomography revealed mild lymphadenopathy of multiple iliac and inguinal lymph nodes. Right pelvic limb amputation and inguinal lymphadenectomy were performed. Histopathology was consistent of a high-grade soft tissue sarcoma with diffuse spread through the lymphatic vessels of the right pelvic limb up to the right inguinal lymph node but not affecting the lymph node itself. Doxorubicin chemotherapy was elected postoperatively as adjuvant therapy. Approximately 4 mo following initiation of chemotherapy, the patient developed a firm, tubular subcutaneous mass starting near the previous amputation site with tracking toward the thorax. Fine needle aspiration of the new mass was consistent with atypical spindle cell proliferation. Palliative care was elected, and the patient was euthanized 3 mo later because of progressive disease. In-transit metastasis is a rare behavior for soft tissue sarcomas across all species, and this is the first report of such a presentation for canine soft tissue sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hicks
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (K.H.)
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (T.L.), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Brittanie Partridge
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (B.P.), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (N.D.)
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Morsink NC, Nijsen JFW, Grinwis GCM, Hesselink JW, Kirpensteijn J, van Nimwegen SA. Intratumoral injection of holmium-166 microspheres as neoadjuvant therapy of soft tissue sarcomas in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1015248. [PMID: 36387397 PMCID: PMC9664058 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1015248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Minimally invasive microbrachytherapy is in development to treat solid tumors by intratumoral injection of (radioactive) holmium-166 (166Ho) microspheres (MS). A high local dose can be administered with minimal damage to surrounding tissue because of the short soft tissue penetration depth of 166Ho beta radiation. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of 166Ho microbrachytherapy in client-owned canine patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STS). METHODS We included seven dogs with STS not suitable for local excision due to tumor size and/or location. 166HoMS were suspended in a carrier fluid and multiple needle-injections were performed in predetermined tumor segments to maximize tumor coverage. Tumor response was evaluated using 3D caliper and CT measurements. Follow-up further included monitoring for potential side effects and registration of subsequent treatments and survival, until at least two years after treatment. RESULTS Delivered radioactive doses ranged from 70 to 969 Gy resulting in a mean tumor volume reduction of 49.0 ± 21.3% after 33 ± 25 days. Treatment-related side effects consisted of local necrosis (n = 1) and ulceration of the skin covering the tumor (n = 1), which resolved with basic wound care, and surgical excision of residual tumor, respectively. Residual tumor was surgically resected in six patients after 22-93 days. After a mean follow-up of 1,005 days, four patients were alive, two patients were euthanized because of unrelated causes, and one patient was euthanized because of disease progression after the owner(s) declined subsequent surgical treatment. CONCLUSION 166Ho microbrachytherapy was a safe and effective neoadjuvant treatment option for canine patients with STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Chiron Morsink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Nino Chiron Morsink
| | - Johannes Frank Wilhelmus Nijsen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Willem Hesselink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jolle Kirpensteijn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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13
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Lam L, Tien T, Wildung M, White L, Sellon RK, Fidel JL, Shelden EA. Comparative whole transcriptome analysis of gene expression in three canine soft tissue sarcoma types. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273705. [PMID: 36099287 PMCID: PMC9469979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas are pleiotropic tumors of mesenchymal cell origin. These tumors are rare in humans but common in veterinary practice, where they comprise up to 15% of canine skin and subcutaneous cancers. Because they present similar morphologies, primary sites, and growth characteristics, they are treated similarly, generally by surgical resection followed by radiation therapy. Previous studies have examined a variety of genetic changes as potential drivers of tumorigenesis and progression in soft tissue sarcomas as well as their use as markers for soft tissue sarcoma subtypes. However, few studies employing next generation sequencing approaches have been published. Here, we have examined gene expression patterns in canine soft tissue sarcomas using RNA-seq analysis of samples obtained from archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumors. We provide a computational framework for using resulting data to categorize tumors, perform cross species comparisons and identify genetic changes associated with tumorigenesis. Functional overrepresentation analysis of differentially expressed genes further implicate both common and tumor-type specific transcription factors as potential mediators of tumorigenesis and aggression. Implications for tumor-type specific therapies are discussed. Our results illustrate the potential utility of this approach for the discovery of new therapeutic approaches to the management of canine soft tissue sarcomas and support the view that both common and tumor-type specific mechanisms drive the development of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lam
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Tien Tien
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Mark Wildung
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Laura White
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Rance K. Sellon
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Janean L. Fidel
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Shelden
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
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14
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Carroll J, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Klahn SL, Tuohy J, Barry SL, Allen IC, Hay AN, Ruth J, Dervisis N. High intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of solid tumors: a pilot study in canine cancer patients. Int J Hyperthermia 2022; 39:855-864. [PMID: 35848421 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2022.2097323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the safety, feasibility, and outcomes of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) for the treatment of solid tumors in a spontaneous canine cancer model. METHODS Dogs diagnosed with subcutaneous solid tumors were recruited, staged and pretreatment biopsies were obtained. A single HIFU treatment was delivered to result in partial tumor ablation using a commercially available HIFU unit. Tumors were resected 3-6 days post HIFU and samples obtained for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Total RNA was isolated from paired pre and post treated FFPE tumor samples, and quantitative gene expression analysis was performed using the nCounter Canine IO Panel. RESULTS A total of 20 dogs diagnosed with solid tumors were recruited and treated in the study. Tumors treated included Soft Tissue Sarcoma (n = 15), Mast Cell Tumor (n = 3), Osteosarcoma (n = 1), and Thyroid Carcinoma (n = 1). HIFU was well tolerated with only 1 dog experiencing a clinically significant adverse event. Pathology confirmed the presence of complete tissue ablation at the HIFU targeted site and immunohistochemistry indicated immune cell infiltration at the treated/untreated tumor border. Quantitative gene expression analysis indicated that 28 genes associated with T-cell activation were differentially expressed post-HIFU. CONCLUSIONS HIFU appears to be safe and feasible for the treatment of subcutaneous canine solid tumors, resulting in ablation of the targeted tissue. HIFU induced immunostimulatory changes, highlighting the canine cancer patient as an attractive model for studying the effects of focal ablation therapies on the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Carroll
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shawna L Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Joanne Tuohy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sabrina L Barry
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Alayna N Hay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ruth
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nick Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA.,ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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15
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Deep learning for necrosis detection using canine perivascular wall tumour whole slide images. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10634. [PMID: 35739267 PMCID: PMC9226022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrosis seen in histopathology Whole Slide Images is a major criterion that contributes towards scoring tumour grade which then determines treatment options. However conventional manual assessment suffers from inter-operator reproducibility impacting grading precision. To address this, automatic necrosis detection using AI may be used to assess necrosis for final scoring that contributes towards the final clinical grade. Using deep learning AI, we describe a novel approach for automating necrosis detection in Whole Slide Images, tested on a canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma (cSTS) data set consisting of canine Perivascular Wall Tumours (cPWTs). A patch-based deep learning approach was developed where different variations of training a DenseNet-161 Convolutional Neural Network architecture were investigated as well as a stacking ensemble. An optimised DenseNet-161 with post-processing produced a hold-out test F1-score of 0.708 demonstrating state-of-the-art performance. This represents a novel first-time automated necrosis detection method in the cSTS domain as well specifically in detecting necrosis in cPWTs demonstrating a significant step forward in reproducible and reliable necrosis assessment for improving the precision of tumour grading.
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16
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Sena BV, Horta RS, Senhorello IL, Matiz OR, Canavari IC, Souza LM, Ferreira MG, Sueiro FA, Costa MT, de Nardi AB. Immunolabelling of Acetylated Histones 3 and 4 and Histone Deacetylases 1, 2 and 6 in Canine Soft Tissue Sarcomas. J Comp Pathol 2022; 193:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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McGrath AM, Salyer SA, Seelmann A, Lundberg AP, Leonard MR, Lorbach JN, Lumbrezer-Johnson S, Hostnik ET, Tremolada G, Lapsley J, Selmic LE. Mediastinal Fibrosarcoma in a Dog–Case Report. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:820956. [PMID: 35224085 PMCID: PMC8863873 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.820956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This represents the first published case report of mediastinal fibrosarcoma in a dog. An 8-year-old male neutered mixed breed dog was presented for evaluation of lethargy and increased panting. Thoracic focused assessment with sonography for trauma revealed moderate pleural effusion. Thoracic radiograph findings were suggestive of a cranial mediastinal mass. Computed tomography revealed a mass within the right ventral aspect of the cranial mediastinum. On surgical exploration, a cranial mediastinal mass with an adhesion to the right cranial lung lobe was identified and removed en-bloc using a vessel sealant device and requiring a partial lung lobectomy. Histopathology results described the cranial mediastinal mass as fibrosarcoma with reactive mesothelial cells identified within the sternal lymph node. The patient was treated with systemic chemotherapy following surgical removal. To date, the dog has survived 223 days following diagnosis with recurrence noted 161 days following diagnosis and radiation therapy was initiated. Primary cranial mediastinal fibrosarcoma while a seemingly rare cause of thoracic pathology in dogs, should be considered in the differential diagnosis for a cranial mediastinal mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysha M. McGrath
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarah A. Salyer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amanda Seelmann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alycen P. Lundberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Melissa R. Leonard
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joshua N. Lorbach
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarah Lumbrezer-Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Eric T. Hostnik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Giovanni Tremolada
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Janis Lapsley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Laura E. Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Laura E. Selmic
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18
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Grimes JA, Appleton KL, Moss LA, Bullington ACM. A Simulated Tumor for Teaching Principles of Surgical Oncology for Biopsy and Excision of Skin and Subcutaneous Masses to Veterinary Students. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 48:636-639. [PMID: 33226896 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumors of the skin and subcutaneous tissues are commonly encountered in primary care practice. The most common of these tumors are mast cell tumors and soft tissue sarcomas, for which the primary treatment is most often surgical excision. Understanding surgical margins, particularly the deep fascial plane, can be difficult for veterinary students. Current techniques to teach these concepts typically rely on cadaver-based laboratories, which require simulated tumors to improve the realism of the laboratory. Tumors can be difficult to replicate in cadaver laboratories; thus a new technique for a simulated tumor was developed. A gelatin-based simulated tumor was injected into the subcutaneous space in two different sites in canine cadavers. Students then practiced incisional biopsy and wide excision of a subcutaneous mass. Students were able to appropriately perform both techniques using the simulated tumors. When the deep margin was not clean on the wide excision, students were able to understand the error by identifying the simulated tumor, reinforcing the concept of obtaining an appropriate deep fascial plane. In summary, this gelatin-based simulated tumor technique was cost-effective, easy to perform, and effective for the teaching laboratory.
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19
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Ranganathan B, Milovancev M, Mehrkens L, Townsend KL. Intersurgeon agreement in determining 3 cm surgical margins of subcutaneous tumors in dogs. Vet Surg 2021; 50:1573-1578. [PMID: 34536030 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate intersurgeon agreement in performing a 3 cm wide surgical excision for subcutaneous malignancies in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, blinded, randomized, clinical study. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs with subcutaneous tumors undergoing curative-intent, wide surgical excision between April 2019 to March 2020. METHODS Four surgeons, instructed to perform a 3 cm wide excision, each sequentially indicated their proposed skin incision locations around subcutaneous tumors, without knowledge of the other surgeons' proposed incisions. A tripod-mounted camera and laser positioning system were used to photograph each surgeon's proposed margin length. A random-effects model was used to estimate the standard deviation of margin lengths that would be expected from a random sample of surgeons. RESULTS Each of the four surgeons provided 33 independent radial measurements from 11 tumors (six soft tissue sarcomas and five mast cell tumors), for a total of 132 radial measurements. No individual surgeon consistently proposed longer or shorter margin incision locations. The prediction interval for a future margin measurement was 6 mm, implying that the 95% confidence interval of an individual surgeon's margin length would be within ±6 mm of the mean margin length from a random sample of surgeons. CONCLUSION Ninety-five percent of surgeons would be expected to deliver a surgical dose between 2.4-3.6 cm, for a theoretically uniform surgical dose of 3 cm wide margins. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Surgical doses are likely to vary at clinically relevant levels among surgeons, complicating design and interpretation of studies attempting to identify an ideal surgical dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharadhwaj Ranganathan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Milan Milovancev
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Lea Mehrkens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Katy L Townsend
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Chiti LE, Ferrari R, Roccabianca P, Boracchi P, Godizzi F, Busca GA, Stefanello D. Surgical Margins in Canine Cutaneous Soft-Tissue Sarcomas: A Dichotomous Classification System Does Not Accurately Predict the Risk of Local Recurrence. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082367. [PMID: 34438827 PMCID: PMC8388623 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Histological evaluation of surgical margins is crucial for correct prognostication and adjuvant treatment recommendation after excision of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) in dogs. Incompletely excised STS have a high risk of local recurrence (LR), while completely excised STS without other negative prognostic factors are generally associated with a good prognosis. However, guidelines are lacking on how to manage STS excised with clean but close margins (CbCM), although some authors advocated their inclusion in the tumor-free margin group. This retrospective study investigates the impact of CbCM on LR of canine STS. Ninety-eight surgical excised canine STS at first presentation were included. Cumulative incidence of LR was estimated for each category of margins (tumor-free, infiltrated, CbCM), and after grouping CbCM alternatively in the tumor-free and infiltrated category. Cumulative incidence of LR at three years differed significantly between the three categories, and it was estimated to be 42% with infiltrated margins, 23% with CbCM, 7% with tumor-free margins. Both when CbCM were grouped with infiltrated margins or with tumor-free margins, the incidence of LR was statistically different. The rate of LR with CbCm was greater than with tumor-free margins. The category CbCM may be considered as a separate prognostic category. Abstract Adjuvant treatments are recommended in dogs with incompletely excised cutaneous soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) to reduce the risk of local recurrence (LR), although guidelines are lacking on how to manage clean but close margins (CbCM). This retrospective study investigates the impact of CbCM on LR of canine STS. Ninety-eight surgically excised canine STS at first presentation were included. Tissue samples were routinely trimmed and analyzed. Cumulative incidence of LR was estimated for each category of margins (tumor-free, infiltrated, CbCM), and included CbCM in the tumor-free and infiltrated category, respectively. The prognostic impact on LR was then adjusted for relevant prognostic factors. Cumulative incidence of LR at three years differed significantly between the three categories (p = 0.016), and was estimated to be 42% with infiltrated margins, 23% with CbCM, 7% with tumor-free margins. Both when CbCM were grouped with infiltrated margins (p = 0.033; HR = 5.05), and when CbCM were grouped with tumor-free margins (p = 0.011; HR = 3.13), a significant difference between groups was found. STS excised with infiltrated margins had the greatest risk of LR. The rate of LR with CbCm was greater than recurrence rate of tumor-free margins. The category CbCM may be considered as a separate prognostic category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Elena Chiti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.E.C.); (P.R.); (F.G.); (D.S.)
| | - Roberta Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.E.C.); (P.R.); (F.G.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.E.C.); (P.R.); (F.G.); (D.S.)
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Laboratorio di Statistica Medica, Biometrica ed Epidemiologia “A. Maccaro”, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Francesco Godizzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.E.C.); (P.R.); (F.G.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Damiano Stefanello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.E.C.); (P.R.); (F.G.); (D.S.)
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21
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Villedieu EJ, Petite AF, Godolphin JD, Bacon NJ. Prevalence of pulmonary nodules suggestive of metastasis at presentation in dogs with cutaneous or subcutaneous soft tissue sarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:179-185. [PMID: 33405989 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of pulmonary nodules suggestive of metastasis at the time of initial presentation in dogs with cutaneous or subcutaneous soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) and no previous related thoracic diagnostic imaging. ANIMALS 146 client-owned dogs with a cutaneous or subcutaneous STS. PROCEDURES Medical records were retrospectively searched to identify dogs with STSs that underwent initial thoracic diagnostic imaging when presented for referral examination between September 2014 and March 2018. Data collected included patient and tumor characteristics. Results were evaluated for dogs grouped on the basis of variables of interest (eg, STS grade, duration, or history). RESULTS Initial thoracic imaging was performed with CT (131/146 [89.7%]) or radiography (15 [10.3%]). Although the presence or absence of pulmonary nodules suggestive of metastasis on thoracic imaging was uncertain in 9 dogs, it was certain in the remaining 137 dogs, with nodules present in 16 (11.7%) dogs (5/77 [6%] with grade 1 STSs, 2/36 [6%] with grade 2 STSs, and 9/24 [38%] with grade 3 STSs). The odds of such pulmonary nodules being present on initial examination were higher (OR, 10.8 and 3.14, respectively) for dogs with grade 3 STSs (vs grade 1 or 2 STSs) and for dogs with an STS duration > 3 months (versus ≤ 3 months). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that pulmonary staging was a low-yield diagnostic procedure for dogs with grade 1 or 2 cutaneous or subcutaneous STSs, especially when tumors had been present for ≤ 3 months.
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22
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Avallone G, Rasotto R, Chambers JK, Miller AD, Behling-Kelly E, Monti P, Berlato D, Valenti P, Roccabianca P. Review of Histological Grading Systems in Veterinary Medicine. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:809-828. [PMID: 33769136 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821999831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor grading is a method to quantify the putative clinical aggressiveness of a neoplasm based on specific histological features. A good grading system should be simple, easy to use, reproducible, and accurately segregate tumors into those with low versus high risk. The aim of this review is to summarize the histological and, when available, cytological grading systems applied in veterinary pathology, providing information regarding their prognostic impact, reproducibility, usefulness, and shortcomings. Most of the grading schemes used in veterinary medicine are developed for common tumor entities. Grading systems exist for soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, multilobular tumor of bone, mast cell tumor, lymphoma, mammary carcinoma, pulmonary carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, and central nervous system tumors. The prognostic relevance of many grading schemes has been demonstrated, but for some tumor types the usefulness of grading remains controversial. Furthermore, validation studies are available only for a minority of the grading systems. Contrasting data on the prognostic power of some grading systems, lack of detailed instructions in the materials and methods in some studies, and lack of data on reproducibility and validation studies are discussed for the relevant grading systems. Awareness of the limitations of grading is necessary for pathologists and oncologists to use these systems appropriately and to drive initiatives for their improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Avallone
- Department of Veterinary medical Sciences (DIMEVET), 9296University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | | | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, 43317Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Section of Clinical Pathology, 43317Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paola Monti
- 170851Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Davide Berlato
- 170851AniCura Animal Oncology and Imaging Center, Hünenberg, Switzerland
| | - Paola Valenti
- 534741Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate (VA), Italy
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), 9304University of Milano, Lodi (LO), Italy
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23
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Karbe GT, Davis E, Runge JJ, Brown DC, Holt DE. Evaluation of scar revision after inadequate primary excision of cutaneous mast cell tumors in 85 dogs (2000-2013). Vet Surg 2021; 50:807-815. [PMID: 33666268 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of residual tumor, and factors associated with local recurrence and disease progression in dogs with incompletely excised mast cell tumors (MCT) following scar revision surgery. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Eighty-five dogs. METHODS Medical records from January 2000 to April 2013 were reviewed. Dogs with scar revision surgery after incomplete primary MCT excision were included. Recorded were signalment; initial tumor size, location and grade; time interval between primary excision and scar revision surgery; presence of MCT in the resected scar; local recurrence, lymph node metastasis, systemic metastasis, and cause of death. RESULTS Eighty six tumors in 85 dogs were studied. Residual MCT was found in 23 (27%) resected scars. Seven (8%) scars with residual MCT had incomplete or narrow margins. Follow-up was available for 68 dogs (69 tumors; median 403 days; range 4-2939). Local recurrence was reported in three (4%) dogs at 212, 555, and 993 days. Disease progressed in 10 dogs (14.5%) with regional or systemic metastasis at a median of 207 days (64-1583). Margin status and presence of MCT in the resected scar were not associated with local recurrence or disease progression. Lymph node metastasis (p = .004), locoregional recurrence (p = .013), and disease progression (p = .001) were significantly more likely in Grade III tumors. CONCLUSION Twenty-seven percent of resected scars contained residual MCT, but recurrence was uncommon after surgical revision. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Clinicians should primarily consider tumor grade when estimating the likelihood of local recurrence and disease progression and determining the need for ancillary treatment of MCT after scar resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georga T Karbe
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Runge
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dorothy C Brown
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David E Holt
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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24
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Del Magno S, Morello E, Iussich S, Gola C, Dalpozzo B, Annoni M, Martano M, Massari F, Giacobino D, Piras LA, Stefanello D, Buracco P. Evaluation of the neoplastic infiltration of the skin overlying canine subcutaneous soft tissue sarcomas: An explorative study. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:304-310. [PMID: 33423367 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies regarding the neoplastic infiltration of the skin overlying canine subcutaneous soft tissue sarcoma (sSTS) are lacking. In case of the absence of tumor infiltration, there would be the possibility of leaving this unaffected skin in place, thus simplifying surgery. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the skin overlying sSTSs is infiltrated by neoplastic cells. Dogs with sSTSs treated surgically were prospectively enrolled. After excision, the skin was dissected from the tumor along the natural surgical plane of cleavage and histologically evaluated. Twenty-nine dogs with an sSTS were included (22 grade I, 6 grade II, and 1 grade III). The sSTS-overlying skin was not tumor-infiltrated in 14/29 cases (48.3%). A higher frequency of infiltration was observed in higher grade sSTSs (grades II and III, 100%; P = .006); nevertheless, 8/22 grade I sSTSs (36%) also showed cutaneous infiltration. This infiltration involved the dermis of the skin directly in contact with the tumor (multifocal in 11 and diffuse in four cases). Although the cutaneous tumor infiltration is less frequent in grade I sSTSs and a wide excision may still be the safest treatment for any sSTS for a greater possibility of local control, this study opens the possibility to a less aggressive cutaneous excision, but still with a local curative intent, as only the skin directly in contact with the sSTS has been proven to be tumor-infiltrated. Additional studies are warranted to confirm that excision of only this skin may guarantee a complete local control, especially in lower-grade sSTSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Del Magno
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Morello
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gola
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Boris Dalpozzo
- Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marina Martano
- Department of Veterinary-Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Lisa Adele Piras
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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25
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Chiti LE, Ferrari R, Boracchi P, Morello E, Marconato L, Roccabianca P, Avallone G, Iussich S, Giordano A, Ferraris EI, Agnoli C, Dondi F, Giacobino D, Godizzi F, Stefanello D. Prognostic impact of clinical, haematological, and histopathological variables in 102 canine cutaneous perivascular wall tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:275-283. [PMID: 33386693 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of prognostic factors for perivascular wall tumours (PWTs) is desirable to accurately predict prognosis and guide treatment. 100 and two dogs with surgically excised PWTs without distant metastasis were retrospectively enrolled in this multi-institutional study, and the impact of pre-treatment leukocyte parameters, clinical and histopathological variables on local recurrence (LR) and overall-survival time (OST) were evaluated. Increasing values of white blood cell count (WBCC), neutrophil count (NC) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were significantly correlated with the hazard of LR in univariate analysis. WBCC and NC remained prognostic when adjusted for margins, grade, tumour size, location and skin ulceration, but lost their significance when adjusted for mitotic index and necrosis, whilst NLR remained prognostic only when close margins where categorised as infiltrated. Castrated males had a higher hazard of LR than intact males in univariate analysis, but significance was lost in multivariate models. Ulcerated PWTs and those located on the distal extremities had a higher hazard of LR both in univariate and multivariate analysis. Histological grade, necrosis, mitotic count, and infiltrated margins were all associated with LR both in univariate and multivariate analysis. Boxer breed, older age, ulceration, grade III, necrosis >50% and higher mitotic count were correlated with shorter OST, although breed and age lost their significance in multivariate analysis. Prognostication of surgically excised PWTs should be based on both clinical and histopathological variables. If validated in further studies, leukocyte counts and NLR may aid the clinician in identifying dogs at higher risk of LR before treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia E Chiti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Laboratorio di Statistica Medica, Biometria ed Epidemiologia "G.A. Maccacaro", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Morello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Marconato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Avallone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Erica I Ferraris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Agnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Godizzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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26
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Abrams BE, Putterman AB, Ruple A, Wavreille V, Selmic LE. Variability in tumor margin reporting for soft tissue sarcoma and cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs: A systematic review. Vet Surg 2020; 50:259-272. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E. Abrams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Allison B. Putterman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
| | - Audrey Ruple
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Vincent Wavreille
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Laura E. Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
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27
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Crownshaw AH, McEntee MC, Nolan MW, Gieger TL. Evaluation of variables associated with outcomes in 41 dogs with incompletely excised high-grade soft tissue sarcomas treated with definitive-intent radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:783-791. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.7.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Cunningham DP, Skinner OT. Determination of the lateral extent of the subcutaneous wound bed in canine cadavers after closure of skin defects to replicate tumor excision. Vet Surg 2020; 49:728-735. [PMID: 32073170 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the extent of subcutaneous involvement after primary closure of experimental skin defects. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS Eight large, mixed breed dog cadavers. METHODS Standardized, circular skin defects with diameters of 2, 4, 6, or 8 cm were created at the lateral thorax or abdomen by using a matrix to ensure even distribution, with eight defects of each diameter. The wound beds were covered in 60% barium sulfate paste prior to primary closure. Computed tomography and a dedicated viewing program were used to measure the distance from the edge of the subcutaneous defect to the incision at set intervals along the incision. RESULTS The mean ± SD maximum lateral extension was 6.4 ± 1.9, 14.1 ± 4.9, 18.5 ± 6.9, and 26.0 ± 9.6 mm for 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-cm defects, respectively. Extension >2 cm from the incision occurred in zero of eight, one of eight, five of eight, and six of eight defects after closure of 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-cm defects, respectively. Extension >3 cm from the incision occurred in zero of eight, zero of eight, two of eight, and five of eight defects after closure of 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-cm defects, respectively. CONCLUSION The lateral extent of the subcutaneous wound bed extended past previously recommended revision margins of 2 to 3 cm in some defects measuring greater than 4 cm in diameter. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Surgeons and radiation oncologists should consider the potential extent of the subcutaneous defect when planning revision therapy, especially after large resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin P Cunningham
- University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Health Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Owen T Skinner
- University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Health Center, Columbia, Missouri
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29
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Liptak JM. Histologic margins and the residual tumour classification scheme: Is it time to use a validated scheme in human oncology to standardise margin assessment in veterinary oncology? Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:25-35. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Borgatti A, Dickerson EB, Lawrence J. Emerging therapeutic approaches for canine sarcomas: Pushing the boundaries beyond the conventional. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:9-24. [PMID: 31749286 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas represent a group of genomically chaotic, highly heterogenous tumours of mesenchymal origin with variable mutational load. Conventional therapy with surgery and radiation therapy is effective for managing small, low-grade sarcomas and remains the standard therapeutic approach. For advanced, high-grade, recurrent, or metastatic sarcomas, systemic chemotherapy provides minimal benefit, therefore, there is a drive to develop novel approaches. The discovery of "Coley's toxins" in the 19th century, and their use to stimulate the immune system supported the application of unconventional therapies for the treatment of sarcomas. While promising, this initial work was abandoned and treatment paradigm and disease course of sarcomas was largely unchanged for several decades. Exciting new therapies are currently changing treatment algorithms for advanced carcinomas and melanomas, and similar approaches are being applied to advance the field of sarcoma research. Recent discoveries in subtype-specific cancer biology and the identification of distinct molecular targets have led to the development of promising targeted strategies with remarkable potential to change the landscape of sarcoma therapy in dogs. The purpose of this review article is to describe the current standard of care and limitations as well as emerging approaches for sarcoma therapy that span many of the most active paradigms in oncologic research, including immunotherapies, checkpoint inhibitors, and drugs capable of cellular metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Borgatti
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Clinical Investigation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Erin B Dickerson
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jessica Lawrence
- Animal Cancer Care and Research (ACCR) Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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31
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Dobson JM. Significant advances in veterinary oncology - 60 years on. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:711-722. [PMID: 31742711 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The first edition of the Journal of Small Animal Practice published in February 1960, contained a paper entitled "Recent Treatments of Malignant Neoplasia" by Dr Larry Owen. Now we have reached the 60th anniversary of JSAP, that article provides a baseline from which to review subsequent advances in veterinary oncology, which now includes worldwide networks that have resulted in veterinary oncology becoming the multidisciplinary speciality that it is today. There certainly have been many advances in understanding of the pathology and epidemiology of animal cancers and in methods of diagnosis and treatment. However, the subject has become so large and diverse that not all aspects can be covered in detail here. It should also be acknowledged that there are still many gaps in knowledge in this field and that, because of a lack of randomised clinical trials, the evidence base for what is often regarded as "standard of care" is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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32
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Fleming K, Nemanic S, Löhr CV, Terry J, Milovancev M. CT angiography and MRI imaging features do not predict the tumor type and grade of feline injection site sarcoma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:668-679. [PMID: 31515897 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been described as methods for preoperative surgical planning in cats with feline injection site sarcomas (FISS), however, few published studies have compared these modalities. The objective of this retrospective, secondary analysis study was to determine if imaging features of FISS on CTA and MRI are predictive of neoplastic peritumoral projections. Archived data from a previous prospective study were retrieved for 10 cats with FISS. All cats had been evaluated in a single anesthetic episode with MRI and dual phase CT (CTA) imaging followed by surgical removal. Histopathological grading and targeted histopathology of imaging-identified peritumoral projections were performed. Two observers evaluated the CTA and MRI studies for FISS shape, margination, size, enhancement pattern, postcontrast uniformity, pre- and postcontrast margination, the number of muscles involved, mass mineralization, and bone lysis. Metal was present in the imaging field of three of 10 cats, resulting in one nondiagnostic MRI. Peritumoral projections were detected in all cats with both imaging modalities, and most were benign. At least one neoplastic peritumoral projection was detected in six cats using MRI, five cats using CTA, and three cats with both modalities. Higher grade FISS were larger than low grade using MRI, and FISS were larger using MRI. Other FISS imaging features using MRI and CTA were similar. Findings supported use of either MRI or CTA for detecting neoplastic peritumoral projections in cats with FISS. Authors recommend CTA for cats with known metallic objects in the scan field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Fleming
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Sarah Nemanic
- Veterinary Radiology Consulting, LLC., Lebanon, Oregon
| | - Christiane V Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | | | - Milan Milovancev
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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33
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Kravitz A, Davis G, Bastian RP, Fittipaldi K. Outcome and Prognostic Indicators for Hemangiopericytomas in Dogs: 167 Cases (2009-2016). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019; 55:194-200. [PMID: 31099606 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study evaluated the postoperative outcome and clinical parameters associated with prognosis in 167 client-owned dogs with 167 hemangiopericytomas. Parameters that were reviewed for an association with long-term outcome included signalment, clinical history, results of staging tests, tumor and surgical variables, and administration of adjunctive therapy. History of previous surgery, type of surgery performed, status of surgical margins, tumor location, and whether adjunctive therapy was performed were associated with tumor recurrence. The distal forelimb was the most common location reported overall (46/167 [27.5%]). Dogs with tumors located at the tail/perineum had the fastest recurrence rate, with a median disease-free interval of ∼16 mo (505 days). Tumor grade alone was not associated with recurrence (P = .069), but when analyzing tumor grade and margin, low-grade tumors with dirty margins had a significantly shorter time to recurrence than low-grade tumors with either clean or narrow margins. Tumor location should be considered when assessing the treatment plan and follow-up recommendations for any hemangiopericytomas. Aggressive initial surgical treatment is recommended when possible to reduce the chance of local tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Kravitz
- From the Surgery Department, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, New Jersey (A.K., G.D.); and Department of Mathematics, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey (R.P.B., K.F.)
| | - Garrett Davis
- From the Surgery Department, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, New Jersey (A.K., G.D.); and Department of Mathematics, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey (R.P.B., K.F.)
| | - Richard P Bastian
- From the Surgery Department, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, New Jersey (A.K., G.D.); and Department of Mathematics, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey (R.P.B., K.F.)
| | - Kelsey Fittipaldi
- From the Surgery Department, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, New Jersey (A.K., G.D.); and Department of Mathematics, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey (R.P.B., K.F.)
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34
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Poli F, Calistri M, Mandara MT, Baroni M. Central nervous system metastasis of an intradural malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a dog. Open Vet J 2019; 9:49-53. [PMID: 31086766 PMCID: PMC6500854 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-yr-old French Bulldog was presented with a non-ambulatory tetraparesis. Magnetic resonance showed an intradurally located mass at the level of the right second cervical nerve root. The mass was surgically removed and the dog was ambulatory within 4 d. A 10-mo post-surgical imaging follow-up revealed a recurrence of the primary mass and another intradural/intramedullary mass at the level of the first thoracic vertebral body. Overall histological features were suggestive of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) for both masses. Immunohistochemistry was found weak but diffusely positive for S-100 and neurono-specific enolase for both masses. A diagnosis of primary MPNST for the cervical mass and of metastasis for the thoracic mass was made, possibly disseminated via the subarachnoidal space. To our knowledge, the central nervous system metastasis of MPNSTs has not previously been reported in dogs. The clinician should be aware that these tumors, albeit rarely, can metastasize to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Poli
- Valdinievole Veterinary Clinic, Via Costantino Nigra, Monsummano Terme (PT), Italy
| | - Maurizio Calistri
- Valdinievole Veterinary Clinic, Via Costantino Nigra, Monsummano Terme (PT), Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Mandara
- University of Perugia, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via San Costanzo, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroni
- Valdinievole Veterinary Clinic, Via Costantino Nigra, Monsummano Terme (PT), Italy
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35
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Torrigiani F, Pierini A, Lowe R, Simčič P, Lubas G. Soft tissue sarcoma in dogs: A treatment review and a novel approach using electrochemotherapy in a case series. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:234-241. [PMID: 30688021 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are locally invasive mesenchymal neoplasms. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an antitumour local ablative treatment that uses electric pulses to enhance the intracellular delivery of cytotoxic drugs. The aim of this retrospective study was to review the current treatment for STSs and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ECT with bleomycin in canine STSs. Fifty-two dogs with 54 STSs were included. Three groups were arranged: (a) ECT alone, (b) intra-operative ECT and (c) adjuvant ECT. Signalment, tumour size, location, histological grade and margins and ECT parameters were collected. Recurrence rate (RR) and disease-free interval (DFI) were calculated. Treatment toxicity was assessed using a 6-point scale. STSs were mostly located on limbs (77.8%). Median tumour size was 4.3 cm (range 0.4-17.0 cm). Most STSs were grade I (47.7%) and II (50.0%), and histological margins were incomplete in 94.5% of cases. Two complete remissions, one partial remission and one stable disease were recorded in group 1. Group 2 and 3 were similar for tumour location, size and grade, histological margins, treatment toxicity, pulse frequency and voltage. Moreover, RR and DFI were similar between group 2 and 3 (23% and 25%, 81.5 and 243 days, respectively). Local toxicity post ECT was mild (score ≤ 2) in 66.7% of cases. Higher toxicity score was associated with higher pulse voltage (1200 vs 1000 V/cm) (P = 0.0473). ECT coupled with bleomycin resulted safe and efficient in tumour local control and should be considered as an option for treatment of canine STSs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ron Lowe
- Ashleigh Veterinary Clinic, Knaresborough, UK
| | - Petra Simčič
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - George Lubas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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36
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Spugnini EP, Vincenzi B, Amadio B, Baldi A. Adjuvant electrochemotherapy with bleomycin and cisplatin combination for canine soft tissue sarcomas: A study of 30 cases. Open Vet J 2019; 9:88-93. [PMID: 31086772 PMCID: PMC6500853 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) couples the administration of anticancer drugs with the delivery of electric pulses that increase the drug uptake through the cell membranes, thus resulting in an improved efficacy. This study has evaluated the tolerability and efficacy of the combination of systemic bleomycin and local cisplatin as ECT agents for incompletely excised canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Thirty dogs with incompletely excised STSs were enrolled. The dogs received intravenous 20 mg/m2 bleomycin, and the tumor bed and margins were infiltrated with cisplatin at the dose of 0.5 mg/cm2. Then, trains of permeabilizing biphasic electric pulses were applied under sedation. More precisely, 5 min after the injection of the chemotherapy agents, sequences of eight biphasic pulses lasting 50 + 50 μsec each, were delivered in bursts of 1,300 V/cm using caliper electrodes. A second session was performed 2 wk later. The treatment was well tolerated and side effects were minimal. Twenty-six dogs had no evidence of recurrence at the time of manuscript writing; four had recurrence and one of the four recurring dogs died of lung metastases. Median estimated disease free was 857 d. Perivascular wall tumors response was compared to that of the other STSs, but the difference in outcome was not significant. ECT using combination of bleomycin and cisplatin appears to be effective in the treatment of incompletely resected STSs in dogs. This therapeutic approach could be a useful addition to the current options in consideration of its low cost, limited toxicity, and ease of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Vincenzi
- Medical Oncology Department, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Amadio
- SAFU service, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Baldi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, CNR, Naples, Italy
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37
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Selmic LE, Samuelson J, Reagan JK, Mesa KJ, Driskell E, Li J, Marjanovic M, Boppart SA. Intra-operative imaging of surgical margins of canine soft tissue sarcoma using optical coherence tomography. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 17:80-88. [PMID: 30239117 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a rapid non-invasive imaging technique that has shown high sensitivity for intra-operative surgical margin assessment in human breast cancer clinical trials. This promising technology has not been evaluated in veterinary medicine. The objective of this study was to correlate normal and abnormal histological features with OCT images for surgical margins from excised canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and to establish image evaluation criteria for identifying positive surgical margins. Fourteen client-owned dogs underwent surgical resection of a STS and OCT imaging of 2 to 4 areas of interest on the resected specimen were performed. Following imaging these areas were marked with surgical ink and trimmed for histopathology evaluation. Results showed that different tissue types had distinct characteristic appearances on OCT imaging. Adipose tissue exhibited a relatively low scattering and a honey-comb texture pattern. Skeletal muscle and sarcoma tissue were both dense and highly scattering. While sarcoma tissue was highly scattering, it did not have organized recognizable structure in contrast to muscle which showed clear fibre alignment patterns. In this investigation, we showed different tissue types had different and characteristic scattering and image texture appearances on OCT, which closely correlate with low-power histology images. Given the differentiation between tissue types the results support that OCT could be used to identify positive surgical margins immediately following resection of STS. Further research is needed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of this method for surgical margin assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Jonathan Samuelson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Jennifer K Reagan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Kelly J Mesa
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth Driskell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Joanne Li
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois.,Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
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39
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Seward MC, Daniel GB, Ruth JD, Dervisis N, Partanen A, Yarmolenko PS. Feasibility of targeting canine soft tissue sarcoma with MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 35:205-215. [DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1489072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marion C. Seward
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Gregory B. Daniel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Ruth
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ari Partanen
- Profound Medical Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pavel S. Yarmolenko
- The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
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40
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Abstract
Pet dogs are becoming increasingly recognized as a population with the potential to inform medical research through their treatment for a variety of maladies by veterinary health professionals. This is the basis of the One Health initiative, supporting the idea of collaboration between human and animal health researchers and clinicians to study spontaneous disease processes and treatment in animals to inform human health. Cancer is a major health burden in pet dogs, accounting for approximately 30% of deaths across breeds. As such, pet dogs with cancer are becoming increasingly recognized as a resource for studying the pharmacology and therapeutic potential of anticancer drugs and therapies under development. This was recently highlighted by a National Academy of Medicine Workshop on Comparative Oncology that took place in mid-2015 (http://www.nap.edu/21830). One component of cancer burden in dogs is their significantly higher incidence of sarcomas as compared to humans. This increased incidence led to canine osteosarcoma being an important component in the development of surgical approaches for osteosarcoma in children. Included in this review of sarcomas in dogs is a description of the incidence, pathology, molecular characteristics and previous translational therapeutic studies associated with these tumors. An understanding of the patho-physiological and molecular characteristics of these naturally occurring canine sarcomas holds great promise for effective incorporation into drug development schemas, for evaluation of target modulation or other pharmacodynamic measures associated with therapeutic response. These data could serve to supplement other preclinical data and bolster clinical investigations in tumor types for which there is a paucity of human patients for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Gustafson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Dawn L Duval
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Daniel P Regan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Douglas H Thamm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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41
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Nolan MW, Dobson JM. The future of radiotherapy in small animals - should the fractions be coarse or fine? J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:521-530. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. W. Nolan
- Department of Clinical Sciences; North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina 27607 USA
| | - J. M. Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB3 0ES UK
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Livaccari AM, Selmic LE, Reagan JK, Driskell EA, Cray MT, Lamoureux LM, Garrett LD. Evaluation of information presented within soft tissue sarcoma histopathology reports in the United States: 2012-2015. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:424-430. [PMID: 29575744 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the existence of the American College of Veterinary Pathology guidelines for tumour biopsy specimens, anecdotally the authors' have seen inconsistency of reporting of information on the pathology report for canine soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). If crucial aspects are not reported this can result in slower or impeded patient care. This retrospective study evaluated 255 STS histopathology reports submitted from across the United States. Reports were evaluated by a single observer to assess for information contained in 5 main categories: patient history and signalment, gross and microscopic description, grading, histologic margins and the comments section. Inclusion criteria for histopathology reports included a final diagnosis of STS, having a microscopic description and resulting from the initial surgical resection. The majority of the reports stated the patient signalment (91.2%) and clinical history (90.8%). However, only 64.8% of the reports had a gross description of the specimen. Histologic margin description was present in 229 reports (91.6%), however, only 149 reports (59.6%) stated an objective measurement of these margins. Histologic classification was stated in 50.0% of the reports, while grade was given on 97.2% of the reports. Variability in histopathologic reporting including histologic margin description for resected canine STS was identified. Given surgical treatment is the mainstay for STS and histopathological assessment plays an important role in determination of whether additional surgery, radiation or chemotherapy is needed. Standardization or checklists like the American College of Pathology utilize may be helpful to ensure histopathologic characteristics are reported that may guide further treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Livaccari
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - L E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - J K Reagan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - E A Driskell
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - M T Cray
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - L M Lamoureux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - L D Garrett
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Ranganathan B, Milovancev M, Leeper H, Townsend KL, Bracha S, Curran K. Inter- and intra-rater reliability and agreement in determining subcutaneous tumour margins in dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:392-398. [PMID: 29498186 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate agreement and reliability of calliper-based measurements of locally invasive subcutaneous malignant tumours in dogs. Four raters measured the longest diameter of 12 subcutaneous tumours (7 soft tissue sarcomas and 5 mast cell tumours) from 11 client-owned dogs during 3 randomized, blinded measurement trials, both pre- and post-sedation. Inter- and intra-rater reliability was evaluated using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. Inter- and intra-rater reliability was good (ICC range of 0.8694-0.89520) and excellent (ICC range of 0.9720-0.9966), respectively. For agreement calculations, an a priori clinically relevant limit of agreement of 10 mm was set. Inter- and intra-rater agreement was unacceptable with inter-rater limits of agreement ranging from 15.9 to 55.6 mm and intra-rater limit of agreement ranging from 11.9 to 28.1 mm. Review of the measurement trial photographs revealed that calliper orientation changes were frequent, occurring in 9/12 (75%) and 8/12 (67%) pre- and post-sedation cases. No significant correlation was found between inter-rater measurement standard deviations and calliper orientation changes or dog body condition score. These findings suggest veterinarians may have poor agreement in determining the gross edge of tumours, which is expected to introduce bias and inconsistency in tumour staging, assessing response to therapy, and surgical margin planning. Due to the potential consequences for veterinary cancer patients, future studies are needed to validate the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ranganathan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - M Milovancev
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - H Leeper
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - K L Townsend
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - S Bracha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - K Curran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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Hess TA, Drinkhouse ME, Prey JD, Miller JM, Fettig AA, Carberry CA, Brenn SH, Bailey DB. Analysis of platinum content in biodegradable carboplatin-impregnated beads and retrospective assessment of tolerability for intralesional use of the beads in dogs following excision of subcutaneous sarcomas: 29 cases (2011–2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:448-456. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.4.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Séguin B. Canine Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Can Being a Dog's Best Friend Help a Child? Front Oncol 2017; 7:285. [PMID: 29218302 PMCID: PMC5704538 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) remain a therapeutic challenge for pediatric and adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients. Still today, surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy remain the mainstay of treatment. Obstacles in developing new treatment approaches to improve the outcome are: few patients to enroll in clinical trials, and the diversity of tumor biology between histologic subtypes. Pet dogs may offer an additional strategy to discover and test new therapeutic avenues. The number of dogs diagnosed with a STS each year in the United States is estimated to be around 27,000 to 95,000. In comparison, approximately 900 children less than 20 years old and 1,500 AYAs between 15 and 29 years old are diagnosed with a STS each year in the United States. The mainstay for treatment of STSs in dogs is also surgery, with radiation therapy and chemotherapy when necessary. Similar to what is seen in humans, grade and stage are prognostic in dogs. In one comparative study of the histology and immunohistochemistry of canine STSs, most tumors were diagnosed as the human equivalent of undifferentiated sarcoma, spindle cell sarcoma, or unclassified spindle cell sarcoma. But much work remains to be done to fully assess the validity of canine STSs as a model. Gene expression analysis has been done in a limited number of canine STSs. Tissue banking, development of cell lines, and the ability to mobilize large-scale clinical trials will become essential in veterinary medicine to benefit both dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Séguin
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Bray JP. Soft tissue sarcoma in the dog - Part 2: surgical margins, controversies and a comparative review. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:63-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Bray
- Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Head of Companion Animal Group, IVABS; Massey University; Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
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47
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Bray JP. Soft tissue sarcoma in the dog - part 1: a current review. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:510-519. [PMID: 27624929 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas are derived from tissues of mesenchymal origin. Although local recurrence following surgical resection is the characteristic challenge in their management, 40% dogs with high-grade tumours may also develop metastatic disease, despite successful local control. Soft tissue sarcoma is a complex disease and there are many uncertainties regarding the biology and optimal clinical management. There are currently no diagnostic tests that can reliably predict the amount of surgical margin required for a particular tumour, so there can be a mismatch between treatment and disease. Historically, the tendency has been to always recommend wide excision margins but this is not fully supported by recent evidence. A selection bias for less aggressive soft tissue sarcomas in primary care practice can account for good outcomes that are achieved despite narrow surgical excision margins. On the other hand, inappropriately conservative treatment will adversely affect outcomes for patients with more aggressive disease. This review provides an update on the current understanding of management of canine soft tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Bray
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Institute for Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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49
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Macfarlane L, Morris J, Pratschke K, Mellor D, Scase T, Macfarlane M, Mclauchlan G. Diagnostic value of neutrophil-lymphocyte and albumin-globulin ratios in canine soft tissue sarcoma. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 57:135-41. [PMID: 26712718 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and albumin-to-globulin ratio to differentiate soft tissue sarcoma from benign soft tissue tumours. METHODS A retrospective study of pretreatment haematology and biochemistry in dogs diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma or benign soft tissue tumours. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and albumin-to-globulin ratio were compared between the two groups. In dogs diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma, the relationship of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and albumin-to-globulin ratio to histological tumour grade (I to III) was assessed. RESULTS In the dogs with soft tissue sarcoma (n=22), the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was significantly increased and the albumin-to-globulin ratio decreased compared to those with benign soft tissue tumours (n=14). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and albumin-to globulin ratio were not useful as predictors of tumour grade in dogs diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and albumin-to globulin ratio may aid with diagnosis and optimal treatment planning. Further investigation into their prognostic implications is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Macfarlane
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - J Morris
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - K Pratschke
- North East Veterinary Referrals, Northumberland Business Park West, Cramlington, NE23 7RH
| | - D Mellor
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - T Scase
- Bridge Pathology Ltd., Horfield, Bristol, BS7 0BJ
| | - M Macfarlane
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - G Mclauchlan
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH
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50
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Abstract
Surgical oncology is experiencing rapid transition in veterinary medicine. Mast cell tumors and soft tissue sarcomas are two of the most common neoplasms in small animal patients. Clinicians should be familiar with the need for staging and the procedures involved in treating patients with these tumors. Clinicians should be comfortable with available adjuvant therapies and when to use them in certain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M Matz
- Surgical Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849-5540, USA.
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