1
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Norrenbrock S, Müller TH, Mayer C, Doescher A. A nait-associated and previously unreported mutation in the ITGB3 gene with a low frequency in the local population. Transfus Med 2021; 31:286-291. [PMID: 33724573 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is a rare but potentially severe postnatal complication caused by maternal allo-antibodies against platelet antigens of the newborn. In relatively few cases, immunisation against low-frequency antigens has been reported. METHODS Platelet antigens of a newborn with severe thrombocytopenia and his family members were investigated by serological and molecular biological methods. A real-time PCR assay was developed to reliably detect this mutation in pools of DNA from up to seven individuals. RESULTS Serological testing showed positive reactions of maternal plasma with paternal platelets but not with conventional platelet donor panels. Sequencing of the ITGB3 gene revealed a G > A polymorphism in position c.1915 of exon 12 for the father, the newborn and three of four paternal relatives. Screening of samples from a local population of 1575 Caucasian blood donors identified only a single individual with this mutation. CONCLUSION This finding of a previously unreported private platelet antigen demonstrates that the identification of the target glycoprotein by MAIPA assay followed by sequencing of the affected gene can be combined with an efficient population screening by real-time PCR with pooling of DNA samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Norrenbrock
- DRK-Blutspendedienst NSTOB, Institut Bremen-Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas H Müller
- DRK-Blutspendedienst NSTOB, Institut Springe, Springe, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Doescher
- DRK-Blutspendedienst NSTOB, Institut Bremen-Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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2
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Bougie DW, Sutton J, Aster RH. Characterization of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa-specific alloantibodies induced by cross-strain platelet immunization in mice. Transfusion 2021; 61:1278-1285. [PMID: 33483962 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously described a mouse model in which platelet immunization between selected strains leads to production of alloantibodies and severe autoimmune thrombocytopenia and mimics the human condition posttransfusion purpura (PTP). This report describes studies defining epitopes recognized by these alloantibodies. STUDY DESIGN Hybridomas were produced from spleen cells of immunized mice. Glycoprotein (GP) targets of resulting monoclonal antibodies were characterized by immunoprecipitation using platelets from the immunizing strains. Antigens defined by single amino acid (AA) polymorphisms recognized by monoclonal antibodies were identified by mutagenizing target glycoproteins expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and observing the effects on antibody binding. RESULTS Three monoclonal antibodies (417.1, 417.3, 425.1) were produced that recognized GPIIb on immunizing platelets. Monoclonal antibodies 417.1 and 417.3 both required G111 and 425.1 required V37, located on the beta propeller domain of GPIIb, for binding to platelets from the immunizing strains C57 and PWK, respectively. Injection of 417.3 and 425.1 into mice caused platelet destruction only in mice with GPIIb containing the targeted AAs. CONCLUSIONS Findings made provide evidence that alloantibodies produced by mice experiencing thrombocytopenia in a mouse model of PTP are specific for single AA polymorphisms that differ in GPIIb/IIIa integrin of the immunizing and immunized strains and therefore closely resemble the potent alloantibodies found in patients with PTP. The observations show that naturally occurring single AA differences in GPIIb/IIIa integrin of various mouse strains are highly immunogenic in the mouse strains studied and readily induce antibodies comparable to human platelet antigen-specific antibodies found in transfused and pregnant humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bougie
- Versiti, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jessica Sutton
- Versiti, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Richard H Aster
- Versiti, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Holzwarth ST, Strobel J, Cooper N, Leyh J, Bayat B, Bein G, Zingsem J, Sachs UJ. A point mutation c.473A > G of ITGB3 is responsible for the formation of the Wo a human platelet alloantigen. Transfusion 2019; 60:E5-E6. [PMID: 31859394 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Holzwarth
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion MedicineJustus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Julian Strobel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Cooper
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion MedicineJustus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Feto-Maternal Incompatibility (DZFI), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Leyh
- Children's Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Behnaz Bayat
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion MedicineJustus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gregor Bein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion MedicineJustus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Feto-Maternal Incompatibility (DZFI), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zingsem
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich J Sachs
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion MedicineJustus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Feto-Maternal Incompatibility (DZFI), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
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4
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Li J, Wang L, Wan L, Lin T, Zhao W, Cui H, Li H, Cao L, Wu J, Zhang T. Mutational spectrum and novel candidate genes in Chinese children with sporadic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:816-821. [PMID: 30712057 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 10-20% of children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) fail to respond to steroid therapy. NS is divided into steroid-sensitive NS (SSNS) and steroid-resistant NS (SRNS). Over 45 recessive and dominant genes have been found to be associated with SRNS and/or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). METHODS Targeted sequencing of 339 candidate genes, expressed in glomerular filtration barrier or located in the signaling pathway of podocyte function, were sequenced by NGS in a cohort of total 89 Chinese Han children (29 sporadic SRNS, 33 sporadic SSNS, and 27 healthy). RESULTS Two variants (WT1 p.R441X and NPHS2 p.G149V) were screened out as pathogenic mutations and 14 variants were likely pathogenic. Mutations of KIRREL2 (SRNS vs SSNS: 24.1% vs 3.0%, adjusted OR = 10.11, 95% CI: 1.56-198.66, P = 0.039) were significantly associated with the risk of pediatric sporadic SRNS. Besides, three pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in HP gene. CONCLUSION Two pathogenic mutations and 14 likely pathogenic mutations were discovered through targeted sequencing of 339 candidate genes. Two genes, HP and KIRREL2, as candidate genes, were first proposed to be associated with the risk of pediatric sporadic SRNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, 100020, Beijing, China.
| | - Lijun Wang
- The Intensive Care Unit 2, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, 050031, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ling Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, 100020, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hang Cui
- Vishuo MedTech Ltd, 100070, Beijing, China
| | - Huarong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, 100020, Beijing, China
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5
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Elkins MB, Davenport RD, Bluth MH. Molecular Pathology in Transfusion Medicine: New Concepts and Applications. Clin Lab Med 2019; 38:277-292. [PMID: 29776631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all the red blood cell and platelet antigen systems have been characterized at the molecular level. Highly reliable methods for red blood cell and platelet antigen genotyping are now available. Genotyping is a useful adjunct to traditional serology and can help resolve complex serologic problems. Although red blood cell and platelet phenotypes can be inferred from genotype, knowledge of the molecular basis is essential for accurate assignment. Genotyping of blood donors is an effective method of identifying antigen-negative and/or particularly rare donors. Cell-free DNA analysis provides a promising noninvasive method of assessing fetal genotypes of blood group alloantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Elkins
- Department of Pathology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Robertson D Davenport
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, UH 2g332, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5054, USA
| | - Martin H Bluth
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Pathology Laboratories, Michigan Surgical Hospital, 21230 Dequindre Road, Warren, MI 48091, USA
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6
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Poles A, Lucas G, Green F, Walser P, Davey S, Ridgwell K, Wylie P. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to a new alloantigen Bl(a) defined by an Asp458Gly substitution in GPIIIa. Transfusion 2018; 59:396-404. [PMID: 30488955 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) commonly arises due to antibodies against a small number of well-defined human platelet antigens (HPAs). A minority of NAIT cases occur due to maternal immunization against low-frequency polymorphisms in platelet glycoprotein that result in new immunogenic epitopes. Antibodies to these novel epitopes can be detected by the incubation of maternal serum with paternal platelets and is usually performed after initial investigation using HPA-typed panel platelets has failed to provide evidence of NAIT. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The propositus and the parents from a case of suspected neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) were investigated using serologic and molecular techniques to detect and identify relevant platelet-specific antibodies and for HPA typing. Calculations of molecular dynamics were undertaken to explore potential variations in the molecular structure. RESULTS Maternal antibodies were detected that were reactive only in crossmatch with paternal platelets using the platelet immunofluorescence test (PIFT) and a GPIIb/IIIa monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigen (MAIPA) assay. In the propositus and father, a novel mutation c.1373 A > G was found in exon 10 of ITGB3 resulting in the substitution of an aspartic acid for a glycine (p.Asp458Gly). Recombinant GPIIIa glycoprotein mutated to contain the novel mutation and expressed in HEK293 cells with GPIIb was also specifically recognized by maternal antibodies. Calculations of molecular dynamics identified that the mutation was in a structurally constrained site. CONCLUSION This case describes a low-frequency platelet antigen (Asp458Gly) that defines a further alloantigenic target in NAIT. The case emphasizes the role of the platelet crossmatch as the single most useful tool to establish evidence of immunization of low-frequency platelet glycoprotein polymorphisms. A crossmatch should always be performed where there is strong clinical evidence of NAIT but initial laboratory investigations are not confirmatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Poles
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, NHSBT, North Bristol Park, Filton, Bristol, UK
| | - Geoff Lucas
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, NHSBT, North Bristol Park, Filton, Bristol, UK
| | - Frances Green
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory (IBGRL), NHSBT, North Bristol Park, Filton, Bristol, UK
| | - Piers Walser
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory (IBGRL), NHSBT, North Bristol Park, Filton, Bristol, UK
| | - Sue Davey
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, NHSBT, Charcot Road, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Kay Ridgwell
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory (IBGRL), NHSBT, North Bristol Park, Filton, Bristol, UK
| | - Philip Wylie
- Department of Paediatrics, Dorset County Hospital, Dorchester, UK
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7
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Wihadmadyatami H, Röder L, Berghöfer H, Bein G, Heidinger K, Sachs UJ, Santoso S. Immunisation against αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 in a type 1 variant of Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia caused by a missense mutation Gly540Asp on β3. Thromb Haemost 2018; 116:262-71. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-12-0982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
SummaryTreatment of bleeding in patients with Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia (GT) can be hampered by iso-antibodies against the αIIbβ3 integrin, which cause rapid clearance of transfused donor platelets. Type 1 GT patients with a total absence of αIIbβ3 from the platelet surface are known to be susceptible to form such isoantibodies. In this study, we describe a type 1 GT patient with a missense mutation (Gly540Asn) located in the EGF3 domain of the β3 integrin subunit. Cotransfection analysis in CHO cells demonstrates total absence of αIIbβ3 from the surface, based on inappropriate αIIb maturation. The patient’s serum was reactive with αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 integrins in a capture assay, when platelets and endothelial cells were used. Two specificities could be isolated from the patient’s serum, anti-αIIbβ3 and anti-αvβ3 isoantibodies. Both specificities did not interfere with platelet aggregation. In contrast, isoantibodies against αvβ3, but not against αIIbβ3, were able to disturb endothelial cell adhesion onto vitronectin, triggered endothelial cell apoptosis and interfered with endothelial tube formation. This intriguing finding may explain more recently observed features of fetal/neonatal iso-immune thrombocytopenia in children from type 1 GT mothers with intracranial haemorrhage, which could be related to anti-endothelial activity of the maternal antibodies. In conclusion, we give evidence that two isoantibody entities exist in type 1 GT patients, which are unequivocally different, both in an immunological and functional sense. Further research on the clinical consequences of immunisation against αvβ3 is required, predominantly in GT patients of childbearing age.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
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8
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Pillois X, Peters P, Segers K, Nurden AT. In silico analysis of structural modifications in and around the integrin αIIb genu caused by ITGA2B variants in human platelets with emphasis on Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:249-260. [PMID: 29385657 PMCID: PMC5902390 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the inherited bleeding disorder, Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT), have helped define the role of the αIIbβ3 integrin in platelet aggregation. Stable bent αIIbβ3 undergoes conformation changes on activation allowing fibrinogen binding and its taking an extended form. The αIIb genu assures the fulcrum of the bent state. Our goal was to determine how structural changes induced by missense mutations in the αIIb genu define GT phenotype. METHODS Sanger sequencing of ITGA2B and ITGB3 in the index case followed by in silico modeling of all known GT-causing missense mutations extending from the lower part of the β-propeller, and through the thigh and upper calf-1 domains. RESULTS A homozygous c.1772A>C transversion in exon 18 of ITGA2B coding for a p.Asp591Ala substitution in an interconnecting loop of the lower thigh domain of αIIb in a patient with platelets lacking αIIbβ3 led us to extend our in silico modeling to all 16 published disease-causing missense variants potentially affecting the αIIb genu. Modifications of structuring H-bonding were the major cause in the thigh domain although one mutation gave mRNA decay. In contrast, short-range changes induced in calf-1 appeared minor suggesting long-range effects. All result in severe to total loss of αIIbβ3 in platelets. The absence of mutations within a key Ca2+-binding loop in the genu led us to scan public databases; three potential single allele variants giving major structural changes were identiffied suggesting that this key region is not protected from genetic variation. CONCLUSIONS It appears that the αIIb genu is the object of stringent quality control to prevent platelets from circulating with activated and extended integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Pillois
- Institut de Rhythmologie et de Modélisation Cardiaque, Plateforme Technologique d'Innovation BiomédicaleHôpital Xavier ArnozanBordeauxFrance
- Université de BordeauxINSERM U1034BordeauxFrance
| | - Pierre Peters
- Laboratoire de Thrombose‐HémostaseService d'Hématologie biologique et Immuno‐HématologieCHU Sart TilmanLiègeBelgium
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9
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Jallu V, Beranger T, Bianchi F, Casale C, Chenet C, Ferre N, Philippe S, Quesne J, Martageix C, Petermann R. Cab4b, the first human platelet antigen carried by glycoprotein IX discovered in a context of severe neonatal thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1646-1654. [PMID: 28561420 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Life-threatening maternofetal thrombocytopenias mostly depend on αIIb β3 antigens. We performed serological, genomic and in vitro studies of two life-threatening thrombocytopenias. Identification of a c.368C>T variation leading to Pro123Leu substitution in GPIX. A rare GPIX variant reported in a genomic database define a new alloantigen. SUMMARY Background After three miscarriages, a 39-year-old woman gave birth, with a 1-year interval, to two severely thrombocytopenic neonates (4 ×109 L-1 and 33 ×109 L-1 ) with intracranial hemorrhages. Transfusion of platelet concentrates corrected the thrombocytopenia. The outcome was favorable for the first child, but the second one died 10 days after cesarean delivery (31 weeks of gestation + 6 days). Methods Serologic studies were performed with mAb-specific immobilization of platelet antigens and flow cytometry techniques. Human platelet alloantigen (HPA) genotyping was performed with the BioArray HPA BeadChip and PCR-sequence-specific primer techniques. Genomic DNA was studied by direct sequencing of PCR products. The mutant glycoprotein (GP) was expressed in transiently transfected HEK293 cells. Results In MAIPA assay, the maternal serum faintly reacted with GPIbIX from paternal and child 1 platelets, but not with maternal or panel platelets. No maternofetal incompatibility was found in the 22 known HPA systems, tested except for HPA-1b in child 2. A new alloantigen carried by GPIbIX was suspected. Genomic sequencing revealed a paternal GPIX variation (NM_000174.4:c.368C>T). The father and children were heterozygous and incompatible with the mother, who was NM_000174.4:c.368C homozygous. The maternal serum reacted with the GPIX NP_000165.1:p.Leu123 form coexpressed with GPIb in transfected HEK293 cells. The NM_000174.4:c.368T allele (rs202229101) has a minor allele frequency of 0.0002, and was not detected in 120 French subjects (families with fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia [FNAIT]), suggesting that it is rarely implicated in alloimmunization. Conclusion The NP_000165.1:p.Leu123 allele named Cab4b is the first platelet alloantigen described on GPIX. In the absence of other known maternofetal incompatibility, the child 1 case suggests that anti-Cab4b alloantibodies can induce severe thrombocytopenias.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jallu
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
| | - T Beranger
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
| | - F Bianchi
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
| | - C Casale
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
| | - C Chenet
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
| | - N Ferre
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
| | - S Philippe
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
| | - J Quesne
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
| | - C Martageix
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
| | - R Petermann
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
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10
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Wu G, Zhou Y, Li L, Zhong Z, Li H, Li H, Yu M, Shen W, Ni H. Platelet Immunology in China: Research and Clinical Applications. Transfus Med Rev 2017; 31:118-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Wihadmadyatami H, Heidinger K, Röder L, Werth S, Giptner A, Hackstein H, Knorr M, Bein G, Sachs UJ, Santoso S. Alloantibody against new platelet alloantigen (Lapa) on glycoprotein IIb is responsible for a case of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 2015; 55:2920-9. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universitas Gadjah Mada; Yogyakarta Indonesia
| | - Kathrin Heidinger
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - Lida Röder
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - Silke Werth
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - Astrid Giptner
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - Martin Knorr
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology; University Clinic; Essen Germany
| | - Gregor Bein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - Ulrich J. Sachs
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - Sentot Santoso
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
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12
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Peterson JA, Gitter M, Bougie DW, Pechauer S, Hopp KA, Pietz B, Szabo A, Curtis BR, McFarland J, Aster RH. Low-frequency human platelet antigens as triggers for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 2014; 54:1286-93. [PMID: 24128174 PMCID: PMC3989475 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twenty-four low-frequency human platelet antigens (LFHPAs) have been implicated as immunogens in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT). We performed studies to define more fully how often these antigens trigger maternal immunization leading to NAIT. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In a Phase 1 study, fathers of selected NAIT cases not resolved by serologic testing but thought to have a high likelihood of NAIT on clinical and serologic grounds were typed for LFHPAs by DNA sequencing. In a Phase 2 study, high-throughput methods were used to type fathers of 1067 consecutive unresolved NAIT cases for LFHPAs. Mothers of 1338 unresolved cases were also typed to assess the prevalence of LFHPAs in a population racially/ethnically similar to the fathers. RESULTS In Phase 1, LFHPAs were identified in 16 of 244 fathers (6.55%). In Phase 2, LFPAs were found in only 28 of 1067 fathers (2.62%). LFHPAs were identified in 27 of 1338 maternal samples (2.01%). HPA-9bw was by far the most common LFHPA identified in the populations studied and was the only LFHPA that was significantly more common in fathers than in mothers of affected infants (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Maternal immunization against recognized LFHPAs accounts for only a small fraction of the cases of apparent NAIT not resolved by standard serologic testing. Typing of the fathers of such cases for LFHPAs is likely to be rewarding only when a maternal antibody specific for a paternal platelet glycoprotein is demonstrated and/or there is compelling clinical evidence for NAIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Peterson
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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13
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Zhou H, Ding H, Chen Y, Li X, Ye X, Nie Y. Simultaneous genotyping of HPA-17w to -21w by PCR-SSP in Chinese Cantonese. Platelets 2014; 26:186-9. [PMID: 24617330 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2014.887668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported the polymorphism of human platelet antigen (HPA)-17w, -18w, -19w, -20w, and -21w. However, the distribution of these five antigens in Chinese Cantonese is still unknown. In this study, we designed new sequence-specific primers for HPA-19w to -21w and used published primers for HPA-17w and -18w to develop a polymerase chain reaction with the sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) method for simultaneously genotyping HPA-17w to -21w. A total of 820 unrelated Cantonese apheresis platelet donors in Guangzhou were involved in this study. Among the five HPAs, complete a/a homozygosity was observed for HPA-17w to -20w with an allele frequency of 1.0000. For HPA-21w, nine individuals (9/820, 1.10%) were found to be HPA-21a/bw heterozygous and the allele frequencies of HPA-21a and HPA-21bw were 0.9945 (1631/1640) and 0.0055 (9/1640), respectively. The reliability of the PCR-SSP method was determined by comparing with the genotyping results by DNA sequencing, and no inconsistencies were observed between the two methods. This study provides a reliable PCR-SSP method for simultaneously genotyping HPA-17w to -21w and could improve HPA-matched platelet transfusion in Chinese Cantonese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Zhou
- Department of Quality Management, Guangzhou Blood Center , Guangzhou , China and
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Veldhuisen B, Porcelijn L, Ellen van der Schoot C, de Haas M. Molecular typing of human platelet and neutrophil antigens (HPA and HNA). Transfus Apher Sci 2014; 50:189-99. [PMID: 24685245 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genotyping is an important tool in the diagnosis of disorders involving allo-immunisation to antigens present on the membranes of platelets and neutrophils. To date 28 human platelet antigens (HPAs) have been indentified on six polymorphic glycoproteins on the surface of platelets. Antibodies against HPAs play a role in foetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT), post-transfusion purpura (PTP) and refractoriness to donor platelets. The 11 human neutrophil antigens (HNAs) described to date have been indentified on five polymorphic proteins on the surface of granulocytes. Antibodies to HNAs are implicated with foetal and neonatal alloimmune neutropenia (FNAIN), autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) and transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI). In this report, we will review the molecular basis and techniques currently available for the genotyping of human platelet and neutrophil antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbera Veldhuisen
- Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Department of Diagnostic Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Leendert Porcelijn
- Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Department of Diagnostic Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Masja de Haas
- Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Department of Diagnostic Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the application of molecular diagnostic methods to red cell and platelet compatibility testing. The advantages and limitations of molecular methods are evaluated compared with traditional serologic methods. The molecular bases of clinically significant red cell and platelet antigens are presented. Current recommendations for reporting molecular assay results and distinctions between genotype and phenotype are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Elkins
- Department of Pathology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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16
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Curtis BR, McFarland JG. Human platelet antigens - 2013. Vox Sang 2013; 106:93-102. [PMID: 24102564 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To date, 33 human platelet alloantigens (HPAs) have been identified on six functionally important platelet glycoprotein (GP) complexes and have been implicated in alloimmune platelet disorders including foetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT), posttransfusion purpura (PTP) and multitransfusion platelet refractoriness (MPR). The greatest number of recognized HPA (20 of 33) resides on the GPIIb/IIIa complex, which serves as the receptor for ligands important in mediating haemostasis and inflammation. These include HPA-1a, the most commonly implicated HPA in FNAIT and PTP in Caucasian populations. Other platelet GP complexes, GPIb/V/IX, GPIa/IIa and CD109, express the remaining 13 HPAs. Of the recognized HPAs, 12 occur as six serologically and genetically defined biallelic 'systems' where the -a form designates the higher frequency allele and the -b form, the lower. Twenty-one other HPAs are low-frequency or rare antigens for which postulated higher frequency -a alleles have not yet been identified as antibody specificities. In addition to the HPA markers, platelets also express ABO and human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antigens; antibodies directed at the former are occasionally important in FNAIT, and to the latter, in MPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Curtis
- Platelet & Neutrophil Immunology Laboratory, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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17
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Callan MB, Werner P, Mason NJ, Meny GM, Raducha MG, Henthorn PS. Polymorphisms in canine platelet glycoproteins identify potential platelet antigens. Comp Med 2013; 63:348-354. [PMID: 24209971 PMCID: PMC3750671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Human alloimmune thrombocytopenic conditions caused by exposure to a platelet-specific alloantigen include neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, posttransfusion purpura, and platelet transfusion refractoriness. More than 30 platelet-specific alloantigens have been defined in the human platelet antigen (HPA) system; however, there is no previous information on canine platelet-specific alloantigens. Using the HPA system as a model, we evaluated the canine ITGB3, ITGA2B, and GP1BB genes encoding GPIIIa (β3), GPIIb (αIIb), and GPIbβ, respectively, which account for 21 of 27 HPA, to determine whether amino acid polymorphisms are present in the orthologous canine genes. A secondary objective was to perform a pilot study to assess possible association between specific alleles of these proteins and a diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in dogs. By using genomic DNA from dogs of various breeds with and without ITP, sequencing of PCR products encompassing all coding regions and exon-intron boundaries for these 3 genes revealed 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ITGA2B resulting in amino acid polymorphisms in the canine genome, 3 previously reported and 1 newly identified (Gly[GGG]/Arg[AGG] at amino acid position 576 of ITGA2B. Of 16 possible ITGA2B protein alleles resulting from unique combinations of the 4 polymorphic amino acids, 5 different protein isoforms were present in homozygous dogs and explain all of the genotype combinations in heterozygous dogs. There was no amino acid polymorphism or protein isoform that was specific for a particular breed or for the diagnosis of ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Callan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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18
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Kunishima S, Hayakawa A, Fujita K, Saito H. Transient macrothrombocytopenia associated with maternal-neonatal HPA-21bw incompatibility. Thromb Res 2013; 131:e286-8. [PMID: 23721693 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Salomon O, Rosenberg N. Predicting risk severity and response of fetal neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2013; 162:304-12. [PMID: 23672281 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fetal neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a devastating bleeding disorder in the fetus or neonate caused by transplacental transport of maternal alloantibodies to paternal-derived antigen on fetal platelets. In Caucasians, up to 80% of FNAIT cases result from maternal immunization to human platelet antigen (HPA)-1a. New methods have developed facilitating detection of common and private antibodies against HPAs triggering FNAIT. Understanding the pathogenesis of FNAIT made it possible to develop a novel strategy to treat this disorder. To date, recombinant monoclonal antibodies directed against the β3 integrin and Fc receptors have been tested in a mouse model of FNAIT, and seem to be promising. Whether those novel treatments will eventually replace the conventional high dose immunoglobulin G in women with FNAIT is yet unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophira Salomon
- Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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20
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Peterson JA, McFarland JG, Curtis BR, Aster RH. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Br J Haematol 2013; 161:3-14. [PMID: 23384054 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, (NAIT) is caused by maternal antibodies raised against alloantigens carried on fetal platelets. Although many cases are mild, NAIT is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns and is the most common cause of intracranial haemorrhage in full-term infants. In this report, we review the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis and prenatal and post-natal management of NAIT and highlight areas of controversy that deserve the attention of clinical and laboratory investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Peterson
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-3548, US.
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21
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Poles A, Woźniak MJ, Walser P, Ridgwell K, Fitzgerald J, Green A, Gilmore R, Lucas G. A V740L mutation in glycoprotein IIb defines a novel epitope (War) associated with fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 2013; 53:1965-73. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Detection of anti-human platelet antibodies against integrin α2β1 using cell lines. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2012; 12 Suppl 1:s273-80. [PMID: 23245717 DOI: 10.2450/2012.0126-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies against human platelet antigens (HPA) are a cause of thrombocytopenia. Detection of rare anti-HPA antibodies using platelet preparations is difficult and would be improved by an alternative method that does not require platelets. In the present study, we describe the establishment of cell lines that stably express specific HPA associated with integrin α2β1 and the application of these cell lines for detecting anti-HPA-5a and anti-HPA-5b antibodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Complementary DNA of the integrin α2 variants HPA-5b, -13b and -18b were individually transfected into K562 cells using retroviral vectors. Expression of integrin α2 was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis, immunoprecipitation and western blotting analysis. To verify whether the cell line panel was suitable for clinical diagnosis, we analysed its properties using monoclonal antibody-specific immobilisation of platelet antigens (MAIPA) and well-characterised serum samples. RESULTS Exogenous integrin α2 expression was observed in the transfected cells for over 6 months. The cell line panel specifically detected previously characterised anti-HPA-5a and anti-HPA-5b antisera. No reactivity was observed with control sera, including normal sera and HLA antisera. DISCUSSION We successfully established a cell line panel to facilitate the sensitive and reliable detection of anti-HPA-5a and anti-HPA-5b antibodies.
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23
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Hayashi T, Ishii H, Tanaka M, Yasui K, Fukumori Y, Tanaka S, Hirayama F. High-resolution melting method for genotyping human platelet antigens on ITGB3 Exon 11. Transfusion 2012; 52:1837-8. [PMID: 22882095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Peterson JA, Kanack A, Nayak D, Bougie DW, McFarland JG, Curtis BR, Aster RH. Prevalence and clinical significance of low-avidity HPA-1a antibodies in women exposed to HPA-1a during pregnancy. Transfusion 2012; 53:1309-18. [PMID: 23003125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that HPA-1a-specific, low-avidity maternal antibodies not detectable by conventional methods can cause neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT). We performed studies to further define the incidence and clinical significance of this type of antibody. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Surface plasmon resonance analysis was used to detect low-avidity antibodies in HPA-1a-negative, "antibody-negative" mothers of suspected NAIT cases. The ability of antibodies detected to promote immune destruction of human platelets (PLTs) was examined in a newly developed NOD/SCID mouse model. RESULTS Among 3478 suspected cases of NAIT, 677 HPA-1a-negative mothers were identified. HPA-1a-specific antibodies were detected by conventional antibody testing in 616 cases (91%). Low-avidity HPA-1a-specific antibodies were identified in 18 of the remaining 61 cases (9%). Clinical follow-up on 13 cases showed that eight were referred because of suspected NAIT and five because the mother's sister had previously had an infant with NAIT. Only six infants born to the 13 sensitized mothers had clinically significant thrombocytopenia at birth. Three of four low-avidity antibodies tested in the mouse caused accelerated clearance of HPA-1a/a but not HPA-1b/b PLTs. Only 3 of 12 mothers with low-avidity HPA-1a antibodies were positive for HLA-DRB3*0101. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm previous reports that low-avidity HPA-1a antibodies can cause NAIT but show that the presence of such an antibody does not predict that an infant will be affected. The low incidence of HLA-DRB3*0101 in this cohort (p < 0.0001) suggests that women negative for DRB3*0101 may be predisposed to produce low-avidity HPA-1a antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Peterson
- Blood Research Institute and Platelet & Neutrophil Immunology Laboratory, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,WI 53226-3548, USA.
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25
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Liu Y, Hong X, Xu X, Ying Y, He J, Zhu F, Lv H, Yan L. Prevalence of the HPA-18w to -21w alleles in the Chinese Han population. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 40:99-103. [PMID: 22862885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2012.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, four new platelet alloantigen (HPA) systems HPA-18w to-21w were identified. However, genotyping for HPA-18w to -21w alleles was rarely reported. Here, we established a polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing (PCR-SBT) method and investigated the distribution of HPA-18w to -21w alleles in the Chinese Han population. The specific primers of HPA-18w, -19w, -20w and -21w were designed, and the PCR products were bidirectionally sequenced. 855 randomly selected platelet donors were genotyped for HPA-18w to -21w with the PCR-SBT method. The results showed that all individuals were monomorphic for HPA-18w to HPA-20w with a/a homozygous frequency of 1.0 and absence of HPA-18bw to -20bw alleles. The frequencies of the HPA-21a/21a and HPA-21a/21b genotypes were 0.981(839/855) and 0.019(16/855), respectively. Seven mutations were confirmed on sequenced region separate from HPA polymorphisms, including ITGA2 (IVS17+48G>A and IVS17+72G>A), ITGA2B (IVS19-26C>G) and ITGB3 (IVS4+234C>T, IVS11-19 T>C, IVS11-104T>C and GT repeats from IVS11-131 to IVS11-109). These data will provide useful information for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of alloimmune thrombocytopaenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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26
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Jallu V, Bertrand G, Bianchi F, Chenet C, Poulain P, Kaplan C. The αIIb p.Leu841Met (Cab3(a+) ) polymorphism results in a new human platelet alloantigen involved in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 2012; 53:554-63. [PMID: 22738334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal-neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) diagnosis relies on maternofetal incompatibility and alloantibody identification. Genotyping for rare platelet (PLT) polymorphisms allowed the identification of three families with suspected or confirmed maternofetal incompatibility for the αIIb-c.2614C>A mutation (Halle et al., Transfusion 2008;48:14-15). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primers amplification assay was designed to genotype the αIIb-c.2614C>A mutation. HEK293 cells expressing αIIb-Leu841 or αIIb-Met841 αIIbβ3 forms were used to probe the reactivity of maternal sera from these families and to study the effects of the substitution on αIIbβ3 expression and functions. RESULTS Tested by flow cytometry (FCM), one serum sample specifically reacted with αIIb-Met841 but not with αIIb-Leu841 αIIbβ3. This specificity revealed the αIIb-Leu841 polymorphism as a new alloantigen named Cab3(a+) . Cross-match testing using FCM also showed the Cab3(a+) antigen to be expressed at the PLT surface. As for anti-human PLT alloantigen (HPA)-3a (or -3b) and anti-HPA-9bw, detection of anti-Cab3(a+) alloantibodies appeared difficult and required whole PLT assays when classical monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of PLT antigen test failed. In our FNAIT set, the immune response to Cab3(a+) maternofetal incompatibility could induce severe thrombocytopenias and life-threatening hemorrhages. The p.Leu841Met substitution has limited effects, if any, on local αIIb structure, preserving both αIIbβ3 expression and functions. CONCLUSION The Cab3(a+) polymorphism is a new rare alloantigen (allelic frequency <1%) carried by αIIb that might result in severe life-threatening thrombocytopenias. In Sub-Saharan African populations, higher Cab3(a+) gene frequencies (up to 8.2%; Halle et al., Transfusion 2008;48:14-15) and homozygous people are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Jallu
- Platelet Immunology Laboratory, INTS; DSIMB, INSERM, U665, France
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Peterson JA, Pechauer SM, Gitter ML, Szabo A, Curtis BR, Aster RH. The human platelet antigen-21bw is relatively common among Asians and is a potential trigger for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 2012; 52:915-6. [PMID: 22490273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Arinsburg SA, Shaz BH, Westhoff C, Cushing MM. Determination of human platelet antigen typing by molecular methods: Importance in diagnosis and early treatment of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:525-8. [PMID: 22345051 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is the most common cause of severe thrombocytopenia and intracranial hemorrhage in the perinatal period. While the gold standard for making a diagnosis of NAIT is detection of a human platelet antigen (HPA)-specific antibody in maternal serum, together with identifying an incompatibility between the parents for the cognate HPA antigen, platelet genotyping is the gold standard method for HPA typing. Platelet genotyping is critical in screening at-risk fetuses for the presence ofthe HPA corresponding to the maternal antibody. In addition, platelet genotyping may play a role in population screening to identify women at risk for sensitization, and thus, fetuses at risk for NAIT. The most commonly used methods of platelet genotyping are sequence-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP), restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR (PCR-RFLP), and TaqMan real-time PCR. PCR-SSP and PCR-RFLP are relatively inexpensive and technically simple methods, but they are not easily automated and require expertise for reliable interpretation of results. Newer methods that allow for multiplexing, automation, and easily interpretable results, such as bead arrays, are currently in development and available for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Arinsburg
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Koh Y, Ishii H, Amakishi E, Hayashi T, Matsuyama N, Fukumori Y, Hirayama F, Shimizu J, Nakauchi S, Kawa K. The first two cases of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia associated with the low-frequency platelet antigen HPA-21bw (Nos) in Japan. Transfusion 2011; 52:1468-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Sachs UJ, Bakchoul T, Eva O, Giptner A, Bein G, Aster RH, Gitter M, Peterson J, Santoso S. A point mutation in the EGF-4 domain of β(3) integrin is responsible for the formation of the Sec(a) platelet alloantigen and affects receptor function. Thromb Haemost 2011; 107:80-7. [PMID: 22116617 DOI: 10.1160/th11-08-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is caused by fetomaternal platelet incompatibility with maternal antibodies crossing the placenta and destroying fetal platelets. Antibodies against human platelet antigen-1a (HPA-1a) and HPA-5b are responsible for the majority of NAIT cases. We observed a suspected NAIT in a newborn with a platelet count of 25 G/l and petechial haemorrhages. Serological analysis of maternal serum revealed an immunisation against αIIbβ3 on paternal platelets only, indicating the presence of an antibody against a new rare alloantigen (Sec(a)) residing on αIIbβ3. The location of Sec(a) on αIIbβ3 was confirmed by immunoprecipitation. Nucleotide sequence analysis of paternal β3 revealed a single nucleotide exchange (G(1818)T) in exon 11 of the β3 gene (ITGB3), changing Lys(580) (wild-type) to Asn(580) (Sec(a)). Two additional members of the family Sec were typed Sec(a) positive, but none of 300 blood donors. Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing Asn(580), but not Lys(580) αIIbβ3, bound anti-Sec(a), which was corroborated by immunoprecipitation. Adhesion of transfected cells onto immobilised fibrinogen showed reduced binding of the Asn(580) variant compared to wild-type αIIbβ3. Analysis of transfected cells with anti-LIBS and PAC-1 antibody showed reduced binding when compared to the wild-type. No such effects were observed with Sec(a) positive platelets, which, however, are heterozygous for the Lys(580)Asn mutation. In this study, we describe a NAIT case caused by maternal alloimmunisation against a new antigen on αIIbβ3. Analysis with mutant transfected cells showed that the Lys(580)Asn mutation responsible for the formation of the Sec(a) antigenic determinant affects αIIbβ3 receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich J Sachs
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Langhansstr. 7, D-35385 Giessen, Germany
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31
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Peterson JA, Pechauer SM, Gitter ML, Kanack A, Curtis BR, Reese J, Kamath VM, McFarland JG, Aster RH. New platelet glycoprotein polymorphisms causing maternal immunization and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 2011; 52:1117-24. [PMID: 22070736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal immunization against low-frequency, platelet (PLT)-specific antigens is being recognized with increasing frequency as a cause of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Serologic and molecular studies were performed on PLTs and DNA from two families in which an infant was born with severe thrombocytopenia not attributable to maternal immunization against known PLT-specific alloantigens. RESULTS Antibodies reactive only with paternal PLTs were identified in each mother using flow cytometry and solid-phase assays. Unique mutations encoding amino acid substitutions K164T in glycoprotein (GP)IIb (Case 1) and R622W in GPIIIa (Case 2) were identified in paternal DNA and in DNA from the affected infants. Each maternal antibody recognized recombinant GPIIb/IIIa mutated to contain the polymorphisms identified in the corresponding father. None of 100 unselected normal subjects possessed these paternal mutations. CONCLUSIONS Severe NAIT observed in the affected infants was caused by maternal immunization against previously unrecognized, low-frequency antigens created by amino acid substitutions in GPIIb/IIIa (α(IIb) /β(3) integrin). A search should be conducted for novel paternal antigens in cases of apparent NAIT not explained on the basis of maternal-fetal incompatibility for known human PLT antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Peterson
- Blood Research Institute and Platelet & Neutrophil Immunology Laboratory, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee,WI 53226-3548, USA.
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32
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Allen DL, Abrahamsson S, Murphy MF, Roberts DJ. Human platelet antigen 1a epitopes are dependent on the cation-regulated conformation of integrin α(IIb)β(3) (GPIIb/IIIa). J Immunol Methods 2011; 375:166-75. [PMID: 22036924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HPA-1a (Leu(33)) polymorphism of platelet integrin αIIbβ3 is the target of alloantibodies in 70-80% cases of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) in Caucasians and reliable detection of these antibodies is essential for appropriate clinical management. However, the ability to detect such antibodies is highly variable between laboratories and, in a number of clinical cases where there is a HPA-1 genotype mismatch between mother and neonate, HPA-1a antibodies are undetectable. Furthermore, some studies have not shown a consistent relationship between maternal anti-HPA-1a level and neonatal platelet count. Since the integrity and conformation of the αIIbβ3 complex are dependent on divalent cations, we investigated whether HPA-1a epitope integrity and/or conformation might be affected by the presence of the cation chelator EDTA in patient samples or in assay buffers, thus providing a possible explanation for the variable sensitivity of current assays. PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Exposure of the αIIbβ3 complex to EDTA resulted in reduced reactivity of three anti-HPA-1a mAbs (B2, 19-7 and 23-15). More significantly, cation chelation adversely affected detection of polyclonal anti-HPA-1a, not only in the platelet immunofluorescence assay, where alloantibody binding was reduced compared to control platelets (mean MFI reduction 44.5%, range 17.3-69.7%, n=4), but also in the commonly used monoclonal antibody specific immobilisation of platelet antigens assay (MAIPA) where both alloantibody and monoclonal capture antibody binding were reduced (mean OD reduction 82.8%, range 68.3-96.6%, n=9). CONCLUSIONS These data show that HPA-1a antibodies recognise epitopes on αIIbβ3 that are sensitive to EDTA treatment and that cation chelation grossly reduces the sensitivity of the MAIPA assay by diminishing not only HPA-1a alloantibody binding but also 'capture' monoclonal antibody binding. These findings may, in part, explain the current variability in antibody measurement and will guide the development of more sensitive tests for anti-integrin antibodies in NAIT and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Allen
- NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Xu X, Liu Y, Ying Y, Tao S, Hong X, Zhu F, Lv H, Yan L. Human platelet antigen allele frequencies and new mutations on platelet glycoprotein genes in the Chinese Han population. Transfus Med 2011; 21:330-7. [PMID: 21658138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2011.01081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The frequencies of human platelet antigens (HPAs) vary between different populations. In this study, we determined the HPA allele frequencies in the Chinese Han population and identified situation of incompatibility possibly leading to alloimmunisation. METHODS A total of 750 volunteer blood donors of the Chinese Han population were genotyped for HPA-1 to -17w systems. HPA genotyping was determined by polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing. RESULTS Among the 17 HPA systems, the allele frequency is different from other populations. We noted the absence of HPA-7bw to HPA-14bw, HPA-16bw and HPA-17bw alleles in the population. The estimated incompatibility probabilities regarding platelet antigens 1 to 6w and 15 systems after transfusion of random donor platelet were from 0·004 to 0·373. Thirteen glycoprotein alleles were observed in the population. In addition, we identified 16 novel mutations on the glycoprotein genes separated from HPA polymorphisms, including GP1BA (517-525delAAC), ITGA2B (2722C>T and IVS26+85T>C), ITGA2 (1521C>T, 2474T>G and IVS20+10 G>C), ITGB3 (1476G>A, IVS10+19C>A, 1813G>A, IVS11+21G>A, IVS11+152A>G and IVS11-104T>C), GP1BB (IVS1-79G>A, IVS1-27C>T and 129G>A) and CD109 (2139A>G). Five of them could lead to amino acid deletion, substitution or premature stop codon in corresponding glycoprotein. CONCLUSIONS There was a high degree of polymorphism of the membrane glycoprotein genes related to human platelet alloantigen-1 to -17w systems in the Chinese Han population. These data could have some impact on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of alloimmune thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xu
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Blood Safety Research, Ministry of Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Kroll H, Feldmann K, Zwingel C, Hoch J, Bald R, Bein G, Bayat B, Santoso S. A new platelet alloantigen, Swi(a) , located on glycoprotein Ia identified in a family with fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 2011; 51:1745-54. [PMID: 21332723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.03038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a bleeding disorder caused by transplacental passage of maternal antibodies to fetuses whose platelets (PLTs) express the corresponding human PLT antigen (HPA). STUDY DESIGNS AND METHODS We observed a fetus with FNAIT who died from a severe intracranial hemorrhage. Analysis of maternal serum in antigen capture assay with paternal PLTs showed reactivity with PLT glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa (α(IIb) β(3) ) and GPIa/IIa (α(2) β(1) integrin), indicating the presence of anti-HPA-1a and an additional alloantibody against GPIa (termed anti-Swi(a) ). RESULTS By immunochemical studies, the localization of the Swi(a) antigen on GPIa/IIa could be confirmed. Analysis of paternal GPIa full-length cDNA showed a single-nucleotide substitution C(3347) T in Exon 28 resulting in a Thr(1087) Met amino acid substitution. Testing of family members by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism using MslI endonuclease showed perfect correlation with phenotyping. Extended family and population studies showed that 4 of 10 members of the paternal family but none of 500 unrelated blood donors were Swi(a) carriers. Expression studies on allele-specific transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells confirmed that the single-amino-acid substitution Thr(1087) Met was responsible for the formation of the Swi(a) epitope. Adhesion of CHO cells expressing the Swi(a) alloantigen to immobilized collagens was not impaired compared to the wild-type control and was not inhibited by anti-Swi(a) alloantibodies. CONCLUSION In this study we defined a new PLT alloantigen Swi(a) that was involved in a case of additional immunization against HPA-1a. Our observations demonstrate that combinations of PLT-specific alloantibodies may comprise low-frequency alloantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Kroll
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dessau, Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service NSTOB, Dessau, Germany.
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Landau M, Rosenberg N. Molecular insight into human platelet antigens: structural and evolutionary conservation analyses offer new perspective to immunogenic disorders. Transfusion 2010; 51:558-69. [PMID: 20804530 PMCID: PMC3084503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human platelet antigens (HPAs) are polymorphisms in platelet membrane glycoproteins (GPs) that can stimulate production of alloantibodies once exposed to foreign platelets (PLTs) with different HPAs. These antibodies can cause neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, posttransfusion purpura, and PLT transfusion refractoriness. Most HPAs are localized on the main PLT receptors: 1) integrin αIIbβ3, known as the fibrinogen receptor; 2) the GPIb-IX-V complex that functions as the receptor for von Willebrand factor; and 3) integrin α2β1, which functions as the collagen receptor. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed the structural location and the evolutionary conservation of the residues associated with the HPAs to characterize the features that induce immunologic responses but do not cause inherited diseases. RESULTS We found that all HPAs reside in positions located on the protein surface, apart from the ligand-binding site, and are evolutionary variable. CONCLUSION Disease-causing mutations often reside in highly conserved and buried positions. In contrast, the HPAs affect residues on the protein surface that were not conserved throughout evolution; this explains their naive effect on the protein function. Nonetheless, the HPAs involve substitutions of solvent-exposed positions that lead to altered interfaces on the surface of the protein and might present epitopes foreign to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meytal Landau
- Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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Jallu V, Dusseaux M, Kaplan C. A new Ser472Asn (Cab2(a+)) polymorphism localized within the αIIb "thigh" domain is involved in neonatal thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 2010; 51:393-400. [PMID: 20723174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new platelet antigen, Cab2(a+), was identified in a case of severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (<8 × 10(9)/L) in twins. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Coding sequences of αIIb and β3 genes from parents were amplified and sequenced. CHO cell lines expressing wild-type or mutated forms of the complex were established to study the role of the mutation in alloimmunization and in αIIbβ3 functions. RESULTS The father and twins were heterozygous for a single αIIb c.1508G>A mutation leading to a Ser472Asn substitution. Immunologic assays with transfected CHO cells revealed the Asn472 form of αIIbβ3 responsible for the Cab2(a+) epitope but not an Ala472 form. Using these cells lines we demonstrated that both Ser472Asn and Ser472Ala substitutions produced limited structural alteration as revealed by the reactivity of a panel of anti-αIIbβ3 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Activated Asn472 and Ala472 forms of αIIbβ3 supported 1) binding of soluble fibrinogen and of the ligand mimetic MoAb PAC-1, 2) ligand-induced binding site epitopes exposure (MoAbs AP-5 and D3GP3), and 3) cell aggregation. Adhesion onto adsorbed fibrinogen was conserved and was specifically inhibited by MoAb AP-2 or peptide RGDS. Finally outside-in signaling was not affected. CONCLUSION We have characterized a new low-frequency alloantigen (<1%) resulting from the Ser472Asn substitution in αIIb and shown this polymorphism to have a limited effect, if any, on the αIIbβ3 complex functions.
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