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Liu Y, Cui W, Liu H, Yao M, Shen W, Miao L, Wei J, Liang X, Zhang Y. Exploring the "gene-metabolite" network of ischemic stroke with blood stasis and toxin syndrome by integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics strategy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11947. [PMID: 38789486 PMCID: PMC11126742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A research model combining a disease and syndrome can provide new ideas for the treatment of ischemic stroke. In the field of traditional Chinese medicine, blood stasis and toxin (BST) syndrome is considered an important syndrome seen in patients with ischemic stroke (IS). However, the biological basis of IS-BST syndrome is currently not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the biological mechanism of IS-BST syndrome. This study is divided into two parts: (1) establishment of an animal model of ischemic stroke disease and an animal model of BST syndrome in ischemic stroke; (2) use of omics methods to identify differentially expressed genes and metabolites in the models. We used middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery to establish the disease model, and utilized carrageenan combined with active dry yeast and MCAO surgery to construct the IS-BST syndrome model. Next, we used transcriptomics and metabolomics methods to explore the differential genes and metabolites in the disease model and IS-BST syndrome model. It is found that the IS-BST syndrome model exhibited more prominent characteristics of IS disease and syndrome features. Both the disease model and the IS-BST syndrome model share some common biological processes, such as thrombus formation, inflammatory response, purine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and so on. Results of the "gene-metabolite" network revealed that the IS-BST syndrome model exhibited more pronounced features of complement-coagulation cascade reactions and amino acid metabolism disorders. Additionally, the "F2 (thrombin)-NMDAR/glutamate" pathway was coupled with the formation process of the blood stasis and toxin syndrome. This study reveals the intricate mechanism of IS-BST syndrome, offering a successful model for investigating the combination of disease and syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongxi Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Mingjiang Yao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lina Miao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Grover SP, Mackman N. Tissue factor in atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Atherosclerosis 2020; 307:80-86. [PMID: 32674807 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the formation of lipid rich plaques in the wall of medium to large sized arteries. Atherothrombosis represents the terminal manifestation of this pathology in which atherosclerotic plaque rupture or erosion triggers the formation of occlusive thrombi. Occlusion of arteries and resultant tissue ischemia in the heart and brain causes myocardial infarction and stroke, respectively. Tissue factor (TF) is the receptor for the coagulation protease factor VIIa, and formation of the TF:factor VIIa complex triggers blood coagulation. TF is expressed at high levels in atherosclerotic plaques by both macrophage-derived foam cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as extracellular vesicles derived from these cells. Importantly, TF mediated activation of coagulation is critically important for arterial thrombosis in the setting of atherosclerotic disease. The major endogenous inhibitor of the TF:factor VIIa complex is TF pathway inhibitor 1 (TFPI-1), which is also present in atherosclerotic plaques. In mouse models, increased or decreased expression of TFPI-1 has been found to alter atherosclerosis. This review highlights the contribution of TF-dependent activation of coagulation to atherthrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Grover SP, Mackman N. Tissue Factor: An Essential Mediator of Hemostasis and Trigger of Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:709-725. [PMID: 29437578 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the high-affinity receptor and cofactor for factor (F)VII/VIIa. The TF-FVIIa complex is the primary initiator of blood coagulation and plays an essential role in hemostasis. TF is expressed on perivascular cells and epithelial cells at organ and body surfaces where it forms a hemostatic barrier. TF also provides additional hemostatic protection to vital organs, such as the brain, lung, and heart. Under pathological conditions, TF can trigger both arterial and venous thrombosis. For instance, atherosclerotic plaques contain high levels of TF on macrophage foam cells and microvesicles that drives thrombus formation after plaque rupture. In sepsis, inducible TF expression on monocytes leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation. In cancer patients, tumors release TF-positive microvesicles into the circulation that may contribute to venous thrombosis. TF also has nonhemostatic roles. For instance, TF-dependent activation of the coagulation cascade generates coagulation proteases, such as FVIIa, FXa, and thrombin, which induce signaling in a variety of cells by cleavage of protease-activated receptors. This review will focus on the roles of TF in protective hemostasis and pathological thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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Yamashita A, Kaku S, Iwatsuki Y, Asada Y, Funatsu T. Plasma factor Xa inhibition can predict antithrombotic effects of oral direct factor Xa inhibitors in rabbit atherothrombosis models. Thromb Haemost 2017; 108:896-902. [DOI: 10.1160/th12-04-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWe evaluated the relationship between antithrombotic effects and pharmacodynamic (PD) marker changes produced by the novel factor (F)Xa inhibitors darexaban (YM150) and rivaroxaban in a rabbit model of plaque disruption-induced arterial thrombosis. Animals were subjected to catheter-induced endothelial denudation via the femoral artery followed by a two-week high-cholesterol diet. Plaque disruption was induced by balloon angioplasty, and then stasis was achieved by ligation at the distal side of the injured segment. Darexaban and rivaroxaban were administered orally 1 hour (h) before and 9 h after plaque disruption, and their antithrombotic effects were evaluated 24 h after the initiation of ligation. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and plasma FXa activity were measured using blood samples collected before and 1 h after administration. Darexaban and rivaroxaban significantly reduced thrombus formation. The thrombus weight obtained in the 30 mg/kg darexaban group was comparable to that in the 1 mg/kg rivaroxaban group (2.17 ± 0.63 and 3.23 ± 1.64 mg, respectively, vs. 8.01 ± 1.08 mg in the control group). Plasma FXa activity correlated with the antithrombotic effects of darexaban and rivaroxaban, while PT only correlated with those of darexaban. Our findings suggest that the degree of plasma FXa inhibition may be useful for predicting antithrombotic effects of darexaban and rivaroxaban in arterial thrombosis. PT may also be useful in evaluating antithrombotic effects of darexaban in particular.
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Factor VIIa interaction with EPCR modulates the hemostatic effect of rFVIIa in hemophilia therapy: Mode of its action. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1206-1214. [PMID: 28932824 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016004143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies established that clotting factor VIIa (FVIIa) binds endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR). It has been speculated that FVIIa interaction with EPCR might augment the hemostatic effect of rFVIIa in therapeutic conditions. The present study is carried out to investigate the mechanism by which FVIIa interaction with EPCR contributes to the hemostatic effect of rFVIIa in hemophilia therapy. Active-site inhibited FVIIa, which is capable of binding to EPCR but has no ability to activate factor X, reduced the concentration of rFVIIa required to correct the bleeding following the saphenous vein injury in mouse hemophilia model systems. Higher doses of rFVIIa were required to restore hemostasis in EPCR overexpressing hemophilia mice compared to hemophilia mice expressing normal levels of EPCR. Administration of FVIII antibody induced only mild hemophilic bleeding in EPCR-deficient mice, which was corrected completely with a low dose of rFVIIa. Administration of therapeutic concentrations of rFVIIa increased plasma protein C levels in EPCR overexpressing mice, indicating the displacement of protein C from EPCR by rFVIIa. EPCR levels did not significantly alter the bioavailability of rFVIIa in plasma. Overall, our data indicate that EPCR levels influence the hemostatic effect of rFVIIa in treating hemophilia. Our present findings suggest that FVIIa displacement of anticoagulant protein C from EPCR that results in down-regulation of activated protein C generation and not the direct effect of EPCR-FVIIa on FX activation is the mechanism by which FVIIa interaction with EPCR contributes to the hemostatic effect of rFVIIa in hemophilia therapy.
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Abstract
In recent years, the traditional view of the hemostatic system as being regulated by a coagulation factor cascade coupled with platelet activation has been increasingly challenged by new evidence that activation of the immune system strongly influences blood coagulation and pathological thrombus formation. Leukocytes can be induced to express tissue factor and release proinflammatory and procoagulant molecules such as granular enzymes, cytokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns. These mediators can influence all aspects of thrombus formation, including platelet activation and adhesion, and activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. Leukocyte-released procoagulant mediators increase systemic thrombogenicity, and leukocytes are actively recruited to the site of thrombus formation through interactions with platelets and endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Additionally, phagocytic leukocytes are involved in fibrinolysis and thrombus resolution, and can regulate clearance of platelets and coagulation factors. Dysregulated activation of leukocyte innate immune functions thus plays a role in pathological thrombus formation. Modulation of the interactions between leukocytes or leukocyte-derived procoagulant materials and the traditional hemostatic system is an attractive target for the development of novel antithrombotic strategies.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids in medium to large sized arteries. Atherothrombosis is a term used to describe formation of a thrombus after rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. Thrombosis can lead to myocardial infarction and stroke. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking and hypertension all of which increase tissue factor (TF) expression. High levels of TF are present in atherosclerotic plaques due to expression by macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells and the presence of cell-derived TF-positive microvesicles (MVs). In addition, hyperlipidemia leads to the formation of oxidized LDL, which induces TF expression in circulating monocytes and the release of TF-positive MVs. The major source of TF that drives thrombosis after plaque rupture is TF within the plaque. However, TF in the blood on monocytes and MVs may also contribute the thrombosis. Inhibition of the TF/factor VIIa complex is unlikely to be an effective strategy to reduce atherothrombosis due the essential role of the complex in hemostasis. However, selective blockade of pathologic TF without affecting protective TF may be effective in reducing atherothrombosis. For instance, statins have been shown to reduce TF expression in the plaque and in circulating monocytes, which would be expected to reduce thrombosis. Further studies are needed to determine safe strategies to reduce pathologic TF expression and atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tatsumi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Xuezhikang, extract of red yeast rice, inhibited tissue factor and hypercoagulable state through suppressing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 58:307-18. [PMID: 21697731 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182244a2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Xuezhikang, extract of red yeast rice, is a traditional Chinese medicine with multiple cardioprotective effect. It contains a family of naturally occurring statins, such as lovastatin. Tissue factor (TF) is overexpressed in macrophages of lipid core plaques, which display high procoagulant activity and seem to be a potentially target for anti-atherothrombosis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect and possible molecular mechanisms of xuezhikang on inhibiting TF expression and hypercoagulable state and the differences compared with lovastatin. Our results showed that xuezhikang significantly suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced TF expression in macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Xuezhikang reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity by decreasing membrane translocation of p47 through inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate inhibitor (diphenyleneiodonium) also inhibited the oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced TF expression, similar to the effects of xuezhikang. Furthermore, consistent with the severity of aortic atherosclerosis, xuezhikang (300 mg·kg·d) significantly reduced blood coagulation activation and TF expression in high-cholesterol diet-induced atherosclerotic rats. In addition, xuezhikang was more potent than lovastatin on inhibiting the expression of TF and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation. These observations provide evidences that inhibition of xuezhikang on hypercoagulation and TF expression may partly account for its cardioprotective benefits.
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A rabbit model of thrombosis on atherosclerotic lesions. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:424929. [PMID: 21253503 PMCID: PMC3021877 DOI: 10.1155/2011/424929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombus formation on a disrupted atherosclerotic plaque is a key event that leads to atherothrombosis. Because thrombus is induced by chemical or physical injury of normal arteries in most animal models of thrombosis, the mechanisms of thrombogenesis and thrombus growth in atherosclerotic vessels should be investigated in diseased arteries of appropriate models. Pathological findings of human atherothrombosis suggest that tissue factor, an initiator of the coagulation cascade, significantly affects enhanced platelet aggregation and fibrin formation after plaque disruption. We established a rabbit model of atherothrombosis based on human pathology in which differences in thrombus formation between normal and atherosclerotic arteries, factors contributing to thrombus growth, and mechanisms of plaque erosion can be investigated. Emerging transgenic and stem cell technologies should also provide an invaluable rabbit experimental model in the near future.
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Owens AP, Mackman N. Tissue factor and thrombosis: The clot starts here. Thromb Haemost 2010; 104:432-9. [PMID: 20539911 PMCID: PMC3043984 DOI: 10.1160/th09-11-0771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis, or complications from thrombosis, currently occupies the top three positions in the cardiovascular causes of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. There are a limited number of safe and effective drugs to prevent and treat thrombosis. Animal models of thrombosis are necessary to better understand the complex components and interactions involved in the formation of a clot. Tissue factor (TF) is required for the initiation of blood coagulation and likely plays a key role in both arterial and venous thrombosis. Understanding the role of TF in thrombosis may permit the development of new antithrombotic drugs. This review will focus on the role of TF in in vivo models of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Phillip Owens
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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11
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Alkistis Frentzou G, Collier MEW, Seymour AML, Ettelaie C. Differential induction of cellular proliferation, hypertrophy and apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes by exogenous tissue factor. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 345:119-30. [PMID: 20730477 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that prolonged exposure to exogenous tissue factor (TF) can alter the cellular functions of cardiomyocytes resulting in cardiac dysfunction. The effect of TF may arise from local inflammation within or in the vicinity of the heart. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TF on cardiomyocyte proliferation and growth. H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to a range of concentrations of recombinant TF (rTF) (1.3-52 ng/ml) for up to 10 days and the outcome on cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis measured. At lower concentrations examined (1.3 ng/ml), rTF had a proliferative influence on the H9c2 cells. In contrast, elevated concentrations of rTF (52 ng/ml) induced cellular apoptosis as indicated by increased caspase-3 activity and nuclear localisation of p53. Moreover, incubation with intermediate concentrations of rTF (13 ng/ml) resulted in an initial increase in proliferation but subsequently, led to cellular apoptosis by day 7 of the incubation. In order to determine if these effects induced hypertrophic cell growth, expression of mechano-growth factor (MGF) was analysed. Incubation of cells with rTF resulted in enhanced expression of MGF particularly at the intermediate concentrations of rTF (13 ng/ml) as well as mean cellular transverse diameter. In addition, there was a rapid increase in the expression of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in the cells, on incubation with rTF but diminished rapidly when exposed to higher concentrations of rTF. These data indicate that exposure to increasing concentrations of rTF can accelerate the rate of cardiomyocyte turnover which may ultimately lead to depletion of viable cells within the heart. Moreover, at lower concentrations of rTF, the induction of cell proliferation together with hypertrophic markers indicates that rTF may contribute to the induction and progression of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Alkistis Frentzou
- Biomedical Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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Tissue Factor Pathway. Hamostaseologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01544-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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13
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Abstract
The coagulation cascade represents a system of proteases responsible to maintain vascular integrity and to induce rapid clot formation after vessel injury. Tissue factor (TF), the key initiator of the coagulation cascade, binds to factor VIIa and thereby activates factor IX and factor X, resulting in thrombus formation. Different stimuli enhance TF gene expression in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition to these vascular cells, TF has recently been detected in the bloodstream in circulating cells such as leukocytes and platelets, as a component of microparticles, and as a soluble, alternatively spliced form of TF. Various cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, increase levels of TF. In line with this observation, enhanced vascular TF expression occurs during atherogenesis, particularly in patients with acute coronary syndromes. (Circ J 2010; 74: 3 - 12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Breitenstein
- Cardiovascular Research, Physiology Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Schmitz ML, St. Amour ED, Harness HL, McKamie WA, Johnson CE. RapidTEG Observation Suggests Activation of Factor VII May Overcome Argatroban-Induced Coagulopathy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2009; 23:752-3. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mackman N, Taubman MB. Does Tissue Factor Expression by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Provide a Link Between C-Reactive Protein and Cardiovascular Disease? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:601-3. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.165050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Mackman
- From the Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; and the Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (M.B.T.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Mark B. Taubman
- From the Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC; and the Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (M.B.T.), University of Rochester, NY
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Mackman N, Tilley RE, Key NS. Role of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation in hemostasis and thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1687-93. [PMID: 17556654 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.141911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemostasis requires both platelets and the coagulation system. At sites of vessel injury, bleeding is minimized by the formation of a hemostatic plug consisting of platelets and fibrin. The traditional view of the regulation of blood coagulation is that the initiation phase is triggered by the extrinsic pathway, whereas amplification requires the intrinsic pathway. The extrinsic pathway consists of the transmembrane receptor tissue factor (TF) and plasma factor VII/VIIa (FVII/FVIIa), and the intrinsic pathway consists of plasma FXI, FIX, and FVIII. Under physiological conditions, TF is constitutively expressed by adventitial cells surrounding blood vessels and initiates clotting. In addition so-called blood-borne TF in the form of cell-derived microparticles (MPs) and TF expression within platelets suggests that TF may play a role in the amplification phase of the coagulation cascade. Under pathologic conditions, TF is expressed by monocytes, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and platelets, which results in an elevation of the levels of circulating TF-positive MPs. TF expression within the vasculature likely contributes to thrombosis in a variety of diseases. Understanding how the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation contributes to hemostasis and thrombosis may lead to the development of safe and effective hemostatic agents and antithrombotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Mackman
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, Mail Code SP30-3040, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Saber K, El-Khayat Z, Hussein G, Hanna A. Study of Tissue Factor and Factor VIla in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2007.111.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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18
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Kohrt JT, Filipski KJ, Cody WL, Cai C, Dudley DA, Van Huis CA, Willardsen JA, Narasimhan LS, Zhang E, Rapundalo ST, Saiya-Cork K, Leadley RJ, Edmunds JJ. The discovery of fluoropyridine-based inhibitors of the factor VIIa/TF complex—Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1060-4. [PMID: 16289811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The activated factor VII/tissue factor complex (FVIIa/TF) is known to play a key role in the formation of blood clots. Inhibition of this complex may lead to new antithrombotic drugs. A fluoropyridine-based series of FVIIa/TF inhibitors was discovered which utilized a diisopropylamino group for binding in the S2 and S3 binding pockets of the active site of the enzyme complex. In this series, an enhancement in binding affinity was observed by substitution at the 5-position of the hydroxybenzoic acid sidechain. An X-ray crystal structure indicates that amides at this position may increase inhibitor binding affinity through interactions with the S1'/S2' pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Kohrt
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Kohrt JT, Filipski KJ, Cody WL, Cai C, Dudley DA, Van Huis CA, Willardsen JA, Rapundalo ST, Saiya-Cork K, Leadley RJ, Narasimhan L, Zhang E, Whitlow M, Adler M, McLean K, Chou YL, McKnight C, Arnaiz DO, Shaw KJ, Light DR, Edmunds JJ. The discovery of fluoropyridine-based inhibitors of the Factor VIIa/TF complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4752-6. [PMID: 16125385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The activated Factor VII/tissue factor complex (FVIIa/TF) plays a key role in the formation of blood clots. Inhibition of this complex may lead to new antithrombotic drugs. An X-ray crystal structure of a fluoropyridine-based FVIIa/TF inhibitor bound in the active site of the enzyme complex suggested that incorporation of substitution at the 5-position of the hydroxybenzoic acid side chain could lead to the formation of more potent inhibitors through interactions with the S1'/S2' pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Kohrt
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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