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Chen D, Li K, Wei LL, Ma N, McVey JH, Dorling A. Neointimal hyperplasia after endoluminal injury in mice is dependent on tissue factor- and angiopoietin-2 dependent interferon gamma production by fibrocytes and macrophages. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345199. [PMID: 38911855 PMCID: PMC11190261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The intimal hyperplasia (IH) and vascular remodelling that follows endovascular injury, for instance after post-angioplasty re-stenosis, results in downstream ischaemia and progressive end organ damage. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is known to play a critical role in this process. In mouse models we have previously shown that fibrocytes expressing tissue factor (TF) are recruited early to the site of injury. Through thrombin generation and protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) activation, fibrocytes secrete angiopoietin-2, stimulate neointimal cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and induce CXCL-12 production, all of which contribute to the progressive IH that then develops. In this study we investigated the relationship between TF, angiopoietin-2 and IFNγ. Methods and results IH developing in carotid arteries of wild-type mice 4 weeks after endoluminal injury contained a significant proportion of IFNγ+ fibrocytes and macrophages, which we show, using a previously defined adoptive transfer model, were derived from circulating CD34+ cells. IH did not develop after injury in IFNγ-deficient mice, except after transplantation of WT bone marrow or adoptive transfer of WT CD34+ cells. In vitro, CD34+ cells isolated from post-injury mice did not express IFNγ, but this was induced when provided with FVIIa and FX, and enhanced when prothrombin was also provided: In both cases IFNγ secretion was TF-dependent and mediated mainly through protease activated PAR-1. IFNγ was predominantly expressed by fibrocytes. In vivo, all IFNγ+ neointimal cells in WT mice co-expressed angiopoietin-2, as did the small numbers of neointimal cells recruited in IFNγ-/- mice. Adoptively transferred WT CD34+ cells treated with either an anti-TIE-2 antibody, or with siRNA against angiopoetin-2 inhibited the expression of IFNγ and the development of IH. Conclusion TF-dependent angiopoietin-2 production by newly recruited fibrocytes, and to a lesser extent macrophages, switches on IFNγ expression, and this is necessary for the IH to develop. These novel findings enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of IH and expose potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Chen
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ke Li
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiatong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lin-Lin Wei
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiatong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiatong University, Xi’an, China
| | - John H. McVey
- School of Bioscience & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Mast AE, Ruf W. Regulation of coagulation by tissue factor pathway inhibitor: Implications for hemophilia therapy. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1290-1300. [PMID: 35279938 PMCID: PMC9314982 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is an alternatively spliced anticoagulant protein that primarily dampens the initiation phase of coagulation before thrombin is generated. As such, TFPI's actions are localized to cells expressing TF and to sites of injury, where it is an important regulator of bleeding in hemophilia. The major splice isoforms TFPIα and TFPIβ localize to different sites within and surrounding the vasculature. Both forms directly inhibit factor Xa (FXa) via their Kunitz 2 domain and inhibit TF-FVIIa via their Kunitz 1 domain in a tight complex primarily localized to cells. By forming complexes localized to distinct cellular microenvironments and engaging additional cell surface receptors, TFPI alters cellular trafficking and signaling pathways driven by coagulation proteases of the TF pathway. TFPIα, which circulates in complex with FV and protein S, also serves an inhibitor of FXa independent of the TF initiation complex and prevents the formation of an active prothrombinase. This regulation of thrombin generation in the context of vessel injury is effectively blocked by antibodies to Kunitz 2 domain of TFPI and exploited as a therapy to restore efficient hemostasis in hemophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E. Mast
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and HemostasisJohannes Gutenberg University Medical CenterMainzGermany
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyScripps ResearchLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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3
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Chen D, Li K, Festenstein S, Karegli J, Wilkinson H, Leonard H, Wei L, Ma N, Xia M, Tam H, Wang J, Xu Q, McVey JH, Smith RAG, Dorling A. Regression of Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice Via Modulation of Monocyte Recruitment and Phenotype, Induced by Weekly Dosing of a Novel "Cytotopic" Anti-Thrombin Without Prolonged Anticoagulation. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014811. [PMID: 32611229 PMCID: PMC7670518 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Anticoagulants induce atherosclerosis regression in animal models but exploiting this clinically is limited by bleeding events. Here we test a novel thrombin inhibitor, PTL060, comprising hirulog covalently linked to a synthetic myristoyl electrostatic switch to tether to cell membranes. Methods and Results ApoE-/- mice were fed chow or high-fat diets, before transplantation of congenic aortic segments or injection of PTL060, parental hirulog, control saline, or labeled CD11b positive cells. Aortic transplants from transgenic mice expressing anticoagulants on endothelium did not develop atherosclerosis. A single intravenous injection of PTL060, but not hirulog inhibited atheroma development by >50% compared with controls when assessed 4 weeks later. Mice had prolonged bleeding times for only one seventh of the time that PTL060 was biologically active. Repeated weekly injections of PTL060 but not hirulog caused regression of atheroma. We dissected 2 contributory mechanisms. First, the majority of CCR2+ (C-C chemokine receptor type 2+) monocytes recruited into plaques expressed CCR7 (C-C chemokine receptor type 7), ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter - 1), and interleukin-10 in PTL060 mice, a phenotype seen in <20% of CCR2+ recruits in controls. Second, after several doses, there was a significant reduction in monocyte recruits, the majority of which were CCR2-negative with a similar regression-associated phenotype. Regression equivalent to that induced by intravenous PTL060 was induced by adoptive transfer of CD11b+ cells pre-coated with PTL060. Conclusions Covalent linkage of a myristoyl electrostatic switch onto hirulog in PTL060 uncouples the pharmacodynamic effects on hemostasis and atherosclerosis, such that plaque regression, mediated predominantly via effects on monocytes, is accompanied by only transient anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Chen
- Department of Inflammation BiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing’s College London, Guy’s HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ke Li
- Core Research Laboratorythe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineJiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Sam Festenstein
- Department of Inflammation BiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing’s College London, Guy’s HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Julieta Karegli
- Department of Inflammation BiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing’s College London, Guy’s HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Hannah Wilkinson
- Department of Inflammation BiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing’s College London, Guy’s HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Hugh Leonard
- Department of Inflammation BiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing’s College London, Guy’s HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lin‐Lin Wei
- Core Research Laboratorythe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineJiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Ning Ma
- Core Research Laboratorythe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineJiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Min Xia
- Thrombosis Research InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Henry Tam
- Department of ImagingImperial College Healthcare NHS TrustCharing Cross HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jian‐an Wang
- Department of CardiologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Cardiovascular DivisionKing’s College LondonJames Black CentreLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - John H. McVey
- School of Bioscience & MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard A. G. Smith
- Department of Inflammation BiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing’s College London, Guy’s HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Department of Inflammation BiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesKing’s College London, Guy’s HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
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Chen D, Li K, Tham EL, Wei LL, Ma N, Dodd PC, Luo Y, Kirchhofer D, McVey JH, Dorling A. Inhibition of Angiopoietin-2 Production by Myofibrocytes Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia After Endoluminal Injury in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1517. [PMID: 30013567 PMCID: PMC6036182 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrocytes are myeloid lineage cells implicated in wound healing, repair, and fibrosis. We previously showed that fibrocytes are mobilized into the circulation after vascular injury, including the immune-mediated injury that occurs after allogeneic transplantation. A common response to inflammatory vascular injury is intimal hyperplasia (IH), which, alongside vascular remodeling, results in progressive loss of blood flow, downstream ischemia, and end-organ fibrosis. This forms the pathological basis of transplant arteriosclerosis and other diseases including post-angioplasty re-stenosis. In investigating whether fibrocytes contribute to IH, we previously showed that subpopulations expressing smooth muscle actin and CD31 are recruited to the site of injury and accumulate in the neointima. Expression of tissue factor (TF) by these "CD31+ myofibrocytes" is needed for progressive neointimal expansion, such that TF inhibition limits the neointima to a single layer of cells by day 28 post-injury. The aim of this study was to determine pathophysiological mediators downstream of TF that contribute to myofibrocyte-orchestrated IH. We first show that myofibrocytes make up a significant component of the neointima 28 days following injury. Using a previously defined adoptive transfer model, we then show that CD31+ myofibrocytes get recruited early to the site of injury; this model allows manipulations of the adoptively transferred cells to study how IH develops. Having confirmed that inhibition of TF on adoptively transferred cells prevents IH, we then show that TF, primarily through the generation of thrombin, induces secretion of angiopoietin-2 by myofibrocytes and this directly stimulates proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and induces CXCL-12 production by neointimal cells, including non-fibrocytes, all of which promote progressive IH in vivo. Prior incubation to inhibit angiopoietin-2 secretion by or block TIE-2 signaling on adoptively transferred fibrocytes inhibits IH. These novel data indicate that angiopoietin-2 production by early recruited myofibrocytes critically influences the development of IH after vascular injury and suggest new therapeutic avenues for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Chen
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ke Li
- Medical Research Centre, Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - El-Li Tham
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lin-Lin Wei
- Medical Research Centre, Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Medical Research Centre, Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Philippa C Dodd
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John H McVey
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Gierczak RF, Pepler L, Bhagirath V, Liaw PC, Sheffield WP. Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor M358R reduces thrombin generation when displayed on the surface of cells expressing tissue factor. Thromb Res 2014; 134:1142-9. [PMID: 25242242 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The M358R variant of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (API) is a potent soluble inhibitor of thrombin. Previously we engineered AR-API M358R, a membrane-bound form of this protein and showed that it inhibited exogenous thrombin when expressed on transfected cells lacking tissue factor (TF). To determine the suitability of AR-API M358R for gene transfer to vascular cells to limit thrombogenicity, we tested the ability of AR-API M358R to inhibit endogenous thrombin generated in plasma via co-expression co-expressing it on the surface of cells expressing TF. Transfected AR-API M358R formed inhibitory complexes with thrombin following exposure of recalcified, defibrinated plasma to TF on T24/83 cells, but discontinuously monitored thrombin generation was unaffected. Similarly, AR-API M358R expression did not reduce continuously monitored thrombin generation by T24/83 cell suspensions exposed to recalcified normal plasma in a Thrombogram-Thrombinoscope-type thrombin generation assay (TGA); in contrast, 1 μM hirudin variant 3 or soluble API M358R abolished thrombin generation. Gene transfer of TF to HEK 293 conferred the ability to support TF-dependent thrombin generation on HEK 293 cells. Co-transfection of HEK 293 cells with a 9:1 excess of DNA encoding AR-API M358R to that encoding TF reduced peak thrombin generation approximately 3-fold compared to controls. These in vitro results suggest that surface display of API M358R inhibits thrombin generation when the tethered serpin is expressed in excess of TF, and suggest its potential to limit thrombosis in appropriate vascular beds in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Gierczak
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Pepler
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vinai Bhagirath
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia C Liaw
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - William P Sheffield
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Saxena A, Kessinger CW, Thompson B, McCarthy JR, Iwamoto Y, Lin CP, Jaffer FA. High-resolution optical mapping of inflammatory macrophages following endovascular arterial injury. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 15:282-9. [PMID: 23090852 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammation following arterial injury mediates vascular restenosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity. Here we utilize intravital microscopy (IVM) and a dextran-coated nanosensor to spatially map inflammatory macrophages in vivo following endovascular injury of murine carotid arteries. PROCEDURES C57Bl/6 mice (n = 23) underwent endovascular guidewire carotid arterial injury. At day 14 or day 28 post-injury, mice underwent fluorescence IVM, 24 h after injection with the near-infrared fluorescent macrophage nanosensor CLIO-VT680. Adventitial collagen was concomitantly imaged using second harmonic generation (SHG) IVM. Correlative fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry were performed. RESULTS Two-plane IVM reconstructions detected macrophage inflammation in the arterial wall that was elevated at day 14 compared to day 28 animals (P < 0.05). SHG-based collagen imaging of the outer arterial wall facilitated analysis of the macrophage-rich, inflamed neointima. Histological analyses and fluorescence microscopy data demonstrated increased macrophage infiltration in day 14 compared to day 28 neointima. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that the macrophage response to arterial injury can be imaged in vivo using IVM-based molecular imaging, and shows a higher macrophage influx at day 14 compared to day 28 post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Saxena
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 3206, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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7
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Chen D, Ma L, Tham EL, Maresh S, Lechler RI, McVey JH, Dorling A. Fibrocytes mediate intimal hyperplasia post-vascular injury and are regulated by two tissue factor-dependent mechanisms. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:963-74. [PMID: 23516969 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD34(+) α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)(+) cells mediate intimal hyperplasia (IH) after mechanical endoluminal injury. We previously found that IH is tissue factor (TF) dependent. The precise phenotype of the CD34(+) cells mediating IH is unknown and the mechanisms of TF are also unknown. OBJECTIVE To define the phenotype of cells mediating IH and compare the effects of inhibiting TF on different subsets of CD34(+) cells. METHODS Endoluminal injury was induced in C57BL/6 and two strains of mice expressing a human tissue factor pathway inhibitor (hTFPI) fusion protein on different subsets of CD34(+) cells. Confocal microscopy, immunocytofluorescence and real-time PCR were used to determine phenotype. RESULTS Neointimal cells in C57BL/6 mice were defined as a subset of fibrocytes (CD34(+) CD45(+) collagen-1(+) ) expressing SMA, CD31, TIE-2, CXCR4 and CXCL12. Similar cells circulated post-injury and were also found in mice expressing hTFPI on CD34(+) CD31(+) cells, though in these mice, hTFPI inhibited CD31(+) fibrocyte hyperplasia, so no IH developed. Mice with hTFPI on all CD34(+) α-SMA(+) cells repaired arteries back to a pre-injured state. No CD31(+) fibrocytes were found in these mice unless an anti-hTFPI antibody was administered. Similar findings in protease activated receptor (PAR)-1-deficient mice suggested hTFPI prevented thrombin signaling through PAR-1. In vitro, thrombin increased the number of CD31(+) fibrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of TF on CD31(+) fibrocytes inhibits IH whereas inhibition on all CD34(+) α-SMA(+) cells (or PAR-1 deficiency) inhibits the appearance of CD31(+) fibrocytes and promotes repair. These data enhance our understanding of IH and suggest novel ways to promote regenerative repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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8
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Chen D, Shrivastava S, Ma L, Tham EL, Abrahams J, Coe JD, Scott D, Lechler RI, McVey JH, Dorling A. Inhibition of Thrombin Receptor Signaling on α-Smooth Muscle Actin
+
CD34
+
Progenitors Leads to Repair After Murine Immune Vascular Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:42-9. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.239046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Chen
- From the Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom (D.C., S.S., L.M., E.-L.T., R.I.L., A.D.); Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S., J.A., J.D.C., D.S.); Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (J.H.M.)
| | - Seema Shrivastava
- From the Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom (D.C., S.S., L.M., E.-L.T., R.I.L., A.D.); Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S., J.A., J.D.C., D.S.); Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (J.H.M.)
| | - Liang Ma
- From the Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom (D.C., S.S., L.M., E.-L.T., R.I.L., A.D.); Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S., J.A., J.D.C., D.S.); Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (J.H.M.)
| | - El-Li Tham
- From the Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom (D.C., S.S., L.M., E.-L.T., R.I.L., A.D.); Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S., J.A., J.D.C., D.S.); Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (J.H.M.)
| | - Joel Abrahams
- From the Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom (D.C., S.S., L.M., E.-L.T., R.I.L., A.D.); Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S., J.A., J.D.C., D.S.); Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (J.H.M.)
| | - J. David Coe
- From the Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom (D.C., S.S., L.M., E.-L.T., R.I.L., A.D.); Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S., J.A., J.D.C., D.S.); Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (J.H.M.)
| | - Diane Scott
- From the Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom (D.C., S.S., L.M., E.-L.T., R.I.L., A.D.); Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S., J.A., J.D.C., D.S.); Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (J.H.M.)
| | - Robert I. Lechler
- From the Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom (D.C., S.S., L.M., E.-L.T., R.I.L., A.D.); Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S., J.A., J.D.C., D.S.); Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (J.H.M.)
| | - John H. McVey
- From the Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom (D.C., S.S., L.M., E.-L.T., R.I.L., A.D.); Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S., J.A., J.D.C., D.S.); Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (J.H.M.)
| | - Anthony Dorling
- From the Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom (D.C., S.S., L.M., E.-L.T., R.I.L., A.D.); Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S., J.A., J.D.C., D.S.); Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (J.H.M.)
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9
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Jevon M, Ansari TI, Finch J, Zakkar M, Evans PC, Shurey S, Sibbons PD, Hornick P, Haskard DO, Dorling A. Smooth muscle cells in porcine vein graft intimal hyperplasia are derived from the local vessel wall. Cardiovasc Pathol 2011; 20:e91-4. [PMID: 20537564 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accelerated intimal hyperplasia (IH) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease treated with bypass vein grafts. We used an interposition vein graft model to determine the source of neointimal cells in a clinically relevant large animal model. METHODS Jugular vein segments from sex-mismatched, MHC-in-bred pigs were implanted into common carotid arteries bilaterally and harvested up to 8 weeks postsurgery for stereological, histological, and immunofluorescence analyses. RESULTS Progressive IH lesions contained macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMC). Fluorescent in situ hybridization following grafting of female veins into male arteries revealed that only ∼10% of the SMC were male, confirming that the majority of intimal SMC derived from the local vessel wall. CONCLUSIONS The majority of neointimal SMC in the IH seen after interposition vein grafting derive from the engrafted local vessel wall. These are the first results from a clinically relevant large animal model that confirm data from rodent models. They have implications for the utility of therapeutic stem cells in this type of intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jevon
- Cardiovascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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10
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Hung HS, Shyu WC, Tsai CH, Hsu SH, Lin SZ. Transplantation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells as Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:1003-12. [PMID: 19650968 DOI: 10.3727/096368909x12483162196683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With better understanding of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), many therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular diseases have been developed. This article will review novel research of EPCs in promoting angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and endothelialization, as a design for future clinical treatment. Cell therapy has the potential to supply stem/progenitor cells and multiple angiogenic factors to the region of ischemia. The efficacy of EPC transplantation may be impaired by low survival rate, insufficient cell number, and impaired function in aging and diseases. Combination of EPCs or cells primed with growth factors or genetic modification may improve the therapeutic efficacy. The molecular mechanism involved in EPC repairing processes is essential. Thus, we have also addressed the molecular mechanism of mobilization, homing, and differentiation of EPCs. The potential of therapeutic neovascularization, angiogenic factor therapy, and cell transplantation have been elucidated. Based on past experience and actual knowledge, future strategies for EPC therapy will be proposed in order to fully exploit the potential of EPC transplantation with clinical relevance for cardiovascular disease applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Shan Hung
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hai Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
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11
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Abstract
Thrombin can amplify inflammation induced by other stimuli, either through ischemia (consequent upon thrombosis), indirectly through generation of downstream mediators such as activated protein C, or directly via signals through protease activated receptors (PAR). This paper will summarize recent data from our laboratory indicating that thrombin is required to initiate CCR2-dependent leukocyte recruitment and that it is the principal determinant of the outcome after vascular injury, via PAR-1 activation of a distinct subset of smooth muscle cell progenitors. In both, tissue factor (TF) initiates thrombin generation and the thrombin acts locally, exemplifying that the initiation phase can generate autocrine or paracrine signalling molecules. Thrombin is an important constituent of innate immunity, able to amplify and modify responses to invading pathogens or tissue damage. With novel anti-thrombin therapeutics and agents to target PAR, a new understanding of the importance of thrombin may allow the development of innovative anti-inflammatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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12
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Abstract
Vascular progenitor cells have been the focus of much attention in recent years; both from the point of view of their pathophysiological roles and their potential as therapeutic agents. However, there is as yet no definitive description of either endothelial or vascular smooth muscle progenitor cells. Cells with the ability to differentiate into mature endothelial and vascular smooth muscle reportedly reside within a number of different tissues, including bone marrow, spleen, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Within these niches, vascular progenitor cells remain quiescent, until mobilized in response to injury or disease. Once mobilized, these progenitor cells enter the circulation and migrate to sites of damage, where they contribute to the remodelling process. It is generally perceived that endothelial progenitors are reparative, acting to restore vascular homeostasis, while smooth muscle progenitors contribute to pathological changes. Indeed, the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells inversely correlates with exposure to cardiovascular risk factors and numbers of animal models and human studies have demonstrated therapeutic roles for endothelial progenitor cells, which can be enhanced by manipulating them to overexpress vasculo-protective genes. It remains to be determined whether smooth muscle progenitor cells, which are less well studied than their endothelial counterparts, can likewise be manipulated to achieve therapeutic benefit. This review outlines our current understanding of endothelial and smooth muscle progenitor cell biology, their roles in vascular disease and their potential as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jevon
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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13
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Regenerative repair after endoluminal injury in mice with specific antagonism of protease activated receptors on CD34+ vascular progenitors. Blood 2008; 111:4155-64. [PMID: 18268094 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-120295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) and thrombin are involved in intimal hyperplasia (IH) and remodelling following vascular injury. Because many neointimal smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) derive from circulating vascular progenitors (VPs), we investigated how thrombin influences VP phenotype and function. Following wire-induced carotid artery injury in mice, the majority of circulating VPs expressed TF, were capable of initiating clotting in vitro, and had protease-activated receptors (PAR)-1, -2, and -4. Thrombin, through PAR-1, inhibited apoptosis and caused proliferation, resulting in the outgrowth of VP coexpressing markers of activated endothelial cells and VSMCs, even in the presence of growth factors. These mixed-phenotype VPs circulated as a minority population after injury and shared a similar phenotype with many neointimal cells. Labeled CD34(+) cells, injected up to 2 weeks after injury, could be detected in the injured vessel wall, suggesting that continued recruitment may contribute to progressive IH. Finally, CD34(+) cells incubated with thrombin prior to injection promoted florid neointimal lesions, whereas those incubated with PAR antagonists inhibited IH and promoted regenerative repair characterized by the development of a quiescent endothelium. We conclude that IH after vascular injury is due to the direct actions of thrombin on mobilized VPs.
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14
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Abstract
Coagulation proteases are involved in generating fibrin after vascular injury (hemostasis) but they also have multiple other effects, many of which are mediated independently of fibrin generation, via interactions with specific cell membrane-expressed "protease activated receptors". In inflammation, this family of proteins has a complex influence, the facets of which are still incompletely understood, though a common feature in different models appears to be amplification of innate signals that are initially generated by pathogenic elements or, in the context of transplantation, ischemia or anti-graft antibodies, for instance. There is increasing evidence that these proteases may also have specific effects on cells involved in adaptive immunity and on cells that mediate chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Understanding whether these effects are relevant in the responses generated against transplanted organs is important, as it could lead ultimately to the development of novel ways to promote long-term graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shrivastava
- Department of Immunology, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W120NN, UK
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Binder
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre for Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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