1
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Sun Y, Liu Z, Yang J, Jia Q, Sun J, Wang L, Liang F, Song S, Wang K, Zhou X. Risk of secondary immune thrombocytopenia following alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1375615. [PMID: 38660089 PMCID: PMC11039963 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1375615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Object The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of secondary immune thrombocytopenia in multiple sclerosis patients treated with alemtuzumab through a meta-analysis. Methods We searched databases including PubMed, Web of Science, OVID and EMBASE for studies reporting changes in platelet levels in MS patients treated with alemtuzumab from their inception until May 2023 and performed a meta-analysis. Information and data were screened and extracted by two researchers. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were established according to the PICOS principle. The obtained data were analyzed using the R software meta package and the quality assessment was conducted using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The causes of heterogeneity were analyzed using subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger test. Results A total of 15 studies were included, encompassing 1,729 multiple sclerosis patients. Meta-analysis of overall secondary ITP in the included studies yielded a pooled rate of 0.0243. The overall incidence of secondary autoimmune events was 0.2589. In addition, subgroup analysis was applied using study regions and study types. The results showed that the incidence rate of secondary ITP in Europe was about 0.0207, while the incidence of autoimmune events (AEs) was 0.2158. The incidence rate of secondary ITP and AEs in North America was significantly higher than in Europe, being 0.0352 and 0.2622. And the analysis showed that the incidence rates of secondary ITP and AEs in prospective studies were 0.0391 and 0.1771. Retrospective studies had an incidence rate of secondary ITP at 2.16, and an incidence rate of AEs at 0.2743. Conclusion This study found that there was a certain incidence of Immune thrombocytopenia in multiple sclerosis patients after treatment with alemtuzumab. Alemtuzumab may have some interference with platelet levels, and the mechanism may be associated with Treg cells. But due to the absence of a control group in the included literature, we cannot determine the specific impact of Alemtuzumab on platelet levels in patients with MS. Therefore, clinical physicians should perform a comprehensive assessment of the patient's benefit-to-risk ratio before initiating alemtuzumab. Systematic Review Registration Inplasy website, DOI number is 10.37766/inplasy2024.3.0007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Sun
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhimei Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qingqing Jia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jinglong Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fengjiao Liang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shiyuan Song
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Kaixi Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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2
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Shen N, Qiao J, Jiang Y, Yan J, Wu R, Yin H, Zhu S, Li J. Thrombopoietin receptor agonists use and risk of thrombotic events in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: A systematic review and meta‑analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biomed Rep 2024; 20:44. [PMID: 38357229 PMCID: PMC10865300 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs) have a role in second-line immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) treatment, binding to and activating thrombopoietin receptors on megakaryocyte membranes in the bone marrow. This promotes megakaryocyte maturation and increases platelet production. Despite a 2-6% incidence of thrombotic events during TPO-RA treatment, it remains uncertain whether TPO-RAs elevate thrombosis rates. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted using the relevant search criteria. To assess the risk of bias, the included studies were assessed using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool 2.0, and a meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.1. A total of 1,698 patients with ITP were included from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). There were 26 thromboembolic events in the TPO-RAs group and 4 in the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of thrombotic events between the two groups [odds ratio (OR)=1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78-4.00, P=0.18], even if the duration of treatment was >12 weeks (OR=2.46, 95% CI: 0.81-7.43, P=0.11). Subgroup analysis showed that none of the four drugs significantly increased the incidence of thrombotic events (romiplostim: OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.14-6.13, P=0.93; eltrombopag: OR=2.32, 95% CI: 0.64-8.47, P=0.20; avatrombopag: OR=4.15, 95% CI: 0.20-85.23, P=0.36; and hetrombopag: OR=0.76, 95% CI: 0.03-18.76, P=0.87). There was also no significant difference in the results of the double-blinded placebo-controlled RCTs (OR=1.21, 95% CI: 0.41-3.58, P=0.73). Compared to patients with ITP who did not receive TPO-RA treatment, those receiving TPO-RA treatment did not exhibit a significantly increased risk of thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Jibing Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Yazhou Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Rang Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Hanjun Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Suyue Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Jianqin Li
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
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3
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Ruan JS, Sun RJ, Wang JP, Sui XH, Qu HT, Yuan D, Shan NN. Gene mutations in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were related to immune thrombocytopenia pathogenesis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32947. [PMID: 36800582 PMCID: PMC9936046 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune thrombocytopenic (ITP) is an autoimmune bleeding disease with genetic susceptibility. Twenty newly diagnosed active primary ITP patients who had not been treated with glucocorticosteroids, immune globulin or immunosuppressants prior to sampling were enrolled in this study. Bone marrow blood mononuclear cells were used for whole exome sequencing to further elucidation the variant genes of ITP. METHODS High-molecular-weight genomic DNA was extracted from freshly frozen bone marrow blood mononuclear cells from 20 active ITP patients. Next, the samples were subjected to molecular genetic analysis by whole-exome sequencing, and the results were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The signaling pathways and cellular processes associated with the mutated genes were identified with gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses. RESULTS The results showed that there were 3998 missense mutations involving 2269 genes in more than 10 individuals. Unique genetic variants including phosphatase and tensin homolog, insulin receptor, and coagulation factor C homology were the most associated with the pathogenesis of ITP. Functional analysis revealed these mutation genes mainly affect Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/serine/threonine kinase B signaling pathways (signal transduction) and platelet activation (immune system). CONCLUSION Our finding further demonstrates the functional connections between these variant genes and ITP. Although the substantial mechanism and the impact of genetic variation are required further investigation, the application of next generation sequencing in ITP in this paper is a valuable method to reveal the genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Shu Ruan
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui-Jie Sun
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ping Wang
- The Outpatient Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Sui
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui-Ting Qu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Dai Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ning-Ning Shan
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- * Correspondence: Ning-Ning Shan, Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China (e-mail: )
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4
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Yasin AK, Abu-Tineh M, Alshurafa A, Ahmed K, Abdulgayoom M, Afana M, Yassin MA. A Challenging Case of a Patient With Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura on Eltrombopag Who Developed Atrial Fibrillation: An Anticoagulation Dilemma. Cureus 2023; 15:e35001. [PMID: 36938285 PMCID: PMC10020874 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A 61-year-old female, who was a known case of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) on eltrombopag, was admitted for atrial fibrillation (AF). Labs showed a platelet count of 116 × 103/µL. AF reverted to sinus rhythm by cardioversion. Therapeutic enoxaparin was started for two days. She was discharged on dabigatran for four weeks. The choice of anticoagulation in these cases (ITP and AF) is not straightforward and needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Yasin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | - Mohammad Abu-Tineh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Section, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | - Awni Alshurafa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Section, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | - Khalid Ahmed
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Section, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | - Mohammed Abdulgayoom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Section, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | - Mohammad Afana
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Section, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | - Mohamed A Yassin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Section, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
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5
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Islamoglu MS, Dokur M, Uysal BB, Gunduz M. Messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine-associated immune thrombocytopenia: A rare complication of vaccine. Turk J Emerg Med 2022; 22:111-113. [PMID: 35529027 PMCID: PMC9069924 DOI: 10.4103/2452-2473.342810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 continues to have a serious impact in countries with the effect of new variant viruses emerging with mutations. While the effectiveness and protection of the vaccine have been determined all over the world, some vaccine-related side effects can be detected in the form of cases. In our case, the patient was admitted to the emergency department of our hospital with complaints of weakness and progressive rash on his legs. Diffuse petechiae purpura on the legs of the patient was observed and complete blood count revealed thrombocytopenia. Peripheral blood smear supported the blood count test results with thrombocytopenia, secondary causes of thrombocytopenia were excluded, and the patient was diagnosed with vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sami Islamoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biruni University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dokur
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Biruni University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Borku Uysal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biruni University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gunduz
- Department of Hematology, Biruni University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Trydal L, Liu T. Bleeding gums due to immune thrombocytopenic purpura. J Osteopath Med 2022; 122:217-218. [PMID: 35073466 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2021-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandra Trydal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Garnet Health Medical Center, Middletown, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Garnet Health Medical Center, Middletown, NY, USA
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7
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Mehta AR, Kefela A, Toste C, Sweet D. Real-World Use of Fostamatinib in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombotic Risk. Acta Haematol 2021; 145:221-228. [PMID: 34913873 DOI: 10.1159/000520438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) are at increased risk for bleeding and are paradoxically at increased risk for thrombosis. Many patients with ITP have underlying cardiovascular (CV) disease and/or other thrombotic risk factors for which considerable attention to selecting a therapeutic agent to manage ITP is needed. Fostamatinib, a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, may reduce the risk of thrombosis while not interfering with hemostasis. We present a case series of 5 patients with ITP who had significant CV histories; each had at least 2 thrombotic risk factors. After unsuccessful management of ITP with other treatments, fostamatinib was initiated, was observed to be tolerable, and provided a durable platelet response without associated thromboembolic events. Fostamatinib may be the treatment of choice for patients with ITP in whom use of prothrombotic treatments should be avoided and/or continued use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant medication is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit R Mehta
- Premier Hematology and Tele-Oncology Center, PLLC, Cary, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Regional Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aron Kefela
- Northwest Georgia Oncology Centers, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Donald Sweet
- AMITA Health Medical Group, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Li H, Jiang X, Shen X, Sun Y, Jiang N, Zeng J, Lin J, Yue L, Lai J, Li Y, Wu A, Wang L, Qin D, Huang F, Mei Q, Yang J, Wu J. TMEA, a Polyphenol in Sanguisorba officinalis, Promotes Thrombocytopoiesis by Upregulating PI3K/Akt Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:708331. [PMID: 34485295 PMCID: PMC8416095 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.708331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is closely linked with hemorrhagic diseases, for which induction of thrombopoiesis shows promise as an effective treatment. Polyphenols widely exist in plants and manifest antioxidation and antitumour activities. In this study, we investigated the thrombopoietic effect and mechanism of 3,3′,4′-trimethylellagic acid (TMEA, a polyphenol in Sanguisorba officinalis L.) using in silico prediction and experimental validation. A KEGG analysis indicated that PI3K/Akt signalling functioned as a crucial pathway. Furthermore, the virtual molecular docking results showed high-affinity binding (a docking score of 6.65) between TMEA and mTOR, suggesting that TMEA might target the mTOR protein to modulate signalling activity. After isolation of TMEA, in vitro and in vivo validation revealed that this compound could promote megakaryocyte differentiation/maturation and platelet formation. In addition, it enhanced the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and P70S6K and increased the expression of GATA-1 and NF-E2, which confirmed the mechanism prediction. In conclusion, our findings are the first to demonstrate that TMEA may provide a novel therapeutic strategy that relies on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to facilitate megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueshan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Liang Yue
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jia Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Medical Key Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Luzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Medical Key Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Luzhou, China
| | - Dalian Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Medical Key Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Luzhou, China
| | - Feihong Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qibing Mei
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Medical Key Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Medical Key Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Luzhou, China
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9
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Cooper N, Kruse A, Kruse C, Watson S, Morgan M, Provan D, Ghanima W, Arnold DM, Tomiyama Y, Santoro C, Michel M, Laborde S, Lovrencic B, Hou M, Bailey T, Taylor‐Stokes G, Haenig J, Bussel JB. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) World Impact Survey (iWISh): Patient and physician perceptions of diagnosis, signs and symptoms, and treatment. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:188-198. [PMID: 33170956 PMCID: PMC7898610 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is now well-known to reduce patients' health-related quality of life. However, data describing which signs and symptoms patients and physicians perceive as having the greatest impact are limited, as is understanding the full effects of ITP treatments. I-WISh (ITP World Impact Survey) was an exploratory, cross-sectional survey designed to establish the multifaceted impact of ITP, and its treatments, on patients' lives. It focused on perceptions of 1507 patients and 472 physicians from 13 countries regarding diagnostic pathway, frequency and severity of signs and symptoms, and treatment use. Twenty-two percent of patients experienced delayed diagnosis (caused by several factors), 73% of whom felt anxious as a result. Patients rated fatigue among the most frequent, severe symptom associated with ITP at diagnosis (58% most frequent; 73% most severe), although physicians assigned it lower priority (30%). Fatigue was one of the few symptoms persisting at survey completion (50% and 65%, respectively) and was the top symptom patients wanted resolved (46%). Participating physicians were experienced at treating ITP, thereby recognizing the need to limit corticosteroid use to newly-diagnosed or first-relapse patients and espoused increased use of thrombopoietin receptor agonists and anti-CD20 after relapse in patients with persistent/chronic disease. Patient and physicians were largely aligned on diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment use. I-WISh demonstrated that patients and physicians largely align on overall ITP symptom burden, with certain differences, for example, fatigue. Understanding the emotional and clinical toll of ITP on the patient will facilitate shared decision-management, setting and establishment of treatment goals and disease stage-appropriate treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Cooper
- Department of Haematology Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London London UK
| | | | - Caroline Kruse
- Platelet Disorder Support Association Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Shirley Watson
- Patient Representative for the UK ITP Forum Bolnhurst UK
| | | | - Drew Provan
- Academic Haematology Unit, Blizard Institute Barts and The School of Medicine and Dentistry London UK
| | - Waleed Ghanima
- Department of Medicine Østfold Hospital Trust Kalnes Norway
- Department of Hematology Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Donald M. Arnold
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Yoshiaki Tomiyama
- Department of Blood Transfusion Osaka University Hospital Osaka Japan
| | | | - Marc Michel
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Adult Immune Cytopenias Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris‐Est Créteil Créteil France
| | | | - Barbara Lovrencic
- Italian Association of Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura Caprino Veronese Italy
| | - Ming Hou
- Department of Hematology Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Tom Bailey
- Bespoke Team Adelphi Real World Macclesfield UK
| | | | | | - James B. Bussel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology Weill Cornell Medicine New York New York USA
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10
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Podda GM, Fiorelli EM, Birocchi S, Rambaldi B, Di Chio MC, Casazza G, Cattaneo M. Treatment of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) secondary to malignancy: a systematic review. Platelets 2020; 33:59-65. [PMID: 32967527 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1822521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) can be associated with lymphoproliferative diseases (LPD) or solid tumors. A systematic review of published literature was conducted to evaluate response to treatment of ITP secondary to malignancy. Primary outcome was overall response (complete response+response) to first-line treatments [steroids alone or in combination with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg)]. Among secondary outcomes, overall response to second-line treatments [splenectomy, rituximab or thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RA)] and death were evaluated. Of the retrieved 238 text articles, 108 were analyzable, for a total of 154 patients: 142 in 105 case reports and 12 in 3 observational studies. Thirty-nine patients had solid tumors, 114 LPD, and 1 both. The median follow up was 19 months (IQR, 9-40). The overall response was 50% (62% in solid tumors, 46% in LPD) after steroids and 47% (67% in solid tumors, 36% in LPD) after steroids+IVIg, which are lower than historical responses observed in primary ITP (≈80%). The overall responses to rituximab (used in LPD only), splenectomy and TPO-RA (70%, 73% and 92%, respectively) were similar to those observed in primary ITP. Seven patients (6%) died due to bleeding events. ITP secondary to malignancy appears to be associated with unsatisfactory response to first-line treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Podda
- Unità Di Medicina III, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo - Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa M Fiorelli
- Unità Di Medicina III, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo - Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Birocchi
- Unità Di Medicina III, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo - Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Rambaldi
- Unità Di Medicina III, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo - Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Di Chio
- Unità Di Medicina III, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo - Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Casazza
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche E Cliniche "L. Sacco", Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Cattaneo
- Unità Di Medicina III, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo - Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
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11
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Randall MM, Nurse J, Singh KP. Tranexamic Acid in a Case Report of Life-threatening Nontraumatic Hemorrhage in Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2020; 4:421-423. [PMID: 32926702 PMCID: PMC7434249 DOI: 10.5811/cpcem.2020.5.46955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune-mediated disorder in which the body produces antibodies that destroy platelets, causing an increased risk of bleeding and bruising. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a medication that prevents clot breakdown and is used to treat uncontrolled bleeding. Case Report We present the case of an 11-year-old female with significant epistaxis and hypotension in the emergency department. Traditional therapies were initiated; however, the patient continued to have bleeding and remained hypotensive, so intravenous TXA was given. The patient’s bleeding then resolved. Conclusion TXA may be a safe and effective adjunct to traditional therapies for the treatment of life-threatening hemorrhage in ITP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Randall
- Loma Linda University Medical Center and Children's Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jason Nurse
- San Gorgonio Memorial Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Banning, California
| | - Karan P Singh
- San Gorgonio Memorial Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Banning, California
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12
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McGrath LJ, Kilpatrick K, Overman RA, Reams D, Sharma A, Altomare I, Wasser J, Brookhart MA. Treatment Patterns Among Adults with Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia Diagnosed in Hematology Clinics in the United States. Clin Epidemiol 2020; 12:435-445. [PMID: 32440222 PMCID: PMC7211324 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s229266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) have low platelet counts and an increased risk of bleeding. We described treatment patterns and clinical outcomes in routine practice in the United States (US). PATIENTS AND METHODS Using electronic health record data from hematology/oncology clinics linked to administrative claims in the US, we studied 447 adults newly diagnosed with primary ITP from 2011 to 2016. Patients with a secondary cause of thrombocytopenia were excluded. The incidence of ITP treatment initiation, bleeding events, and rescue therapy use were estimated using competing risk models. RESULTS At 1-year post-ITP diagnosis, 50% of patients were prescribed an oral corticosteroid, with the majority being prescribed immediately following diagnosis. Of the more common second-line options, rituximab use was the most frequent (1-year cumulative incidence: 16% [95% confidence interval: 12, 19]), followed by romiplostim (9% [7, 12] and eltrombopag (5% [3, 8]). Use of these drugs was similar at 2 years post-diagnosis. At 6 months post-ITP treatment initiation, the cumulative incidence of bleeding was similar among eltrombopag and romiplostim initiators (17% [6, 33] and 19% [9, 31], respectively) and was slightly lower in rituximab users (12% [6, 20]). However, during this same timeframe, rituximab users had a higher incidence of rescue therapy use (48% [36, 58] versus 29% [14, 46] in eltrombopag and 26% [14, 39] in romiplostim users). Although splenectomy was rare, at 6 months post-surgery nearly 20% had experienced a bleed and nearly 20% had required rescue. CONCLUSION This study describes the health trajectory of adults with ITP who are managed in hematology clinics in the US and could inform the design of non-interventional studies of comparative effectiveness among treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - M Alan Brookhart
- NoviSci, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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13
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McFadyen JD, Fernando H, Peter K. Off-target drug effects on platelet function: Protecting an Achilles heel of drug development. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Cuker A, Bass AD, Nadj C, Agius MA, Steingo B, Selmaj KW, Thoits T, Guerreiro A, Van Wijmeersch B, Ziemssen T, Meuth SG, LaGanke CC, Thangavelu K, Rodriguez CE, Baker DP, Margolin DH, Jannsens A. Immune thrombocytopenia in alemtuzumab-treated MS patients: Incidence, detection, and management. Mult Scler 2019; 26:48-56. [PMID: 30785358 PMCID: PMC6950888 DOI: 10.1177/1352458518816612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Alemtuzumab is a highly effective therapy for relapsing-remitting multiple
sclerosis (RRMS), and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) has been identified as a
risk. Objective: To examine ITP incidence, treatment, and outcomes during the clinical
development of alemtuzumab for RRMS and discuss postmarketing experience
outside clinical trials. Methods: CAMMS223 and Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif® Efficacy in
Multiple Sclerosis (CARE-MS) I and II investigated two annual courses of
alemtuzumab 12 mg (or 24 mg in CAMMS223/CARE-MS II) versus subcutaneous
interferon beta-1a three times per week. Patients completing core studies
could enroll in an extension. Monthly monitoring for ITP continued until
48 months after the last alemtuzumab infusion. Results: Of 1485 alemtuzumab-treated MS patients in the clinical development program,
33 (2.2%) developed ITP (alemtuzumab 12 mg, 24 [2.0%]; alemtuzumab 24 mg, 9
[3.3%]) over median 6.1 years of follow-up after the first infusion; most
had a sustained response to first-line ITP therapy with corticosteroids,
platelets, and/or intravenous immunoglobulin. All cases occurred within
48 months of the last alemtuzumab infusion. Postmarketing surveillance data
suggest that the ITP incidence is not higher in clinical practice than in
clinical trials. Conclusion: Alemtuzumab-associated ITP occurs in approximately 2% of patients and is
responsive to therapy. Careful monitoring is key for detection and favorable
outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cuker
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ann D Bass
- Neurology Center of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Mark A Agius
- Woodland Clinic, Dignity Health, Woodland, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy Thoits
- College of Human Medicine, MSU Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Alexandre Guerreiro
- Instituto de Doenças Neurológicas do Hospital Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- Rehabilitation and MS Centre Overpelt, BIOMED, University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Claudio E Rodriguez
- Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Current affiliation: Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Marlborough, MA, USA
| | | | - David H Margolin
- Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Current affiliation: Cerevance, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann Jannsens
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Bylsma LC, Fryzek JP, Cetin K, Callaghan F, Bezold C, Mehta B, Wasser JS. Systematic literature review of treatments used for adult immune thrombocytopenia in the second-line setting. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:118-132. [PMID: 30264861 PMCID: PMC6587722 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare platelet disorder that is often persistent or chronic in adults. Patient management is dependent upon physician judgment and patient preference, given both the rarity of the condition and a paucity of high-quality clinical trial evidence to inform practice guidelines. A systematic literature review was conducted to provide an up-to-date summary of studies evaluating the safety and efficacy/effectiveness of therapies used to treat adults with primary ITP in the second-line setting. Using comprehensive search strings, several medical research databases were queried. Final abstraction was performed on 186 articles. Most (75%) studies were observational in nature; nearly half were conducted in Europe. Splenectomy was the most commonly studied (n = 83, 47%), followed by rituximab (n = 49, 26%) and the thrombopoietin-receptor agonists (TPO-RAs) romiplostim (n = 34, 18%) and eltrombopag (n = 24, 13%). Twelve prospective, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a placebo or standard-of-care arm evaluating the safety and efficacy of either rituximab or a TPO-RA were identified and described in detail. These trials provide important information on the safety and efficacy of these treatments, and in the absence of head-to-head data, offer insights on how these therapies compare with one another in treating adult ITP in the second-line setting. This review confirms that for most second-line ITP treatment options, there remains a lack of rigorous evidence derived from RCTs, and for many treatments, there is limited evidence of any kind. The need for additional research to guide treatment choices in this setting and greater use of standardized ITP terminology are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karynsa Cetin
- Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Inc.; Thousand Oaks California
| | - Fiona Callaghan
- Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Inc.; Thousand Oaks California
| | | | - Bhakti Mehta
- Global Development, Amgen, Inc.; Thousand Oaks California
| | - Jeffrey S. Wasser
- Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Farmington Connecticut
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16
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A Surgically Treated Case of Ureterovesical Amyloidosis of the Bladder in a Patient with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia. Case Rep Urol 2018; 2018:1059349. [PMID: 30258666 PMCID: PMC6146617 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1059349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a bleeding disorder involving the destruction of platelets by the immune system. Systemic amyloidosis is another bleeding disorder involving amyloid deposits that create defects in coagulation and increased prothrombin and thrombin times. We report a 52-year-old man with ITP and new two-month-duration, painless gross hematuria without clot formation resulting in amyloidosis involving the ureterovesical area of the bladder. He had osteopenia, hypertension, and moderate thrombocytopenia due to ITP diagnosed 7 years previously. Cystoscopic examination with urine cytology and computed tomography imaging detected a 2-cm protruding solid bladder mass involving the left ureteral orifice and trigone and left mild hydroureteronephrosis, suggesting bladder cancer. Transurethral resection of the bladder mass was performed to confirm amyloidosis involvement in the ureterovesical junction of the bladder and ureter. Four weeks postoperatively, intermittent gross hematuria remained; hence, left ureteroneocystostomy was performed. Regular follow-up showed no signs of hematuria or intravesical recurrences for 14 months.
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17
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Treatment characteristics, efficacy and safety of thrombopoietin analogues in routine management of primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2018; 29:374-380. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Wietek S, Svorc D, Debes A, Svae TE. Tolerability and safety of the intravenous immunoglobulin octagam® 10% in patients with immune thrombocytopenia: a post-authorisation safety analysis of two non-interventional phase IV trials. Hematology 2017; 23:242-247. [DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2017.1385892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wietek
- Octapharma Pharmazeutika Produktionsges.m.b.H., Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Svorc
- Octapharma Pharmazeutika Produktionsges.m.b.H., Vienna, Austria
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19
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Mayer B, Salama A. Successful treatment of bleeding with tranexamic acid in a series of 12 patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Vox Sang 2017; 112:767-772. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Mayer
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Abdulgabar Salama
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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20
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Abstract
: Discordances existing between the two most influential guidelines on the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia, the 2010 International Consensus Report and the 2011 America Society of Hematology guideline, continue to be reflected by the heterogeneity of clinical practice of the physicians who treat this disease. Aimed at overcoming these discordances, we hypothesized that they could be ascribed to nonshared treatment goals. We classify the indications for and goals of the various possible treatments available for adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia according to the line of treatment and the phase of disease. The resulting classification is useful for recognizing the appropriateness of a chosen treatment in individual patients. The classification proposed here could constitute the basis for greater agreement among future guidelines and, in the meanwhile, could help less expert physicians recognize the appropriateness of a treatment to choose in the single patient.
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21
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Casanovas Taltavull T, Peña-Cala MC. Romiplostim therapy as a second-line treatment before splenectomy for refractory immune thrombocytopenia in a cirrhotic patient with iatrogenic Cushing syndrome secondary to corticosteroids. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:159-163. [PMID: 28174643 PMCID: PMC5290496 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Our case report discusses the usefulness of administering romiplostim as a second‐line treatment before splenectomy in a cirrhotic patient with immune thrombocytopenia who developed corticosteroid‐induced Cushing's syndrome. Corticosteroids were tapered and consequently withdrawn. The patient made a full recovery postsplenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Casanovas Taltavull
- Gastroenterology Service Hepatitis and Liver Transplant Unit IDIBELL Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge Feixa Llarga s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08907 Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Peña-Cala
- Gastroenterology Service Hepatitis and Liver Transplant Unit IDIBELL Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge Feixa Llarga s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08907 Barcelona Spain
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22
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Perez EE, Orange JS, Bonilla F, Chinen J, Chinn IK, Dorsey M, El-Gamal Y, Harville TO, Hossny E, Mazer B, Nelson R, Secord E, Jordan SC, Stiehm ER, Vo AA, Ballow M. Update on the use of immunoglobulin in human disease: A review of evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:S1-S46. [PMID: 28041678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous or subcutaneous administration are the cornerstone of treatment in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases affecting the humoral immune system. Intravenous preparations have a number of important uses in the treatment of other diseases in humans as well, some for which acceptable treatment alternatives do not exist. We provide an update of the evidence-based guideline on immunoglobulin therapy, last published in 2006. Given the potential risks and inherent scarcity of human immunoglobulin, careful consideration of its indications and administration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Perez
- Allergy Associates of the Palm Beaches, North Palm Beach, Fla.
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Francisco Bonilla
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Immunology Program, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Javier Chinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Morna Dorsey
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy, Immunology and BMT Division, Benioff Children's Hospital and University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Yehia El-Gamal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital and Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Terry O Harville
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Services and Pediatrics, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Ark
| | - Elham Hossny
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital and Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bruce Mazer
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Immunology, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Nelson
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Riley Hospital, Indiana University School of Medicine and the IU Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Elizabeth Secord
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Mich
| | - Stanley C Jordan
- Nephrology & Transplant Immunology, Kidney Transplant Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - E Richard Stiehm
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Ashley A Vo
- Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Mark Ballow
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, Fla
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23
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Álvarez-Román MT, Fernández-Bello I, Jiménez-Yuste V, Martín-Salces M, Arias-Salgado EG, Rivas Pollmar MI, Justo Sanz R, Butta NV. Procoagulant profile in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2016; 175:925-934. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Víctor Jiménez-Yuste
- Haematology and Haemotherapy Unit; University Hospital La Paz-IdiPaz; Madrid Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Mónica Martín-Salces
- Haematology and Haemotherapy Unit; University Hospital La Paz-IdiPaz; Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Raúl Justo Sanz
- Haematology and Haemotherapy Unit; University Hospital La Paz-IdiPaz; Madrid Spain
| | - Nora V. Butta
- Haematology and Haemotherapy Unit; University Hospital La Paz-IdiPaz; Madrid Spain
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24
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How I treat refractory immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2016; 128:1547-54. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-603365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This article summarizes our approach to the management of children and adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) who do not respond to, cannot tolerate, or are unwilling to undergo splenectomy. We begin with a critical reassessment of the diagnosis and a deliberate attempt to exclude nonautoimmune causes of thrombocytopenia and secondary ITP. For patients in whom the diagnosis is affirmed, we consider observation without treatment. Observation is appropriate for most asymptomatic patients with a platelet count of 20 to 30 × 109/L or higher. We use a tiered approach to treat patients who require therapy to increase the platelet count. Tier 1 options (rituximab, thrombopoietin receptor agonists, low-dose corticosteroids) have a relatively favorable therapeutic index. We exhaust all Tier 1 options before proceeding to Tier 2, which comprises a host of immunosuppressive agents with relatively lower response rates and/or greater toxicity. We often prescribe Tier 2 drugs not alone but in combination with a Tier 1 or a second Tier 2 drug with a different mechanism of action. We reserve Tier 3 strategies, which are of uncertain benefit and/or high toxicity with little supporting evidence, for the rare patient with serious bleeding who does not respond to Tier 1 and Tier 2 therapies.
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25
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Sholapur NS, Hamilton K, Butler L, Heddle NM, Arnold DM. An evaluation of overall effectiveness and treatment satisfaction with intravenous immunoglobulin among patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 2016; 56:1739-44. [PMID: 27145296 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A global assessment of patient satisfaction that considers therapeutic effect, toxicities, and convenience is needed to evaluate the acceptability of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) as a treatment for patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a cross-sectional pilot study to assess the feasibility and usefulness of a treatment satisfaction questionnaire for adult patients with ITP receiving IVIG in an academic hematology clinic. Treatment satisfaction was evaluated by administration of a validated survey-based tool 7 days after IVIG administration. The tool assessed treatment satisfaction across four domains (effectiveness, toxicity, convenience, and global satisfaction); results were summarized with mean scores. RESULTS Twelve patients were enrolled (nine females; median age, 44 years; interquartile range, 35-69 years). Mean platelet increment after infusion was 54.2 × 10(9) /L (SD, 47.6 × 10(9) /L). Treatment satisfaction scores were highest in the side effect burden domain (88.2/100; SD, 19.3; higher scores indicate a lower burden of side effects). Six participants reported IVIG-associated toxicities; most were "slightly" or "not at all" dissatisfied by the impact of side effects. The domain with the lowest score was convenience (62.0/100; SD, 24.7). CONCLUSION The assessment of treatment satisfaction using a survey-based assessment tool was feasible for patients receiving IVIG and provided meaningful results that discriminated between domains. Patients found IVIG treatment to be inconvenient, but were satisfied with its tolerability as an ITP treatment. Larger studies are needed to determine the precise impact on each domain and the reproducibility of study results. Patient satisfaction scores can be used to compare different ITP treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushin S Sholapur
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Health Research Methodology, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology; and the, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Korinne Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lianna Butler
- Department of Education Services, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy M Heddle
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Bavunoğlu I, Eşkazan AE, Ar MC, Cengiz M, Yavuzer S, Salihoğlu A, Öngören Ş, Tunçkale A, Soysal T. Treatment of patients with immune thrombocytopenia admitted to the emergency room. Int J Hematol 2016; 104:216-22. [PMID: 27129318 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is the most frequent cause of acquired thrombocytopenia. In adult ITP patients, corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) are used as first-line treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate retrospectively the demographic and etiologic characteristics of patients with ITP admitted to the emergency room at our hospital. Seventy-five adult patients with ITP were included, and demographic data, bleeding characteristics, etiologic features and responses to treatments were evaluated retrospectively. Fifty-six patients (75 %) were female, and the median age was 43 years. Eighteen patients had a history of ITP, whereas in 57, thrombocytopenia was identified for the first time. During admission, the median platelet count was 5 × 10(9)/L. Cutaneous and/or mucosal bleeding was the most common clinical feature. High-dose dexamethasone was administered in 60 episodes, whereas IVIg and conventional-dose methylprednisolone were used in nine and six episodes, respectively. The overall response rate of the entire cohort following first-line treatments was 67 %, and complete remission was achieved in 31 patients, 19 patients achieved partial remission, and 25 patients were non-responders. In cases with life-threatening bleeding, concomitant infection, post-traumatic bleeding and need for emergency surgery, IVIg can be used as the first line of treatment option in addition to platelet transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işıl Bavunoğlu
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Emre Eşkazan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhlis Cem Ar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mahir Cengiz
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Yavuzer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Salihoğlu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şeniz Öngören
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydın Tunçkale
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Teoman Soysal
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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27
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Ramsay I, Gorton RL, Patel M, Workman S, Symes A, Haque T, Irish D, Seneviratne SL, Burns SO, Wey E, Lowe DM. Transmission of Hepatitis B Core Antibody and Galactomannan Enzyme Immunoassay Positivity via Immunoglobulin Products: A Comprehensive Analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:57-63. [PMID: 27076567 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic immunoglobulins are used as replacement or immunomodulatory therapy, but can transmit clinically important molecules. We investigated hepatitis B virus (HBV) antibodies and galactomannan enzyme immunoassay (GM-EIA) positivity. Detection of HBV core antibody may prompt antiviral prophylaxis when commencing therapy such as rituximab; a positive GM-EIA result prompts investigation or treatment for invasive fungal disease. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of HBV serology in 80 patients established (>6 months) on immunoglobulin therapy; prospective analysis of HBV serology in 16 patients commencing intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG); and pre- and post-infusion analysis of GM-EIA in 37 patients receiving IVIG. RESULTS Pre-IVIG, 9 of 80 patients tested positive for HBV surface antibody and 1 of 80 tested equivocal for HBV core antibody. On IVIG, 79 of 79 tested positive for surface antibody, 37 of 80 tested positive for core antibody, and 10 of 80 tested equivocal for core antibody. There were significant differences by product, but among patients receiving products that appear to transmit core antibody, negative results correlated with lower surface antibody titers and longer time since infusion, suggesting a simple concentration effect. There was a progressive increase with each infusion in the percentage of patients testing positive for HBV core antibody among patients newly commencing IVIG. Some patients "seroreverted" to negative during therapy. Certain IVIG products tested positive for GM-EIA and there were rises in index values in corresponding patient samples from pre- to post-infusion. Overall, 5 of 37 patient samples pre-infusion and 15 of 37 samples post-infusion tested positive for GM-EIA. CONCLUSIONS HBV antibodies and GM-EIA positivity are common in patients receiving IVIG and confound diagnostic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Ramsay
- Department of Virology, Royal Free London National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust.,Department of Microbiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge
| | | | - Mauli Patel
- Department of Virology, Health Services Laboratory, Royal Free Hospital
| | - Sarita Workman
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Andrew Symes
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Tanzina Haque
- Department of Virology, Royal Free London National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust
| | - Dianne Irish
- Department of Virology, Royal Free London National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust
| | - Suranjith L Seneviratne
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Campus
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Campus
| | - Emmanuel Wey
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - David M Lowe
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Campus
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Ekstrand C, Linder M, Cherif H, Kieler H, Bahmanyar S. Increased susceptibility to infections before the diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:807-14. [PMID: 26792007 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections after diagnosis of primary chronic immune thrombocytopenia (cITP) have mostly been connected to the immunomodulation treatment. Infections may trigger autoimmune diseases and may be a complication of an already impaired immune system. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of cITP with infection before diagnosis. We also estimated the incidence of cITP based on the new definition by the International ITP Working Group. METHODS We identified 1087 adults with primary cITP between 2006 and 2012 using the Swedish Patient Register. Data on infections not already associated with secondary ITP were also retrieved from the register. The standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), using the rates from the general population, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated as a measure of relative risk. We used data from the Prescribed Drug Register to estimate SIR for anti-infective treatment. RESULTS The incidence of cITP was 2.30 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 2.15-2.45). cITP was associated with an increased risk of serious infections requiring inpatient or outpatient care within 5 years before cITP diagnosis (SIR = 8.74; 95% CI, 7.47-10.18). Higher magnitude SIRs were observed for candidiasis, viral infection at an unspecified site and acute upper respiratory infections. For anti-infective drugs the SIR was 1.37 (1.25-1.50) and the highest SIRs were observed for amoxicillin, macrolides, nitrofurantoin and antivirals. CONCLUSION Patients with cITP have increased risks of infection and anti-infective treatments before their cITP diagnosis, with a more marked risk for candidiasis and viral infections. The findings indicate that infection is not only related to the immunomodulation treatment but also to the disease itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ekstrand
- Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - M Linder
- Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - H Cherif
- Department of Medical Science Hematology, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Kieler
- Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - S Bahmanyar
- Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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29
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Bergmann F, Rath W. The Differential Diagnosis of Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 112:795-802. [PMID: 26634939 PMCID: PMC4678382 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia is, after anemia, the second most common abnormality of the complete blood count in pregnancy, with a reported frequency of 6.6% to 11.2%. It has many causes. Thrombocytopenia should be diagnostically evaluated as early as possible in pregnancy, so that the obstetrical management can be accordingly planned to minimize harm to the mother and child. As the various underlying diseases share clinical features and laboratory findings, the differential diagnosis is often a difficult interdisciplinary challenge. METHODS In this article, we review pertinent literature (2000-January 2015) retrieved by a selective search in PubMed. RESULTS Gestational thrombocytopenia is the most common type, accounting for 75% of cases, followed by severe pre-eclampsia/HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count) in 15-22% and autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in 1-4%. Gestational thrombocytopenia and ITP differ in the bleeding history, the severity of thrombocytopenia, the frequency of neo - natal thrombocytopenia, and the rate of normalization of the platelet count after delivery. The HELLP syndrome and rarer microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (e.g., thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura) can be differentiated on the basis of their main clinical features, such as hypertension/proteinuria and upper abdominal pain, the severity of hemolysis and thrombocytopenia, the degree of transaminase elevation, and the rapidity of postpartum remission of the clinical and laboratory findings. A stepwise diagnostic procedure should be followed to distinguish further causes, e.g., to differentiate thrombocytopenia due to infection, autoimmune disease, or drugs from thrombocytopenia due to a rare hereditary disease. CONCLUSION The early interdisciplinary evaluation of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy is a prerequisite for the optimal care of the mother and child. The development of evidence-based recommendations for interdisciplinary management should be a goal for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Werner Rath
- Faculty of Medicine, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen
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30
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Park S, Yoon SS, Lee JH, Park JS, Jang JH, Lee JW. Multicenter, prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of biweekly romiplostim administration in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Int J Hematol 2015; 103:44-52. [PMID: 26511480 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multicenter, prospective study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of biweekly romiplostim in maintaining platelet ≥ 30 × 10(9)/L for at least 4 weeks. Treatment was started with a weekly injection (1 mcg/kg), and the dose was escalated until a titrated dose was achieved that maintained a platelet 50-200 × 10(9)/L for four consecutive weeks. Patients were scheduled to a biweekly schedule, and returned to a weekly schedule if platelets fell to <30 × 10(9)/L. Eighteen patients were enrolled (median platelet, 14 × 10(9)/L). After the first weekly schedule, ten of eighteen (55.6 %) attained a median titrated dose of 3 mcg/kg and proceeded to the first biweekly schedule. However, all failed to maintain a platelet ≥ 30 × 10(9)/L for at least 4 weeks, and returned to a second weekly schedule, where eight of the ten achieved a titrated dose (median, 5 mcg/kg) and moved to a second schedule of biweekly romiplostim. Three of the eight (37.5 %) showed platelet ≥ 30 × 10(9)/L for 4, 8, and 10 weeks, but all eight patients eventually experienced a drop in platelets. Lengthening the dose interval of romiplostim to greater than a week is not feasible to maintain stable platelet count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea
| | | | - Jung Hee Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jun Ho Jang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea.
| | - Jong Wook Lee
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
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31
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Maekawa S, Nagata M, Watanabe H, Nozaki K, Takahashi A, Minowada S, Homma Y. Resection of bulky chromophobe renal cell carcinoma resolved severe idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: A case report. Int J Urol 2015; 22:1167-9. [PMID: 26354444 DOI: 10.1111/iju.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with renal cell carcinoma is relatively rare. We report the case of a 48-year-old woman with massive renal cell carcinoma, measuring approximately 20 × 14 × 14 cm, who presented with severe thrombocytopenia: platelet count, 2000 cells/μL. After confirming normal bone marrow, she received high-dose dexamethasone and intravenous gamma globulin, which raised the platelet count to normal levels. She then underwent left radical nephrectomy. The pathological examination showed chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. After the resection, the platelet count was maintained within the normal range without any treatment. The current case is the first report of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma causative of severe idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekatsu Maekawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Urology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nagata
- Department of Urology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Urology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keina Nozaki
- Department of Urology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Takahashi
- Department of Urology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Minowada
- Department of Urology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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A multicenter randomized open-label study of rituximab plus rhTPO vs rituximab in corticosteroid-resistant or relapsed ITP. Blood 2015; 125:1541-7. [PMID: 25575541 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-06-581868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) plus recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) with RTX alone in patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) who had failed to respond to corticosteroids or relapsed. Recruited patients were randomized at a ratio of 2:1 into 2 groups: the combination group (RTX + rhTPO, n = 77) and the monotherapy group (RTX, n = 38). Overall response was achieved in 79.2% of patients in the combination group vs 71.1% in the monotherapy group (P = .36), and the complete response (CR) rate was 45.4% in the combination group compared with 23.7% in the monotherapy group (P = .026). The combination group had significantly shorter time to response (TTR; median and range, 7 and 4-28 days) compared with the monotherapy group (28 and 4-90 days) (P < .01). There was no difference between these 2 groups in terms of the long-term response (P = .12). Our findings demonstrated that the combination of RTX and rhTPO significantly increased the CR rate and shortened TTR compared with RTX monotherapy in the treatment of corticosteroid-resistant or relapsed ITP but failed to show a beneficial effect on the long-lasting response. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01525836.
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33
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Maroun MC, Ososki R, Andersen JC, Dhar JP. Eltrombopag as steroid sparing therapy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2014; 24:746-50. [PMID: 25416695 DOI: 10.1177/0961203314559632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eltrombopag activates the thrombopoietin (TPO) surface receptor on the megakaryocyte, which increases the production of platelets, and rapidly improves circulating platelet numbers in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). This allows for rapid tapering and/or cessation of corticosteroid therapy. Less is known about the platelet response to this drug in ITP associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS A retrospective review was performed of the clinical course of three consecutive patients, each with SLE-associated ITP who were initially treated with corticosteroids or other immunomodulatory therapy. These patients were treated with eltrombopag at the DMC Center for Bleeding Disorders and Thrombosis. Eltrombopag was administered according the package insert, with an initial dose of 50 mg daily, with weekly, then monthly monitoring of platelet counts and dose adjustments. Some immunomodulatory agents (e.g. hydroxychloroquine) were continued to control non hematologic SLE manifestations. RESULTS All three patients maintained acceptable platelet counts (>50,000/mm(3) for >3 years) following tapering and cessation of corticosteroids. The drug was well-tolerated and there were no adverse events, and specifically no thrombotic events. CONCLUSION Eltrombopag is effective as a rapidly acting corticosteroid sparing therapy for patients with ITP associated with SLE. This is important in reducing corticosteroid related side effects and morbidities in treating SLE patients with ITP. Larger studies are needed to ascertain safety and efficacy of eltrombopag in SLE patients with ITP, particularly those with coexisting antiphospholipid antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Maroun
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology Division, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - R Ososki
- Medicine and Oncology Department, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, USA
| | - J C Andersen
- Medicine and Oncology Department, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, USA
| | - J P Dhar
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology Division, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA Internal Medicine Department, Central Michigan University, MI, USA
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34
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Siegal D, Crowther M, Cuker A. Thrombopoietin receptor agonists in primary immune thrombocytopenia. Semin Hematol 2014; 50 Suppl 1:S18-21. [PMID: 23664510 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (TPO) regulates thrombopoiesis through activation of TPO receptors on the megakaryocyte cell surface, resulting in increased platelet production. The TPO receptor agonists are novel treatments for patients with chronic ITP aimed at increasing platelet production through interactions with the TPO receptor on megakaryocytes. Two TPO receptor agonists, romiplostim and eltrombopag, have received regulatory approval. In patients with chronic ITP who remain at risk of bleeding following treatment with first-line therapies, these agents have been shown to increase platelet counts, decrease bleeding events, and reduce the need for adjunctive or rescue treatments. The TPO receptor agonists are well-tolerated, though uncertainty remains regarding the risk of thromboembolism and bone marrow fibrosis. Comparative clinical trial data addressing the efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness, and impact on health-related quality of life of TPO receptor agonists relative to other second-line treatment options are needed to guide treatment decisions in chronic ITP patients who fail first-line therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Siegal
- Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Platelet receptor expression and shedding: glycoprotein Ib-IX-V and glycoprotein VI. Transfus Med Rev 2014; 28:56-60. [PMID: 24674813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantity, quality, and lifespan are 3 important factors in the physiology, pathology, and transfusion of human blood platelets. The aim of this review is to discuss the proteolytic regulation of key platelet-specific receptors, glycoprotein(GP)Ib and GPVI, involved in the function of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis, and nonimmune or immune thrombocytopenia. The scope of the review encompasses the basic science of platelet receptor shedding, practical aspects related to laboratory analysis of platelet receptor expression/shedding, and clinical implications of using the proteolytic fragments as platelet-specific biomarkers in vivo in terms of platelet function and clearance. These topics can be relevant to platelet transfusion regarding both changes in platelet receptor expression occurring ex vivo during platelet storage and/or clinical use of platelets for transfusion. In this regard, quantitative analysis of platelet receptor profiles on blood samples from individuals could ultimately enable stratification of bleeding risk, discrimination between causes of thrombocytopenia due to impaired production vs enhanced clearance, and monitoring of response to treatment prior to change in platelet count.
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36
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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection. Case Rep Surg 2014; 2014:316064. [PMID: 24744949 PMCID: PMC3972847 DOI: 10.1155/2014/316064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
First described in 1916, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease resulting in the destruction of platelets. Here, we present a case of an 85-year-old patient diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast whose surgical treatment was complicated postoperatively by acute-onset thrombocytopenia with a resultant hematoma at the operative site. Diagnostic Workup revealed no clear etiology for the thrombocytopenia; therefore, a presumptive diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was made. Previous literature has associated the development of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with breast cancer. However, to the authors' knowledge, there are no reported cases of ITP presenting immediately following surgical intervention for breast cancer in the absence of other etiologic factors.
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37
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Rankin JS, Stratton CW. Efficacy of immunomodulation in the treatment of profound thrombocytopenia after adult cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 147:808-13; discussion 813-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a common hematologic disorder characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia. ITP presents as a primary or a secondary form. ITP may affect individuals of all ages, with peaks during childhood and in the elderly, in whom the age-specific incidence of ITP is greatest. Bleeding is the most common clinical manifestation of ITP. The pathogenesis of ITP is complex, involving alterations in humoral and cellular immunity. Corticosteroids remain the most common first line therapy for ITP. This article summarizes the classification and diagnosis of primary and secondary ITP, as well as the pathogenesis and options for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kistangari
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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39
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Drago F, Agnoletti AF, Parodi A. Acute autoimmune thrombocytopenia and worsening of dermatomyositis after administration of clarithromycin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69:e267-e268. [PMID: 24124859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Drago
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute Section of Dermatology Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera San Martino-Istituto Nazionale Per La Ricerca Sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Arianna Fay Agnoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute Section of Dermatology Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera San Martino-Istituto Nazionale Per La Ricerca Sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute Section of Dermatology Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera San Martino-Istituto Nazionale Per La Ricerca Sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
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40
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Only severe thrombocytopenia results in bleeding and defective thrombus formation in mice. Blood 2013; 121:4938-47. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-461459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Hemostasis, thrombosis, and ischemic brain infarction efficiently occur at unexpectedly low platelet counts in mice. The threshold platelet count required for occlusive thrombus formation differs between thrombosis models.
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41
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Bolton-Maggs PHB, Elalfy M. Commentary on session: Immune thrombocytopenia nomenclature, guidelines, and natural history. Semin Hematol 2013; 50 Suppl 1:S10-1. [PMID: 23664505 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two presentations discussed different aspects of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) management. The first considered active monitoring for occult hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and brain. Participants generally did not feel that these would be useful in determining management of children with ITP since serious bleeding was likely to manifest itself. A single historical paper had suggested that microscopic cranial bleeding may result in chronic brain disturbance, but overall experience of ITP does not support this. Participants considered ways of studying this possibility but noted the considerable difficulties in setting up a formal study and suggested that the established registries should be alerted to capture long-term data on school performance. The second presentation focused on the extent to which recent papers are using the new terminology and guidelines. Participants noted the two new guidelines gave discrepant advice with regard to splenectomy. Management of ITP is not necessarily straightforward and needs to be tailored to the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula H B Bolton-Maggs
- Serious Hazards of Transfusion Programme, University of Manchester, Manchester Blood Centre, Manchester, UK.
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42
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Deutsch VR, Tomer A. Advances in megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis: from bench to bedside. Br J Haematol 2013; 161:778-93. [PMID: 23594368 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Megakaryocytopoiesis involves the commitment of haematopoietic stem cells, proliferation and terminal differentiation of megakaryocytic progenitors (MK-p) and maturation of megakaryocytes (MKs) to produce functional platelets. This complex process occurs in specialized niches in the bone marrow where MKs align adjacent to vascular endothelial cells, form proplatelet projections and release platelets into the circulation. Thrombopoietin (THPO, TPO) is the primary growth factor for the MK lineage and necessary at all stages of development. THPO is constitutively produced in the liver, and binds to MPL (c-Mpl) receptor on platelets and MKs. This activates a cascade of signalling molecules, which induce transcription factors to drive MK development and thrombopoiesis. Decreased turnover rate and platelet number result in increased levels of free THPO, which induces a concentration-dependent compensatory response of marrow-MKs to enhance platelet production. Newly developed thrombopoietic agents operating via MPL receptor facilitate platelet production in thrombocytopenic states, primarily immune thrombocytopenia. Other drugs are available for attenuating malignant thrombocytosis. Herein, we review the regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production in normal and disease states, and the innovative drugs and therapeutic modalities to stimulate or decrease thrombopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda R Deutsch
- The Haematology Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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43
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McCrae K. Adverse postoperative outcomes in surgical patients with immune thrombocytopenia ( Br J Surg 2013; 100: 684–692). Br J Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K McCrae
- Taussig Cancer Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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