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Pradhan-Sundd T, Kato GJ, Novelli EM. Molecular Mechanisms of Hepatic Dysfunction in Sickle Cell Disease: Lessons From The Townes Mouse Model. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C494-C504. [PMID: 35759437 PMCID: PMC9359658 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00175.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal-recessive-genetic disorder that affects ~100,000 Americans and millions of people worldwide. Erythrocyte sickling, vaso-occlusion, sterile inflammation and hemolysis are the major pathophysiological pathways leading to liver injury in SCD. Although hepatic dysfunction affects up to 10-40% of SCD patients, therapeutic approaches to prevent liver injury in SCD are not known, and the molecular mechanisms promoting progressive liver injury in SCD remain poorly understood. Animal models have been beneficial in bridging the gap between preclinical and translational research in SCD. Recent advances in methodology have allowed the development of several humanized mouse models to address various aspects of SCD related liver diseases. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic options of SCD associated liver dysfunction using the Townes mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirthadipa Pradhan-Sundd
- Pittsburgh Heart, Liver and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Enrico M Novelli
- Pittsburgh Heart, Liver and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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2
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Wen L, Marki A, Wang Z, Orecchioni M, Makings J, Billitti M, Wang E, Suthahar SSA, Kim K, Kiosses WB, Mikulski Z, Ley K. A humanized β 2 integrin knockin mouse reveals localized intra- and extravascular neutrophil integrin activation in vivo. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110876. [PMID: 35649374 PMCID: PMC10375464 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
β2 integrins are leukocyte-specific adhesion molecules that are essential for leukocyte recruitment. The lack of tools for reporting β2 integrin activation in mice hindered the study of β2 integrin-related immune responses in vivo. Here, we generated a humanized β2 integrin knockin mouse strain by targeting the human β2 integrin coding sequence into the mouse Itgb2 locus to enable imaging of β2 integrin activation using the KIM127 (extension) and mAb24 (high-affinity) reporter antibodies. Using a CXCL1-induced acute inflammation model, we show the local dynamics of β2 integrin activation in arresting neutrophils in vivo in venules of the mouse cremaster muscle. Activated integrins are highly concentrated in a small area at the rear of arresting neutrophils in vivo. In a high-dose lipopolysaccharide model, we find that β2 integrins are activated in association with elevated neutrophil adhesion in lung and liver. Thus, these mice enable studies of β2 integrin activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wen
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alex Marki
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marco Orecchioni
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Makings
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Monica Billitti
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erpei Wang
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sujit S A Suthahar
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth Kim
- Histopathology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William B Kiosses
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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3
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Fan Z, Pitmon E, Wen L, Miller J, Ehinger E, Herro R, Liu W, Chen J, Mikulski Z, Conrad DJ, Marki A, Orecchioni M, Kumari P, Zhu YP, Marcovecchio PM, Hedrick CC, Hodges CA, Rathinam VA, Wang K, Ley K. Bone Marrow Transplantation Rescues Monocyte Recruitment Defect and Improves Cystic Fibrosis in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:745-752. [PMID: 35031577 PMCID: PMC8855460 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-threatening disease accompanied by repeated lung infections and multiorgan inflammation that affects tens of thousands of people worldwide. The causative gene, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), is mutated in CF patients. CFTR functions in epithelial cells have traditionally been thought to cause the disease symptoms. Recent work has shown an additional defect: monocytes from CF patients show a deficiency in integrin activation and adhesion. Because monocytes play critical roles in controlling infections, defective monocyte function may contribute to CF progression. In this study, we demonstrate that monocytes from CFTRΔF508 mice (CF mice) show defective adhesion under flow. Transplanting CF mice with wild-type (WT) bone marrow after sublethal irradiation replaced most (60-80%) CF monocytes with WT monocytes, significantly improved survival, and reduced inflammation. WT/CF mixed bone marrow chimeras directly demonstrated defective CF monocyte recruitment to the bronchoalveolar lavage and the intestinal lamina propria in vivo. WT mice reconstituted with CF bone marrow also show lethality, suggesting that the CF defect in monocytes is not only necessary but also sufficient to cause disease. We also show that monocyte-specific knockout of CFTR retards weight gains and exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Our findings show that providing WT monocytes by bone marrow transfer rescues mortality in CF mice, suggesting that similar approaches may mitigate disease in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Fan
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Elise Pitmon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Lai Wen
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Erik Ehinger
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rana Herro
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Douglas J Conrad
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alex Marki
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Marco Orecchioni
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Puja Kumari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Yanfang Peipei Zhu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Paola M Marcovecchio
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Craig A Hodges
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Cystic Fibrosis Mouse Models Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; and
| | - Vijay A Rathinam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Kepeng Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Wen L, Marki A, Roy P, McArdle S, Sun H, Fan Z, Gingras AR, Ginsberg MH, Ley K. Kindlin-3 recruitment to the plasma membrane precedes high-affinity β2-integrin and neutrophil arrest from rolling. Blood 2021; 137:29-38. [PMID: 32777822 PMCID: PMC7808012 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-mediated neutrophil adhesion starts by arrest from rolling. Activation of integrins involves conformational changes from an inactive, bent conformation to an extended conformation (E+) with high affinity for ligand binding (H+). The cytoplasmic protein kindlin-3 is necessary for leukocyte adhesion; mutations of kindlin-3 cause leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 3. Kindlin-3 binds the β2-integrin cytoplasmic tail at a site distinct from talin-1, but the molecular mechanism by which kindlin-3 activates β2-integrins is unknown. In this study, we measured the spatiotemporal dynamics of kindlin-3 and β2-integrin conformation changes during neutrophil and HL-60 cell rolling and arrest under flow. Using high-resolution quantitative dynamic footprinting microscopy and kindlin-3-fluorescent protein (FP) fusion proteins, we found that kindlin-3 was recruited to the plasma membrane in response to interleukin-8 (IL-8) before induction of the H+ β2-integrin conformation. Intravital imaging revealed that EGFP-kindlin-3-reconstituted, kindlin-3-knockout neutrophils arrest in vivo in response to CXCL1. EGFP-kindlin-3 in primary mouse neutrophils was also recruited to the plasma membrane before arrest. Upon arrest, we found small clusters of high-affinity β2-integrin molecules within large areas of membrane-proximal kindlin-3 FP. Deletion of kindlin-3 or its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain in neutrophil-like HL-60 cells completely abolished H+ β2-integrin induction. IL-8 also triggered recruitment of the isolated kindlin-3 PH domain to the plasma membrane before arrest. In summary, we showed that the kindlin-3 PH domain is necessary for recruitment to the plasma membrane, where full-length kindlin-3 is indispensable for the induction of high-affinity β2-integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wen
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology and
| | | | - Payel Roy
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology and
| | - Sara McArdle
- Microscopy Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology and
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT; and
| | | | - Mark H Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology and
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Abstract
This protocol introduces the SuperSTORM technique, combining stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and molecular modeling. SuperSTORM is optimized for acquiring and processing STORM images of neutrophil integrins but can be used for any cell-surface molecule with known structure and antibody-binding site(s). SuperSTORM identifies molecular cut-offs for eliminating multiple blinks of STORM imaging, determines colocalization, identifies clusters, and reveals molecular orientations and distributions. This protocol extends STORM imaging to cells in microfluidic systems. Improved resolution is achieved by using biomolecule-inherent parameters. For complete information on the generation and use of this protocol, please refer to the paper by Fan et al. (2019).
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6
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Fan Z, Kiosses WB, Sun H, Orecchioni M, Ghosheh Y, Zajonc DM, Arnaout MA, Gutierrez E, Groisman A, Ginsberg MH, Ley K. High-Affinity Bent β 2-Integrin Molecules in Arresting Neutrophils Face Each Other through Binding to ICAMs In cis. Cell Rep 2020; 26:119-130.e5. [PMID: 30605669 PMCID: PMC6625519 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion requires β2-integrin activation. Resting integrins exist in a bent-closed conformation-i.e., not extended (E-) and not high affinity (H-)-unable to bind ligand. Fully activated E+H+ integrin binds intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) expressed on the opposing cell in trans. E-H- transitions to E+H+ through E+H- or through E-H+, which binds to ICAMs on the same cell in cis. Spatial patterning of activated integrins is thought to be required for effective arrest, but no high-resolution cell surface localization maps of activated integrins exist. Here, we developed Super-STORM by combining super-resolution microscopy with molecular modeling to precisely localize activated integrin molecules and identify the molecular patterns of activated integrins on primary human neutrophils. At the time of neutrophil arrest, E-H+ integrins face each other to form oriented (non-random) nanoclusters. To address the mechanism causing this pattern, we blocked integrin binding to ICAMs in cis, which significantly relieved the face-to-face orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Fan
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William Bill Kiosses
- Microscopy Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marco Orecchioni
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yanal Ghosheh
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Amin Arnaout
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Leukocyte Biology and Inflammation Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Edgar Gutierrez
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alex Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark H Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Wen L, Fan Z, Mikulski Z, Ley K. Imaging of the immune system - towards a subcellular and molecular understanding. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/5/jcs234922. [PMID: 32139598 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses involve many types of leukocytes that traffic to the site of injury, recognize the insult and respond appropriately. Imaging of the immune system involves a set of methods and analytical tools that are used to visualize immune responses at the cellular and molecular level as they occur in real time. We will review recent and emerging technological advances in optical imaging, and their application to understanding the molecular and cellular responses of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes. Optical live-cell imaging provides deep mechanistic insights at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organism levels. Live-cell imaging can capture quantitative information in real time at subcellular resolution with minimal phototoxicity and repeatedly in the same living cells or in accessible tissues of the living organism. Advanced FRET probes allow tracking signaling events in live cells. Light-sheet microscopy allows for deeper tissue penetration in optically clear samples, enriching our understanding of the higher-level organization of the immune response. Super-resolution microscopy offers insights into compartmentalized signaling at a resolution beyond the diffraction limit, approaching single-molecule resolution. This Review provides a current perspective on live-cell imaging in vitro and in vivo with a focus on the assessment of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wen
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA .,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Pradhan-Sundd T, Zhou L, Vats R, Jiang A, Molina L, Singh S, Poddar M, Russell JM, Stolz DB, Oertel M, Apte U, Watkins S, Ranganathan S, Nejak-Bowen KN, Sundd P, Monga SP. Dual catenin loss in murine liver causes tight junctional deregulation and progressive intrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatology 2018; 67:2320-2337. [PMID: 29023813 PMCID: PMC5893443 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED β-Catenin, the downstream effector of the Wnt signaling, plays important roles in hepatic development, regeneration, and tumorigenesis. However, its role at hepatocyte adherens junctions (AJ) is relatively poorly understood, chiefly due to spontaneous compensation by γ-catenin. We simultaneously ablated β- and γ-catenin expression in mouse liver by interbreeding β-catenin-γ-catenin double-floxed mice and Alb-Cre transgenic mice. Double knockout mice show failure to thrive, impaired hepatocyte differentiation, cholemia, ductular reaction, progressive cholestasis, inflammation, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis, which was associated with deregulation of tight junctions (TJ) and bile acid transporters, leading to early morbidity and mortality, a phenotype reminiscent of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC). To address the mechanism, we specifically and temporally eliminated both catenins from hepatocytes using adeno-associated virus 8 carrying Cre-recombinase under the thyroid-binding globulin promoter (AAV8-TBG-Cre). This led to a time-dependent breach of the blood-biliary barrier associated with sequential disruption of AJ and TJ verified by ultrastructural imaging and intravital microscopy, which revealed unique paracellular leaks around individual hepatocytes, allowing mixing of blood and bile and leakage of blood from one sinusoid to another. Molecular analysis identified sequential losses of E-cadherin, occludin, claudin-3, and claudin-5 due to enhanced proteasomal degradation, and of claudin-2, a β-catenin transcriptional target, which was also validated in vitro. CONCLUSION We report partially redundant function of catenins at AJ in regulating TJ and contributing to the blood-biliary barrier. Furthermore, concomitant hepatic loss of β- and γ-catenin disrupts structural and functional integrity of AJ and TJ via transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. Mice with dual catenin loss develop progressive intrahepatic cholestasis, providing a unique model to study diseases such as PFIC. (Hepatology 2018;67:2320-2337).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lili Zhou
- Dept. of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Ravi Vats
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - An Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Laura Molina
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Minakshi Poddar
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jacquelyn M Russell
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Simon Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sarangarajan Ranganathan
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kari N. Nejak-Bowen
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Satdarshan Pal Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Address Correspondence to: Satdarshan P. S. Monga, MD, FAASLD., Endowed Chair for Experimental Pathology, Director: Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Professor of Pathology (EP) & Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition), Assistant Dean and Co-Director: Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street S-422 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, Tel: (412) 648-9966; Fax: (412) 648-1916;
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9
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Stout DA, Toyjanova J, Franck C. Planar Gradient Diffusion System to Investigate Chemotaxis in a 3D Collagen Matrix. J Vis Exp 2015:e52948. [PMID: 26131645 DOI: 10.3791/52948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of cell migration can be seen through the development of human life. When cells migrate, they generate forces and transfer these forces to their surrounding area, leading to cell movement and migration. In order to understand the mechanisms that can alter and/or affect cell migration, one can study these forces. In theory, understanding the fundamental mechanisms and forces underlying cell migration holds the promise of effective approaches for treating diseases and promoting cellular transplantation. Unfortunately, modern chemotaxis chambers that have been developed are usually restricted to two dimensions (2D) and have complex diffusion gradients that make the experiment difficult to interpret. To this end, we have developed, and describe in this paper, a direct-viewing chamber for chemotaxis studies, which allows one to overcome modern chemotaxis chamber obstacles able to measure cell forces and specific concentration within the chamber in a 3D environment to study cell 3D migration. More compelling, this approach allows one to successfully model diffusion through 3D collagen matrices and calculate the coefficient of diffusion of a chemoattractant through multiple different concentrations of collagen, while keeping the system simple and user friendly for traction force microscopy (TFM) and digital volume correlation (DVC) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Stout
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California State University, Long Beach;
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10
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Koltsova EK, Sundd P, Zarpellon A, Ouyang H, Mikulski Z, Zampolli A, Ruggeri ZM, Ley K. Genetic deletion of platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha but not its extracellular domain protects from atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:1252-63. [PMID: 25104056 DOI: 10.1160/th14-02-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves the interplay of haematopoietic, stromal and endothelial cells. Platelet interactions with endothelium and leukocytes are pivotal for atherosclerosis promotion. Glycoprotein (GP) Ibα is the ligand-binding subunit of the platelet GPIb-IX-V receptor complex; its deficiency causes the Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS), characterised by absent platelet GPIb-IX-V, macrothrombocytopenia and bleeding. We designed this study to determine the role of platelet GPIbα in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis using two unique knockout models. Ldlr-/- mice were reconstituted with wild-type (wt), GPIbα-/- (lacks GPIbα) or chimeric IL-4R/GPIbα-Tg (lacks GPIbα extracellular domain) bone marrow and assayed for atherosclerosis development after feeding with pro-atherogenic "western diet". Here, we report that Ldlr-/-mice reconstituted with GPIbα-/- bone marrow developed less atherosclerosis compared to wt controls; accompanied by augmented accumulation of pro-inflammatory CD11b+ and CD11c+ myeloid cells, reduced oxLDL uptake and decreased TNF and IL 12p35 gene expression in the aortas. Flow cytometry and live cell imaging in whole blood-perfused microfluidic chambers revealed reduced platelet-monocyte aggregates in GPIbα-/- mice, which resulted in decreased monocyte activation. Interestingly, Ldlr-/-mice reconstituted with IL-4R/GPIbα-Tg bone marrow, producing less abnormal platelets, showed atherosclerotic lesions similar to wt mice. Platelet interaction with blood monocytes and accumulation of myeloid cells in the aortas were also essentially unaltered. Moreover, only complete GPIbα ablation altered platelet microparticles and CCL5 chemokine production. Thus, atherosclerosis reduction in mice lacking GPIbα may not result from the defective GPIbα-ligand binding, but more likely is a consequence of functional defects of GPIbα-/- platelets and reduced blood platelet counts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - K Ley
- Klaus Ley, MD, Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA, Fax: +1 858 752 6985, E-mail:
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11
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Abstract
Quantitative dynamic footprinting (qDF) allows visualization of the footprints of live leukocytes rolling on a selectin-coated cover glass. qDF works on the principle of total internal reflection fluorescence, which involves fluorescence excitation in a thin slice (~200 nm) of the cell proximal to the cover glass while the rest of the cell remains dark. Dual color qDF (DqDF) is an advancement of qDF, which enables simultaneous visualization of two fluorochromes in the footprints of rolling leukocytes. When the fluorochrome is localized either in the cell cytoplasm or plasma membrane, the two-dimensional qDF image is used to create a three-dimensional rendition of the footprint topography. DqDF is a useful tool to study leukocyte adhesion under flow, and has recently been used to reveal mechanisms that enable neutrophils to roll at high shear stresses that prevail in venules during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithu Sundd
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sundd P, Gutierrez E, Koltsova EK, Kuwano Y, Fukuda S, Pospieszalska MK, Groisman A, Ley K. 'Slings' enable neutrophil rolling at high shear. Nature 2012; 488:399-403. [PMID: 22763437 PMCID: PMC3433404 DOI: 10.1038/nature11248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most leukocytes can roll along the walls of venules at low shear stress (1 dyn/cm2), but neutrophils have the ability to roll at 10-fold higher shear stress in microvessels in vivo1,2. The mechanisms involved in this shear-resistant rolling are known to involve cell flattening3 and pulling of long membrane tethers at the rear4–6. Here, we show that these long tethers do not retract as postulated6,7, but instead persist and appear as ‘slings’ at the front of rolling cells. We demonstrate slings in a model of acute inflammation in vivo and on P-selectin in vitro, where P-selectin-glycoprotein-ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is presented as discrete sticky patches while LFA-1 is expressed over the entire length on slings. As neutrophils roll forward, slings wrap around the rolling cells and undergo a step-wise peeling from the P-selectin substrate enabled by the failure of PSGL-1 patches under hydrodynamic forces. The ‘step-wise peeling of slings’ is distinct from the ‘pulling of tethers’ reported previously4–6,8. Each sling effectively lays out a cell-autonomous adhesive substrate in front of neutrophils rolling at high shear stress during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithu Sundd
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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