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Pease SK, Egerton TA, Reece KS, Sanderson MP, Onofrio MD, Yeargan E, Wood A, Roach A, Huang ISW, Scott GP, Place AR, Hayes AM, Smith JL. Co-occurrence of marine and freshwater phycotoxins in oysters, and analysis of possible predictors for management. Toxicon X 2023; 19:100166. [PMID: 37448555 PMCID: PMC10336265 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were screened for 12 phycotoxins over two years in nearshore waters to collect baseline phycotoxin data and to determine prevalence of phycotoxin co-occurrence in the commercially and ecologically-relevant species. Trace to low concentrations of azaspiracid-1 and -2 (AZA1, AZA2), domoic acid (DA), okadaic acid (OA), and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were detected, orders of magnitude below seafood safety action levels. Microcystins (MCs), MC-RR and MC-YR, were also found in oysters (maximum: 7.12 μg MC-RR/kg shellfish meat wet weight), warranting consideration of developing action levels for freshwater phycotoxins in marine shellfish. Oysters contained phycotoxins that impair shellfish health: karlotoxin1-1 and 1-3 (KmTx1-1, KmTx1-3), goniodomin A (GDA), and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2). Co-occurrence of phycotoxins in oysters was common (54%, n = 81). AZAs and DA co-occurred most frequently of the phycotoxins investigated that are a concern for human health (n = 13) and PTX2 and KmTxs co-occurred most frequently amongst the phycotoxins of concern for shellfish health (n = 9). Various harmful algal bloom (HAB) monitoring methods and tools were assessed for their effectiveness at indicating levels of phycotoxins in oysters. These included co-deployed solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) devices, toxin levels in particulate organic matter (POM, >1.5 μm) and whole water samples and cell concentrations from water samples as determined by microscopy and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The dominant phycotoxin varied between SPATTs and all other phycotoxin sample types, and out of the 11 phycotoxins detected in oysters, only four and seven were detected in POM and whole water respectively, indicating phycotoxin profile mismatch between ecosystem compartments. Nevertheless, there were correlations between DA in oysters and whole water (simple linear regression [LR]: R2 = 0.6, p < 0.0001, n = 40), and PTX2 in oysters and SPATTs (LR: R2 = 0.3, p = 0.001, n = 36), providing additional monitoring tools for these phycotoxins, but oyster samples remain the best overall indicators of seafood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K.D. Pease
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Todd A. Egerton
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA, 23510, USA
| | - Kimberly S. Reece
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Marta P. Sanderson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Michelle D. Onofrio
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Evan Yeargan
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA, 23510, USA
| | - Adam Wood
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA, 23510, USA
| | - Amanda Roach
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA, 23510, USA
| | - I-Shuo Wade Huang
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Gail P. Scott
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Allen R. Place
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Sciences, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Amy M. Hayes
- Public Health Toxicology Program, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Juliette L. Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
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Bechard A, Lang C. Seafood consumption during harmful algal blooms: The impact of information regarding safety and health. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 123:102387. [PMID: 36894207 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can cause massive fish kills all over the world. However, some commercially caught species are safe to eat. The fish safe for consumption are vastly different from the fish that wash up on shore. Prior research finds this difference in edibility is mostly unknown by consumers, and that the misperception of unhealthy and unsafe fish is the dominant paradigm. To date, there has been minimal research on the effect of disseminating this information regarding seafood health to consumers, and how consumption habits would change during a bloom. We implement a survey that presents respondents with information explaining the health and safety of certain commercially caught seafood during a HAB, specifically red grouper. It is a particularly popular, large, deep-sea fish. Our results suggest that respondents receiving this information are 34 percentage points more likely to say that they would be willing to consume red grouper during a bloom, relative to consumers who were not provided this added information. Prior knowledge of this information suggests long-term outreach programs may be more effective than last minute "point of sale" information campaigns. The results demonstrated the importance of correct knowledge and awareness regarding HABs, as it pertains to efforts to stabilize local economies dependent on seafood harvesting and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bechard
- 400 Northridge Road, Suite 400, Sandy Springs, GA 30350, USA.
| | - Corey Lang
- 400 Northridge Road, Suite 400, Sandy Springs, GA 30350, USA
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Pires E, Lana PDC, Mafra LL. Phycotoxins and marine annelids - A global review. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 122:102373. [PMID: 36754459 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Several species of microalgae can produce potent phycotoxins that negatively affect aquatic organisms and their consumers following different exposure routes, as well as toxicokinetic (TK) and toxicodynamic (TD) processes. Benthic organisms are especially vulnerable as they are exposed to both benthic and planktonic species causative of harmful algal blooms (HABs). While benthic algae can come into direct contact with annelids during substrate remobilization, planktonic cells can settle to the bottom mostly during senescence and/or encystment stages, and in shallow and calm waters. We performed a systematic, qualitative review of the literature on the phycotoxin TK and TD processes in marine annelids, summarizing the most relevant findings and general trends. Besides, by using innovative analytical/statistical approaches, we were able to detect patterns and gaps in the current literature, thus pointing to future research directions. We retrieved and analyzed studies involving diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), brevetoxins (PbTXs), domoic acid (DA), as well as palytoxin and its congeners, the ovatoxins (treated together as PLTXs). It is worth mentioning that studies evaluating other phycotoxins (e.g., ciguatoxins, yessotoxins) were not found in the literature. The absence of data on PbTXs, PSTs and DA is the largest gap hampering TK assessment in annelids, although some relevant information on TD is already available. Whereas lethal effects from DSTs have not been reported, more potent toxins like PbTXs, PSTs, DA and those grouped as PLTX-like compounds can cause mortality and/or marked decrease in annelid abundance. In addition, phycotoxins have been linked to sublethal effects on annelid cells. Although very sparse, field and laboratory studies offer strong evidence that annelids may be reliable indicators of toxin exposure and their negative effects during both early and later stages of HABs in marine environments. Besides quickly responding to these compounds at both organismic and suborganismic levels, annelids are easily found in areas affected by HABs. The use of annelids in future investigations evaluating the action mechanisms of toxic microalgae on marine invertebrates should be thus encouraged. In this case, the choice for widely dispersed and numerically dominant species of annelids would strengthen the validation and extrapolation of results from risk assessments in areas affected by HABs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Pires
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Beira Mar s / n, CEP 83255-976, PO Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Paulo da Cunha Lana
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Beira Mar s / n, CEP 83255-976, PO Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Laureno Mafra
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Beira Mar s / n, CEP 83255-976, PO Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
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4
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Skripnikov A, Wagner N, Shafer J, Beck M, Sherwood E, Burke M. Using localized Twitter activity to assess harmful algal bloom impacts of Karenia brevis in Florida, USA. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 110:102118. [PMID: 34887016 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Red tide blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (K. brevis) produce toxic coastal conditions that can impact marine organisms and human health, while also affecting local economies. During the extreme Florida red tide event of 2017-2019, residents and visitors turned to social media platforms to both receive disaster-related information and communicate their own sentiments and experiences. This was the first major red tide event since the ubiquitous use of social media, thus providing unique crowd-sourced reporting of red tide impacts. We evaluated the spatial and temporal accuracy of red tide topic activity on Twitter, taking tweet sentiments and user types (e.g. media, citizens) into consideration, and compared tweet activity with reported red tide conditions, such as K. brevis cell counts, levels of dead fish and respiratory irritation on local beaches. The analysis was done on multiple levels with respect to both locality (e.g., entire Gulf coast, county-level, city-level, zip code tabulation areas) and temporal frequencies (e.g. daily, every three days, weekly), resulting in strong correlations between local per-capita Twitter activity and the actual red tide conditions observed in the area. Moreover, an association was observed between proximity to the affected coastal areas and per-capita counts for relevant tweets. Results show that Twitter presents a trustworthy reflection of the red tide's local impacts and development over time, and can potentially augment the already existing tools for efficient assessment and a more coordinated response to the disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Skripnikov
- New College of Florida, Heiser Natural Sciences Complex, Room E156, 500 College Dr, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA; New College of Florida, Division of Natural Sciences, 500 College Dr, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA.
| | - N Wagner
- New College of Florida, Division of Natural Sciences, 500 College Dr, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA
| | - J Shafer
- Science and Environment Council of Southwest Florida, 1530 Dolphin Street, Suite 4, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
| | - M Beck
- Tampa Bay Estuary Program, 263 13th Ave S, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - E Sherwood
- Tampa Bay Estuary Program, 263 13th Ave S, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - M Burke
- Tampa Bay Estuary Program, 263 13th Ave S, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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Rolton A, Vignier J, Volety AK, Pierce RH, Henry M, Shumway SE, Bricelj VM, Hégaret H, Soudant P. Effects of field and laboratory exposure to the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis on the reproduction of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and subsequent development of offspring. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 57:13-26. [PMID: 30170718 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the brevetoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, are a recurrent and sometimes devastating phenomenon in the Gulf of Mexico. The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is exposed regularly to these blooms, yet little is known about the impacts of K. brevis upon this important species. The present study considered the effects of exposure to both a natural bloom and cultured K. brevis on the reproductive development of C. virginica. Oysters had been exposed to a bloom of K. brevis that occurred in Lee County, Florida, from September 2012 through May 2013, during a period of gametogenesis and gamete ripening. Ripe adult oysters were collected from this bloom-exposed site and from a site 200 miles north which was not exposed to any bloom. In addition, responses to two 10-day laboratory exposures of either unripe or ripe adult oysters to whole cells of K. brevis at high bloom concentrations (1000 and 5000cellsmL-1) were determined. Both field- and laboratory-exposed adult oysters accumulated PbTx (attaining ∼22×103ngg-1 and 922ngg-1 PbTx-3 equivalents in the laboratory and the field, respectively), and significant mucal, edematous, and inflammatory features, indicative of a defense response, were recorded in adult tissues in direct contact with K. brevis cells. Laboratory-exposed oysters also showed an increase in the total number of circulating hemocytes suggesting that: (1) new hemocytes may be moving to sites of tissue inflammation, or, (2) hemocytes are released into the circulatory system from inflamed tissues where they may be produced. The area of oyster tissue occupied by gonad (representative of reproductive effort) and reactive oxygen species production in the spermatozoa of oysters exposed to the natural bloom of K. brevis were significantly lower compared to oysters that were not exposed to K. brevis. Additionally, following 10-day exposure of ripe oysters, a significant, 46% reduction in the prevalence of individuals with ripe gametes was obtained in the 5000cellsmL-1K. brevis treatment. Brevetoxin (PbTx) was recorded within the spermatozoa and oocytes of naturally exposed oysters and was estimated to be 18 and 26% of the adult PbTx load, respectively. Larvae derived from gametes containing PbTx showed significantly higher mortalities and attained a smaller larval size for the first 6 days post-fertilization. These negative effects on larval development may be due to the presence of PbTx in the lipid droplets of the oocytes, which is mobilized by the larvae during embryonic and lecithotrophic larval development. Provision of a non-contaminated food source to larvae however, appeared to mitigate the early negative effects of this neonatal PbTx exposure. Results herein show that adult eastern oysters and their offspring are susceptible to exposure to K. brevis. Caution should therefore be exercised when identifying oyster reef restoration areas and in efforts to establish aquaculture in areas prone to red tides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rolton
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale-IUEM, LEMAR CNRS UMR 6539, Place Nicolas Copernic, Technopôle Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; Florida Gulf Coast University, College of Arts and Sciences, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States
| | - Julien Vignier
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale-IUEM, LEMAR CNRS UMR 6539, Place Nicolas Copernic, Technopôle Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; Florida Gulf Coast University, College of Arts and Sciences, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States
| | - Aswani K Volety
- Florida Gulf Coast University, College of Arts and Sciences, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States.
| | - Richard H Pierce
- The Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, United States
| | - Michael Henry
- The Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, United States
| | - Sandra E Shumway
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States
| | - V Monica Bricelj
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ 08349, United States
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale-IUEM, LEMAR CNRS UMR 6539, Place Nicolas Copernic, Technopôle Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale-IUEM, LEMAR CNRS UMR 6539, Place Nicolas Copernic, Technopôle Brest Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
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6
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Zmerli Triki H, Laabir M, Moeller P, Chomérat N, Kéfi Daly-Yahia O. First report of goniodomin A production by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax developing in southern Mediterranean (Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia). Toxicon 2016; 111:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Indeck KL, Simard P, Gowans S, Lowerre-Barbieri S, Mann DA. A severe red tide (Tampa Bay, 2005) causes an anomalous decrease in biological sound. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150337. [PMID: 26473055 PMCID: PMC4593689 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although harmful algal blooms (HABs) are known to cause morbidity and mortality in marine organisms, their sublethal effects are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to compare ambient noise levels during a severe HAB event in Tampa Bay, Florida, to those during non-HAB periods. Passive acoustic monitoring was conducted using bottom-mounted autonomous acoustic recorders during a severe HAB in summer 2005, and in summers 2006, 2011 and 2012 (non-severe HAB years). Ambient noise levels were significantly higher during the non-HAB years due to an abundance of snapping shrimp (Alpheidae) sounds and fish chorusing. The difference of sound intensity between the study years is most likely attributable to effects of the HAB on the abundance and/or behaviour of fish and snapping shrimp as a result of mortality and stress-induced behavioural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Simard
- Eckerd College, 4200 54th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33711, USA
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Shannon Gowans
- Eckerd College, 4200 54th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33711, USA
| | - Susan Lowerre-Barbieri
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8th Avenue Southeast, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - David A. Mann
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Loggerhead Instruments, 6576 Palmer Park Circle, Sarasota, FL 34238, USA
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Tangen K. Blooms ofGyrodinium aureolum(Dinophygeae) in North European waters, accompanied by mortality in marine organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00364827.1977.10411330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Bakke MJ, Horsberg TE. Kinetic properties of saxitoxin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 152:444-50. [PMID: 20656058 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The disposition of STX in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was studied after intraperitoneal (IP) injection (5 microg STX/kg bm and 3.43 microg (3)H-STXeq/kg bw respectively), intravenous (IV) injection (5 microg STX/kg bm, only salmon) and waterborne exposure (50 microg STXeq/L, only salmon). Plasma concentrations in salmon were quantified using a receptor binding assay and cod tissues were analyzed using scintillation counting of tissue extracts and autoradiography of whole fish slices. The estimated elimination half-life (T(1/2)) after IV administration of STX in salmon was 102.6 min. The volume of distribution (Vz) was observed to be 467.2 mL/kg and the total body clearance (Cl(T)) was 3.2 mL/min/kg. Waterborne exposure clearly showed that salmon absorbed PSP toxins directly from the water. In cod, (3)H-STX was observed in gills, muscle, brain, liver and posterior kidney from 30 to 480 min. The lowest concentrations of (3)H-STX were found in brain and muscle, whereas posterior kidney contained the majority of the toxin. Autoradiograms confirmed the high levels of (3)H-STX in the kidneys, indicating that renal excretion was the main elimination route. Buildup of harmful levels in edible tissue is not very likely due to the low concentrations accumulated in muscle tissue and rapid excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Jørgensen Bakke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Nierenberg K, Byrne M, Fleming LE, Stephan W, Reich A, Backer LC, Tanga E, Dalpra DR, Kirkpatrick B. Florida Red Tide Perception: Residents versus Tourists. HARMFUL ALGAE 2010; 9:600-606. [PMID: 20824108 PMCID: PMC2932630 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The west coast of Florida has annual blooms of the toxin-producing dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis with Sarasota, FL considered the epicenter for these blooms. Numerous outreach materials, including Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) cards, exhibits for local museums and aquaria, public beach signs, and numerous websites have been developed to disseminate information to the public about this natural hazard. In addition, during intense onshore blooms, a great deal of media attention, primarily via newspaper (print and web) and television, is focused on red tide. However to date, the only measure of effectiveness of these outreach methods has been counts of the number of people exposed to the information, e.g., visits to a website or number of FAQ cards distributed. No formal assessment has been conducted to determine if these materials meet their goal of informing the public about Florida red tide. Also, although local residents have the opinion that they are very knowledgeable about Florida red tide, this has not been verified empirically. This study addressed these issues by creating and administering an evaluation tool for the assessment of public knowledge about Florida red tide. A focus group of Florida red tide outreach developers assisted in the creation of the evaluation tool. The location of the evaluation was the west coast of Florida, in Sarasota County. The objective was to assess the knowledge of the general public about Florida red tide. This assessment identified gaps in public knowledge regarding Florida red tides and also identified what information sources people want to use to obtain information on Florida red tide. The results from this study can be used to develop more effective outreach materials on Florida red tide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Nierenberg
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL 34236
- Corresponding author: Kate Nierenberg, M.S., Environmental Health Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, Fl, 34236, USA: . Telephone 941-388-4441-245, Fax 941-388-4312
| | - Margaret Byrne
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Lora E. Fleming
- NSF AND NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center and the NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, Florida, 33149
| | - Wendy Stephan
- NSF AND NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center and the NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, Florida, 33149
| | - Andrew Reich
- Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, Florida 32399
| | - Lorraine C. Backer
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
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Leverone JR, Shumway SE, Blake NJ. Comparative effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis on clearance rates in juveniles of four bivalve molluscs from Florida, USA. Toxicon 2006; 49:634-45. [PMID: 17182073 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Karenia brevis (Gymnodiniales, Gymnodiniaceae) on the feeding activity of juveniles of four species of bivalve mollusc were examined in the laboratory to assess the potential impacts on these important shellfish populations from Florida. Clearance rates were determined under short-term (one hour) static and long-term (two days) flow-through conditions using both whole and lysed cultures of K. brevis. Under short-term conditions, the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, was the most sensitive species, exhibiting a 79% reduction in clearance rate at 1000 cells ml(-1) of whole K. brevis culture compared to the control (no K. brevis). The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, was the least responsive, showing a 38% reduction in clearance rate between the same treatments. The green mussel, Perna viridis, and the northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria, displayed intermediate responses. Similar results were also observed during long-term exposures to a continuous supply of K. brevis. Bay scallops showed a significant decline in clearance rate at 100 cells ml(-1) after 24h exposure; clearance rate of oysters was not affected by K. brevis at this concentration. No mortality was observed for any species during these brief exposures. The prospect for recovery of bay scallop populations in Florida estuaries where they were once abundant may be hampered by recurring blooms of K. brevis. Reduced clearance rates in M. mercenaria at high K. brevis densities could translate into poor growth of cultured Florida hard clams. On the other hand, P. viridis, which also showed reduced clearance rates at high K. brevis concentrations, might be negatively impacted by K. brevis blooms, thereby affecting their ability to spread into estuaries hampered by recurring toxic algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Leverone
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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Bass EL, Kuvshinoff BW. Evidence for a neuroactive component in the toxic extract from Gonyaulax monilata. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1983; 75:131-4. [PMID: 6135549 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(83)90021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. A toxic extract has been isolated from the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax monilata by a phenol-water extraction. 2. The compound action potential in the desheathed frog sciatic nerve is irreversibly blocked by topical application of the extract in concentrations as low as 40 ppm (w/v) in frog Ringer solution. 3. The toxin liberated by this algae has the potential for causing the neurological symptoms exhibited by animals following the administration of the toxic extract.
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14
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Wengrovitz P, Sanduja R, Alam M. Dinoflagellate sterols—3: sterol composition of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax monilata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(81)90347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Parmentier JL, Narahashi T, Wilson WA, Trieff NM, Sadagopa Ramanujam VM, Risk M. Electrophysiological and biochemical characteristics of Gymnodinium breve toxins. Toxicon 1978; 16:235-44. [PMID: 565962 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(78)90084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Alam M, Trieff NM, Ray SM, Hudson JE. Isolation and partial characterization of toxins from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve Davis. J Pharm Sci 1975; 64:865-7. [PMID: 1171216 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600640533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three neurotoxins were isolated from unialgal cultures of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve Davis. Of the three toxins, only one toxin (T1) has hemolytic acitivity. The major toxin (T2), in chromatographically pure form, appears to have a molecular weight of 725. The neurotoxin T2 has no antiacetylcholinesterase activity.
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17
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Blogoslawski WJ, Thurberg FP, Dawson MA, Beckage MJ. Field studies on ozone inactivation of a Gymnodinium breve toxin. ENVIRONMENTAL LETTERS 1975; 9:209-15. [PMID: 1204593 DOI: 10.1080/00139307509435848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Water samples were collected from Boca Ciega Bay (St. Petersburg) during the April, 1974, red tide that occurred on the Florida west coast. The causative agent of this phenomenon was the toxic dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve. The toxic red tide samples were treated with ozone gas and rendered nonlethal, as measured by mouse injection.
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18
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Steidinger KA. Phytoplankton ecology: a conceptual review based on eastern Gulf of Mexico research. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1973; 3:49-68. [PMID: 4585440 DOI: 10.3109/10408417309108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Spiegelstein MY, Paster Z, Abbott BC. Purification and biological activity of Gymnodinium breve toxins. Toxicon 1973; 11:85-93. [PMID: 4542024 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(73)90157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Sasner JJ, Ikawa M, Thurberg F, Alam M. Physiological and chemical studies on Gymnodinium breve Davis toxin. Toxicon 1972; 10:163-72. [PMID: 4342879 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(72)90242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Simon JL, Dauer DM. A quantitative evaluation of red-tide induced mass mortalities of benthic invertebrates in Tampa Bay, Florida. ENVIRONMENTAL LETTERS 1972; 3:229-34. [PMID: 5079463 DOI: 10.1080/00139307209435468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Ray SM. Paralytic shellfish poisoning: a status report. CURRENT TOPICS IN COMPARATIVE PATHOBIOLOGY 1971; 1:171-200. [PMID: 4950280 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-153401-1.50009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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