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Garric S, Ratin M, Marie D, Foulon V, Probert I, Rodriguez F, Six C. Impaired photoacclimation in a kleptoplastidic dinoflagellate reveals physiological limits of early stages of endosymbiosis. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3064-3076.e5. [PMID: 38936366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Dinophysis dinoflagellates are predators of Mesodinium ciliates, from which they retain only the plastids of cryptophyte origin. The absence of nuclear photosynthetic cryptophyte genes in Dinophysis raises intriguing physiological and evolutionary questions regarding the functional dynamics of these temporary kleptoplastids within a foreign cellular environment. In an experimental setup including two light conditions, the comparative analysis with Mesodinium rubrum and the cryptophyte Teleaulax amphioxeia revealed that Dinophysis acuminata possessed a smaller and less dynamic functional photosynthetic antenna for green light, a function performed by phycoerythrin. We showed that the lack of the cryptophyte nucleus prevented the synthesis of the phycoerythrin α subunit, thereby hindering the formation of a complete phycoerythrin in Dinophysis. In particular, biochemical analyses showed that Dinophysis acuminata synthesized a poorly stable, incomplete phycoerythrin composed of chromophorylated β subunits, with impaired performance. We show that, consequently, a continuous supply of new plastids is crucial for growth and effective photoacclimation in this organism. Transcriptome analyses revealed that all examined strains of Dinophysis spp. have acquired the cryptophyte pebA and pebB genes through horizontal gene transfer, suggesting a potential ability to synthesize the phycobilin pigments bound to the cryptophyte phycoerythrin. By emphasizing that a potential long-term acquisition of the cryptophyte plastid relies on establishing genetic independence for essential functions such as light harvesting, this study highlights the intricate molecular challenges inherent in the enslavement of organelles and the processes involved in the diversification of photosynthetic organisms through endosymbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Garric
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, group Ecology of Marine Plankton, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff 29680, France
| | - Morgane Ratin
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, group Ecology of Marine Plankton, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff 29680, France
| | - Dominique Marie
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, group Ecology of Marine Plankton, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff 29680, France
| | - Valentin Foulon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6285 Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques de l'information de la Communication et de la Connaissance (Lab-STICC), Technopole Brest-Iroise, Brest 29238, France
| | - Ian Probert
- Sorbonne Université, FR 2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff 29680, France
| | - Francisco Rodriguez
- Centro oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain
| | - Christophe Six
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, group Ecology of Marine Plankton, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff 29680, France.
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Velasco-Senovilla E, Díaz PA, Nogueira E, Rodríguez F, Garrido JL, Ruiz-Villarreal M, Reguera B. The niche of a stress-tolerant specialist, Dinophysis acuminata, in a coastal upwelling system. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 125:102427. [PMID: 37220979 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuminata, the main cause of shellfish harvesting bans in Europe, blooms in the Galician Rías (NW Spain) throughout the upwelling season (ca. March to September). Here we illustrate rapid changes in vertical and across ría-shelf distributions of diatoms and dinoflagellates (including D. acuminata vegetative and small cells) in Ría de Pontevedra (RP) and Ría de Vigo (RV) during transitions from spin-down to spin-up phases of upwelling cycles. A subniche approach based on a Within Outlying Mean Index (WitOMI) showed that under the transient environmental conditions met during the cruise, both vegetative and small cells of D. acuminata colonized the Ria and Mid-shelf subniches, exhibiting good tolerance and extremely high marginality, in particular the small cells. Bottom-up (abiotic) control overwhelmed biological constraints, and shelf waters became a more favourable environment than the Rías. Contrasting higher biotic constraints inside the Rías were found for the small cells, with a subniche possibly controlled by unsuitable physiological status (notwithstanding the higher density) of the vegetative cell population. Results here on behaviour (vertical positioning) and physiological traits (high tolerance but very specialized niche) of D. acuminata give new insights into the ability of this species to remain in the upwelling circulation system. Higher shelf-ría exchanges in the Ría (RP) with more dense and persistent D. acuminata blooms reveal the relevance of transient event-scales and species- and site-specific characteristics to the fate of these blooms. Earlier statements about simple linear relationships between average upwelling intensities and the recurrence of Harmful algae bloom (HAB) events in the Galician Rías Baixas are questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Velasco-Senovilla
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo, 36390, Spain; Campus do Mar, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Vigo, 36311 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i∼mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Enrique Nogueira
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo, 36390, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo, 36390, Spain
| | - José L Garrido
- Department of Oceanography, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM, CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal
- Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, P.° Marítimo Alcalde Francisco Vázquez 10, 15001, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo, 36390, Spain
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Baldrich ÁM, Díaz PA, Álvarez G, Pérez-Santos I, Schwerter C, Díaz M, Araya M, Nieves MG, Rodríguez-Villegas C, Barrera F, Fernández-Pena C, Arenas-Uribe S, Navarro P, Reguera B. Dinophysis acuminata or Dinophysis acuta: What Makes the Difference in Highly Stratified Fjords? Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020064. [PMID: 36827105 PMCID: PMC9966155 DOI: 10.3390/md21020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta, which follows it seasonally, are the main producers of lipophilic toxins in temperate coastal waters, including Southern Chile. Strains of the two species differ in their toxin profiles and impacts on shellfish resources. D. acuta is considered the major cause of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) outbreaks in Southern Chile, but there is uncertainty about the toxicity of D. acuminata, and little information on microscale oceanographic conditions promoting their blooms. During the austral summer of 2020, intensive sampling was carried out in two northern Patagonian fjords, Puyuhuapi (PUY) and Pitipalena (PIT), sharing D. acuminata dominance and D. acuta near detection levels. Dinophysistoxin 1 (DTX 1) and pectenotoxin 2 (PTX 2) were present in all net tow samples but OA was not detected. Although differing in hydrodynamics and sampling dates, D. acuminata shared behavioural traits in the two fjords: cell maxima (>103 cells L-1) in the interface (S ~ 21) between the estuarine freshwater (EFW)) and saline water (ESW) layers; and phased-cell division (µ = 0.3-0.4 d-1) peaking after dawn, and abundance of ciliate prey. Niche analysis (Outlying Mean Index, OMI) of D. acuta with a high marginality and much lower tolerance than D. acuminata indicated an unfavourable physical environment for D. acuta (bloom failure). Comparison of toxin profiles and Dinophysis niches in three contrasting years in PUY-2020 (D. acuminata bloom), 2018 (exceptional bloom of D. acuta), and 2019 (bloom co-occurrence of the two species)-shed light on the vertical gradients which promote each species. The presence of FW (S < 11) and thermal inversion may be used to provide short-term forecasts of no risk of D. acuta blooms and OA occurrence, but D. acuminata associated with DTX 1 pose a risk of DSP events in North Patagonian fjords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela M. Baldrich
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral y COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique 5950000, Chile
| | - Camila Schwerter
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - María Gabriela Nieves
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Facundo Barrera
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Houssay 200, Ushuaia 9410, Argentina
| | - Concepción Fernández-Pena
- Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), 15001 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sara Arenas-Uribe
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Sildever S, Laas P, Kolesova N, Lips I, Lips U, Nagai S. Plankton biodiversity and species co-occurrence based on environmental DNA – a multiple marker study. METABARCODING AND METAGENOMICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/mbmg.5.72371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabarcoding in combination with high-throughput sequencing (HTS) allows simultaneous detection of multiple taxa by targeting single or several taxonomically informative gene regions from environmental DNA samples. In this study, a multiple-marker HTS approach was applied to investigate the plankton diversity and seasonal succession in the Baltic Sea from winter to autumn. Four different markers targeting the 16S, 18S, and 28S ribosomal RNA genes were employed, including a marker for more efficient dinoflagellate detection. Typical seasonal changes were observed in phyto- and bacterioplankton communities. In phytoplankton, the appearance patterns of selected common, dominant, or harmful species followed the patterns also confirmed based on 20 years of phytoplankton monitoring data. In the case of zooplankton, both macro- and microzooplankton species were detected. However, no seasonal patterns were detected in their appearance. In total, 15 and 2 new zoo- and phytoplankton species were detected from the Baltic Sea. HTS approach was especially useful for detecting microzooplankton species as well as for investigating the co-occurrence and potential interactions of different taxa. The results of this study further exemplify the efficiency of metabarcoding for biodiversity monitoring and the advantage of employing multiple markers through the detection of species not identifiable based on a single marker survey and/or by traditional morphology-based methods.
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Díaz PA, Peréz-Santos I, Álvarez G, Garreaud R, Pinilla E, Díaz M, Sandoval A, Araya M, Álvarez F, Rengel J, Montero P, Pizarro G, López L, Iriarte L, Igor G, Reguera B. Multiscale physical background to an exceptional harmful algal bloom of Dinophysis acuta in a fjord system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145621. [PMID: 33582350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuta produces diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins and pectenotoxins (PTX). It blooms in thermally-stratified shelf waters in late summer in temperate to cold temperate latitudes. Despite its major contribution to shellfish harvesting bans, little effort has been devoted to study its population dynamics in Chilean Patagonia. In 2017-2018, mesoscale distribution of harmful algal species (75 monitoring stations) revealed the initiation (late spring) and seasonal growth of a dense D. acuta population in the Aysén region, with maximal values at Puyuhuapi Fjord (PF). Vertical phytoplankton distribution and fine-resolution measurements of physical parameters along a 25-km transect in February 16th identified a 15-km (horizontal extension) subsurface thin layer of D. acuta from 4 to 8 m depth. This layer, disrupted at the confluence of PF with the Magdalena Sound, peaked at the top of the pycnocline (6 m, 15.9 °C, 23.4 psu) where static stability was maximal. By February 22nd, it deepened (8 m, 15.5 °C; 23.62 psu) following the excursions of the pycnocline and reached the highest density ever recorded (664 × 103 cells L-1) for this species. Dinophysis acuta was the dominant Dinophysis species in all microplankton net-tows/bottle samples; they all contained DSP toxins (OA, DTX-1) and PTX-2. Modeled flushing rates showed that Puyuhuapi, the only fjord in the area with 2 connections with the open sea, had the highest water residence time. Long term climate variability in the Southern hemisphere showed the effects of a Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in positive mode (+1.1 hPa) overwhelming a moderate La Niña. These effects included positive spring precipitation anomalies with enhanced salinity gradients and summer drought with positive anomalies in air (+1 °C) and sea surface (+2 °C) temperature. Locally, persistent thermal stratification in PF seemed to provide an optimal physical habitat for initiation and bloom development of D. acuta. Thus, in summer 2018, a favourable combination of meteorological and hydrographic processes of multiple scales created conditions that promoted the development of a widespread bloom of D. acuta with its epicentre at the head of Puyuhuapi fjord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Iván Peréz-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - René Garreaud
- Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Santiago 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Elías Pinilla
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Putemun, Castro, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Instituto de Acuicultura & Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Alondra Sandoval
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Francisco Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - José Rengel
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Paulina Montero
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Gemita Pizarro
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Loreto López
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Luis Iriarte
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Sargento Aldea 431, Puerto Aysén, Chile
| | - Gabriela Igor
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
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Baldrich ÁM, Pérez-Santos I, Álvarez G, Reguera B, Fernández-Pena C, Rodríguez-Villegas C, Araya M, Álvarez F, Barrera F, Karasiewicz S, Díaz PA. Niche differentiation of Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata in a stratified fjord. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:102010. [PMID: 33980449 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata are associated with lipophilic toxins in Southern Chile. Blooms of the two species coincided during summer 2019 in a highly stratified fjord system (Puyuhuapi, Chilean Patagonia). High vertical resolution measurements of physical parameters were carried out during 48 h sampling to i) explore physiological status (e.g., division rates, toxin content) and ii) illustrate the fine scale distribution of D. acuta and D. acuminata populations with a focus on water column structure and co-occurring plastid-bearing ciliates. The species-specific resources and regulators defining the realized niches (sensu Hutchinson) of the two species were identified. Differences in vertical distribution, daily vertical migration and in situ division rates (with record values, 0.76 d-1, in D. acuta), in response to the environmental conditions and potential prey availability, revealed their niche differences. The Outlying Mean Index (OMI) analysis showed that the realized niche of D. acuta (cell maximum 7 × 103 cells L-1 within the pycnocline) was characterized by sub-surface estuarine waters (salinity 23 - 25), lower values of turbulence and PAR, and a narrow niche breath. In contrast, the realized niche of D. acuminata (cell maximum 6.8 × 103 cells L-1 just above the pycnocline) was characterized by fresher (salinity 17 - 20) outflowing surface waters, with higher turbulence and light intensity and a wider niche breadth. Results from OMI and PERMANOVA analyses of co-occurring microplanktonic ciliates were compatible with the hypothesis of species such as those from genera Pseudotontonia and Strombidium constituting an alternative ciliate prey to Mesodinium. The D. acuta cell maximum was associated with DSP (OA and DTX-1) toxins and pectenotoxins; that of D. acuminata only with pectenotoxins. Results presented here contribute to a better understanding of the environmental drivers of species-specific blooms of Dinophysis and management of their distinct effects in Southern Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela M Baldrich
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Francisco Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Facundo Barrera
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Universidad de Concepción & Departamento de Química Ambiental Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Stéphane Karasiewicz
- Laboratory of Environment Resources, Boulogne- sur- Mer, French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
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7
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Díaz PA, Fernández-Pena C, Pérez-Santos I, Baldrich Á, Díaz M, Rodríguez F. Dinophysis Ehrenberg (Dinophyceae) in Southern Chile harbours red cryptophyte plastids from Rhodomonas/Storeatula clade. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 99:101907. [PMID: 33218433 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis are known to retain temporary cryptophyte plastids of the Teleaulax/Plagioselmis/Geminigera clade after feeding the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. In the present study, partial plastid 23S rDNA sequences were retrieved in Southern Chilean waters from oceanic (Los Lagos region), and fjord systems (Aysén region), in single cells of Dinophysis and accompanying organisms (the heliozoan Actinophrys cf. sol and tintinnid ciliates), identified by means of morphological discrimination under the light microscope. All plastid 23S rDNA sequences (n = 23) from Dinophysis spp. (Dinophysis acuta, D. caudata, D. tripos and D. subcircularis) belonged to cryptophytes from clade V (Rhinomonas, Rhodomonas and Storeatula), although they could not be identified at genus level. Moreover, five plastid sequences obtained from heliozoans (Actinophryida, tentatively identified as Actinophrys cf. sol), and tintinnid ciliates, grouped together with those cryptophyte sequences. In contrast, two additional sequences from tintinnids belonged to other taxa (chlorophytes and cyanobacteria). Overall, the present study represents the first time that red cryptophyte plastids outside of the Teleaulax/Plagioselmis/Geminigera clade dominate in wild photosynthetic Dinophysis spp. These findings suggest that either Dinophysis spp. are able to feed on other ciliate prey than Mesodinium and/or that cryptophyte plastids from clade V prevail in members of the M. rubrum species complex in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Concepción Fernández-Pena
- Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, (IEO), Paseo Marítimo Alcalde Francisco Vázquez, 10, Coruña 15001, Spain
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Campus Concepción, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Ángela Baldrich
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, mención Manejo y Conservación de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera & Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain
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8
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García-Portela M, Riobó P, Reguera B, Garrido JL, Blanco J, Rodríguez F. Comparative ecophysiology of Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta (DINOPHYCEAE, DINOPHYSIALES): effect of light intensity and quality on growth, cellular toxin content, and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2018; 54:899-917. [PMID: 30298602 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis are the most persistent producers of lipophilic shellfish toxins in Western Europe. Their mixotrophic nutrition requires a food chain of cryptophytes and plastid-bearing ciliates for sustained growth and photosynthesis. In this study, cultures of D. acuminata and D. acuta, their ciliate prey Mesodinium rubrum and the cryptophyte, Teleaulax amphioxeia, were subject to three experimental settings to study their physiological response to different combinations of light intensity and quality. Growth rates, pigment analyses (HPLC), photosynthetic parameters (PAM-fluorometry), and cellular toxin content (LC-MS) were determined. Specific differences in photosynthetic parameters were observed in Dinophysis exposed to different photon fluxes (10-650 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 ), light quality (white, blue and green), and shifts in light regime. Dinophysis acuta was more susceptible to photodamage under high light intensities (370-650 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 ) than D. acuminata but survived better with low light (10 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 ) and to a prolonged period (28 d) of darkness. Mesodinium rubrum and T. amphioxeia showed their maximal growth rate and yield under white and high light whereas Dinophysis seemed better adapted to grow under green and blue light. Toxin analyses in Dinophysis showed maximal toxin per cell under high light after prey depletion at the late exponential-plateau phase. Changes observed in photosynthetic light curves of D. acuminata cultures after shifting light conditions from low intensity-blue light to high intensity-white light seemed compatible with photoacclimation in this species. Results obtained here are discussed in relation to different spatiotemporal distributions observed in field populations of D. acuminata and D. acuta in northwestern Iberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Portela
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Juan Blanco
- Marine Research Centre (CIMA), 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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9
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Nishitani G, Yamaguchi M. Seasonal succession of ciliate Mesodinium spp. with red, green, or mixed plastids and their association with cryptophyte prey. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17189. [PMID: 30464297 PMCID: PMC6249236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesodinium spp. are commonly found in marine and brackish waters, and several species are known to contain red, green, or both plastids that originate from cryptophyte prey. We observed the seasonal succession of Mesodinium spp. in a Japanese brackish lake, and we analysed the origin and diversity of the various coloured plastids within the cells of Mesodinium spp. using a newly developed primer set that specifically targets the cryptophyte nuclear 18S rRNA gene. Mesodinium rubrum isolated from the lake contained only red plastids originating from cryptophyte Teleaulax amphioxeia. We identified novel Mesodinium sp. that contained only green plastids or both red and green plastids originating from cryptophytes Hemiselmis sp. and Teleaulax acuta. Although the morphology of the newly identified Mesodinium sp. was indistinguishable from that of M. rubrum under normal light microscopy, phylogenetic analysis placed this species between the M. rubrum/major species complex and a well-supported lineage of M. chamaeleon and M. coatsi. Close associations were observed in cryptophyte species composition within cells of Mesodinium spp. and in ambient water samples. The appearance of suitable cryptophyte prey is probably a trigger for succession of Mesodinium spp., and the subsequent abundance of Mesodinium spp. appears to be influenced by water temperature and dissolved inorganic nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goh Nishitani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba 468-1, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Mineo Yamaguchi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
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10
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Needham DM, Fichot EB, Wang E, Berdjeb L, Cram JA, Fichot CG, Fuhrman JA. Dynamics and interactions of highly resolved marine plankton via automated high-frequency sampling. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2417-2432. [PMID: 29899514 PMCID: PMC6155038 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Short timescale observations are valuable for understanding microbial ecological processes. We assessed dynamics in relative abundance and potential activities by sequencing the small sub-unit ribosomal RNA gene (rRNA gene) and rRNA molecules (rRNA) of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota once to twice daily between March 2014 and May 2014 from the surface ocean off Catalina Island, California. Typically Ostreococcus, Braarudosphaera, Teleaulax, and Synechococcus dominated phytoplankton sequences (including chloroplasts) while SAR11, Sulfitobacter, and Fluviicola dominated non-phytoplankton Bacteria and Archaea. We observed short-lived increases of diatoms, mostly Pseudo-nitzschia and Chaetoceros, with quickly responding Bacteria and Archaea including Flavobacteriaceae (Polaribacter & Formosa), Roseovarius, and Euryarchaeota (MGII), notably the exact amplicon sequence variants we observed responding similarly to another diatom bloom nearby, 3 years prior. We observed correlations representing known interactions among abundant phytoplankton rRNA sequences, demonstrating the biogeochemical and ecological relevance of such interactions: (1) The kleptochloroplastidic ciliate Mesodinium 18S rRNA gene sequences and a single Teleaulax taxon (via 16S rRNA gene sequences) were correlated (Spearman r = 0.83) yet uncorrelated to a Teleaulax 18S rRNA gene OTU, or any other taxon (consistent with a kleptochloroplastidic or karyokleptic relationship) and (2) the photosynthetic prymnesiophyte Braarudosphaera bigelowii and two strains of diazotrophic cyanobacterium UCYN-A were correlated and each taxon was also correlated to other taxa, including B. bigelowii to a verrucomicrobium and a dictyochophyte phytoplankter (all r > 0.8). We also report strong correlations (r > 0.7) between various ciliates, bacteria, and phytoplankton, suggesting interactions via currently unknown mechanisms. These data reiterate the utility of high-frequency time series to show rapid microbial reactions to stimuli, and provide new information about in situ dynamics of previously recognized and hypothesized interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Needham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Erin B Fichot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ellice Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lyria Berdjeb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob A Cram
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cédric G Fichot
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jed A Fuhrman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Next Generation Sequencing and mass spectrometry reveal high taxonomic diversity and complex phytoplankton-phycotoxins patterns in Southeastern Pacific fjords. Toxicon 2018; 151:5-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Jiang H, Kulis DM, Brosnahan ML, Anderson DM. Behavioral and mechanistic characteristics of the predator-prey interaction between the dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata and the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 77:43-54. [PMID: 30005801 PMCID: PMC6089243 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions of planktonic protists are fundamental to plankton dynamics and include prey selection, detection, and capture as well as predator detection and avoidance. Propulsive, morphology-specific behaviors modulate these interactions and therefore bloom dynamics. Here, interactions between the mixotrophic, harmful algal bloom (HAB) dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata and its ciliate prey Mesodinium rubrum were investigated through quantitative microvideography using a high-speed microscale imaging system (HSMIS). The dinoflagellate D. acuminata is shown to detect its M. rubrum prey via chemoreception while M. rubrum is alerted to D. acuminata via mechanoreception at much shorter distances (89 ± 39 μm versus 41 ± 32 μm). On detection, D. acuminata approaches M. rubrum with reduced speed. The ciliate M. rubrum responds through escape jumps that are long enough to detach its chemical trail from its surface, thereby disorienting the predator. To prevail, D. acuminata uses capture filaments and/or releases mucus to slow and eventually immobilize M. rubrum cells for easier capture. Mechanistically, results support the notion that the desmokont flagellar arrangement of D. acuminata lends itself to phagotrophy. In particular, the longitudinal flagellum plays a dominant role in generating thrust for the cell to swim forward, while at other times, it beats to supply a tethering or anchoring force to aid the generation of a posteriorly-directed, cone-shaped scanning current by the transverse flagellum. The latter is strategically positioned to generate flow for enhanced chemoreception and hydrodynamic camouflage, such that D. acuminata can detect and stealthily approach resting M. rubrum cells in the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshuo Jiang
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States.
| | - David M Kulis
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Michael L Brosnahan
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
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13
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Paterson RF, McNeill S, Mitchell E, Adams T, Swan SC, Clarke D, Miller PI, Bresnan E, Davidson K. Environmental control of harmful dinoflagellates and diatoms in a fjordic system. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 69:1-17. [PMID: 29122238 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fjordic coastlines provide an ideal protected environment for both finfish and shellfish aquaculture operations. This study reports the results of a cruise to the Scottish Clyde Sea, and associated fjordic sea lochs, that coincided with blooms of the diarrhetic shellfish toxin producing dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta and the diatom genus Chaetoceros, that can generate finfish mortalities. Unusually, D. acuta reached one order of magnitude higher cell abundance in the water column (2840cellsL-1) than the more common Dinophysis acuminata (200cellsL-1) and was linked with elevated shellfish toxicity (maximum 601±237μg OA eq/kg shellfish flesh) which caused shellfish harvesting closures in the region. Significant correlations between D. acuta abundance and that of Mesodinium rubrum were also observed across the cruise transect potentially supporting bloom formation of the mixotrophic D. acuta. Significant spatial variability in phytoplankton that was related to physical characteristics of the water column was observed, with a temperature-driven frontal region at the mouth of Loch Fyne being important in the development of the D. acuta, but not the Chaetoceros bloom. The front also provided important protection to the aquaculture located within the loch, with neither of the blooms encroaching within it. Analysis based on a particle-tracking model confirms the importance of the front to cell transport and shows significant inter-annual differences in advection within the region, that are important to the harmful algal bloom risk therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth F Paterson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Sharon McNeill
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Elaine Mitchell
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Thomas Adams
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah C Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Dave Clarke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, H91 R673, Ireland.
| | - Peter I Miller
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom.
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, United Kingdom.
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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14
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Herfort L, Maxey K, Voorhees I, Simon HM, Grobler K, Peterson TD, Zuber P. Use of Highly Specific Molecular Markers Reveals Positive Correlation between Abundances of
Mesodinium
cf.
major
and Its Preferred Prey,
Teleaulax amphioxeia,
During Red Water Blooms in the Columbia River Estuary. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:740-755. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Herfort
- NSF Science & Technology Center for Coastal Margin Observation & Prediction (CMOP) and Institute of Environmental Health Oregon Health & Science University 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road Portland Oregon 97239 USA
| | - Katie Maxey
- NSF Science & Technology Center for Coastal Margin Observation & Prediction (CMOP) and Institute of Environmental Health Oregon Health & Science University 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road Portland Oregon 97239 USA
| | - Ian Voorhees
- NSF Science & Technology Center for Coastal Margin Observation & Prediction (CMOP) and Institute of Environmental Health Oregon Health & Science University 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road Portland Oregon 97239 USA
| | - Holly M. Simon
- NSF Science & Technology Center for Coastal Margin Observation & Prediction (CMOP) and Institute of Environmental Health Oregon Health & Science University 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road Portland Oregon 97239 USA
| | - Kolette Grobler
- Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources (MFMR) Lüderitz PO Box 394 Shark Island Namibia
| | - Tawnya D. Peterson
- NSF Science & Technology Center for Coastal Margin Observation & Prediction (CMOP) and Institute of Environmental Health Oregon Health & Science University 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road Portland Oregon 97239 USA
| | - Peter Zuber
- NSF Science & Technology Center for Coastal Margin Observation & Prediction (CMOP) and Institute of Environmental Health Oregon Health & Science University 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road Portland Oregon 97239 USA
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15
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Johnson MD, Beaudoin DJ, Laza-Martinez A, Dyhrman ST, Fensin E, Lin S, Merculief A, Nagai S, Pompeu M, Setälä O, Stoecker DK. The Genetic Diversity of Mesodinium and Associated Cryptophytes. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2017. [PMID: 28066344 PMCID: PMC5168500 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliates from the genus Mesodinium are globally distributed in marine and freshwater ecosystems and may possess either heterotrophic or mixotrophic nutritional modes. Members of the Mesodinium major/rubrum species complex photosynthesize by sequestering and maintaining organelles from cryptophyte prey, and under certain conditions form periodic or recurrent blooms (= red tides). Here, we present an analysis of the genetic diversity of Mesodinium and cryptophyte populations from 10 environmental samples (eight globally dispersed habitats including five Mesodinium blooms), using group-specific primers for Mesodinium partial 18S, ITS, and partial 28S rRNA genes as well as cryptophyte large subunit RuBisCO genes (rbcL). In addition, 22 new cryptophyte and four new M. rubrum cultures were used to extract DNA and sequence rbcL and 18S-ITS-28S genes, respectively, in order to provide a stronger phylogenetic context for our environmental sequences. Bloom samples were analyzed from coastal Brazil, Chile, two Northeastern locations in the United States, and the Pribilof Islands within the Bering Sea. Additionally, samples were also analyzed from the Baltic and Barents Seas and coastal California under non-bloom conditions. Most blooms were dominated by a single Mesodinium genotype, with coastal Brazil and Chile blooms composed of M. major and the Eastern USA blooms dominated by M. rubrum variant B. Sequences from all four blooms were dominated by Teleaulax amphioxeia-like cryptophytes. Non-bloom communities revealed more diverse assemblages of Mesodinium spp., including heterotrophic species and the mixotrophic Mesodinium chamaeleon. Similarly, cryptophyte diversity was also higher in non-bloom samples. Our results confirm that Mesodinium blooms may be caused by M. major, as well as multiple variants of M. rubrum, and further implicate T. amphioxeia as the key cryptophyte species linked to these phenomena in temperate and subtropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Johnson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA, USA
| | - David J Beaudoin
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA, USA
| | - Aitor Laza-Martinez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country Leioa, Spain
| | - Sonya T Dyhrman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades NY, USA
| | | | - Senjie Lin
- Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton CT, USA
| | - Aaron Merculief
- IGAP Coordinator, St. George Traditional Council, St. George Island AK, USA
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mayza Pompeu
- Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico da USP, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Outi Setälä
- SYKE Marine Research Centre Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diane K Stoecker
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge MD, USA
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16
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Hu YOO, Karlson B, Charvet S, Andersson AF. Diversity of Pico- to Mesoplankton along the 2000 km Salinity Gradient of the Baltic Sea. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:679. [PMID: 27242706 PMCID: PMC4864665 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial plankton form the productive base of both marine and freshwater ecosystems and are key drivers of global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients. Plankton diversity is immense with representations from all major phyla within the three domains of life. So far, plankton monitoring has mainly been based on microscopic identification, which has limited sensitivity and reproducibility, not least because of the numerical majority of plankton being unidentifiable under the light microscope. High-throughput sequencing of taxonomic marker genes offers a means to identify taxa inaccessible by traditional methods; thus, recent studies have unveiled an extensive previously unknown diversity of plankton. Here, we conducted ultra-deep Illumina sequencing (average 105 sequences/sample) of rRNA gene amplicons of surface water eukaryotic and bacterial plankton communities sampled in summer along a 2000 km transect following the salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea. Community composition was strongly correlated with salinity for both bacterial and eukaryotic plankton assemblages, highlighting the importance of salinity for structuring the biodiversity within this ecosystem. In contrast, no clear trends in alpha-diversity for bacterial or eukaryotic communities could be detected along the transect. The distribution of major planktonic taxa followed expected patterns as observed in monitoring programs, but groups novel to the Baltic Sea were also identified, such as relatives to the coccolithophore Emiliana huxleyi detected in the northern Baltic Sea. This study provides the first ultra-deep sequencing-based survey on eukaryotic and bacterial plankton biogeography in the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue O O Hu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Karlson
- Oceanography, Research & Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sophie Charvet
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde Rostock, Germany
| | - Anders F Andersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Ojamäe K, Hansen PJ, Lips I. Mass entrapment and lysis of Mesodinium rubrum cells in mucus threads observed in cultures with Dinophysis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 55:77-84. [PMID: 28073549 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The entrapment and death of the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum in the mucus threads in cultures with Dinophysis is described and quantified. Feeding experiments with different concentrations and predator-prey ratios of Dinophysis acuta, Dinophysis acuminata and M. rubrum to study the motility loss and aggregate formation of the ciliates and the feeding behaviour of Dinophysis were carried out. In cultures of either Dinophysis species, the ciliates became entrapped in the mucus, which led to the formation of immobile aggregates of M. rubrum and subsequent cell lysis. The proportion of entrapped ciliates was influenced by the concentration of Dinophysis and the ratio of predator and prey in the cultures. At high cell concentrations of prey (136 cells mL-1) and predator (100 cells mL-1), a maximum of 17% of M. rubrum cells became immobile and went through cell lysis. Ciliates were observed trapped in the mucus even when a single D. acuminata cell was present in a 3.4mL growth medium. Both Dinophysis species were able to detect immobile or partly immobile ciliates at a distance and circled around the prey prior to the capture with a stretched out peduncle. Relatively high entrapment and lysis of M. rubrum cells in the mucus threads indicates that under certain conditions Dinophysis might have a considerable impact on the population of M. rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ojamäe
- Marine Systems Institute, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia rd. 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - P J Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - I Lips
- Marine Systems Institute, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia rd. 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
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18
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Hu YOO, Karlson B, Charvet S, Andersson AF. Diversity of Pico- to Mesoplankton along the 2000 km Salinity Gradient of the Baltic Sea. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:679. [PMID: 27242706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial plankton form the productive base of both marine and freshwater ecosystems and are key drivers of global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients. Plankton diversity is immense with representations from all major phyla within the three domains of life. So far, plankton monitoring has mainly been based on microscopic identification, which has limited sensitivity and reproducibility, not least because of the numerical majority of plankton being unidentifiable under the light microscope. High-throughput sequencing of taxonomic marker genes offers a means to identify taxa inaccessible by traditional methods; thus, recent studies have unveiled an extensive previously unknown diversity of plankton. Here, we conducted ultra-deep Illumina sequencing (average 10(5) sequences/sample) of rRNA gene amplicons of surface water eukaryotic and bacterial plankton communities sampled in summer along a 2000 km transect following the salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea. Community composition was strongly correlated with salinity for both bacterial and eukaryotic plankton assemblages, highlighting the importance of salinity for structuring the biodiversity within this ecosystem. In contrast, no clear trends in alpha-diversity for bacterial or eukaryotic communities could be detected along the transect. The distribution of major planktonic taxa followed expected patterns as observed in monitoring programs, but groups novel to the Baltic Sea were also identified, such as relatives to the coccolithophore Emiliana huxleyi detected in the northern Baltic Sea. This study provides the first ultra-deep sequencing-based survey on eukaryotic and bacterial plankton biogeography in the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue O O Hu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Karlson
- Oceanography, Research & Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sophie Charvet
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde Rostock, Germany
| | - Anders F Andersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Space station image captures a red tide ciliate bloom at high spectral and spatial resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14783-7. [PMID: 26627232 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512538112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesodinium rubrum is a globally distributed nontoxic ciliate that is known to produce intense red-colored blooms using enslaved chloroplasts from its algal prey. Although frequent enough to have been observed by Darwin, blooms of M. rubrum are notoriously difficult to quantify because M. rubrum can aggregate into massive clouds of rusty-red water in a very short time due to its high growth rates and rapid swimming behavior and can disaggregate just as quickly by vertical or horizontal dispersion. A September 2012 hyperspectral image from the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean sensor aboard the International Space Station captured a dense red tide of M. rubrum (10(6) cells per liter) in surface waters of western Long Island Sound. Genetic data confirmed the identity of the chloroplast as a cryptophyte that was actively photosynthesizing. Microscopy indicated extremely high abundance of its yellow fluorescing signature pigment phycoerythrin. Spectral absorption and fluorescence features were related to ancillary photosynthetic pigments unique to this organism that cannot be observed with traditional satellites. Cell abundance was estimated at a resolution of 100 m using an algorithm based on the distinctive yellow fluorescence of phycoerythrin. Future development of hyperspectral satellites will allow for better enumeration of bloom-forming coastal plankton, the associated physical mechanisms, and contributions to marine productivity.
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Tong M, Smith JL, Kulis DM, Anderson DM. Role of dissolved nitrate and phosphate in isolates of Mesodinium rubrum and toxin-producing Dinophysis acuminata. AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2015; 75:169-185. [PMID: 27721571 PMCID: PMC5055077 DOI: 10.3354/ame01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuminata, a producer of toxins associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and/or pectenotoxins (PTXs), is a mixotrophic species that requires both ciliate prey and light for growth. Linkages have been described in the literature between natural abundances of the predator Dinophysis and its prey, Mesodinium rubrum, and culture experiments have demonstrated that prey, in addition to light, is required for toxin production by Dinophysis acuminata; together these suggest Mesodinium is a critical component for Dinophysis growth and toxicity. However, little is known about the role of dissolved inorganic nutrients on Mesodinium growth or that of toxin-producing Dinophysis. Accordingly, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the possible uptake of dissolved nitrate and phosphate by 1) Dinophysis starved of prey, 2) Dinophysis feeding on Mesodinium rubrum, and 3) M. rubrum grown in nutritionally-modified media. All single-clone or mixed cultures were monitored for dissolved and particulate nutrient levels over the growth cycle, as well as growth rate, biomass, and toxin production when appropriate. D. acuminata did not utilize dissolved nitrate or phosphate in the medium under any nutrient regime tested, i.e., nutrient-enriched and nutrient-reduced, in the absence or presence of prey, or during any growth phase monitored, i.e., exponential and plateau phases. Changes in particulate phosphorus and nitrogen in D. acuminata, were instead, strongly influenced by the consumption of M. rubrum prey, and these levels quickly stabilized once prey were no longer available. M. rubrum, on the other hand, rapidly assimilated dissolved nitrate and phosphate into its particulate nutrient fraction, with maximum uptake rates of 1.38 pmol N/cell/day and 1.63 pmol P/cell/day. While D. acuminata did not benefit directly from the dissolved nitrate and phosphate, its growth (0.37±0.01 day-1) and toxin production rates for okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) or pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), 0.1, 0.9 and 2.6 pg /cell/day, respectively, were directly coupled to prey availability. These results suggest that while dissolved nitrate and phosphate do not have a direct effect on toxin production or retention by D. acuminata, these nutrient pools contribute to prey growth and biomass, thereby indirectly influencing D. acuminata blooms and overall toxin in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - David M Kulis
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Hattenrath-Lehmann TK, Marcoval MA, Mittlesdorf H, Goleski JA, Wang Z, Haynes B, Morton SL, Gobler CJ. Nitrogenous nutrients promote the growth and toxicity of Dinophysis acuminata during estuarine bloom events. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124148. [PMID: 25894567 PMCID: PMC4403995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a globally significant human health syndrome most commonly caused by dinoflagellates within the genus Dinophysis. While blooms of harmful algae have frequently been linked to excessive nutrient loading, Dinophysis is a mixotrophic alga whose growth is typically associated with prey availability. Consequently, field studies of Dinophysis and nutrients have been rare. Here, the temporal dynamics of Dinophysis acuminata blooms, DSP toxins, and nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, silicate, organic compounds) were examined over four years within two New York estuaries (Meetinghouse Creek and Northport Bay). Further, changes in the abundance and toxicity of D. acuminata were assessed during a series of nutrient amendment experiments performed over a three year period. During the study, Dinophysis acuminata blooms exceeding one million cells L-1 were observed in both estuaries. Highly significant (p<0.001) forward stepwise multivariate regression models of ecosystem observations demonstrated that D. acuminata abundances were positively dependent on multiple environmental parameters including ammonium (p = 0.007) while cellular toxin content was positively dependent on ammonium (p = 0.002) but negatively dependent on nitrate (p<0.001). Nitrogen- (N) and phosphorus- (P) containing inorganic and organic nutrients significantly enhanced D. acuminata densities in nearly all (13 of 14) experiments performed. Ammonium significantly increased cell densities in 10 of 11 experiments, while glutamine significantly enhanced cellular DSP content in 4 of 5 experiments examining this compound. Nutrients may have directly or indirectly enhanced D. acuminata abundances as densities of this mixotroph during experiments were significantly correlated with multiple members of the planktonic community (phytoflagellates and Mesodinium). Collectively, this study demonstrates that nutrient loading and more specifically N-loading promotes the growth and toxicity of D. acuminata populations in coastal zones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria A. Marcoval
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, New York, United States of America
- Estación Costera “J.J. Nágera”, Departamento de Ciencias Marinas (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata; & Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Heidi Mittlesdorf
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Goleski
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhihong Wang
- NOAA-National Ocean Service, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bennie Haynes
- NOAA-National Ocean Service, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steve L. Morton
- NOAA-National Ocean Service, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Gobler
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Franzè G, Lavrentyev PJ. Microzooplankton growth rates examined across a temperature gradient in the Barents Sea. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86429. [PMID: 24475119 PMCID: PMC3901709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth rates (µ) of abundant microzooplankton species were examined in field experiments conducted at ambient sea temperatures (−1.8–9.0°C) in the Barents Sea and adjacent waters (70–78.5°N). The maximum species-specific µ of ciliates and athecate dinoflagellates (0.33–1.67 d−1 and 0.52–1.14 d−1, respectively) occurred at temperatures below 5°C and exceeded the µmax predicted by previously published, laboratory culture-derived equations. The opposite trend was found for thecate dinoflagellates, which grew faster in the warmer Atlantic Ocean water. Mixotrophic ciliates and dinoflagellates grew faster than their heterotrophic counterparts. At sub-zero temperatures, microzooplankton µmax matched those predicted for phytoplankton by temperature-dependent growth equations. These results indicate that microzooplankton protists may be as adapted to extreme Arctic conditions as their algal prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayantonia Franzè
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Lavrentyev
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Climate variability and oceanographic settings associated with interannual variability in the initiation of Dinophysis acuminata blooms. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2964-81. [PMID: 23959151 PMCID: PMC3766876 DOI: 10.3390/md11082964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, there were exceptional blooms of D. acuminata in early spring in what appeared to be a mesoscale event affecting Western Iberia and the Bay of Biscay. The objective of this work was to identify common climatic patterns to explain the observed anomalies in two important aquaculture sites, the Galician Rías Baixas (NW Spain) and Arcachon Bay (SW France). Here, we examine climate variability through physical-biological couplings, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies and time of initiation of the upwelling season and its intensity over several decades. In 2012, the mesoscale features common to the two sites were positive anomalies in SST and unusual wind patterns. These led to an atypical predominance of upwelling in winter in the Galician Rías, and increased haline stratification associated with a southward advection of the Gironde plume in Arcachon Bay. Both scenarios promoted an early phytoplankton growth season and increased stability that enhanced D. acuminata growth. Therefore, a common climate anomaly caused exceptional blooms of D. acuminata in two distant regions through different triggering mechanisms. These results increase our capability to predict intense diarrhetic shellfish poisoning outbreaks in the early spring from observations in the preceding winter.
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Kim M, Nam SW, Shin W, Coats DW, Park MG. DINOPHYSIS CAUDATA (DINOPHYCEAE) SEQUESTERS AND RETAINS PLASTIDS FROM THE MIXOTROPHIC CILIATE PREY MESODINIUM RUBRUM(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2012; 48:569-79. [PMID: 27011072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
"Phototrophic"Dinophysis Ehrenberg species are well known to have chloroplasts of a cryptophyte origin, more specifically of the cryptophyte genus complex Teleaulax/Geminigera. Nonetheless, whether chloroplasts of "phototrophic"Dinophysis are permanent plastids or periodically derived kleptoplastids (stolen chloroplasts) has not been confirmed. Indeed, molecular sequence data and ultrastructural data lead to contradictory interpretations about the status of Dinophysis plastids. Here, we used established cultures of D. caudata strain DC-LOHABE01 and M. rubrum strain MR-MAL01 to address the status of Dinophysis plastids. Our approach was to experimentally generate D. caudata with "green" plastids and then follow the ingestion and fate of "reddish-brown" prey plastids using light microscopy, time-lapse videography, and single-cell TEM. Our results for D. caudata resolve the apparent discrepancy between morphological and molecular data by showing that plastids acquired when feeding on M. rubrum are structurally modified and retained as stellate compound chloroplasts characteristic of Dinophysis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miran Kim
- LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 306-764, KoreaSmithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, USALOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Seung Won Nam
- LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 306-764, KoreaSmithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, USALOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Woongghi Shin
- LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 306-764, KoreaSmithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, USALOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - D Wayne Coats
- LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 306-764, KoreaSmithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, USALOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Myung Gil Park
- LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 306-764, KoreaSmithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, USALOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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