1
|
Leonard JC, Harding M, Cook LJ, Leonard JR, Adelgais KM, Ahmad FA, Browne LR, Burger RK, Chaudhari PP, Corwin DJ, Glomb NW, Lee LK, Owusu-Ansah S, Riney LC, Rogers AJ, Rubalcava DM, Sapien RE, Szadkowski MA, Tzimenatos L, Ward CE, Yen K, Kuppermann N. PECARN prediction rule for cervical spine imaging of children presenting to the emergency department with blunt trauma: a multicentre prospective observational study. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2024; 8:482-490. [PMID: 38843852 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(24)00104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical spine injuries in children are uncommon but potentially devastating; however, indiscriminate neck imaging after trauma unnecessarily exposes children to ionising radiation. The aim of this study was to derive and validate a paediatric clinical prediction rule that can be incorporated into an algorithm to guide radiographic screening for cervical spine injury among children in the emergency department. METHODS In this prospective observational cohort study, we screened children aged 0-17 years presenting with known or suspected blunt trauma at 18 specialised children's emergency departments in hospitals in the USA affiliated with the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). Injured children were eligible for enrolment into derivation or validation cohorts by fulfilling one of the following criteria: transported from the scene of injury to the emergency department by emergency medical services; evaluated by a trauma team; and undergone neck imaging for concern for cervical spine injury either at or before arriving at the PECARN-affiliated emergency department. Children presenting with solely penetrating trauma were excluded. Before viewing an enrolled child's neck imaging results, the attending emergency department clinician completed a clinical examination and prospectively documented cervical spine injury risk factors in an electronic questionnaire. Cervical spine injuries were determined by imaging reports and telephone follow-up with guardians within 21-28 days of the emergency room encounter, and cervical spine injury was confirmed by a paediatric neurosurgeon. Factors associated with a high risk of cervical spine injury (>10%) were identified by bivariable Poisson regression with robust error estimates, and factors associated with non-negligible risk were identified by classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. Variables were combined in the cervical spine injury prediction rule. The primary outcome of interest was cervical spine injury within 28 days of initial trauma warranting inpatient observation or surgical intervention. Rule performance measures were calculated for both derivation and validation cohorts. A clinical care algorithm for determining which risk factors warrant radiographic screening for cervical spine injury after blunt trauma was applied to the study population to estimate the potential effect on reducing CT and x-ray use in the paediatric emergency department. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05049330. FINDINGS Nine emergency departments participated in the derivation cohort, and nine participated in the validation cohort. In total, 22 430 children presenting with known or suspected blunt trauma were enrolled (11 857 children in the derivation cohort; 10 573 in the validation cohort). 433 (1·9%) of the total population had confirmed cervical spine injuries. The following factors were associated with a high risk of cervical spine injury: altered mental status (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score of 3-8 or unresponsive on the Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive scale [AVPU] of consciousness); abnormal airway, breathing, or circulation findings; and focal neurological deficits including paresthesia, numbness, or weakness. Of 928 in the derivation cohort presenting with at least one of these risk factors, 118 (12·7%) had cervical spine injury (risk ratio 8·9 [95% CI 7·1-11·2]). The following factors were associated with non-negligible risk of cervical spine injury by CART analysis: neck pain; altered mental status (GCS score of 9-14; verbal or pain on the AVPU; or other signs of altered mental status); substantial head injury; substantial torso injury; and midline neck tenderness. The high-risk and CART-derived factors combined and applied to the validation cohort performed with 94·3% (95% CI 90·7-97·9) sensitivity, 60·4% (59·4-61·3) specificity, and 99·9% (99·8-100·0) negative predictive value. Had the algorithm been applied to all participants to guide the use of imaging, we estimated the number of children having CT might have decreased from 3856 (17·2%) to 1549 (6·9%) of 22 430 children without increasing the number of children getting plain x-rays. INTERPRETATION Incorporated into a clinical algorithm, the cervical spine injury prediction rule showed strong potential for aiding clinicians in determining which children arriving in the emergency department after blunt trauma should undergo radiographic neck imaging for potential cervical spine injury. Implementation of the clinical algorithm could decrease use of unnecessary radiographic testing in the emergency department and eliminate high-risk radiation exposure. Future work should validate the prediction rule and care algorithm in more general settings such as community emergency departments. FUNDING The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Health Resources and Services Administration of the US Department of Health and Human Services in the Maternal and Child Health Bureau under the Emergency Medical Services for Children programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Leonard
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Monica Harding
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lawrence J Cook
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Leonard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen M Adelgais
- Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Children's Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Fahd A Ahmad
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lorin R Browne
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca K Burger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pradip P Chaudhari
- Division of Emergency and Transport Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Corwin
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicolaus W Glomb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of California, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lois K Lee
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylvia Owusu-Ansah
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren C Riney
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alexander J Rogers
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, CS Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel M Rubalcava
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert E Sapien
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew A Szadkowski
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Leah Tzimenatos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Caleb E Ward
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenneth Yen
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nathan Kuppermann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marin JR, Lyons TW, Claudius I, Fallat ME, Aquino M, Ruttan T, Daugherty RJ. Optimizing Advanced Imaging of the Pediatric Patient in the Emergency Department: Technical Report. Pediatrics 2024; 154:e2024066855. [PMID: 38932719 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2024-066855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced diagnostic imaging modalities, including ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, are key components in the evaluation and management of pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department. Advances in imaging technology have led to the availability of faster and more accurate tools to improve patient care. Notwithstanding these advances, it is important for physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners to understand the risks and limitations associated with advanced imaging in children and to limit imaging studies that are considered low value, when possible. This technical report provides a summary of imaging strategies for specific conditions where advanced imaging is commonly considered in the emergency department. As an accompaniment to the policy statement, this document provides resources and strategies to optimize advanced imaging, including clinical decision support mechanisms, teleradiology, shared decision-making, and rationale for deferred imaging for patients who will be transferred for definitive care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Marin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, & Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Todd W Lyons
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ilene Claudius
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Mary E Fallat
- The Hiram C. Polk, Jr Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Michael Aquino
- Cleveland Clinic Imaging Institute, and Section of Pediatric Imaging, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western University, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Timothy Ruttan
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin; US Acute Care Solutions, Canton, Ohio
| | - Reza J Daugherty
- Departments of Radiology and Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, UVA Health/UVA Children's, Charlottesville, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marin JR, Lyons TW, Claudius I, Fallat ME, Aquino M, Ruttan T, Daugherty RJ. Optimizing Advanced Imaging of the Pediatric Patient in the Emergency Department: Technical Report. J Am Coll Radiol 2024; 21:e37-e69. [PMID: 38944445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Advanced diagnostic imaging modalities, including ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are key components in the evaluation and management of pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department. Advances in imaging technology have led to the availability of faster and more accurate tools to improve patient care. Notwithstanding these advances, it is important for physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners to understand the risks and limitations associated with advanced imaging in children and to limit imaging studies that are considered low value, when possible. This technical report provides a summary of imaging strategies for specific conditions where advanced imaging is commonly considered in the emergency department. As an accompaniment to the policy statement, this document provides resources and strategies to optimize advanced imaging, including clinical decision support mechanisms, teleradiology, shared decision-making, and rationale for deferred imaging for patients who will be transferred for definitive care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Marin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, & Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Todd W Lyons
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ilene Claudius
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Mary E Fallat
- The Hiram C. Polk, Jr Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Michael Aquino
- Cleveland Clinic Imaging Institute, and Section of Pediatric Imaging, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western University, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Timothy Ruttan
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin; US Acute Care Solutions, Canton, Ohio
| | - Reza J Daugherty
- Departments of Radiology and Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, UVA Health/UVA Children's, Charlottesville, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tavender E, Eapen N, Wang J, Rausa VC, Babl FE, Phillips N. Triage tools for detecting cervical spine injury in paediatric trauma patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 3:CD011686. [PMID: 38517085 PMCID: PMC10958760 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011686.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric cervical spine injury (CSI) after blunt trauma is rare but can have severe consequences. Clinical decision rules (CDRs) have been developed to guide clinical decision-making, minimise unnecessary tests and associated risks, whilst detecting all significant CSIs. Several validated CDRs are used to guide imaging decision-making in adults following blunt trauma and clinical criteria have been proposed as possible paediatric-specific CDRs. Little information is known about their accuracy. OBJECTIVES To assess and compare the diagnostic accuracy of CDRs or sets of clinical criteria, alone or in comparison with each other, for the evaluation of CSI following blunt trauma in children. SEARCH METHODS For this update, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and six other databases from 1 January 2015 to 13 December 2022. As we expanded the index test eligibility for this review update, we searched the excluded studies from the previous version of the review for eligibility. We contacted field experts to identify ongoing studies and studies potentially missed by the search. There were no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included cross-sectional or cohort designs (retrospective and prospective) and randomised controlled trials that compared the diagnostic accuracy of any CDR or clinical criteria compared with a reference standard for the evaluation of paediatric CSI following blunt trauma. We included studies evaluating one CDR or comparing two or more CDRs (directly and indirectly). We considered X-ray, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine, and clinical clearance/follow-up as adequate reference standards. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts for relevance, and carried out eligibility, data extraction and quality assessment. A third review author arbitrated. We extracted data on study design, participant characteristics, inclusion/exclusion criteria, index test, target condition, reference standard and data (diagnostic two-by-two tables) and calculated and plotted sensitivity and specificity on forest plots for visual examination of variation in test accuracy. We assessed methodological quality using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies Version 2 tool. We graded the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included five studies with 21,379 enrolled participants, published between 2001 and 2021. Prevalence of CSI ranged from 0.5% to 1.85%. Seven CDRs were evaluated. Three studies reported on direct comparisons of CDRs. One study (973 participants) directly compared the accuracy of three index tests with the sensitivities of NEXUS, Canadian C-Spine Rule and the PECARN retrospective criteria being 1.00 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48 to 1.00), 1.00 (95% CI 0.48 to 1.00) and 1.00 (95% CI 0.48 to 1.00), respectively. The specificities were 0.56 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.59), 0.52 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.55) and 0.32 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.35), respectively (moderate-certainty evidence). One study (4091 participants) compared the accuracy of the PECARN retrospective criteria with the Leonard de novo model; the sensitivities were 0.91 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.96) and 0.92 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.97), respectively. The specificities were 0.46 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.47) and 0.50 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.52) (moderate- and low-certainty evidence, respectively). One study (270 participants) compared the accuracy of two NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) head injury guidelines; the sensitivity of the CG56 guideline was 1.00 (95% CI 0.48 to 1.00) compared to 1.00 (95% CI 0.48 to 1.00) with the CG176 guideline. The specificities were 0.46 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.52) and 0.07 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.11), respectively (very low-certainty evidence). Two additional studies were indirect comparison studies. One study (3065 participants) tested the accuracy of the NEXUS criteria; the sensitivity was 1.00 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.00) and specificity was 0.20 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.21) (low-certainty evidence). One retrospective study (12,537 participants) evaluated the PEDSPINE criteria and found a sensitivity of 0.93 (95% CI 0.78 to 0.99) and specificity of 0.70 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.72) (very low-certainty evidence). We did not pool data within the broader CDR categories or investigate heterogeneity due to the small quantity of data and the clinical heterogeneity of studies. Two studies were at high risk of bias. We identified two studies that are awaiting classification pending further information and two ongoing studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to determine the diagnostic test accuracy of CDRs to detect CSIs in children following blunt trauma, particularly for children under eight years of age. Although most studies had a high sensitivity, this was often achieved at the expense of low specificity and should be interpreted with caution due to a small number of CSIs and wide CIs. Well-designed, large studies are required to evaluate the accuracy of CDRs for the cervical spine clearance in children following blunt trauma, ideally in direct comparison with each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Tavender
- Emergency Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Departments of Paediatrics and Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nitaa Eapen
- Emergency Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Vanessa C Rausa
- Emergency Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Franz E Babl
- Emergency Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Departments of Paediatrics and Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Emergency Department, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Natalie Phillips
- Emergency Department, Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Biomechanics and Spine Research Group, Centre for Children's Health Research, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hewes HA, Ravindra VM, Ryan S, Russell KW, Soisson S, Brockmeyer DL. The Fate of the Cervical Collar: An Observational Pilot Study Investigating Follow-up Care After Emergency Department Discharge in Children With Mild Traumatic Neck Injuries. Pediatr Emerg Care 2023; 39:274-278. [PMID: 35616540 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES After evaluation and treatment of minor traumatic cervical spine injury (CSI), many children are discharged home in a rigid cervical orthosis (RCO). This study investigated their adherence to RCO treatment recommendations. The feasibility of telehealth cervical spine clearance was also explored. METHODS This was a prospective observational study of children 3 to 18 years old with mild CSI evaluated at a level I pediatric trauma center from December 1, 2019, through July 31, 2021. Before emergency department discharge, patients received RCO use instructions and recommendation for follow-up with in-person neurosurgery clinic visit, neurosurgery telehealth visit, or in-person primary care provider visit. The family was responsible for arranging follow-up. Primary outcomes included compliance with follow-up and collar use. RESULTS Ninety-eight children (mean age, 11.3 ± 4.1 years) were included. Overall, follow-up contact was available for 51 patients (52%). At 1-week follow-up with 36 children, 64% were collar compliant, 13 had no pain (38% remained in RCO), 14 had mild pain without limitations, 8 had pain with some limitations, and 1 had significant pain. At 2-week follow-up with 31 children, 9 (29%) were collar compliant, 23 had no pain, 7 had mild pain without limitations, and 1 with significant persistent pain was found to have an odontoid fracture requiring C1-2 fusion. Patients/families often discontinued the use of the collar without follow-up (47%). Approximately half utilized a recommended clinical follow-up option for clearance, most often in neurosurgery clinic or using a neurosurgery telehealth visit. The mean time to follow-up was 11.34 ± 4.9 days (range, 3-25 days), and mean collar compliance lasted 9.8 ± 5.7 days (range, 1-25 days). No child experienced any short-term complications related to RCO use. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, a substantial portion of children with mild CSIs discharged from the emergency department with an RCO did not adhere to compliance or follow-up recommendations. Persistent pain requires further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Hewes
- From the Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | - Sydney Ryan
- From the Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Katie W Russell
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine
| | - Sean Soisson
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Douglas L Brockmeyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma B, Kolousek A, Lian B, Koganti D, Smith RN, Sola R. Cervical Spine Computed Tomography in Adolescent Blunt Trauma Patients: Are They Being Overutilized? J Surg Res 2023; 282:155-159. [PMID: 36279708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical spine computed tomography (CSCT) scans are used to evaluate cervical spine traumatic injuries; however, recent evidence demonstrates that adult trauma centers (ATCs) overutilize CSCT when evaluating adolescent patients. This leads to unnecessary radiation exposure. The aim of this study is to review a level 1 ATC's use of CSCT in the adolescent blunt trauma population. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted of a level 1 ATC's trauma database. Blunt trauma patients between the ages of 11 and 18 who receive a CSCT between January 2015 to December 2019 were included. The primary outcome was the prevalence of positive findings on CSCT scans. Data were analyzed using Fischer-Exact analysis and multivariate logistic regression where appropriate. RESULTS Three-hundred thirty-seven of 546 (61.7%) adolescent blunt trauma patients received CSCT. Of those, 68.2% (230) were male; the mean age was 16.6 ± 1.0 y old. Twenty-eight patients (8.3%) had a positive finding on CSCT. All patients with a positive CSCT failed the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization study (NEXUS) criteria while 123 patients (36.5%) with a negative CSCT met NEXUS criteria. CONCLUSIONS CSCT was overutilized in our trauma center. There is a low positive CSCT scan rate among adolescent patients, which aligns with the current literature. All patients with positive CSCT passed NEXUS criteria suggesting that a quality improvement project focusing on the use of the NEXUS criteria to assess the risk of cervical spine injury could potentially reduce the use of CSCT scans by nearly 40%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Sharma
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Brad Lian
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Deepika Koganti
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Randi N Smith
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richard Sola
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Atlanta, Georgia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wiitala EL, Parker JL, Jones JS, Benner CA. Comparison of Computed Tomography Use and Mortality in Severe Pediatric Blunt Trauma at Pediatric Level I Trauma Centers Versus Adult Level 1 and 2 or Pediatric Level 2 Trauma Centers. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022; 38:e138-e142. [PMID: 32658115 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Computed tomography (CT) is the criterion standard for identifying blunt trauma injuries in pediatric patients, but there are long-term risks of CT exposure. In pediatric blunt trauma, multiple studies have shown that increased CT usage does not necessarily equate to improvements in mortality. The aim of this study was to compare CT usage between level 1 pediatric trauma centers versus level 2 pediatric centers and adult level 1 and 2 centers. METHODS We performed a retrospective, multicenter analysis of National Trauma Data Bank patient records from the single admission year of 2015. Eligible subjects were defined as younger than 18 years with abdominal or thoracic blunt trauma, had an Injury Severity Scale score of greater than 15, and were treated at a level 1 or 2 trauma center. Data were then compared between children treated at level 1 pediatric trauma centers (PTC group) versus level 2 PTCs or adult level 1/2 trauma centers (ATC group). The primary outcomes measured were rates of head, thoracic, abdominal CT, and mortality. Data from ATC and PTC groups were propensity matched for age, sex, race, and Glasgow Coma Scale. RESULTS There were 6242 patients after exclusion criteria. Because of differences in patient demographics, we propensity matched 2 groups of 1395 patients. Of these patients, 39.6% of PTC patients received abdominal CT versus 45.5% of ATC patients (P = 0.0017). Similarly, 21.9% of PTC patients received thoracic CT versus 34.7% of ATC patients (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in head CT usage between PTC and ATC groups (P = 1.0000). There was no significant difference in mortality between patients treated in the PTC versus ATC groups (P = 0.1198). CONCLUSIONS Among children with severe blunt trauma, patients treated at level 1 PTCs were less likely to receive thoracic and abdominal CTs than those treated at level 2 pediatric or adult trauma level 1/2 centers, with no significant differences in mortality. These findings support the use of selective imaging in severe blunt pediatric trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L Wiitala
- From the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine
| | | | - Jeffrey S Jones
- From the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
McCollum N, Guse S. Neck Trauma: Cervical Spine, Seatbelt Sign, and Penetrating Palate Injuries. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2021; 39:573-588. [PMID: 34215403 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric cervical spine, blunt cerebrovascular, and penetrating palate injuries are rare but potentially life-threatening injuries that demand immediate stabilization and treatment. Balancing the risk of a missed injury with radiation exposure and the need for sedation is critical in evaluating children for these injuries. Unfortunately, effective clinical decision tools used in adult trauma cannot be uniformly applied to children. Careful risk stratification based on history, mechanism and examination is imperative to evaluate these injuries judiciously in the pediatric population. This article presents a review of the most up-to-date literature on pediatric neck trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichole McCollum
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Hospital, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Sabrina Guse
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Hospital, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA; George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I St NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Eren B, Karagoz Guzey F. Is spinal computed tomography necessary in pediatric trauma patients? Pediatr Int 2020; 62:29-35. [PMID: 31765499 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the prevalence of findings of spinal injury on computed tomography (CT) images of pediatric trauma patients and to define indicators for the possible presence of spinal injuries. METHODS Spinal CT for pediatric trauma patients (age ≤ 12 years) over a 2-year period was retrospectively evaluated for the presence of findings suggestive of spinal injury. RESULTS Of the 773 patients reviewed, 19 (2.4%) showed traumatic spinal lesions on their spinal CT images. These patients were significantly older than those without spinal lesions (mean age 7.9 ± 3.3 years vs 6.1 ± 3.3 years; P = 0.02). The prevalence of spinal trauma was significantly lower in patients aged 0-8 years than in those aged 9-12 years (P = 0.025). Spinal injury was significantly higher in female patients (P = 0.014). Most of the spinal injuries were located at the lumbar and sacral vertebral levels, and most did not cause neurological complications or require surgical treatment. Important indicators of the possible presence of spinal injuries were pain, tenderness, or ecchymosis over the spine, a low Glasgow Coma Scale score (≤12), head injury (for cervical injuries), or intrathoracic injuries and pelvic fractures (for lumbar and sacral injuries). CONCLUSIONS Most spinal CT examinations for the diagnosis of spinal injuries in children did not show positive findings. Thus, many children were exposed to an unnecessary high dose of radiation. New clinical evaluation criteria and indicators should be defined to diagnose spinal injuries and avoid unnecessary radiological examinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burak Eren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feyza Karagoz Guzey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leonard JC, Browne LR, Ahmad FA, Schwartz H, Wallendorf M, Leonard JR, Lerner EB, Kuppermann N. Cervical Spine Injury Risk Factors in Children With Blunt Trauma. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2018-3221. [PMID: 31221898 PMCID: PMC6615532 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult prediction rules for cervical spine injury (CSI) exist; however, pediatric rules do not. Our objectives were to determine test accuracies of retrospectively identified CSI risk factors in a prospective pediatric cohort and compare them to a de novo risk model. METHODS We conducted a 4-center, prospective observational study of children 0 to 17 years old who experienced blunt trauma and underwent emergency medical services scene response, trauma evaluation, and/or cervical imaging. Emergency department providers recorded CSI risk factors. CSIs were classified by reviewing imaging, consultations, and/or telephone follow-up. We calculated bivariable relative risks, multivariable odds ratios, and test characteristics for the retrospective risk model and a de novo model. RESULTS Of 4091 enrolled children, 74 (1.8%) had CSIs. Fourteen factors had bivariable associations with CSIs: diving, axial load, clotheslining, loss of consciousness, neck pain, inability to move neck, altered mental status, signs of basilar skull fracture, torso injury, thoracic injury, intubation, respiratory distress, decreased oxygen saturation, and neurologic deficits. The retrospective model (high-risk motor vehicle crash, diving, predisposing condition, neck pain, decreased neck mobility (report or exam), altered mental status, neurologic deficits, or torso injury) was 90.5% (95% confidence interval: 83.9%-97.2%) sensitive and 45.6% (44.0%-47.1%) specific for CSIs. The de novo model (diving, axial load, neck pain, inability to move neck, altered mental status, intubation, or respiratory distress) was 92.0% (85.7%-98.1%) sensitive and 50.3% (48.7%-51.8%) specific. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support previously identified pediatric CSI risk factors and prospective pediatric CSI prediction rule development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorin R. Browne
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine,
Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Hamilton Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital Medical Center and College of Medicine, University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Michael Wallendorf
- Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Washington
University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey R. Leonard
- Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital
and College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - E. Brooke Lerner
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine,
Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nathan Kuppermann
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics,
School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento,
California
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ishimine P, Adelgais K, Barata I, Klig J, Kou M, Mahajan P, Merritt C, Stoner MJ, Cloutier R, Mistry R, Denninghoff KR. Executive Summary: The 2018 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference: Aligning the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Research Agenda to Reduce Health Outcome Gaps. Acad Emerg Med 2018; 25:1317-1326. [PMID: 30461127 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emergency care providers share a compelling interest in developing an effective patient-centered, outcomes-based research agenda that can decrease variability in pediatric outcomes. The 2018 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference "Aligning the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Research Agenda to Reduce Health Outcome Gaps (AEMCC)" aimed to fulfill this role. This conference convened major thought leaders and stakeholders to introduce a research, scholarship, and innovation agenda for pediatric emergency care specifically to reduce health outcome gaps. Planning committee and conference participants included emergency physicians, pediatric emergency physicians, pediatricians, and researchers with expertise in research dissemination and translation, as well as comparative effectiveness, in collaboration with patients, patient and family advocates from national advocacy organizations, and trainees. Topics that were explored and deliberated through subcommittee breakout sessions led by content experts included 1) pediatric emergency medical services research, 2) pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) research network collaboration, 3) PEM education for emergency medicine providers, 4) workforce development for PEM, and 5) enhancing collaboration across emergency departments (PEM practice in non-children's hospitals). The work product of this conference is a research agenda that aims to identify areas of future research, innovation, and scholarship in PEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ishimine
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics University of California at San Diego School of Medicine San Diego CA
| | - Kathleen Adelgais
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO
| | - Isabel Barata
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Hempstead NY
| | - Jean Klig
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Maybelle Kou
- Department of Emergency Medicine George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington DC
| | - Prashant Mahajan
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MI
| | - Chris Merritt
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence RI
| | - Michael J. Stoner
- Department of Pediatrics The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus OH
| | - Robert Cloutier
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR
| | - Rakesh Mistry
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO
| | - Kurt R. Denninghoff
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the resource utilization for children with common pediatric conditions treated in academic and nonacademic emergency departments (EDs). METHODS We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional descriptive study using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Data from 1995 to 2010 including children less than 18 years old with a diagnosis of asthma, bronchiolitis, croup, gastroenteritis, fever, febrile seizure, or afebrile seizure. Academic EDs (A-ED) were those with greater than 25% of patients seen by a trainee. For each condition, we reported the proportion of testing, medications, and disposition between A-ED and nonacademic EDs (NA-ED). RESULTS From 1995 to 2010, approximately 450,000,000 estimated pediatric visits are represented by the survey based on 122,811 actual visits. For most common conditions, testing and disposition were comparable; however, some variation was noted. Among patients with bronchiolitis, a higher proportion of patients was admitted and had radiographs in NA-EDs (18% vs 10% and 56% vs 45%, respectively). For children with croup, radiographs were performed more often at NA-EDs (27% vs 6%). Among those with febrile seizures, more lumbar punctures were performed in NA-EDs (14% vs 0%). In children with afebrile seizures, more head computed tomography scans were obtained at NA-EDs (34% vs 21%). CONCLUSION Among pediatric patients with croup, bronchiolitis, and febrile and afebrile seizure, higher resource utilization and admissions were observed in NA-EDs. These preliminary findings from a national survey require a more detailed investigation into the variation in care between A-ED and NA-ED settings.
Collapse
|
13
|
Indication of whole body computed tomography in pediatric polytrauma patients-Diagnostic potential of the Glasgow Coma Scale, the mechanism of injury and clinical examination. Eur J Radiol 2018; 105:32-40. [PMID: 30017296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic potential of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), the mechanism of injury (MOI) and clinical examination (CE) for the indication of whole body computed tomography (WBCT) in pediatric polytrauma patients. MATERIALS & METHODS 100 pediatric polytrauma patients with WBCT were analysed in terms of age, gender, (MOI), GCS, detected injury, FAST, CE and Injury Severity Score (ISS). Correlations between all clinical variables and patient groups with (p+) and without (p-) injury were assessed. RESULTS Mean age was 9.13 ± 4.4 years (28% female patients). Injury was detected in 71% of the patients, most commonly of the head (43%). There was no significant correlation between type or severity of MOI and ISS (p > 0.1). None of the clinical variables had a significant predictive effect on p+. The optimum discrimination threshold of GCS was at 12.5 relating to craniocerebral injuries. Severity of MOI and FAST showed best predictive effects on thoracic and abdominal pathologies, respectively, but with only low sensitivities (<20%). CONCLUSION There is no clinical variable, which can be used as sole indication for WBCT in pediatric polytrauma patients. GCS had a significant predictive value for craniocerbral injuries and CCT is recommended at GCS ≤ 13.
Collapse
|
14
|
Saul D, Dresing K. Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in pediatric and adolescent patients. Pediatr Rep 2018; 10:7232. [PMID: 29721244 PMCID: PMC5907726 DOI: 10.4081/pr.2018.7232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal injuries in children and adolescents are rare injuries, but consequences for the growing skeleton can be devastating. Knowledge of accident causes, clinical symptoms and diagnostics should be part of every trauma department treating these patients. We retrospectively analyzed patients with radiographically proven vertebral fractures of the spine. After clinical examination and tentative diagnosis the fractures and injuries were proven with conventional X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The study included 890 fractures in 546 patients with an average age of 12.8±6.2 (6.6-19.4) years. Females had an average age of 13.7±6.3 (7.4-20.0) years, whereas males were on average 12.0 (6.0-18.0) years old. Fall from height (58%) was the main cause of accident and the most common region of fracture was the thoracolumbar spine with a shift towards the thoracic spine the more fractures occurred. Merely 3.7% of all patients required operative treatment. If a vertebral fracture is found in children and adolescents, it is highly recommended to exclude synchronous additional spine fractures in other levels; prevention should concentrate on fall and traffic accidents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Saul
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg- August-University of Goettingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Slaar A, Fockens MM, Wang J, Maas M, Wilson DJ, Goslings JC, Schep NWL, van Rijn RR. Triage tools for detecting cervical spine injury in pediatric trauma patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 12:CD011686. [PMID: 29215711 PMCID: PMC6486014 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011686.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric cervical spine injury (CSI) after blunt trauma is rare. Nonetheless, missing these injuries can have severe consequences. To prevent the overuse of radiographic imaging, two clinical decision tools have been developed: The National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) criteria and the Canadian C-spine Rule (CCR). Both tools are proven to be accurate in deciding whether or not diagnostic imaging is needed in adults presenting for blunt trauma screening at the emergency department. However, little information is known about the accuracy of these triage tools in a pediatric population. OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the NEXUS criteria and the Canadian C-spine Rule in a pediatric population evaluated for CSI following blunt trauma. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases to 24 February 2015: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, MEDLINE Non-Indexed and In-Process Citations, PubMed, Embase, Science Citation Index, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Database, OpenGrey, ClinicalTrials.gov, World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, the Health Technology Assessment, and the Aggressive Research Intelligence Facility. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all retrospective and prospective studies involving children following blunt trauma that evaluated the accuracy of the NEXUS criteria, the Canadian C-spine Rule, or both. Plain radiography, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine, and follow-up were considered as adequate reference standards. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed the quality of included studies using the QUADAS-2 checklists. They extracted data on study design, patient characteristics, inclusion and exclusion criteria, clinical parameters, target condition, reference standard, and the diagnostic two-by-two table. We calculated and plotted sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value in ROC space, and constructed forest plots for visual examination of variation in test accuracy. MAIN RESULTS Three cohort studies were eligible for analysis, including 3380 patients ; 96 children were diagnosed with CSI. One study evaluated the accuracy of the Canadian C-spine Rule and the NEXUS criteria, and two studies evaluated the accuracy of the NEXUS criteria. The studies were of moderate quality. Due to the small number of included studies and the diverse outcomes of those studies, we could not describe a pooled estimate for the diagnostic test accuracy. The sensitivity of the NEXUS criteria of the individual studies was 0.57 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18 to 0.90), 0.98 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.00) and 1.00 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.00). The specificity of the NEXUS criteria was 0.35 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.45), 0.54 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.62) and 0.2 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.21). For the Canadian C-spine Rule the sensitivity was 0.86 (95% CI 0.42 to 1.00) and specificity was 0.15 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.23). Since the quantity of the data was small we were not able to investigate heterogeneity. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There are currently few studies assessing the diagnostic test accuracy of the NEXUS criteria and CCR in children. At the moment, there is not enough evidence to determine the accuracy of the Canadian C-spine Rule to detect CSI in pediatric trauma patients following blunt trauma. The confidence interval of the sensitivity of the NEXUS criteria between the individual studies showed a wide range, with a lower limit varying from 0.18 to 0.91 with a total of four false negative test results, meaning that if physicians use the NEXUS criteria in children, there is a chance of missing CSI. Since missing CSI could have severe consequences with the risk of significant morbidity, we consider that the NEXUS criteria are at best a guide to clinical assessment, with current evidence not supporting strict or protocolized adoption of the tool into pediatric trauma care. Moreover, we have to keep in mind that the sensitivity differs among several studies, and individual confidence intervals of these studies show a wide range. Our main conclusion is therefore that additional well-designed studies with large sample sizes are required to better evaluate the accuracy of the NEXUS criteria or the Canadian C-spine Rule, or both, in order to determine whether they are appropriate triage tools for the clearance of the cervical spine in children following blunt trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Slaar
- WestfriesgasthuisDepartment of RadiologyMaelsonstraat 3HoornNoord HollandNetherlands1624 NP
| | - M M Fockens
- University of AmsterdamAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Academic Medical CenterDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and BioinformaticsMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Mario Maas
- Academic Medical CenterDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of AmsterdamMeibergdreefAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - David J Wilson
- St Lukes HospitalDepartment of RadiologyLatimer RoadHeadingtonOxfordUKOX3 7PF
| | - J Carel Goslings
- Academic Medical CenterTrauma Unit, Department of SurgeryMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Niels WL Schep
- Academic Medical CenterDepartment of Surgery/Trauma UnitMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNetherlands1105AZ
| | - Rick R van Rijn
- Academic Medical Center AmsterdamDepartment of RadiologyMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hudgins JD, Monuteaux MC, Bourgeois FT, Nigrovic LE, Fine AM, Lee LK, Mannix R, Lipsett SC, Neuman MI. Complexity and Severity of Pediatric Patients Treated at United States Emergency Departments. J Pediatr 2017; 186:145-149.e1. [PMID: 28396022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the complexity and severity of presentation of children in general vs pediatric emergency departments (EDs). STUDY DESIGN We performed a cross-sectional study of pediatric ED visits using the National Emergency Department Sample from 2008 to 2012. We classified EDs as "pediatric" if >75% of patients were <18 years old; all other EDs were classified as "general." The presence of an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for a complex chronic condition was used as an indicator of patient complexity. Patient severity was evaluated with the severity classification system. In addition, rates of critical procedures and hospitalization were assessed. RESULTS We identified 9.6 million encounters to pediatric EDs and 169 million to general EDs. Younger children account for a greater proportion of visits at pediatric EDs than general EDs; children <1 year of age account for 18% of visits to a pediatric ED compared with 9% of visits to a general ED (P < .01). Encounters at pediatric EDs had greater complexity (5% vs 2%; P < .01). Although severity classification system scores did not significantly differ by ED type, pediatric EDs had greater rates of hospitalization (10% vs 4%). CONCLUSIONS Pediatric EDs provided care to a greater proportion of medically complex children than general EDs and had greater rates of hospitalization. This information may inform educational efforts in residency or postgraduate training to ensure high-quality care for children with complex health care needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Hudgins
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Michael C Monuteaux
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Florence T Bourgeois
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lise E Nigrovic
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew M Fine
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lois K Lee
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rebekah Mannix
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Susan C Lipsett
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark I Neuman
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The sensitivity and negative predictive value of a pediatric cervical spine clearance algorithm that minimizes computerized tomography. J Pediatr Surg 2017; 52:130-135. [PMID: 27908536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is crucial to identify cervical spine injuries while minimizing ionizing radiation. This study analyzes the sensitivity and negative predictive value of a pediatric cervical spine clearance algorithm. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of all children <21years old who were admitted following blunt trauma and underwent cervical spine clearance utilizing our institution's cervical spine clearance algorithm over a 10-year period. Age, gender, International Classification of Diseases 9th Edition diagnosis codes, presence or absence of cervical collar on arrival, Injury Severity Score, and type of cervical spine imaging obtained were extracted from the trauma registry and electronic medical record. Descriptive statistics were used and the sensitivity and negative predictive value of the algorithm were calculated. RESULTS Approximately 125,000 children were evaluated in the Emergency Department and 11,331 were admitted. Of the admitted children, 1023 patients arrived in a cervical collar without advanced cervical spine imaging and were evaluated using the cervical spine clearance algorithm. Algorithm sensitivity was 94.4% and the negative predictive value was 99.9%. There was one missed injury, a spinous process tip fracture in a teenager maintained in a collar. CONCLUSIONS Our algorithm was associated with a low missed injury rate and low CT utilization rate, even in children <3years old. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
Collapse
|
18
|
The use of whole body computed tomography scans in pediatric trauma patients: Are there differences among adults and pediatric centers? J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:649-53. [PMID: 26778841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Whole body CT (WBCT) scan is known to be associated with significant radiation risk especially in pediatric trauma patients. The aim of this study was to assess the use WBCT scan across trauma centers for the management of pediatric trauma patients. METHODS We performed a two year (2011-2012) retrospective analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank. Pediatric (age≤18years) trauma patients managed in level I or II adult or pediatric trauma centers with a head, neck, thoracic, or abdominal CT scan were included. WBCT scan was defined as CT scan of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen. Patients were stratified into two groups: patients managed in adult centers and patients managed in designated pediatric centers. Outcome measure was use of WBCT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 30,667 pediatric trauma patients were included of which; 38.3% (n=11,748) were managed in designated pediatric centers. 26.1% (n=8013) patients received a WBCT. The use of WBCT scan was significantly higher in adult trauma centers in comparison to pediatric centers (31.4% vs. 17.6%, p=0.001). There was no difference in mortality rate between the two groups (2.2% vs. 2.1%, p=0.37). After adjusting for all confounding factors, pediatric patients managed in adult centers were 1.8 times more likely to receive a WBCT compared to patients managed in pediatric centers (OR [95% CI]: 1.8 [1.3-2.1], p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Variability exists in the use of WBCT scan across trauma centers with no difference in patient outcomes. Pediatric patients managed in adult trauma centers were more likely to be managed with WBCT, increasing their risk for radiation without a difference in outcomes. Establishing guidelines for minimizing the use of WBCT across centers is warranted.
Collapse
|
19
|
Marin JR, Wang L, Winger DG, Mannix RC. Variation in Computed Tomography Imaging for Pediatric Injury-Related Emergency Visits. J Pediatr 2015; 167:897-904.e3. [PMID: 26233603 PMCID: PMC4881390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess variation in the use of computed tomography (CT) for pediatric injury-related emergency department (ED) visits. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study of visits to 14 network-affiliated EDs from November 2010 through February 2013. Visits were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. Primary outcome was CT use. We used descriptive statistics and performed multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association of patient and ED covariates on any and body region-specific CT use. RESULTS Of the 80 868 injury-related visits, 11.4% included CT, and 28.4% of those involved more than 1 CT. Across EDs, CT use ranged from 7.6% to 25.5% of visits and did not correlate with institutional Injury Severity Score (P = .33) or admission/transfer rates (P = .07). In multivariable analysis of nonpediatric EDs, trauma centers and nonacademic EDs were associated with CT use. Higher pediatric volume was associated with any CT use; however, there was an inverse relationship between volume and nonhead CT use. When the pediatric ED was included in multivariable modeling, the effect of level 1-3 trauma center designation remained, and the pediatric level 1 trauma center was less likely to use most body region-specific CTs. CONCLUSION There is wide variation in CT imaging for pediatric injury-related visits not attributable solely to case mix. Future work to optimize CT utilization should focus on additional factors contributing to imaging practices and interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Li Wang
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Daniel G Winger
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rebekah C Mannix
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study, in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI), to describe cervical spine imaging practice, to assess for recent changes in imaging practice, and to determine whether cervical spine computed tomography (CT) is being used in children at low risk for cervical spine injury. METHODS The setting was children's hospitals participating in the Pediatric Health Information System database, from January 2001 to June 2011. Participants were children (younger than 18 y) with TBI who were evaluated in the emergency department, admitted to the hospital, and received a head CT scan on the day of admission. The primary outcome measures were cervical spine imaging studies. This study was exempted from institutional review board assessment. RESULTS A total of 30,112 children met study criteria. Overall, 52% (15,687/30,112) received cervical spine imaging. The use of cervical spine radiographs alone decreased between 2001 (47%) and 2011 (23%), with an annual decrease of 2.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1%-3.3%), and was largely replaced by an increased use of CT, with or without radiographs (8.6% in 2001 and 19.5% in 2011, with an annual increase of 0.9%; 95% CI, 0.1%-1.8%). A total of 2545 children received cervical spine CT despite being discharged alive from the hospital in less than 72 hours, and 1655 of those had a low-risk mechanism of injury. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of CT clearance of the cervical spine in adults seems to have influenced the care of children with TBI, despite concerns about radiation exposure.
Collapse
|
21
|
Hannon M, Mannix R, Dorney K, Mooney D, Hennelly K. Pediatric Cervical Spine Injury Evaluation After Blunt Trauma: A Clinical Decision Analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2015; 65:239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
22
|
|
23
|
Adelgais KM, Browne L, Holsti M, Metzger RR, Murphy SC, Dudley N. Cervical spine computed tomography utilization in pediatric trauma patients. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:333-7. [PMID: 24528980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines for evaluating the cervical spine in pediatric trauma patients recommend cervical spine CT (CSCT) when plain radiographs suggest an injury. Our objective was to compare usage of CSCT between a pediatric trauma center (PTC) and referral general emergency departments (GEDs). METHODS Patient data from a pediatric trauma registry from 2002 to 2011 were analyzed. Rates of CSI and CSCT of patients presenting to the PTC and GED were compared. Factors associated with use of CSCT were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS 5148 patients were evaluated, 2142 (41.6%) at the PTC and 3006 (58.4%) at the GED. Groups were similar with regard to age, gender, GCS, and triage category. GED patients had a higher median ISS (14 vs. 9, p<0.05) and more frequent ICU admissions (44.3% vs. 26.1% p<0.05). CSI rate was 2.1% (107/5148) and remained stable. CSCT use increased from 3.5% to 16.1% over time at the PTC (mean 9.6% 95% CI=8.3, 10.9) and increased from 6.8% to 42.0% (mean 26.9%, CI=25.4, 28.4) at the GED. Initial care at a GED remained strongly associated with CSCT. CONCLUSIONS Despite a stable rate of CSI, rate of CSCT increased significantly over time, especially among patients initially evaluated at a GED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Adelgais
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
| | - Lorin Browne
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Emergency Medicine Section, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Maija Holsti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Ryan R Metzger
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Nanette Dudley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Colvin JD, Thurm C, Pate BM, Newland JG, Hall M, Meehan WP. Diagnosis and acute management of patients with concussion at children's hospitals. Arch Dis Child 2013; 98:934-8. [PMID: 23852997 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2012-303588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the number of hospital admissions for concussion at paediatric hospitals in the USA. To describe the use of imaging and medications for acute concussion paediatric patients. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Children's hospitals participating in the Pediatric Health Information System in the USA during a 10-year period. PATIENTS All emergency department (ED) visits and inpatient admissions with the primary diagnosis of concussion, defined as International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for: (1) concussion, (2) postconcussion syndrome or (3) skull fracture without mention of intracranial injury with concussion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The proportion of concussion patients who were hospitalised, underwent imaging or received medication, and the adjusted costs of visits for concussion. RESULTS The number of ED visits for concussion increased between 2001 and 2010 (2126 (0.36% of all ED visits) vs 4967 (0.62% of all ED visits); p<0.001), while the number of admissions remained stable. Of ED visits for concussion, 59.9% received CT and 47.7% received medications or intravenous fluids. Non-narcotic analgesics were the most common medication administered. Adjusted costs of patient visits were significantly higher when imaging was obtained (US$695, IQR US$472-$1009, vs US$191, IQR US$114-$287). An ED visit with CT, however, cost less than a hospitalisation without CT (US$1907, IQR US$1292-$3770). CONCLUSIONS Although the number of ED patients diagnosed with concussion has increased, the number admitted has remained stable. Concussion patients at paediatric hospitals in the USA commonly undergo CT imaging and receive medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Colvin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, , Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
An analysis of cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging findings after normal computed tomographic imaging findings in pediatric trauma patients: ten-year experience of a level I pediatric trauma center. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74:1102-7. [PMID: 23511151 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3182827139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of radiologic screening protocols exist for evaluation of pediatric trauma patients with potential cervical spine (c-spine) injuries. The purpose of this study was to describe findings on c-spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after previously normal c-spine computed tomographic (CT) scan findings at a Level 1 trauma center. METHODS A retrospective chart review of trauma patients evaluated at Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, between January 2000 and February 2010 was conducted. Trauma patients who were younger than 18 years, placed in c-spine precautions, had a normal c-spine CT scan, who subsequently had a c-spine MRI were included. The sample was subdivided into patients who underwent CT scans between January 1, 2000 to July 31, 2005 (early group), and August 1, 2005 to February 28, 2010 (late group), to compare results between different CT scan resolutions. RESULTS A total of 173 patients met inclusion criteria. With 100% of patients demonstrating normal c-spine CT scan findings, 83% of c-spine MRI findings were also negative (p < 0.001). Thirty patients (17%) demonstrated significant abnormalities on MRI. Of the 30, 5 (2.9%) required operative c-spine stabilization. Eighty-five patients underwent CT scan in the early group, and 88 in the late group. All 5 patients with unstable injuries not discovered on CT scan were from the early group, compared with none in the late group (p = 0.027). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that high-resolution CT scan with sagittal and coronal reconstructions may be comparable with MRI for the detection of unstable c-spine injuries in pediatric trauma patients. Although minimizing CT scan radiation exposure remains essential, high-resolution c-spine CT scan may allow for earlier c-spine clearance with reduction of associated hard collar comorbidities in centers where MRI is not available or in situations where the patient's clinical stability precludes obtaining MRI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic study, level III.
Collapse
|
26
|
Roudsari BS, Psoter KJ, Vavilala MS, Mack CD, Jarvik JG. CT use in hospitalized pediatric trauma patients: 15-year trends in a level I pediatric and adult trauma center. Radiology 2013; 267:479-86. [PMID: 23440320 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13120865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the 15-year trend in the use of computed tomography (CT) in hospitalized pediatric trauma patients admitted to Harborview Medical Center (HMC) from 1996 to 2010. MATERIALS AND METHODS This Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board. The requirement for informed consent was waived. The HMC trauma registry was linked to the billing department data, and patient and injury-related characteristics were extracted, in addition to type and frequency of CT procedures. Patients discharged from the emergency department and patients hospitalized for less than 24 hours were not included in this study. Patients were classified into three categories according to age: 0-14 years, 15-18 years, and 19-54 years (reference group). Multivariate negative binomial regression was used to compare CT usage among different age groups by adjusting for patient sex, race and/or ethnicity, insurance status, mechanism of injury, injury severity, final disposition (dead vs alive), and year of admission. The trend for CT use in children and teenagers was also evaluated. RESULTS A total of 64 425 trauma patients 0-54 years of age were admitted during the study period. Compared with CT usage in adults 19-54 years old, usage in children up to 15 years of age was significantly lower for spine (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85, 0.92), maxillofacial (IRR, 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.97), and thoracic (IRR, 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.99) CT. Increased use of head CT was observed in children up to 15 years old (IRR, 1.09; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.13) and 15-18 years old (IRR, 1.08; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.13). From 2008 to 2010, usage rates in children up to 15 years old and 15-18 years old was relatively unchanged or slightly decreased for almost all CT types. CONCLUSION A decreasing or unchanged trend was observed in CT usage in hospitalized pediatric trauma patients in recent years. © RSNA, 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman S Roudsari
- Department of Radiology, Comparative Effectiveness, Cost, and Outcomes Research Center, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Ave, Box 359960, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bibliography Current World Literature. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0b013e318256e7f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|