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Komar D, Denic N, Marsh B, Rumbolt N. Hangings in Newfoundland and Labrador: A 40-year retrospective analysis of medical examiner data. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1557-1564. [PMID: 35122244 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of medical examiner data was undertaken of all hanging deaths in the Canadian Maritime province of Newfoundland and Labrador from 1982 to 2021. A total of 811 cases were identified representing suicidal, accidental, and undetermined manners of death. Variables examined included age; sex; seasonality; ligature type; location; time since death; prior attempts/suicidal ideation; presence/absence of a suicide note; and presence/absence of alcohol and drugs. Data subsets were generated, and additional analysis was conducted for hangings involving females; suicidal hangings occurring in the region of Labrador; and those who hanged themselves outdoors. Results indicate that females are choosing to kill themselves by hanging in rapidly increasing numbers. Outdoor suicides by hanging were more common in Newfoundland and Labrador (22.1%) than previously reported in Alberta (11.5%), Texas (5%), and Turkey (12-13%). Unique trends in seasonality were revealed, as were repeated incidents of suicidal clusters. The age distribution was skewed strongly toward youths (10 to 22 years of age), particularly in Labrador. Although Labrador represents only 5% of the total provincial population, it produced 20.1% of the total suicidal hangings in the study. The suicide rate in Canada has decreased by 24% over the past 40 years, yet the rates of suicidal hangings nationally and in Newfoundland and Labrador have increased during the same time period. With a better understanding of the circumstances under which people commit suicide by hanging within the province, it may be possible to target at-risk groups to prevent future cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Komar
- Newfoundland and Labrador Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Health Sciences Centre, St. John, Canada
| | - Nebojsa Denic
- Newfoundland and Labrador Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Health Sciences Centre, St. John, Canada
| | - Bryan Marsh
- Newfoundland and Labrador Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Health Sciences Centre, St. John, Canada
| | - Niki Rumbolt
- Newfoundland and Labrador Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Health Sciences Centre, St. John, Canada
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Epidemiology of suicide in 10-19 years old in southern Iran, 2011-2016: A population-based study on 6720 cases. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 66:129-133. [PMID: 31299485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Globally, suicide is the second leading cause of death among young people. Although completed suicide is rare before puberty, the incidence of adolescent suicide has increased significantly at the late ages of 10-19. Hence, this study investigates the adolescent suicide, aged 10-19, in southern Iran. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, all data regarding the demographics, causes, methods, outcomes, past medical history of suicide attempts and suicide death were collected from the Mental Health and Suicide Surveillance Systems of Fars province between 2011 and 2016. RESULTS Overall 6-year incidence rate of suicide attempts and death were 193.49/100,000 and 7.91/100,000, respectively. Case-fatality rate was 4.09%. During the period of 6 years, an increasing trend has been observed for both the rates of suicide attempt and death. Family conflicts were the major cause and medication overdose was the main method of suicides. After controlling the effects of confounders by logistic regression, male gender, living in the rural area and age are among the risk factors of fatality in suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS Suicide attempts and deaths have been increased in adolescents. Therefore, due to the vulnerability of this age group, we need to understand all components of suicide to educate families and to help policy makers.
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Shields LB, Wilson KC, Hester ST, Honaker JT. Impact of parenting on the development of chronic diseases in adulthood. Med Hypotheses 2019; 124:72-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Suicide in children and adolescents: a Tunisian perspective from 2009 to 2015. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2017; 13:417-425. [PMID: 28879455 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-017-9909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the characteristics of child and adolescent suicides which occurred in Kairouan, Tunisia. Data were collected from autopsy records of the Forensic Department of the University Hospital Ibn El Jazzar of Kairouan. General characteristics of suicides among children and adolescents (under the age of 18) between 2009 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 49 cases, with a female predominance (61.2%) and a mean age of 15.4 ± 2.1, were registered. Most of the victims were from rural areas (93.1%). In most cases, suicide occurred in the victim's home or the surrounding area (73.4%). The identified precipitating factors were family problems in 55.1%, and school issues in 12.2%. The most common suicide method was hanging (69.38%) for both genders, followed by self-immolation for males and poisoning for females, the majority using pesticides. This study offers useful information to understand the risk factors in Tunisian child and adolescent suicides and provides a basis for the development of urgently needed preventive strategies.
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Shelef L, Laur L, Raviv G, Fruchter E. A military suicide prevention program in the Israeli Defense Force: a review of an important military medical procedure. DISASTER AND MILITARY MEDICINE 2015; 1:16. [PMID: 28265431 PMCID: PMC5329935 DOI: 10.1186/s40696-015-0007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of suicide during military service is not unique to the Israeli military and other armies. Soldiers’ age––adolescence––is a known factor contributing to suicide, in light of psychological processes of identity formation and self-definition, the stresses of military service, and above all, the availability of weapons. The stigma of seeking help deters some soldiers from getting the assistance they need when they need it most, thus contributing to the higher suicide rate. In the previous decade the IDF initiated intensive and structured preventive procedures aimed at reducing suicide rate among soldiers. The IDF’s Suicide Prevention Program (SPP) was grounded in professional knowledge and backed by military policy changes, both critical to the implementation and change processes. The SPP includes thorough psycho-education and guidance, supervision, greater accessibility of mental health officers, and lower accessibility of nonessential weapons. The SPP has succeeded in reducing the suicide rate by almost 50 %. The aim of this article is to review the background of the design of the IDF’s SPP and its major components, leading to the current success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Shelef
- Israeli Air Force, Psychological Branch, Ramat Gan, Israel ; Mental Health Unit, Israeli Defense Force Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lucian Laur
- Mental Health Unit, Israeli Defense Force Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gil Raviv
- Directorate of Mental Health, Meuhedet Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Fruchter
- Mental Health Unit, Israeli Defense Force Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Bhosle SH, Zanjad NP, Dake MD, Godbole HV. Deaths due to hanging among adolescents - A 10-year retrospective study. J Forensic Leg Med 2015; 29:30-3. [PMID: 25572082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to analyze various factors associated with death due to hanging among adolescents and to identify the areas of intervention for preventing such deaths. A retrospective study was carried out on 51 cases of adolescent deaths due to hanging, the autopsies of which were conducted by the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dr Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College, Nanded, Maharashtra State (India), during the period between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2010. In the present study, death by hanging among the adolescent age group was most commonly suicidal (96.08%) in nature, and only two (3.92%) cases of deaths due to accidental hanging were observed. Of the total number of suicidal deaths due to hanging among adolescents, the majority (80.39%) were among the older adolescent (15-19 years) age group. Rope and clothing items were commonly used ligature materials for committing suicide by hanging. Females outnumbered male victims (M:F ratio 1:1.13) among adolescents, contrary to the male preponderance observed among victims of the older age group (M:F ratio 1:0.44). Most of the suicidal deaths due to hanging (83.67%) among adolescents were observed at the victims' home. The predisposing and precipitating factors observed were domestic strife, examination-related stress, and physical and psychological illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Bhosle
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Dr Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College, Nanded, Maharashtra 431601, India.
| | - N P Zanjad
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Dr Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College, Nanded, Maharashtra 431601, India
| | - M D Dake
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Dr Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College, Nanded, Maharashtra 431601, India
| | - H V Godbole
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Dr Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College, Nanded, Maharashtra 431601, India
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Mendes R, Santos S, Taveira F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Santos A, Magalhães T. Child Suicide in the North of Portugal. J Forensic Sci 2014; 60:471-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Mendes
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences; North Branch; Jardim Carrilho Videira Porto Portugal
- College of Health Technology of Porto; Rua Valente Perfeito 322 Vila Nova de Gaia Portugal
| | - Sara Santos
- Biomedical Sciences Institute “Abel Salazar”; University of Porto; Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228 Porto Portugal
| | - Francisco Taveira
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences; North Branch; Jardim Carrilho Videira Porto Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute “Abel Salazar”; University of Porto; Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228 Porto Portugal
- Forensic Sciences Center - CENCIFOR; largo da Sé Nova; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- Forensic Sciences Center - CENCIFOR; largo da Sé Nova; Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro Porto Portugal
- Department of Sciences; Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North (ISCS-N); CESPU; CRL; Rua Central da Gandra 1317 Gandra Portugal
- REQUIMTE; Laboratory of Toxicology; Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Porto; Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228 Porto Portugal
| | - Agostinho Santos
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences; North Branch; Jardim Carrilho Videira Porto Portugal
- Forensic Sciences Center - CENCIFOR; largo da Sé Nova; Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro Porto Portugal
- Health Sciences School; University of Minho; Campus Gualtar Braga Portugal
| | - Teresa Magalhães
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences; North Branch; Jardim Carrilho Videira Porto Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute “Abel Salazar”; University of Porto; Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228 Porto Portugal
- Forensic Sciences Center - CENCIFOR; largo da Sé Nova; Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro Porto Portugal
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Kisely S, Campbell LA, Cartwright J, Bowes MJ, Jackson L. Factors associated with not seeking professional help or disclosing intent prior to suicide: a study of medical examiners' records in Nova Scotia. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2011; 56:436-40. [PMID: 21835107 DOI: 10.1177/070674371105600707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individual-level data from clinical settings lack information on people who did not seek professional help prior to suicide. We used records of the Nova Scotia Medical Examiner Service (NSMES) to compare people who had contact with a health professional prior to suicide with those who did not. METHOD We linked data from the NSMES to routine administrative data of the province. RESULTS The NSMES recorded 108 suicides in Nova Scotia from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2006; there were 90 male and 18 female suicide deaths. Mean and median age at death were 44.73 (SD 13.33) and 44 years, respectively. Patients aged 40 to 49 years made up one-third of the cases (n = 35) and this was the decade of life with the highest number of suicides. This was also the group least likely to have suicidal intent recorded in the NSMES files (χ(2) = 3.86, df = 1, P = 0.05). Otherwise, there were no significant differences between people who sought help, or disclosed intent, prior to suicide and people who did not. The samples in all cases were predominately male and single. CONCLUSIONS People aged 40 to 49 years were the age group with the highest absolute number of suicides, but were the least likely to have suicidal intent recorded in the NSMES files. This finding merits further investigation. Medical examiner or coroner data may provide additional information not obtained elsewhere for the surveillance of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Kisely
- Queensland Centre for Health Data Services, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Lubin G, Werbeloff N, Halperin D, Shmushkevitch M, Weiser M, Knobler HY. Decrease in suicide rates after a change of policy reducing access to firearms in adolescents: a naturalistic epidemiological study. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2010; 40:421-4. [PMID: 21034205 DOI: 10.1521/suli.2010.40.5.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of firearms is a common means of suicide. We examined the effect of a policy change in the Israeli Defense Forces reducing adolescents' access to firearms on rates of suicide. Following the policy change, suicide rates decreased significantly by 40%. Most of this decrease was due to decrease in suicide using firearms over the weekend. There were no significant changes in rates of suicide during weekdays. Decreasing access to firearms significantly decreases rates of suicide among adolescents. The results of this study illustrate the ability of a relatively simple change in policy to have a major impact on suicide rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Lubin
- Division of Mental Health, Medical Corps, IDF, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Branco BC, Inaba K, Barmparas G, Talving P, David JS, Plurad D, Green DJ, Demetriades D. Sex-related differences in childhood and adolescent self-inflicted injuries: a National Trauma Databank review. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45:796-800. [PMID: 20385290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports have demonstrated increasing lethality among young women after inflicted injuries (SII). The aim of this study was to examine sex differences in the methods and outcomes of childhood and adolescent SII. METHODS The National Trauma Databank (v 7.0) was used to identify all patients 18 years or younger who sustained a SII. Demographic data, clinical data, and outcomes were compared between male and female patients. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 1853 (61.1%) male and 1182 (38.9%) female patients sustained a SII. The most common SII mechanism in male patients was gunshot wound (32.1% vs 6.8%, P < .001); in female patients, poisoning (45.6% vs 9.6%, P < .001). For younger patients (<12 years) hanging was the most common method for both male and female patients (36.5% and 29.2%, respectively). The most lethal method in both male and female patients was gunshot wound (32.3% and 38.0%, respectively). This was followed by hanging which had a high rate of lethality particularly in male adolescents 14 years or younger (36.5% and 33.2% for males <12 years and 12-14 years, respectively). CONCLUSION Self-inflicted injuries in childhood and adolescence show distinct sex differences primarily with regard to mechanism. Males favor shooting; females, poisoning; younger ages, hanging. Gunshot wound and hanging were the 2 most lethal methods of self-inflicted injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Castelo Branco
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Los Angeles Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4525, USA
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Associations between attempted suicide, violent life events, depressive symptoms, and resilience in adolescents and young adults. J Nerv Ment Dis 2010; 198:131-6. [PMID: 20145488 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181cc43a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Were violent/nonviolent traumatic life events and victimization by/witnessing violence associates of attempted suicide among depressed adolescents who were also less resilient at early adulthood? The present study examined a subset of mainly depressed, age- and gender-matched, adolescents derived from a representative sample of 2464 students (T1, mean age = 13.7 years) followed up after 1 year (T2Q) and reassessed 5 years later (T3, n = 252, mean age = 20.0 years, 73% participation), with a questionnaire, including the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and The Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version psychiatric interviews, which also tapped traumatic life events. Logistic regression analyses revealed that attempters were victims, not witnesses of violence, more depressed, and less resilient than nonattempters, and that resilience was a moderator of lifetime violent events and attempted suicide, even in the presence of antecedent depression.
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Abstract
Adolescence, between the ages of 10 and 19 years, is a unique period both physically and emotionally. During this time of life, individuals are known to experiment and engage in risky behavior, sometimes with unforeseen morbidity and mortality. We also see suicide emerge as a manner of death in this age group. The most common method is gunshot wound and sometimes in the form of Russian roulette. Few studies have looked at deaths by Russian roulette, the victims, and scenarios. In particular, no study examines the adolescent victim of Russian roulette. To better understand and classify this entity, adolescent Russian roulette autopsy cases over a 20-year period were examined looking at the victims, scenarios, autopsy findings, cause and manner of death, and the weapons. All victims were males, ages 13 to 19 years, with a Black-to-White ratio of 1:1. No victim had a previous psychiatric history. Toxicology was positive for alcohol and/or marijuana in 50% of the victims. Friends were present when the victim shot himself which occurred in the home the majority of the time. In all but 1 case, premeditation of the game was involved as the victim provided the weapon for the roulette. The cause of death was gunshot wound to the head (6 to the right side, 1 to the mouth, 1 to the forehead), and the manner of death was suicide in 6 cases and accident in 2 cases. A review of the literature discusses the adolescent victim, suicide, and Russian roulette.
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King CA, O'Mara RM, Hayward CN, Cunningham RM. Adolescent suicide risk screening in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2009; 16:1234-41. [PMID: 19845554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many adolescents who die by suicide have never obtained mental health services. In response to this, the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention recommends screening for elevated suicide risk in emergency departments (EDs). This cross-sectional study was designed to examine 1) the concurrent validity and utility of an adolescent suicide risk screen for use in general medical EDs and 2) the prevalence of positive screens for adolescent males and females using two different sets of screening criteria. METHODS Participants were 298 adolescents seeking pediatric or psychiatric emergency services (50% male; 83% white, 16% black or African American, 5.4% Hispanic). The inclusion criterion was age 13 to 17 years. Exclusion criteria were severe cognitive impairment, no parent or legal guardian present to provide consent, or abnormal vital signs. Parent or guardian consent and adolescent assent were obtained for 61% of consecutively eligible adolescents. Elevated risk was defined as 1) Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-Junior [SIQ-JR] score of > or =31 or suicide attempt in the past 3 months or 2) alcohol abuse plus depression (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-3 [AUDIT-3] score of > or =3, Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale-2 [RADS-2] score of > or =76). The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT) were used to ascertain concurrent validity. RESULTS Sixteen percent (n = 48) of adolescents screened positive for elevated suicide risk. Within this group, 98% reported severe suicide ideation or a recent suicide attempt (46% attempt and ideation, 10% attempt only, 42% ideation only) and 27% reported alcohol abuse and depression. Nineteen percent of adolescents who screened positive presented for nonpsychiatric reasons. One-third of adolescents with positive screens were not receiving any mental health or substance use treatment. Demonstrating concurrent validity, the BHS scores of adolescents with positive screens and the POSIT scores of those with positive screens due to alcohol abuse and depression indicated substantial impairment. The addition of alcohol abuse with co-occurring depression as a positive screen criterion did not result in improved case identification. Among the subgroup screening positive due to depression plus alcohol abuse, all but one (>90%) also reported severe suicide ideation and/or a recent suicide attempt. This subgroup (approximately 17% of adolescents who screened positive) also reported significantly more impulsivity than other adolescents who screened positive. CONCLUSIONS The suicide risk screen showed evidence of concurrent validity. It also demonstrated utility in identifying 1) adolescents at elevated risk for suicide who presented to the ED with unrelated medical concerns and 2) a subgroup of adolescents who may be at highly elevated risk for suicide due to the combination of depression, alcohol abuse, suicidality, and impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A King
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, and the University of Michigan Depression Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Children, adolescents and young adults suicide data from Epirus, northwestern Greece. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2009; 5:269-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-009-9105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Byard RW, Haas E, Marshall DT, Gilbert JD, Krous HF. Characteristic Features of Pediatric Firearm Fatalities-Comparisons Between Australia and the United States. J Forensic Sci 2009; 54:1093-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Naso C, Jenkins AJ, Younger D. A Study of Drug Detection in a Postmortem Pediatric Population. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53:483-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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