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Eren H, Sezer B, Deniz Y. Evaluation of the differences in the localization of the lingula mandibulae according to pubertal development in children: A new anthropological and forensic approach. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 159:105892. [PMID: 38241846 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate changes in lingula mandibulae localization before and after puberty and sex differences. DESIGN 288 panoramic radiographs evaluated retrospectively were divided into four groups according to pubertal development: under and over 10 years old for females and under and over 11 years old for males. Four anatomic sites were used as reference points: (a) the anterior border of the ramus; (b) the posterior border of the ramus; (c) the deepest point of mandibular notch; and (d) the angulus mandibulae. The ratio of the distances from the lingula mandibulae to points (a) and (b) and the ratio of the distances from the lingula mandibulae to points (c) and (d) were determined. Two-way ANOVA was performed to assess differences between subgroups based on sex and puberty, and a Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Puberty and sex has a significant interaction effect on the vertical location of the lingula mandibulae. Postpubertal lingula mandibulae is positioned proportionally more anteriorly by prepubertal localization. In addition, the lingula mandibulae is situated more posteriorly in females compared to males. A significant interaction effect of puberty and sex was observed in relation to the vertical positioning of the lingula mandibulae. CONCLUSIONS The spatial localization of the lingula mandibulae and its spatial displacement with age can be used both in estimating sex and the onset of puberty. Changes in the localization of lingula mandibulae according to pubertal development and sex can be used in forensic and anthropological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Eren
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkiye
| | - Berkant Sezer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkiye.
| | - Yeşim Deniz
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkiye; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Syed Mohd Hamdan SN, Rahmat RAA, Abdul Razak F, Abd Kadir KA, Mohd Faizal Abdullah ER, Ibrahim N. Sex estimation of Malaysian sub-adults using craniometrics: A computed tomography study. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 64:102275. [PMID: 37229938 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sex estimation is crucial in biological profiling of skeletal human remains. Methods used for sex estimation in adults are less effective for sub-adults due to varied cranium patterns during the growth period. Hence, this study aimed to develop a sex estimation model for Malaysian sub-adults using craniometric measurements obtained through multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT). A total of 521 cranial MSCT dataset of sub-adult Malaysians (279 males, 242 females; 0-20 years old) were collected. Mimics software version 21.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) was used to construct three-dimensional (3D) models. A plane-to-plane (PTP) protocol was utilised to measure 14 selected craniometric parameters. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) and binary logistic regression (BLR) were used to statistically analyze the data. In this study, low level of sexual dimorphism was observed in cranium below 6 years old. The level was then increased with age. For sample validation data, the accuracy of DFA and BLR in estimating sex improved with age from 61.6% to 90.3%. All age groups except 0-2 and 3-6 showed high accuracy percentage (≥75%) when tested using DFA and BLR. DFA and BLR can be utilised to estimate sex for Malaysian sub-adult using MSCT craniometric measurements. However, BLR showed higher accuracy than DFA in sex estimation of sub-adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rabiah Al-Adawiyah Rahmat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
| | - Fathilah Abdul Razak
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Norliza Ibrahim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia.
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3
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Brooks JK, Franco A, Thompson RB, Biederman DE, Kumar V, Michel SLJ, Pritts Bs JD, Frederickson CJ, Bashirelahi N, Price JB. Radiographic presentation of artifactual dyed hair on lateral cephalograms, chemical processing, and forensic application: Novel case report. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1274-1279. [PMID: 35023580 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Forensic assessment employs an array of methods to identify human remains. Radiologic examinations with panoramic radiographs, computed tomography scans, Waters view, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging may offer evidentiary clues in challenging cases, such as mass disasters. In these cases, alternative forensic tools are used to narrow lists of target victims using their biological features. This study aims to I) report on the unusual radiographic aspect of chemicals used for hair dyeing, and II) discuss the potential forensic application of this finding for human identification. The case depicts an asymptomatic 14-years-old female who presented for orthodontic therapy. During radiographic examination on a lateral cephalogram, numerous thin radiopaque streaks were visible, extending to the posterior neck between the occipital region of the skull base and vertebra C6. Clinical investigations revealed that these were artifactual hair images (possibly documented for the first time in the scientific literature). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of the patient's scalp hair was performed for 10 heavy metals, including zinc, copper, iron, chromium, nickel, cadmium, tin, lead, antimony, and bismuth. Eight of these metals were detected at normal levels, ranging from 160 parts per million (ppm) for zinc to less than 1 ppm for nickel, cadmium, tin, lead, and antimony. Conversely, slightly elevated levels of chromium at 0.41 ppm and bismuth at 0.025 ppm were found in the hair sample. The distinctive radiographic presentation of artifactual hair images combined with the chemical properties of hair exposed to dye products may provide useful traces for human identification, especially in mass disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Brooks
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ademir Franco
- Centre of Forensic and Legal Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Vandana Kumar
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sarah L J Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Associate Dean for Graduate Programs, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jordan D Pritts Bs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Nasir Bashirelahi
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jeffery B Price
- Director of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, USA
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4
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Sex estimation through geometric morphometric analysis of the frontal bone: an assessment in pre-pubertal and post-pubertal modern Spanish population. Int J Legal Med 2021; 136:319-328. [PMID: 34693478 PMCID: PMC8813871 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimates is a key step of biological profile assessment in a forensic or anthropologic context. In this study, the sexual dimorphism of the frontal bone was analyzed to assess the accuracy of sex estimates using a geometric morphometric approach in a pre-pubertal and post-pubertal sample. The shape of the frontal bone was digitized on the lateral cephalograms of 87 pre-pubertal subjects (42 males, mean age 10.14, SD ± 1.48 years; 45 females mean age 10.02, SD ± 1.11 years) and 103 post-pubertal ones (53 males, mean age 29.33 SD ± 11.88 years; 50 females, mean age 26.77 SD ± 11.07 years). A generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) was performed for shape analyses, filtering the effects of position, rotation, translation, and size. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the GPA transformed variables, and a multiple logistic regression model was used to assess the accuracy of sex estimates. In both age groups, the average size of the centroid was significantly larger in males. The females presented shapes with a shorter distance between P2 (glabella) and P1 (supratoral) and a general narrowing of the structure on the sagittal plane. In the pre-pubertal group, the shape difference was not statistically significant. In the post-pubertal group, the mean shape was significantly different between the sexes. The method displayed a high accuracy for sex estimates (88.7% males, 90.3% females) also when applied in a validation sample (82.6% males and 94.1% females). The described morphometric analysis of the frontal bone is based on a limited number of landmarks, which allows sex estimates with high accuracy in post-pubertal subjects, while it is not applicable in pre-pubertal ones.
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Farhadian M, Salemi F, Shokri A, Safi Y, Rahimpanah S. Comparison of data mining algorithms for sex determination based on mastoid process measurements using cone-beam computed tomography. Imaging Sci Dent 2020; 50:323-330. [PMID: 33409141 PMCID: PMC7758270 DOI: 10.5624/isd.2020.50.4.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The mastoid region is ideal for studying sexual dimorphism due to its anatomical position at the base of the skull. This study aimed to determine sex in the Iranian population based on measurements of the mastoid process using different data mining algorithms. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was conducted on 190 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images of 105 women and 85 men between the ages of 18 and 70 years. On each CBCT scan, the following 9 landmarks were measured: the distance between the porion and the mastoidale; the mastoid length, height, and width; the distance between the mastoidale and the mastoid incision; the intermastoid distance (IMD); the distance between the lowest point of the mastoid triangle and the most prominent convex surface of the mastoid (MF); the distance between the most prominent convex mastoid point (IMSLD); and the intersecting angle drawn from the most prominent right and left mastoid point (MMCA). Several predictive models were constructed and their accuracy was compared using cross-validation. Results The results of the t-test revealed a statistically significant difference between the sexes in all variables except MF and MMCA. The random forest model, with an accuracy of 97.0%, had the best performance in predicting sex. The IMSLD and IMD made the largest contributions to predicting sex, while the MMCA variable had the least significant role. Conclusion These results show the possibility of developing an accurate tool using data mining algorithms for sex determination in the forensic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farhadian
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Salemi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Shokri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Yaser Safi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Rahimpanah
- School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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6
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González-Colmenares G, Sanabria Medina C, Rojas-Sánchez MP, León K, Malpud A. Sex estimation from skull base radiographs in a contemporary Colombian population. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 62:77-81. [PMID: 30684829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim is to study the sexual dimorphism of the base of the skull in radiographs of a bone collection of contemporary Colombian adults, with the intention of formulating discriminant functions capable of classifying sex in this population. The sample consisted of 115 skull base radiographs, (44 females and 71 males), which originated from the Colombian Human Skeletals Collection. Radiographs with good contrast were selected. Images of skulls with asymmetries and fractures were excluded. Five measures: Maximum cranial base length, Foramen magnum length, Maximum cranial breadth, Bizygomatic breadth, Foramen magnum breadth length, were preformed using ImageJ5 software ®; an intra-observer error was determined using paired t-test. Statistical analysis showed a sexual dimorphism for all variables (p < 0.05). The step-by-step procedure of the discriminant function selected 2 variables from the 5 (Foramen magnum length and Bizygomatic breadth) and the precision was between 86.4% and 88.6% in the determination of sex. However cross-validation showed an accuracy of 85.7% to male and 87.2% to female. The skull base is highly dimorphic. The established discriminant functions can be used to estimate sex in the Colombian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - César Sanabria Medina
- University Antonio Nariño, Career 3 E, No. 47A-15, Block 1, Bogotá, Colombia; Pathology Group, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Calle 7 A # 12-61, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Katherine León
- University Antonio Nariño, Career 3 E, No. 47A-15, Block 5, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Anderson Malpud
- University Antonio Nariño, Career 3 E, No. 47A-15, Block 5, Bogotá, Colombia
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7
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Lopez-Capp TT, Rynn C, Wilkinson C, Paiva LASD, Michel-Crosato E, Biazevic MGH. Sexing the Cranium from the Foramen Magnum Using Discriminant Analysis in a Brazilian Sample. Braz Dent J 2018; 29:592-598. [PMID: 30517483 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201802087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the identification process, the foramen magnum has shown controversial results in sex estimation. The present study aimed to analyze the morphometric variables of the foramen magnum in Brazilian adult cranium for sex estimation. The sample was composed of 100 craniums (53 males and 47 females) from the documented collection of the Institute of Teaching and Research in Forensic Sciences. The protocol measurement was constituted of two linear measurements: maximum length of the foramen magnum and maximum breadth of the foramen magnum and two formulas to calculate the area, method one (M1) and method two (M2). Descriptive statistics showed statistically significant differences between sex (p<0.05) for all variables. The univariate discriminant functions showed an accuracy between 56.0-62.0%, and the multivariate analysis showed a percentage of accuracy between 60.0-65.0%, the greatest accuracy was found combining the two linear measurements with M1(71.7%), even after cross-validation (66%). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that M2 is the best parameter for estimating sex (AUC=0.693). A reference table for Brazilians using the foramen magnum parameters was developed based on the results of the ROC curve analysis. In conclusion, the foramen magnum should be used with caution to estimate sex in forensic cases of fragmentary craniums, due to the limited accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Rynn
- Center of Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Caroline Wilkinson
- Liverpool School of Art and Design, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England
| | | | - Edgard Michel-Crosato
- Department of Community Dentistry, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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8
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Fasemore MD, Bidmos MA, Mokoena P, Imam A, Billings BK, Mazengenya P. Dimensions around the nutrient foramina of the tibia and fibula in the estimation of sex. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 287:222.e1-222.e7. [PMID: 29678345 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimation from skeletal remains is one of the key components in establishing a biological profile and consequent identification of an individual in a forensic and medico-legal practice. The use of dimensions around the nutrient foramen in instances where long bones may be fragmented and damaged is of benefit due to the fact that the nutrient foramen is easily identifiable and may be preserved on the shaft of long bones. This study is an investigation of the usefulness of various measurements around the nutrient foramen of the tibia and fibula of South Africans in an attempt to develop osteometric standards for sex estimation. The sample included 206 tibiae and 204 fibulae of South African Africans (SAA) and South African whites (SAW) procured from the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons based at the University of the Witwatersrand. Sex was correctly classified for the tibia with an accuracy ranging between 79-82% in SAA and 84-88% in SAW, with the circumference at the level of the nutrient foramen as the single best predictor of sex in both populations. An accuracy ranging from 69 to 74% in SAA and 70-77% in SAW was observed for the combined measurements on the fibula. The current study confirms the usefulness of measurements around the nutrient foramen of the tibia in the assignment of sex. However functions of the fibula generally performed poorly and should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamorapelo D Fasemore
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Mubarak A Bidmos
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Palesa Mokoena
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Aminu Imam
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Brendon K Billings
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Human Variation and Identification Research Unit, School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Pedzisai Mazengenya
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Human Variation and Identification Research Unit, School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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9
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Best KC, Garvin HM, Cabo LL. An Investigation into the Relationship between Human Cranial and Pelvic Sexual Dimorphism. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:990-1000. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh C. Best
- Department of Anthropology; Southern Illinois University; 1000 Faner Drive Carbondale IL 62901
| | - Heather M. Garvin
- Department of Applied Forensic Sciences; Mercyhurst University; 501 E 38th Street Erie PA 16546
- Department of Anatomy; Des Moines University; 3200 Grand Avenue Des Moines IA 50312
| | - Luis L. Cabo
- Department of Applied Forensic Sciences; Mercyhurst University; 501 E 38th Street Erie PA 16546
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10
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Ubelaker DH, DeGaglia CM. Population variation in skeletal sexual dimorphism. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:407.e1-407.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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O'Donnell A, Daneshvari Berry S, Edgar HJ. Can Cephalometrics Discriminate Between the Sexes in a Diverse Juvenile Sample? J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:735-740. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis O'Donnell
- Department of Anthropology and Maxwell Museum of Anthropology; MSC01-1040, Anthropology 1; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque NM 87131
| | - Shamsi Daneshvari Berry
- UNM Health Sciences Library and Informatics Center; MSC 09 5100; 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131-0001
- Department of Health Informatics and Information Management; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS
| | - Heather J.H. Edgar
- Department of Anthropology and Maxwell Museum of Anthropology; MSC01-1040, Anthropology 1; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque NM 87131
- UNM Health Sciences Library and Informatics Center; MSC 09 5100; 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131-0001
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Devang Divakar D, John J, Al Kheraif AA, Mavinapalla S, Ramakrishnaiah R, Vellappally S, Hashem MI, Dalati MHN, Durgesh BH, Safadi RA, Anil S. Sex determination using discriminant function analysis in Indigenous (Kurubas) children and adolescents of Coorg, Karnataka, India: A lateral cephalometric study. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 23:782-788. [PMID: 27872577 PMCID: PMC5109488 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To test the validity of sex discrimination using lateral cephalometric radiograph and discriminant function analysis in Indigenous (Kuruba) children and adolescents of Coorg, Karnataka, India. Methods and materials: Six hundred and sixteen lateral cephalograms of 380 male and 236 females of age ranging from 6.5 to 18 years of Indigenous population of Coorg, Karnataka, India called Kurubas having a normal occlusion were included in the study. Lateral cephalograms were obtained in a standard position with teeth in centric occlusion and lips relaxed. Each radiograph was traced and cephalometric landmarks were measured using digital calliper. Calculations of 24 cephalometric measurements were performed. Results: Males exhibited significantly greater mean angular and linear cephalometric measurements as compared to females (p < 0.05) (Table 5). Also, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in all the variables according to age (Table 6). Out of 24 variables, only ULTc predicts the gender. The reliability of the derived discriminant function was assessed among study subjects; 100% of males and females were recognized correctly. Conclusion: The final outcome of this study validates the existence of sexual dimorphism in the skeleton as early as 6.5 years of age. There is a need for further research to determine other landmarks that can help in sex determination and norms for Indigenous (Kuruba) population and also other Indigenous population of Coorg, Karnataka, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Devang Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jacob John
- Department of Orthodontics, K.V.G Dental College, and Hospital Sullia, Karnataka, India
| | - Abdulaziz Abdullah Al Kheraif
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seema Mavinapalla
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravikumar Ramakrishnaiah
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajith Vellappally
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Hashem
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - M H N Dalati
- Consultant Orthodontist and Restorative Dentist, Springs Dental Care, New Road Side, Horsforth, Leeds, LS18 4QD, UK
| | - B H Durgesh
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rima A Safadi
- College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- College of Dentistry, Jazan University, PO Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Perez I, Chavez AK, Ponce D. Applicability of the Ricketts' posteroanterior cephalometry for sex determination using logistic regression analysis in Hispano American Peruvians. J Forensic Dent Sci 2016; 8:111. [PMID: 27555732 PMCID: PMC4970408 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1475.186371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Ricketts' posteroanterior (PA) cephalometry seems to be the most widely used and it has not been tested by multivariate statistics for sex determination. Objective: The objective was to determine the applicability of Ricketts' PA cephalometry for sex determination using the logistic regression analysis. Materials and Methods: The logistic models were estimated at distinct age cutoffs (all ages, 11 years, 13 years, and 15 years) in a database from 1,296 Hispano American Peruvians between 5 years and 44 years of age. Results: The logistic models were composed by six cephalometric measurements; the accuracy achieved by resubstitution varied between 60% and 70% and all the variables, with one exception, exhibited a direct relationship with the probability of being classified as male; the nasal width exhibited an indirect relationship. Conclusion: The maxillary and facial widths were present in all models and may represent a sexual dimorphism indicator. The accuracy found was lower than the literature and the Ricketts' PA cephalometry may not be adequate for sex determination. The indirect relationship of the nasal width in models with data from patients of 12 years of age or less may be a trait related to age or a characteristic in the studied population, which could be better studied and confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Perez
- Department of Oral Radiology and Statistics, Dentofacial Disarmonies Research Center, Lima, Peru
| | - Allison K Chavez
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School of Dentistry, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Peru
| | - Dario Ponce
- Department of Oral Radiology and Statistics, Dentofacial Disarmonies Research Center, Lima, Peru
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14
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Ekizoglu O, Hocaoglu E, Inci E, Can IO, Solmaz D, Aksoy S, Buran CF, Sayin I. Assessment of sex in a modern Turkish population using cranial anthropometric parameters. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 21:45-52. [PMID: 27497333 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of radiological imaging methods in anthropometric studies is being expanded by the application of modern imaging methods, leading to a decrease in costs, a decrease in the time required for analysis and the ability to create three-dimensional images. This retrospective study investigated 400 patients within the 18-45-years age group (mean age: 30.7±11.2years) using cranial computed tomography images. We measured 14 anthropometric parameters (basion-bregma height, basion-prosthion length, maximum cranial length and cranial base lengths, maximum cranial breadth, bizygomatic diameter, upper facial breadth, bimastoid diameter, orbital breadth, orbital length, biorbital breadth, interorbital breadth, foramen magnum breadth and foramen magnum length) of cranial measurements. The intra- and inter-observer repeatability and consistency were good. From the results of logistic regression analysis using morphometric measurements, the most conspicuous measurements in terms of dimorphism were maximum cranial length, bizygomatic diameter, basion-bregma height, and cranial base length. The most dimorphic structure was the bizygomatic diameter with an accuracy rate of 83% in females and 77% in males. In this study, 87.5% of females and 87.0% of males were classified accurately by this model including four parameters with a sensitivity of 91.5% and specificity of 85.0%. In conclusion, CT cranial morphometric analysis may be reliable for the assessment of sex in the Turkish population and is recommended for comparison of data of modern populations with those of former populations. Additionally, cranial morphometric data that we obtained from modern Turkish population may reveal population specific data, which may help current criminal investigations and identification of disaster victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguzhan Ekizoglu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Elif Hocaoglu
- Department of Radiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ercan Inci
- Department of Radiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ozgur Can
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Solmaz
- Department of Rheumatology, Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sema Aksoy
- Department of Radiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cudi Ferat Buran
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Sayin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Álvarez-Sandoval BA, Manzanilla LR, Montiel R. Sex determination in highly fragmented human DNA by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104629. [PMID: 25098828 PMCID: PMC4123986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex identification in ancient human remains is a common problem especially if the skeletons are sub-adult, incomplete or damaged. In this paper we propose a new method to identify sex, based on real-time PCR amplification of small fragments (61 and 64 bp) of the third exon within the amelogenin gene covering a 3-bp deletion on the AMELX-allele, followed by a High Resolution Melting analysis (HRM). HRM is based on the melting curves of amplified fragments. The amelogenin gene is located on both chromosomes X and Y, showing dimorphism in length. This molecular tool is rapid, sensitive and reduces the risk of contamination from exogenous genetic material when used for ancient DNA studies. The accuracy of the new method described here has been corroborated by using control samples of known sex and by contrasting our results with those obtained with other methods. Our method has proven to be useful even in heavily degraded samples, where other previously published methods failed. Stochastic problems such as the random allele drop-out phenomenon are expected to occur in a less severe form, due to the smaller fragment size to be amplified. Thus, their negative effect could be easier to overcome by a proper experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A. Álvarez-Sandoval
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Linda R. Manzanilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Montiel
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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16
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Kanchan T, Gupta A, Krishan K. Estimation of sex from mastoid triangle – A craniometric analysis. J Forensic Leg Med 2013; 20:855-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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