Pre- and postnatal maternal hair dye use and risk of wheeze and asthma in 5-year-old Japanese children: the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study

The present study investigated the association between pre- and postnatal maternal hair dye use and the risk of wheeze and asthma in Japanese children aged 5 years. Study participants were 1199 mother-child pairs. Information on the variables under study was obtained using repeated questionnaires completed by parents. Prenatal maternal hair dye use was associated with an increased risk of current wheeze and ever doctor-diagnosed asthma; the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were 1.44 (1.02-2.02) and 1.51 (1.00-2.25), respectively. Postnatal maternal hair dye use was related to the risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma; the adjusted OR (95% CI) was 1.58 (1.03-2.40). Children who were exposed to maternal hair dye use both prenatally and postnatally had an increased risk of childhood current wheeze and ever doctor-diagnosed asthma; the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) were 1.59 (1.03-2.42) and 1.76 (1.06-2.88), respectively. Our findings suggest that perinatal maternal hair dye use is associated with the risk of wheeze and asthma in children.

Polyphenols Coordinated with Cu (II) in an Aqueous System Build Ion-Channel Coatings on Hair Surfaces

Recently, developments in the field of cosmetics have led to a renewed interest in hair dyeing. However, damage to the hair during the dyeing process has increased hesitation in attempting hair dyeing. As a result, hair dyes with minimal side effects have been in constant demand, and are being developed. In this study, natural-extract polyphenols, pyrogallol, and gallic acid are coordinated by CuCl₂ in a NaCl aqueous solution to form an oligomer, which creates an ion-channel coating on the hair surface to protect it. This work attempts to develop fast, simple, and damage-free hair-dye ingredients based on pyrogallol and gallic acid. The morphology and elements of polyphenols coated on hair are characterized. The results reveal that the hair is dyed with the polyphenol-based dye reagent successfully. Moreover, the thickness of the dyed hair continuously rises ten times after dyeing. The tensile strength of the dyed hair is also measured, showing an upward and downward trend. These results reflect the fact that pyrogallol and gallic acid are considered to be the essential and functional polyphenols, and can build ion blocks on hair, which can create new multifunctional coating materials.

Bleaching powders, bleaching creams and other hair lightening preparations as sources for (airborne) allergic contact dermatitis and other health effects in hairdressers: Results of an empirical study

BACKGROUND

Various products are available for lightening hair. There are no data on which applications are actually used in hairdressing, impeding proper estimation of actual exposure and necessary preventive measures.

OBJECTIVES

To assess information about availability, usage and formulation of lightening preparations in the German hairdressing trade.

METHODS

A market survey was conducted and hairdressers were surveyed by online questionnaires.

RESULTS

Of 783 hairdressers clicking the link, 565 hairdressers (91.2% female, mean age of 40.2 ± 11.7 years) from all German states responded (response rate: 72.2%). The questionnaire survey has shown that available hair-lightening preparations in the German hairdressing trade are (multiple selection possible): dust-free (88.5%) and non-dust-free bleaching powders (22.1%), bleaching creams (41.9%), high-lifting hair colour creams (88.8%) and normal hair colour creams (58.4%). Five hundred eighteen (91.7%) hairdressers favour lightening hair with powder. The market survey revealed that bleaching powders and creams contain potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate and sodium persulfate or combinations of these persulfate salts.

CONCLUSIONS

Hairdressers are exposed to various hair-lightening applications containing different chemicals. Preventive measures need to address adverse skin and respiratory effects. Implementation of targeted health education already in early career stages (i.e., apprenticeship) seems advisable and can be maintained by refresher trainings.

Presentations to emergency departments in Melbourne, Australia diagnosed as allergic contact dermatitis

BACKGROUND

This study investigated cases diagnosed as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in emergency departments (EDs) and management.

METHODS

A multisite retrospective study of patients attending EDs in metropolitan Melbourne between July 2017 and June 2018 was performed. Using International Statistical Classification of Disease-10 (ICD-10) codes, the Victorian Agency for Health Information generated a list of cases of contact dermatitis (CD). Demographic and clinical data were analysed.

RESULTS

Two hundred twenty-eighty patients from 14 different sites were diagnosed with ACD. Hair dyes caused the most cases, and one such case was admitted to hospital. It was apparent from the specified causes that cases of irritant CD were misdiagnosed as ACD. There were significant differences in management with dermatology input, with dermatologists more often advising oral corticosteroids (33.3% vs. 14.5%, P = 0.004) topical corticosteroids (92.9% vs. 38.7%, P < 0.01), emollients (38.1% vs. 20.4%, P = 0.01) and less often advising antihistamines (16.7% vs. 44.6%, P < 0.001). With dermatology input, potent or very potent steroids were more likely to be prescribed (69.3% vs. 11.1%, P < 0.001); without, a mild potency steroid was more likely to be prescribed (63.9% vs. 4%, P = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Improved understanding, diagnosis and management of CD are needed in EDs.

Hair dye use and prostate cancer risk: A prospective analysis in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort

BACKGROUND

According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, some hair dye chemicals are considered mutagenic and carcinogenic in humans. One hospital-based study reported a positive association between hair dye use and prostate cancer risk, but no prospective analyses have been conducted.

METHODS

This study investigated the association between hair dye use and prostate cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort, a large, well-characterized cohort of 29,133 male Finnish smokers. Participants completed questionnaires regarding lifestyle, medical, and risk factor information, including the use of hair dye, which was available for 98.8% of the cohort (28,795 men). Prostate cancer cases were identified through linkage with the Finnish Cancer Registry and the Finnish Mortality Register. Hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated via multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTS

During a 28-year period of observation, 2703 incident prostate cancer cases were diagnosed. As reported at the baseline, 75 men used hair dye, and 13 of these men were subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer. After adjustments for potential confounders, men who used hair dyes experienced substantially higher prostate cancer risk than men who did not (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.03-3.05).

CONCLUSIONS

This first prospective investigation of hair dye use and prostate cancer suggests that personal hair dye use may be related to increased risk. The findings warrant re-examination in other prospective cohorts along with studies evaluating specific hair dyes and possible underlying biological mechanisms.

Radiographic presentation of artifactual dyed hair on lateral cephalograms, chemical processing, and forensic application: Novel case report

Forensic assessment employs an array of methods to identify human remains. Radiologic examinations with panoramic radiographs, computed tomography scans, Waters view, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging may offer evidentiary clues in challenging cases, such as mass disasters. In these cases, alternative forensic tools are used to narrow lists of target victims using their biological features. This study aims to I) report on the unusual radiographic aspect of chemicals used for hair dyeing, and II) discuss the potential forensic application of this finding for human identification. The case depicts an asymptomatic 14-years-old female who presented for orthodontic therapy. During radiographic examination on a lateral cephalogram, numerous thin radiopaque streaks were visible, extending to the posterior neck between the occipital region of the skull base and vertebra C6. Clinical investigations revealed that these were artifactual hair images (possibly documented for the first time in the scientific literature). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of the patient's scalp hair was performed for 10 heavy metals, including zinc, copper, iron, chromium, nickel, cadmium, tin, lead, antimony, and bismuth. Eight of these metals were detected at normal levels, ranging from 160 parts per million (ppm) for zinc to less than 1 ppm for nickel, cadmium, tin, lead, and antimony. Conversely, slightly elevated levels of chromium at 0.41 ppm and bismuth at 0.025 ppm were found in the hair sample. The distinctive radiographic presentation of artifactual hair images combined with the chemical properties of hair exposed to dye products may provide useful traces for human identification, especially in mass disasters.

Association between Maternal Exposure to Chemicals during Pregnancy and the Risk of Foetal Death: The Japan Environment and Children's Study

Scarce knowledge is available on the relationship between maternal chemical exposure during pregnancy and foetal deaths. We studied the association of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths with occupational or daily maternal exposure to chemicals commonly used by pregnant women. Data from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS), a nationwide prospective birth cohort study, were used. The participants of the study were asked about the frequency of their use of gasoline, pesticides, hair dye, and chlorine bleach during the first and the second to third trimesters of pregnancy. We investigated the relationship between the frequency of the use of chemicals and foetal death. Of the 104,065 foetuses, 923 (0.91%) were spontaneous abortions and 379 (0.37%) were stillbirths. Any type of exposure during the first trimester was not significantly associated with spontaneous abortions. Nevertheless, a more than weekly occupational use of hair dye from the first to the second/third trimester was significantly associated with stillbirth. The results of this study suggest that the frequent use of hair dye during pregnancy can have severe adverse effects on the foetus. These findings can help pregnant women, especially hairdressers, refrain from the continuous use of hair dyes.

Colorful Pigments for Hair Dyeing Based on Enzymatic Oxidation of Tyrosine Derivatives

Melanin exists widely in nature and can afford a variety of colors from black to brown and red according to chemical structure differences and specific mixtures. Inspired by nature, this work reports that tyrosine derivatives with different protecting groups at its N- or C-terminal can be enzymatically oxidized into melanin-like pigments with a wide range of colors. The emergence of colorful pigments can be attributed to the incomplete enzymatic oxidation and polymerization caused by the chemical premodification of the tyrosine molecule. The pigments can be deposited on the surface of the hair to obtain a series of colorful and saturated hair dye effects. Moreover, after the pigments were coated on the hair, we can further deposit silver nanoparticles through in situ reduction, making these coatings have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential, thereby expanding their potential use for people with low immunity or those who work in hospitals. This work proposes a green and effective way to synthesize colorful pigments with great potential applications in the hair dying and cosmetic industries.

Exposure to N-monoacetyl-p-phenylenediamine impaired ovarian function in mice

p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is the main constituent of permanent hair dye and is also widely used in the photographic and rubber industries. PPD and its metabolites have been shown to increase the risk of cancer (especially ovarian cancer); however, their effect on female reproduction is unclear. We investigated the effects of the PPD metabolite N-monoacetyl-PPD (MAPPD) on mouse blastocyst development and ovarian function. Sixty 8-week-old female Kunming mice were administered at 0-, 100-, and 300-mg/kg/day MPPD by gavage for 28 days. KGN (human ovarian granulosa cells) were treated with MAPPD at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 300 μg/ml for 48 h. The number of abnormal blastocysts increased on gestation day 3.5 in all treatment groups. Compared with the control group, in MAPPD exposed group, the number of antral follicles decreased, the levels of E₂ and P₄ decreased in ovarian tissue, the serum levels of E₂ , P₄ , luteinizing hormone (LH), and T decreased, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) increased. The expression of FSH receptor (FSHR) and LH receptor (LHR) was significantly downregulated, and the level of oxidative stress was significantly increased. In KGN cells, the level of reactive oxygen species increased in a dose-dependent manner, and the mRNA levels of FSHR, LHR, and aromatase increased. These results suggest that MAPPD inhibits FSH- and LH-induced aromatase activity by causing oxidative stress, which decrease hormone levels, leading to abnormal follicle development. Meanwhile, MAPPD exposure could affect early embryonic development abnormalities by affecting the quality of ovum.

Adolescent use of hair dyes, straighteners and perms in relation to breast cancer risk

Hair products can contain hormonally active and carcinogenic compounds. Adolescence may be a period of enhanced susceptibility of the breast tissue to exposure to chemicals. We therefore evaluated associations between adolescent hair product use and breast cancer risk. Sister Study participants (ages 35-74 years) who had completed enrollment questionnaires (2003-2009) on use of hair dyes, straighteners/relaxers and perms at ages 10 to 13 years (N = 47 522) were included. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for associations between hair products and incident breast cancer (invasive cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ), with consideration of heterogeneity by menopausal status and race/ethnicity. Over an average of 10 years of follow-up, 3380 cases were diagnosed. Frequent use of straighteners and perms was associated with a higher risk of premenopausal (HR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.26-3.55 and HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 0.96-2.53, respectively) but not postmenopausal breast cancer (HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.76-1.30 and HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.89-1.35, respectively). Permanent hair dye use during adolescence was uncommon (<3%) and not associated with breast cancer overall (HR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.78-1.20), though any permanent dye use was associated with a higher risk among black women (HR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.01-3.11). Although frequency of use of perms (37% non-Hispanic white vs 9% black) and straighteners (3% non-Hispanic white vs 75% black) varied by race/ethnicity, associations with breast cancer did not. Use of hair products, specifically perms and straighteners, during adolescence may be associated with a higher risk of premenopausal breast cancer.

Evaluation of the effects of hair colouring products on the oxidative status in rats

Introduction

Permanent hair dyes, oxidant creams, and henna are usually used for cosmetic purposes and sometimes for therapeutic expectations. The effects of these products, which are used to change hair colour and can be absorbed percutaneously on the oxidative status is not known exactly.

Aim

To investigate the effects of these products, which have various contents, on the oxidative status using an in vivo rat model.

Material and methods

The products used for hair colouring were prepared as recommended for human use and applied to the back region of Wistar albino rats. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were measured in serum and liver samples of rats. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences in serum SOD, aspartate aminotranspherase (AST), alanine aminotranspherase (ALT), and liver MDA levels among the study groups.

Results

There were statistically significant positive correlations between hepatic MDA values and AST and ALT values. Hair dyes, oxidant creams, and henna were found to have oxidative and hepatotoxic effects. Surprisingly, comparisons revealed that oxidative effect and hepatic toxicity of the oxidant cream and henna were similar. The oxidant cream was more oxidating and hepatotoxic than the hair dye.

Conclusions

Knowing the facts about these products, which are easily accessible to every individual in society and are considered to be innocent, will prevent possible harm.

Face and Neck Pigmentary Alterations in Hair Dye Users: A Cross-sectional Study from South India

Background:

Hair dyes are commonly used for the concealment of grey hair in India. The pigmentary alterations produced by hair dyes on the face and neck have not received sufficient attention.

Aims:

To study the pigmentary alterations on the face and neck in hair dye users, and identify possible risk factors associated with the face and neck hyperpigmentation.

Methods:

A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was done on consecutive hair dye users. A detailed history was taken, and a clinical examination was done to record the pigmentary alterations. The patterns, areas affected, the intensity of hyperpigmentation, percentage of the area involved and risk factors were noted.

Results:

One hundred and twenty patients were included in the study. Around 118 (98.3%) patients had hyperpigmentation over face and/or neck: 16 (13.3%) barely perceivable, 40 (33.3%) mild, 44 (36.7%) moderate, and 18 (15%) severe pigmentation. The lateral forehead (106, 88.3%), the helix of the ear (106, 88.3%), central forehead (97, 80.8%), and zygomatic area (92, 76.7%) were the most frequently affected areas in our study. Fourteen patients (11.7%) had depigmented macules on the scalp and/or lips.

Conclusion:

Pigmentary alterations, particularly hyperpigmentation over the upper face and ears are common with the use of hair dyes. The skin type may play a role in the intensity of hyperpigmentation.

Hair dye and risk of skin sensitization induction: a product survey and quantitative risk assessment for para-phenylenediamine (PPD)

BACKGROUND

Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a commonly used dye intermediate in permanent hair dye formulations, and exposure to PPD has been associated with allergic contact dermatitis at certain doses.

PURPOSE

Determine the concentration of PPD in a survey of self-application permanent hair dye products, and perform a quantitative risk assessment to determine the risk of skin sensitization induction following application of these products.

METHODS

Consumer exposure levels (CELs) to PPD following application of hair dye products were estimated using the maximum amount of hair dye that can adhere to the surface area of the scalp, the measured concentration of PPD in the hair dye product, a retention factor, the dermal absorption of PPD, and the surface area of the scalp. CELs were calculated for various exposure scenarios, and were stratified by hair dye shade.

RESULTS

All estimated CELs did not exceed the acceptable exposure level. Specifically, margins of safety ranged from 2.3 to 1534 for black dyes, 2.9 to 5031 for brown dyes, and 26 to 5031 for blonde dyes.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that use of the evaluated permanent hair dyes, under the evaluated exposure scenarios, would not be expected to induce skin sensitization due to PPD exposure at concentrations ≤0.67%.

Hair dye and chemical straightener use and breast cancer risk in a large US population of black and white women

Many hair products contain endocrine-disrupting compounds and carcinogens potentially relevant to breast cancer. Products used predominately by black women may contain more hormonally-active compounds. In a national prospective cohort study, we examined the association between hair dye and chemical relaxer/straightener use and breast cancer risk by ethnicity. Sister Study participants (n = 46,709), women ages 35-74, were enrolled between 2003 and 2009, and had a sister with breast cancer but were breast cancer-free themselves. Enrollment questionnaires included past 12-month hair product use. Cox proportional hazards models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association between hair products and breast cancer; effect measure modification by ethnicity was evaluated. During follow-up (mean = 8.3 years), 2,794 breast cancers were identified. Fifty-five percent of participants reported using permanent dye at enrollment. Permanent dye use was associated with 45% higher breast cancer risk in black women (HR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.10-1.90), and 7% higher risk in white women (HR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.99-1.16; heterogeneity p = 0.04). Among all participants, personal straightener use was associated with breast cancer risk (HR = 1.18, 95% CI 0.99-1.41); with higher risk associated with increased frequency (p for trend = 0.02). Nonprofessional application of semipermanent dye (HR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.05-1.56) and straighteners (HR = 1.27, 95% CI 0.99-1.62) to others was associated with breast cancer risk. We observed a higher breast cancer risk associated with any straightener use and personal use of permanent dye, especially among black women. These results suggest that chemicals in hair products may play a role in breast carcinogenesis.

Acquired diffuse slate-grey facial dyspigmentation due to henna: an unrecognized cause of pigment contact dermatitis in Korean patients

Henna is a vegetable hair dye that can be used by individuals who are sensitized to oxidative dyes due to low allergenicity. The reported incidence of slate-grey facial dyspigmentation following the use of henna hair dye is extremely rare. This study aimed to identify the clinical, dermoscopic, and histopathological features of slate-grey facial dyspigmentation following the use of henna hair dye in Korean patients. We identified all patients who presented with slate-grey facial dyspigmentation following usage of henna hair dye. Patients were further evaluated for clinical, dermoscopic, and histopathological findings along with their patch test results. All 11 patients were females with Fitzpatrick's skin phototype III or IV. Prominent slate-grey-coloured dyspigmentation on the lateral side of the face and neck was most common in eight (72%) patients. Under dermoscopic examination, a pseudo-network with grey dots was observed in all patients. Histopathological examination revealed liquefaction degeneration of the epidermal basal layer and pigmentary incontinence in the papillary dermis in all patients. The diagnosis of pigmented contact dermatitis following usage of henna was made based on the clinical, dermoscopic, and histopathological findings in all patients. Pigmented contact dermatitis associated with henna occurs mostly in middle-aged women and requires long-term treatment. Therefore, careful attention should be paid when henna is used to dye hair in this age group.

Factors associated with p-phenylenediamine sensitization: data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology, 2008-2013

BACKGROUND

Risk factors for p-phenylenediamine (PPD) sensitization include the use of hair dyes, the application of temporary black henna tattoos, working as a hairdresser, and, possibly, exposure to hair dye pretests.

OBJECTIVES

To quantify the impact of these (putative) risk factors on PPD sensitization.

METHODS

Six items related to PPD exposure were added to the routine Information Network of Departments of Dermatology questionnaire from 2008 to 2013. A retrospective analysis of data from 4314 patients tested with PPD 1% pet. was conducted.

RESULTS

Of the PPD-positive patients (n = 271), 80% had their hair dyed, and, of these, 57% subsequently developed scalp dermatitis, whereas only 11% had had a henna tattoo. The self-administrated pretest with hair dye was performed by only a few patients, precluding a more detailed analysis. Hair dyeing [odds ratio (OR) 6.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.9-9.4], henna tattoos (OR 2.4; 95%CI: 1.5-3.7) and being a hairdresser (OR 2.1; 95%CI: 1.3-3.2) increased the risk of PPD sensitization. Neither dyeing of own hair nor application of a temporary henna tattoo seemed to affect PPD sensitization in hairdressers. p-Aminoaryl compounds more often gave positive reactions in patients with henna tattoo.

CONCLUSIONS

Hair dyeing is the major risk factor for PPD sensitization in this clinical setting, and application of a temporary black henna tattoo may also lead to (strong) PPD sensitization.

Protective effect of conditioner agents on hair treated with oxidative hair dye

BACKGROUND

Hair coloring is broadly used by women and men either to change their natural hair color or to delay the onset of gray hair. Oxidative dyes may damage the hair, as chemical and physical processes are required to convert the fiber structure and, consequently, alterations in its mechanical and surface properties.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of silanetriol (and) Panthenol, PEG-12 dimethicone, and hydrolyzed silk (and) hydrolyzed milk protein (and) lactose as conditioner agents on hair treated with oxidative hair dye by protein loss, combability, and breaking strength.

METHODS

In this research, we analyzed the untreated hair (sample I) and the effect of oxidative hair dye emulsions, with or without conditioner agents (sample II) silanetriol (and) Panthenol (sample III), PEG-12 dimethicone (sample IV), and hydrolyzed silk (and) hydrolyzed milk protein (and) lactose (sample V) on Caucasian hair. The hair samples were submitted to protein loss quantification, breaking strength, and combing analysis.

RESULTS

For protein loss, the results were: II^a  = V^a  > IV^b  > III^c  > I^d . For the breaking strength: I^e  = II^e  = III^e  = IV^e  = V^e . For the combing analysis for wet and dry hair, the results were, respectively: II^a  > III^b  = IV^b  > V^c  > I^d and II^A  > III^b  = V^b  > IV ^c = I^c . Data classified by different letters presented statistically significant alterations, α = 5, P ≤ . 05, n = 15.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on these results, the incorporation of conditioner agents into emulsion blond color decreased the damage caused by the coloring process.

Personal use of hair dyes and risk of leukemia: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

The objective of this study was to examine the association between personal use of hair dyes and the risk of leukemia. We conducted a systematic literature review of epidemiology studies reporting leukemia‐specific cancer risks among hair dye users, and estimated the meta‐relative risk (meta‐RR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of leukemia, comparing hair dye users to nonusers. When data from all 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria were combined, ever use of hair dye was associated with a nonstatistically significant increased risk of leukemia, meta‐RR = 1.09 (95% CI: 0.97–1.22). When restricted to studies that adjusted for smoking, ever use of hair dye was not associated with leukemia, meta‐RR = 0.99 (95% CI: 0.76–1.29). A statistically significant increased risk of leukemia was associated with permanent hair dye use (meta‐RR = 1.19 [95% CI: 1.07–1.33]), dark hair dye use (meta‐RR = 1.29 [95% CI: 1.11–1.50]), hair dye use among males (meta‐RR = 1.42 [95% CI: 1.01–2.00]), hair dye use pre‐1980 (meta‐RR = 1.49 [95% CI: 1.21–1.83]), and hair dye use for ≥15 years (meta‐RR = 1.35 [95% CI: 1.13–1.62]). Overall, findings suggest that ever use of hair dye is not a significant risk factor for leukemia. Certain hair dye use characteristics were associated with a statistically significant increased risk, but further research is required to determine whether these associations truly reflect a risk of leukemia due to methodological limitations in the underlying studies.

A multi-institutional joint study of contact dermatitis related to hair colouring and perming agents in Japan

BACKGROUND

In Japan, allergic contact dermatitis caused by hair colouring agents is a considerable problem for those occupationally exposed and also for consumers. Over the last 20 years, p-phenylenediamine (PPD) has been a common allergen, with ∼7% positive patch test reactions.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate which ingredients caused allergic contact dermatitis related to hair dye and perming solutions in Japan, to assess whether PPD is suitable for screening for hair dye allergy, and to propose allergens for a Japanese hairdresser series.

METHODS

We selected 19 hair cosmetic allergens, including PPD, Bandrowski's base, cysteamine HCl, and ammonium thioglycolate. Altogether 203 patients (26 males and 177 females) with suspected contact allergy to hair colouring or perming solutions at 14 hospitals in Japan were included.

RESULTS

The highest prevalence of positive reactions (35.1%) was for PPD. p-Methylaminophenol and o-aminophenol were often positive, both in the PPD-positive and in the PPD-negative patients. Moreover, cysteamine HCl often yielded positive test reactions.

CONCLUSIONS

PPD is insufficient to diagnose contact allergy caused by to hair dyes. We recommend 13 allergens to be included in a Japanese hairdresser series.

Para-phenylenediamine allergy: current perspectives on diagnosis and management

Para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is the commonest and most well-known component of hair dyes. Oxidative hair dyes and dark henna temporary tattoos contain PPD. Individuals may be sensitized to PPD by temporary henna tattooing in addition to dyeing their hair. PPD allergy can cause severe reactions and may result in complications. In recent years, frequency of positive patch test reactions to PPD has been increasing. Cross-sensitization to other contact allergens may occur, in particular to other hair dye components. Hairdressers are at a high risk for PPD allergy and require counseling regarding techniques to minimize exposure and protective measures while handling hair dye. We focus this review on the current perspectives of diagnosis and management of PPD allergy.

Development of Rapid and Economical Colorimetric Screening Method for p-Phenylenediamine in Variety of Biological Matrices and its Application to Eleven Fatal Cases of p-Phenylenediamine Poisoning

A rapid colorimetric method for detection of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in various biological samples is developed. The o-cresol test for acetaminophen detection has been modified to detect PPD in blood, urine, gastric contents, and liver. After precipitating protein with trichloroacetic acid solution (2 mL, 10% w/v), biological specimens were required to convert PPD metabolites to PPD by acid hydrolysis. Finally, o-cresol solution (1 mL, 1% w/v), hydrogen peroxide (200 μL, 3%v/v), and concentrated ammonium hydroxide (0.5 mL) were added in the biological samples. The presence of PPD was indicated by formation of violet color which was turned to bluish green color within 10-15 min. The limit of detection was found to be 2 mg/L in blood, urine, and gastric contents and 2 mg/Kg in liver. This method is also free from any potential interference by p-aminophenol, acetaminophen, and other amine drugs under test conditions. This method was successfully employed to thirteen fatal cases of PPD poisoning.

Safety Assessment of Hydroxypropyl Bis(N-Hydroxyethyl-p-Phenylenediamine) HCl as Used in Cosmetics

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (CIR Panel) reviewed the safety of hydroxypropyl bis(N-Hydroxyethyl-p-Phenylenediamine) HCl, which functions as an oxidative hair dye ingredient. The Panel considered relevant animal and human data provided in this safety assessment and concluded that hydroxypropyl bis(N-hydroxyethyl-p-phenylenediamine) HCl is safe for use in oxidative hair dye formulations as described in this safety assessment.

Influence of vitamin C on the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis to p-phenylenediamine

BACKGROUND

Hair dyes represent one of the most important causes of allergic contact dermatitis resulting from the use of cosmetic products. The principal causative chemistry is associated with oxidation products of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and closely related substances.

OBJECTIVES

To examine whether prior application of the antioxidant vitamin C to the skin was able to reduce the cutaneous allergic response to PPD.

METHODS

Twenty eight volunteers with a proven history of contact allergy to PPD were recruited. Each was tested with a range of PPD doses and PPD-containing hair dye on untreated skin and skin pretreated for 10 min with a vitamin C formulation.

RESULTS

Pretreatment of skin sites with vitamin C led to a reduction in the intensity, or even ablation, of the cutaneous allergic reaction to PPD in ∼75% of cases as compared with untreated skin.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that treatment of the skin adjacent to the hair-bearing area with antioxidant could form part of a strategy to reduce the burden of cosmetic allergic contact dermatitis caused by hair dyeing.

The role of the antioxidant ascorbic acid in the elicitation of contact allergic reactions to p-phenylenediamine

BACKGROUND

An allergic contact reaction is accompanied by high oxidative stress in the skin. Pretreatment of the skin with antioxidative substances could reduce the elicitation reaction.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate, in a proof-of-principle study, whether pretreatment of the skin with the antioxidant ascorbic acid reduces the elicitation reaction to a p-phenylenediamine (PPD)-containing hair dye in sensitized subjects.

METHODS

Twelve subjects with contact allergy to PPD, a documented skin reaction to a hair dye simulation exposure model and a history of hair dye-related skin complaints were included in this study. Skin areas on the forearms were, in a left versus right design, exposed to an emulsion with ascorbic acid and an emulsion without ascorbic acid, and then to a 2% PPD-containing hair dye testing formulation. In addition, control areas were exposed to the emulsions and to the PPD-containing hair dye formulation without pretreatment. Skin reactions were graded on day (D)2 and D3.

RESULTS

Pretreatment with ascorbic acid emulsion resulted in a reduction in the elicitation reaction in 7 of 12 subjects at D3 (p = 0.046). No statistically significant difference was observed at D2.

CONCLUSIONS

Pretreatment of the skin with the antioxidant ascorbic acid had an attenuating effect on the elicitation reaction to PPD in sensitized individuals.

Contact sensitizers in commercial hair dye products sold in Thailand

BACKGROUND

Hair dyes are known to contain potent contact allergens for which sensitization rates have increased over the last decade.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the type and frequency of potent contact sensitizers labelled on hair dyes sold in metropolitan Bangkok, Thailand.

METHODS

During the 2013-2014 study period, labelled ingredient information from home use and professional hair dye products was collected.

RESULTS

Two hundred and fifty-two hair dye products were evaluated. One hundred and forty-nine products from 48 brands were domestically produced in Thailand, and 103 products were from 23 multinational brands produced in countries other than Thailand. Two hundred and fourteen of 252 (84.9%) hair dye products were found to contain strong skin sensitizers, with 118 (46.8%) being found in domestically produced products, and 96 (38.1%) being found in multinational brand products. Thirty-eight hair dye products (15.1%) were free of potent skin sensitizers. The number of domestically produced products (31, 20.8%) that were free of potent skin sensitizers was significantly higher (p = 0.002) than the number of multinational brand products (7, 6.8%).

CONCLUSIONS

p-Phenylenediamine was the most prevalent potent sensitizer found among domestically produced hair dyes available on the market. Our findings indicate regional differences in hair dye allergen exposure.

Optical coherence tomography to evaluate the effects of oxidative hair dye on the fiber

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

Oxidative hair dyes can damage the hair, since these chemical procedures are involved to change the fiber structure and therefore changes in their mechanical and surface properties. Evaluate and compare the effect of the two colors of oxidative hair dye emulsions on Caucasian hair. This research analyzed the Dark brown hair untreated (I); Dark brown hair treated with light brown dye (II); Dark brown hair treated with light blond dye (III); Light blond hair untreated (IV); Light blond hair treated with light brown dye (V); Light blond hair treated with light blond dye (VI) on Caucasian hair.

METHODS

The hair samples were submitted to breaking strength, color, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) analysis.

RESULTS

For the breaking strength assay no presented statistically significant differences between treatments. The parameters of color and brightness can differ in some hair dye formulations, but also the hair type can respond differently. The OCT images of the sample I and IV was possible observed, clearly Medulla and Cortex, which was not observed clearly after treatment with both oxidative hair dye colors.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results, the oxidative hair dyes increased alteration in color and ultrastructure of hair.

Two sensitizing oxidation products of p-phenylenediamine patch tested in patients allergic to p-phenylenediamine

BACKGROUND

The results from a previous study indicated the presence of several possible sensitizers formed during oxidation of the potent sensitizer p-phenylenediamine (PPD) to which PPD-sensitized patients might react, in various patterns.

OBJECTIVES

To extract and analyse a yellow spot from a thin-layer chromatogram with oxidized PPD, to which 6 of 14 (43%) PPD-positive patients had reacted in a previous study, in order to identify potential sensitizer(s) and to patch test this/these substance(s) in the 14 PPD-positive patients.

METHODS

The yellow spot was extracted from a thin-layer chromatogram of oxidized PPD, and two substances, suspected to be allergens, were identified by analysis with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). The 14 PPD-positive patients, who had been previously tested with the thin-layer chromatogram of oxidized PPD, participated in the investigation, and were tested with dilutions of the two substances.

RESULTS

GCMS analysis identified 4-nitroaniline and 4,4'-azodianiline in the yellow spot. Of the 14 PPD-positive test patients, 5 (36%) reacted to 4-nitroaniline and 9 (64%) reacted to 4,4'-azodianiline.

CONCLUSION

The results show that 4-nitroaniline and 4,4'-azodianiline, formed during oxidation of PPD, are potent sensitizers. PPD-sensitized patients react to a high extent to concentrations equimolar to PPD of 4-nitroaniline and 4,4'-azodianiline.

2-Amino-4-hydroxyethylaminoanisole sulfate - a coupler causing contact allergy from use in hair dyes

BACKGROUND

Allergic contact dermatitis resulting from the use of permanent hair dyes is common. Approximately 100 hair dye chemicals are permitted in Europe. Hair dye ingredients may change over time, and hence new hair dye allergens should be looked for continuously.

OBJECTIVES

To review positive patch test reactions to the coupler 2-amino-4-hydroxyethylaminoanisole sulfate 2% pet. from 2005 to 2014.

METHODS

Patch test results from the Allergen Bank database for eczema patients patch tested with 2-amino-4-hydroxyethylaminoanisole sulfate 2% pet. from 2005 to 2014 were reviewed.

RESULTS

A total of 902 dermatitis patients (154 from the dermatology department and 748 from 65 practices) were patch tested with amino-4-hydroxyethylaminoanisole sulfate 2% pet. from 2005 to 2014. Thirteen (1.4%) patients had a positive patch test reaction. Our results do not indicate irritant reactions.

CONCLUSIONS

2-Amino-4-hydroxyethylaminoanisole sulfate is a new but rare contact allergen.

Hair dye dermatitis and p-phenylenediamine contact sensitivity: A preliminary report

BACKGROUND

The contact allergic reactions from p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in hair dyes vary from mild contact dermatitis to severe life- threatening events (angioedema, bronchospasm, asthma, renal impairment).

OBJECTIVES

To study the clinical patterns and PPD contact sensitivity in patients with hair-dye dermatitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eighty (M:F 47:33) consecutive patients aged between 18 and 74 years suspected to have contact allergy from hair dye were studied by patch testing with Indian Standard Series including p-phenylenediamine (PPD, 1.0% pet).

RESULTS

54 Fifty-four (M:F 21:33) patients showed positive patch tests from PPD. Eight of these patients also showed positive patch test reaction from fragrance mix, thiuram mix, paraben mix, or colophony. Fifty-seven (71%) patients affected were aged older than 40 years. The duration of dermatitis varied from < 1 month to > 1 year with exacerbation following hair coloring. Forty-nine patients had dermatitis of scalp and/or scalp margins and 23 patients had face and neck dermatitis. Periorbital dermatitis, chronic actinic dermatitis, and erythema multiforme-like lesions were seen in 4, 2, and 1 patients, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Hair dyes and PPD constitute a significant cause of contact dermatitis. There is an urgent need for creating consumer awareness regarding hair-dyes contact sensitivity and the significance of performing sensitivity testing prior to actual use.

p-Phenylenediamine and other allergens in hair dye products in the United States: a consumer exposure study

BACKGROUND

Hair dye products constitute an important source of allergen exposure, and contribute importantly to allergic contact dermatitis in consumers and hairdressers.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the presence of potent contact sensitizers in oxidative hair dye products intended for home use on the US market.

METHODS

Ingredient labels of 107 hair dyes from 10 major brands were examined and used to assess the prevalence of hair dye substances known to be potent contact sensitizers.

RESULTS

One hundred and six of 107 (99%) products contained at least one potent sensitizer, and the average product contained six (range 0-11). p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) was found in 83 products (78%), but resorcinol (89%), m-aminophenol (75%), p-aminophenol (60%) and toluene-2,5-diamine (21%) were also frequently identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Potent contact sensitizers were almost universally included in the hair dyes investigated in the United States. Although PPD is a common allergen, resorcinol and m-aminophenol were found more frequently. In total, 30 potent sensitizers were found. Clinicians should consider other allergens in addition to PPD when evaluating patients with suspected hair dye allergy.

Allergic contact dermatitis to para-phenylenediamine

Exposure to hair dye is the most frequent route of sensitisation to para-phenylenediamine (PPD), a common contact allergen. International studies have examined the profile of PPD, but Australian-sourced information is lacking. Patients are often dissatisfied with advice to stop dyeing their hair. This study examines patients' characteristics, patch test results and outcomes of PPD allergy from a single Australian centre, through a retrospective analysis of patch test data from 2006 to 2013 at the Liverpool Hospital Dermatology Department. It reviews the science of hair dye allergy, examines alternative hair dyes and investigates strategies for hair dyeing. Of 584 patients, 11 were allergic to PPD. Our PPD allergy prevalence rate of 2% is at the lower end of international reported rates. About half these patients also react to para-toluenediamine (PTD). Affected patients experience a significant lifestyle disturbance. In all, 78% tried alternative hair dyes after the patch test diagnosis and more than half continued to dye their hair. Alternative non-PPD hair dyes are available but the marketplace can be confusing. Although some patients are able to tolerate alternative hair dyes, caution is needed as the risk of developing an allergy to other hair dye ingredients, especially PTD, is high.

Dermatotoxicologic clinical solutions: hair dying in hair dye allergic patients?

This article describes how to identify allergic contact dermatitis resulting from hair dye, and outlines interventions and prevention principles for those who wish to continue dyeing their hair despite being allergic. Hair dye chemicals thought to be the most frequent sensitizers are discussed with instructions for health care providers on how to counsel patients about techniques to minimize exposure to allergenic substances. This framework should allow many patients to continue dyeing their hair without experiencing adverse side effects.

Hair dyes and temporary tattoos are a real hazard for adolescents?

Temporary tattoos, especially those that contain black dyes, have become rampant among teenagers in recent years. Most of these tattoos, in addition to hair dyes include paraphenylenediamine (PPD). PPD is a well-known skin sensitizer, which causes allergic contact dermatitis. Allergic contact dermatitis skin lesions from PPD are mostly seen as erythema multiforme-like eruption, a bullous contact dermatitis or as an exudative erythema. Herein, we report on our finding on a 15 year-old adolescent female who had been unaware of being previously sensitized to PPD from a black henna tattoo, and angioedema-like reaction which occurred after her first exposure to hair dye.

A Review of Aspects of Oxidative Hair Dye Chemistry with Special Reference to N-Nitrosamine Formation

This review discusses a new aspect to the safety profile of oxidative hair dyes using data already in the public domain. These dyes contain secondary amines that are capable of forming potentially carcinogenic nitrosamine derivatives when exposed to atmospheric pollution. Numerous scientific articles confirm the existence of secondary amines in hair dyes (and their intermediates), the possibility of nitrosation by atmospheric NO_x of secondary amines to give the N-nitrosamines, and the significant safety risks on N-nitrosamines. It is believed that such nitrosamine derivatives should be investigated more fully in the interests of consumer safety.

Super vasomol hair dye poisoning

Hair dye poisoning is not rare but is an emerging poisoning in India. The main component of hair dye causing toxicity is paraphenylenediamine (PPD). Acute poisoning by PPD causes characteristic severe angioedema of the upper airway accompanied by a swollen, dry, hard, and protruding tongue. Systemic intoxication results in multisystem involvement and can cause rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure (ARF). PPD consumption is an uncommon cause of ARF. There is no specific antidote for PPD and treatment is mainly supportive. We report a case of suicidal ingestion of hair dye that presented with cervicofascial edema and later developed rhabdomyolysis and ARF. Our patient improved with dialysis and symptomatic management.

Effect of ionic liquid on the determination of aromatic amines as contaminants in hair dyes by liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection

The room temperature ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis-(trifluorometanesulfonyl)imide BMIm[NTf₂] was used as a novel medium for improvement of separation and quantization of 16 aromatic amines typically present as contaminants in consumer products and detected by HPLC coupled to an electrochemical detector. The aromatic amines, namely 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4-chloroaniline, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-aniline, 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine, 2,4-diaminotoluidine, 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline, 4,4'-oxydianiline, aniline, 3,3'-ichlorobenzidine, benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl, o-dianisidine, o-anisidine, o-toluidine, 4,4'-methylene-bis-2-chloroaniline and 2-naphthylamine are oxidized in methanol/BMIm[NTf₂] at a potential around +0.68V to +0.93V vs. Ag/AgCl at a glassy carbon electrode, which is the base for their determination by HPLC/ED. Using the optimized conditions of methanol/BMIm[NTf₂] 70:30 (v/v) as mobile phase, flow-rate of 0.8 mL·min⁻¹, column CLC-ODS, Eap = +1.0 V and T = 40 °C analytical curves were constructed for each of the tested amines. Good linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 1.09 mg·L⁻¹ to 217 mg·L⁻¹, with excellent correlation coefficients. The limits of detection reached 0.021 mg·L⁻¹ to 0.246 mg·L⁻¹ and good relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 3) were obtained from the measurements. Satisfactory recovery for each aromatic amine was achieved, ranging from 95 to 103%. The developed method was successfully applied to determine six aromatic amines present as contaminants in commercial hair dye samples.

Paraphenylene diamine poisoning

The commonest constituent of all hair dyes is paraphenylene diamine (PPD) being used by the people to color their hair all over the world. Hair dye poisoning is emerging as one of the emerging causes of intentional self-poisoning to commit suicide. In this article, the importance of clinical manifestations and of hair dye poisoning is discussed due to the lack of specific diagnostic tests. Since there is no specific antidote for PPD poisoning, the early supportive treatment modalities are discussed.

Erythema multiforme following application of hair dye

Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute mucocutaneous hypersensitivity reaction with varying degrees of blistering and ulceration. Common causes of EM are herpes simplex virus infection, mycoplasma infection, drug hypersensitivity, vaccination and drug–virus interaction. EM induced by contact dermatitis is rare. Paraphenylene diamine, a common ingredient in many hair dyes, is well known to produce allergic contact dermatitis. We report a 35-year-old lady presenting with EM following severe contact dermatitis to hair dye. So far as we know, this is the first report from India describing EM following contact dermatitis.

Paraphenylene diamine poisoning

The commonest constituent of all hair dyes is paraphenylene diamine (PPD). Hair dye poisoning is emerging as one of the emerging causes of intentional self-poisoning to commit suicide. In this article, we report a case of PPD poisoning and the importance of clinical of hair dye poisoning. The lack of specific diagnostic tests, a specific antidote for paraphenylene diamine poisoning and the importance of early supportive treatment modalities are also discussed.

Chemical leucoderma: Indian scenario, prognosis, and treatment

Chemical leucoderma is an industrial disorder in developed countries and the common causative chemicals are phenols and catechols. Due to stringent controls and preventive measures the incidence has come down. In the recent past various chemicals in consumer products have also been documented to produce depigmentation. In India due to lax quality control measures chemical leucoderma due to consumer items is not uncommon.The various consumer items documented to cause contact depigmentation are sticker bindis, rain shoes, plastic chappals, hair dye/ black henna(kali mehndi), alta, wallets and even mobile plastic covers.