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Seguí J, Hervías-Parejo S, Traveset A. Selective forces on the maintenance of outcrossing in an almost exclusively cleistogamous violet species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2452-2463. [PMID: 34622956 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Cleistogamous species constitute interesting study systems to resolve the longstanding question of how outcrossing is maintained given that seed production is ensured through selfing. In this work, we investigate the selective forces that allow the persistence of producing self-pollinated cleistogamous (CL) and chasmogamous (CH) flowers in Viola jaubertiana Marès & Vigin. METHODS We monitored three populations at different elevation for two years, and studied the flowering phenology and the relative contribution of each flower morph to parental fitness. We tested whether allocation to CH and CL flowers differed across populations and if it covaried with herbivory and water stress conditions. We also performed hand-pollination and bagging experiments in CH flowers to estimate inbreeding depression and heterosis. RESULTS The CH flowers open in winter under unfavorable conditions for pollination, show high pollen limitation and no-delayed selfing, and thus produce a low amount of seeds. Conversely, CL flowers appear in early spring, are physiologically cheaper to produce (i.e., dry weight is 3.4 times lower than that of CH flowers), and yield approximately 100 times more seeds than CH flowers. The CH flowers were favored under water stress and low herbivory. Crosses between populations showed up to 25% greater fitness than those within populations. CONCLUSIONS Despite the great pollen limitation in CH flowers, we suggest that the interaction among different environmental determinants and heterosis are probably sufficient forces to maintain chasmogamy in this long-lived species, reducing deleterious fixed mutations in the selfed lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Seguí
- Department of Global Change, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervías-Parejo
- Department of Global Change, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Anna Traveset
- Department of Global Change, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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2
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Lymbery SJ, Tomkins JL, Buzatto BA, Hosken DJ. Kin-mediated plasticity in alternative reproductive tactics. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211069. [PMID: 34344179 PMCID: PMC8334832 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional strategies occur when the relative fitness pay-off from expressing a given phenotype is contingent upon environmental circumstances. This conditional strategy model underlies cases of alternative reproductive tactics, in which individuals of one sex employ different means to obtain reproduction. How kin structure affects the expression of alternative reproductive tactics remains unexplored. We address this using the mite Rhizoglyphus echinopus, in which large males develop into aggressive 'fighters' and small males develop into non-aggressive 'scramblers.' Because only fighters kill their rivals, they should incur a greater indirect fitness cost when competing with their relatives, and thus fighter expression could be reduced in the presence of relatives. We raised mites in full-sibling or mixed-sibship groups and found that fighters were more common at higher body weights in full-sibling groups, not less common as we predicted (small individuals were almost exclusively scramblers in both treatments). This result could be explained if relatedness and cue variability are interpreted signals of population density, since fighters are more common at low densities in this species. Alternatively, our results may indicate that males compete more intensely with relatives in this species. We provide the first evidence of kin-mediated plasticity in the expression of alternative reproductive tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Lymbery
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9EZ, Cornwall, UK
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joseph L. Tomkins
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bruno A. Buzatto
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences (E8C 209), Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J. Hosken
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9EZ, Cornwall, UK
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3
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Reproductive ecology of a cleistogamous annual, Impatiens noli-tangere
L., occurring under different environmental conditions. Ecol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02347243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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McCall C, Waller DM, Mitchell-Olds T. EFFECTS OF SERIAL INBREEDING ON FITNESS COMPONENTS IN IMPATIENS CAPENSIS. Evolution 2017; 48:818-827. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb01364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/1992] [Accepted: 07/16/1993] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire McCall
- Department of Biology; Trinity University; 715 Stadium Drive San Antonio Texas 78212
| | - Donald M. Waller
- Department of Botany; University of Wisconsin; 430 Lincoln Drive Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Tom Mitchell-Olds
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812
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5
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Schmitt J. REACTION NORMS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND LIFE‐HISTORY TRAITS TO LIGHT AVAILABILITY IN
IMPATIENS CAPENSIS. Evolution 2017; 47:1654-1668. [PMID: 28568001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/1992] [Accepted: 01/25/1993] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schmitt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Box G‐W Brown University Providence Rhode Island 02912
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6
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Bell G. THE ECOLOGY AND GENETICS OF FITNESS IN CHLAMYDOMONAS. IV. THE PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES OF GENOTYPES OF THE SAME SPECIES. Evolution 2017; 45:1036-1046. [PMID: 28564047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/1990] [Accepted: 11/29/1990] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The properties of mixtures of genotypes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were investigated by growing them in monoculture and in all possible pairwise combinations in chemically defined axenic medium. Two sets of genotypes produced by crossing wild-type isolates were cultured in each of two physical environments. Mixtures were consistently more productive and less variable over environments than were their constituent monocultures. The average performance of a genotype in mixture was tightly correlated with its performance in monoculture. Reisolation of spores from mixtures at the end of growth showed that the mixtures became dominated by the component with the greater performance in monoculture, so that the properties of mixtures were attributable to replacement rather than to complementation. These results differ from those of similar trials using a range of different species of Chlamydomonas, where genetic interactions were found to be important. They are discussed in relation to theories of diversity and diversification, and related to the agronomic use of crop mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Bell
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, CANADA
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7
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Argyres AZ, Schmitt J. MICROGEOGRAPHIC GENETIC STRUCTURE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND LIFE HISTORY TRAITS IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF
IMPATIENS CAPENSIS. Evolution 2017; 45:178-189. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb05276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/1989] [Accepted: 05/18/1990] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anneta Z. Argyres
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Box G‐W301 Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Johanna Schmitt
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Box G‐W301 Providence RI 02912 USA
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8
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Johnston MO. EFFECTS OF CROSS AND SELF-FERTILIZATION ON PROGENY FITNESS INLOBELIA CARDINALISANDL. SIPHILITICA. Evolution 2017; 46:688-702. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb02076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/1991] [Accepted: 09/20/1991] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark O. Johnston
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology; The University of Chicago; 915 E. 57th Street Chicago IL 60637-1427 USA
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9
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Nason JD, Ellstrand NC. LIFETIME ESTIMATES OF BIPARENTAL INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN THE SELF-INCOMPATIBLE ANNUAL PLANT RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Evolution 2017; 49:307-316. [PMID: 28565004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/1993] [Accepted: 06/21/1994] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of inbreeding depression in plant populations have focused primarily on comparisons of selfing versus outcrossing in self-compatible species. Here we examine the effect of five naturally occurring levels of inbreeding (f ranging from 0 to 0.25 by pedigree) on components of lifetime fitness in a field population of the self-incompatible annual, Raphanus sativus. Pre- and postgermination survival and reproductive success were examined for offspring resulting from compatible cross-pollinations. Multiple linear regression of inbreeding level on rates of fruit and seed abortion as well as seed weight and total seed weight per fruit were not significant. Inbreeding level was not found to affect seed germination, offspring survival in the field, date of first flowering, or plant biomass (dry weight minus fruit). The effect of inbreeding on seedling viability in the greenhouse and viability to flowering was significant but small and inconsistently correlated with inbreeding level. Maternal fecundity, however, a measure of seed yield, was reduced almost 60% in offspring from full-sib crosses (f = 0.25) relative to offspring resulting from experimental outcross pollinations (f = 0). Water availability, a form of physiological stress, affected plant biomass but did not affect maternal fecundity, nor did it interact with inbreeding level to influence these characters. The delayed expression of strong inbreeding depression suggests that highly deleterious recessive alleles were not a primary cause of fitness loss with inbreeding. Highly deleterious recessives may have been purged by bottlenecks in population size associated with the introduction of Raphanus and its recent range expansions. In general, reductions in total relative fitness of greater than 50% associated with full-sib crosses should be sufficient to prohibit the evolution of self-compatibility via transmission advantage in Raphanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Nason
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Norman C Ellstrand
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
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10
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Schmitt J, Ehrhardt DW. ENHANCEMENT OF INBREEDING DEPRESSION BY DOMINANCE AND SUPPRESSION IN
IMPATIENS CAPENSIS. Evolution 2017; 44:269-278. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb05197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/1988] [Accepted: 11/20/1989] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schmitt
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Box G, Brown University Providence RI 02912
| | - David W. Ehrhardt
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Box G, Brown University Providence RI 02912
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11
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Karron JD, Marshall DL. FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF MULTIPLE PATERNITY IN WILD RADISH, RAPHANUS SATIVUS. Evolution 2017; 44:260-268. [PMID: 28564373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb05196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/1988] [Accepted: 11/13/1989] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In natural populations, wild radish plants typically mate with 6-8 pollen donors, and seeds of individual fruits are usually sired by 1-4 fathers. Since radish fruits are indehiscent and gravity-dispersed, progeny are most likely to compete with a mixture of full and half siblings. The fitness consequences of single and multiple paternity were investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Seeds of every possible cross in a 5 times 5 reciprocal diallel mating design were assigned to one of three competition regimes (four full siblings, four maternal half siblings, or four unrelated individuals per pot) or were grown as singletons. After 14 weeks, the aboveground biomass of all plants was harvested and oven-dried. The dry weight of singletons was more than three times that of progeny grown in competition, indicating that intraspecific competition had occurred. Full- and half-sib progenies did not differ in mean dry weight. Thus, there was no evidence that multiple paternity enhances this aspect of maternal fitness. However, the competition regime dramatically affected the coefficient of variation in dry weight of progeny within a pot. Weight hierarchies were much more pronounced in pots of half sibs and unrelated neighbors than in pots of full sibs. Also variance in dry weight attributable to sire was greatest in the half-sib and "unrelated neighbors" competition regimes. These results suggest that weight hierarchies reinforce genetic differences among the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Karron
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131
| | - Diane L Marshall
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131
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12
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McCall C, Mitchell‐Olds T, Waller DM. FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF OUTCROSSING IN
IMPATIENS CAPENSIS
: TESTS OF THE FREQUENCY‐DEPENDENT AND SIB‐COMPETITION MODELS. Evolution 2017; 43:1075-1084. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb02552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/1987] [Accepted: 02/01/1989] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire McCall
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53706
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13
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Bennington CC, McGraw JB. ENVIRONMENT‐DEPENDENCE OF QUANTITATIVE GENETIC PARAMETERS IN
IMPATIENS PALLIDA. Evolution 2017; 50:1083-1097. [PMID: 28565302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/1994] [Accepted: 06/20/1995] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia C. Bennington
- Department of Biology, P.O. Box 6057 West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia 26506‐6057
| | - James B. McGraw
- Department of Biology, P.O. Box 6057 West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia 26506‐6057
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14
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Schmitt J, Gamble SE. THE EFFECT OF DISTANCE FROM THE PARENTAL SITE ON OFFSPRING PERFORMANCE AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN IMPATIENS CAPENSIS: A TEST OF THE LOCAL ADAPTATION HYPOTHESIS. Evolution 2017; 44:2022-2030. [PMID: 28564443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb04308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/1989] [Accepted: 03/15/1990] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
If microgeographic variation in selection within a natural plant population has resulted in local adaptation, then offspring fitness should decline with distance from the parental site. If outcrossed progeny are less well-adapted to the parental environment than inbred progeny, but perform better in environments different from that of the parent, then the fitness of inbred progeny relative to outcrossed progeny should decrease with dispersal distance from the parent. To test these predictions, we collected seedlings at 10-m intervals from a 40 times 40-m permanent grid in a natural population of Impatiens capensis, grew them in a greenhouse, and crossed them to produce outcrossed chasmogamous seeds. Seedlings from outcrossed chasmogamous and self-fertilized cleistogamous seeds were planted back into the source population in the original site of their maternal parents and in arcs 3 and 12 m from the parental location and censused weekly for survival and reproduction. The fitness of inbred offspring declined significantly and the magnitude of observed inbreeding depression increased with distance from the parental site, supporting the local adaptation hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schmitt
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Box G- W301, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Susan E Gamble
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Box G- W301, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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15
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Yu TL, Deng XH, Busam M, Song Y. Does relatedness influence the intensity of competition in Bufo gargarizans minshanicus tadpoles? ANIM BIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-00002530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kin selection theory predicts that mechanisms should evolve to reduce kin competition when this maximizes inclusive fitness. In this study, we tested these predictions by investigating the effects of relatedness on fitness-related metamorphic traits (e.g., length of larval period, size at metamorphosis, body condition and survival rate). We did this in a laboratory experiment by exposing individuals of Bufo gargarizans minshanicus to competition with full-sibling or non-sibling larvae. Although tadpoles seemed to grow slightly better in environments when their competition consisted of full-siblings than when their competitors consisted of non-siblings, these effects of relatedness on the growth and development were not significant. Therefore, we suggest that interference competition may be equally intense in in full-sibling and non-sibling groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lei Yu
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, SD 464000, China
| | - Xiao Hui Deng
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, SD 464000, China
| | - Michael Busam
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, USA
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, SD 464000, China
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16
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Lively CM, Morran LT. The ecology of sexual reproduction. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1292-303. [PMID: 24617324 PMCID: PMC4077903 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is widely regarded as one of the major unexplained phenomena in biology. Nonetheless, while a general answer may remain elusive, considerable progress has been made in the last few decades. Here, we first review the genesis of, and support for, the major ecological hypotheses for biparental sexual reproduction. We then focus on the idea that host-parasite coevolution can favour cross-fertilization over uniparental forms of reproduction, as this hypothesis currently has the most support from natural populations. We also review the results from experimental evolution studies, which tend to show that exposure to novel environments can select for higher levels of sexual reproduction, but that sex decreases in frequency after populations become adapted to the previously novel conditions. In contrast, experimental coevolution studies suggest that host-parasite interactions can lead to the long-term persistence of sex. Taken together, the evidence from natural populations and from laboratory experiments point to antagonistic coevolution as a potent and possibly ubiquitous force of selection favouring cross-fertilization and recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lively
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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17
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File AL, Murphy GP, Dudley SA. Fitness consequences of plants growing with siblings: reconciling kin selection, niche partitioning and competitive ability. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:209-18. [PMID: 22072602 PMCID: PMC3223689 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant studies that have investigated the fitness consequences of growing with siblings have found conflicting evidence that can support different theoretical frameworks. Depending on whether siblings or strangers have higher fitness in competition, kin selection, niche partitioning and competitive ability have been invoked. Here, we bring together these processes in a conceptual synthesis and argue that they can be co-occurring. We propose that these processes can be reconciled and argue for a trait-based approach of measuring natural selection instead of the fitness-based approach to the study of sibling competition. This review will improve the understanding of how plants interact socially under competitive situations, and provide a framework for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L File
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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18
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Biernaskie JM. Evidence for competition and cooperation among climbing plants. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 278:1989-96. [PMID: 21147795 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A plant's best strategy for acquiring resources may often depend on the identity of neighbours. Here, I ask whether plants adjust their strategy to local relatedness: individuals may cooperate (reduce competitiveness) with kin but compete relatively intensely with non-kin. In a greenhouse experiment with Ipomoea hederacea, neighbouring siblings from the same inbred line were relatively uniform in height; groups of mixed lines, however, were increasingly variable as their mean height increased. The reproductive yield of mixed and sibling groups was similar overall, but when adjusted to a common mean height and height inequality, the yield of mixed groups was significantly less. Where this difference in yield was most pronounced (among groups that varied most in height), mixed groups tended to allocate more mass to roots than comparable sibling groups, and overall, mixed groups produced significantly fewer seeds per unit mass of roots. These results suggest that, from the group perspective, non-kin may have wasted resources in below-ground competition at the expense of reproduction; kin groups, on the other hand, displayed the relative efficiency that is expected of reduced competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Biernaskie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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19
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Milla R, Forero DM, Escudero A, Iriondo JM. Growing with siblings: a common ground for cooperation or for fiercer competition among plants? Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:2531-40. [PMID: 19403541 PMCID: PMC2686667 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has shown that certain plants can identify their kin in competitive settings through root recognition, and react by decreasing root growth when competing with relatives. Although this may be a necessary step in kin selection, no clear associated improvement in individual or group fitness has been reported to qualify as such. We designed an experiment to address whether genetic relatedness between neighbouring plants affects individual or group fitness in artificial populations. Seeds of Lupinus angustifolius were sown in groups of siblings, groups of different genotypes from the same population and groups of genotypes from different populations. Both plants surrounded by siblings and by genotypes from the same population had lower individual fitness and produced fewer flowers and less vegetative biomass as a group. We conclude that genetic relatedness entails decreased individual and group fitness in L. angustifolius. This, together with earlier work, precludes the generalization that kin recognition may act as a widespread, major microevolutionary mechanism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Milla
- Area de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Stability and genetic basis of variability of phally polymorphism in natural populations of the self-fertile freshwater snailBulinus truncatus. Genet Res (Camb) 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300033851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryWe investigated the genetic variability for phally polymorphism within and between natural populations of the hermaphrodite self-fertile freshwater snailBulinus truncatus. Phally polymorphism is characterized by the co-occurrence in natural populations of regular hermaphrodite individuals (euphallic) and individuals deprived of the male copulatory organ (aphallic). The two morphs can both self-fertilize and outcross. However, aphallic individuals cannot outcross as males. We examined the variation of the aphally ratio in 22 natural populations from Niger over two successive years. During the second years, populations were sampled three times at 3 week intervals. The aphally ratio was highly variable among populations at a given sampling data and remained relatively stable over time. For 10 of these populations, one population from Corsica and two from Sardinia, we also estimated the between- and within- population variability, analysing the aphally ratio of 346 families under laboratory conditions. The aphally ratio varied significantly among populations and was highly correlated with the aphally ratio of the natural populations. Some within-population variability, associated with a high value of the broad sense heritability, was observed in four populations out of 13. In these populations, aphallic individuals produced significantly more aphallic offspring than euphallic individuals. Our results indicate a strong genetic basis for aphally, with large genetic differences among populations and some genetic variability for aphally within populations. We discuss the adaptive and stochastic factors that may shape the distribution of the genetic variability for aphally.
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21
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von Wettberg EJ, Remington DL, Schmitt J. Partitioning adaptive differentiation across a patchy landscape: shade avoidance traits in impatiens capensis. Evolution 2007; 62:654-67. [PMID: 18081714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to different habitat types across a patchy landscape may either arise independently in each patch or occur due to repeated colonization of each patch by the same specialized genotype. We tested whether open- and closed-canopy forms of Impatiens capensis, an herbaceous annual plant of eastern North America, have evolved repeatedly by comparing hierarchical measures of F(ST) estimated from AFLPs to morphological differentiation measured by Q(ST) for five pairs of populations found in open and closed habitats in five New England regions. Morphological differentiation between habitats (Q(HT)) in elongation traits was greater than marker divergence (F(HT)), suggesting adaptive differentiation. Genotypes from open- and closed-canopy habitats differed in shade avoidance traits in several population pairs, whereas patterns of AFLP differentiation suggest this differentiation does not have a single origin. These results suggest that open- and closed-canopy habitats present different selective pressures, but that the outcome of diversifying selection may differ depending on specific closed- and open-canopy habitats and on starting genetic variation. Hierarchical partitioning of F(ST) and Q(ST) makes it possible to distinguish global stabilizing selection on traits across a landscape from diversifying selection between habitat types within regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J von Wettberg
- Brown University, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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22
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Steets JA, Knight TM, Ashman TL. The interactive effects of herbivory and mixed mating for the population dynamics of Impatiens capensis. Am Nat 2007; 170:113-27. [PMID: 17853996 DOI: 10.1086/518178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examine the demographic consequences of mixed mating and explore the interactive effects of vegetative herbivory and mating system for population dynamics of Impatiens capensis, a species with an obligate mixed mating system (i.e., individuals produce both obligately selfing cleistogamous and facultatively outcrossing chasmogamous flowers). In two natural populations, we followed seeds derived from cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers subject to different herbivory levels throughout their life cycle. Using a mating system-explicit projection matrix model, we found that mating system types differed in important vital rates. Cleistogamous individuals had higher rates of germination than did chasmogamous individuals, whereas chasmogamous individuals expressed a fecundity advantage over cleistogamous individuals. In addition, population growth was most sensitive to changes in vital rates of cleistogamous individuals, indicating the demographic importance of selfing for these populations. Herbivory also had demographic consequences; a 33%-49% reduction in herbivory caused the population growth rates to increase by 104%-132%, primarily because of effects on vital rates of selfed individuals. Our results not only uncover a novel consequence of mating system expression, that is, mating system influences population dynamics, but also shed light on the role of herbivores in maintaining mixed mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette A Steets
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
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23
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Hardy OJ, González-Martínez SC, Colas B, Fréville H, Mignot A, Olivieri I. Fine-scale genetic structure and gene dispersal in Centaurea corymbosa (Asteraceae). II. Correlated paternity within and among sibships. Genetics 2005; 168:1601-14. [PMID: 15579710 PMCID: PMC1448787 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.027714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine-scale pattern of correlated paternity was characterized within a population of the narrow-endemic model plant species, Centaurea corymbosa, using microsatellites and natural progeny arrays. We used classical approaches to assess correlated mating within sibships and developed a new method based on pairwise kinship coefficients to assess correlated paternity within and among sibships in a spatio-temporal perspective. We also performed numerical simulations to assess the relative significance of different mechanisms promoting correlated paternity and to compare the statistical properties of different estimators of correlated paternity. Our new approach proved very informative to assess which factors contributed most to correlated paternity and presented good statistical properties. Within progeny arrays, we found that about one-fifth of offspring pairs were full-sibs. This level of correlated mating did not result from correlated pollen dispersal events (i.e., pollen codispersion) but rather from limited mate availability, the latter being due to limited pollen dispersal distances, the heterogeneity of pollen production among plants, phenological heterogeneity and, according to simulations, the self-incompatibility system. We point out the close connection between correlated paternity and the "TwoGener" approach recently developed to infer pollen dispersal and discuss the conditions to be met when applying the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier J Hardy
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Ecologie Végétales, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1160 Brussels, Belgium.
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24
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TAGG NIKKI, DONCASTER CPATRICK, INNES DAVIDJ. Resource competition between genetically varied and genetically uniform populations of Daphnia pulex (Leydig): does sexual reproduction confer a short-term ecological advantage? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Tagg N, Innes DJ, Doncaster CP. Outcomes of reciprocal invasions between genetically diverse and genetically uniform populations of Daphnia obtusa (Kurz). Oecologia 2005; 143:527-36. [PMID: 15909133 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ecological theory predicts that genetic variation produced by sexual reproduction results in niche diversification and provides a competitive advantage both to facilitate invasion into genetically uniform asexual populations and to withstand invasion by asexual competitors. We tested the hypothesis that a large group of diverse clones of Daphnia obtusa has greater competitive advantage when invading into genetically uniform populations of this species than a smaller group with inherently less genetic diversity. We compared competitive outcomes to those of genetically uniform groups of small and large size invading into genetically diverse populations. Genetically diverse invaders of initially large group size increased their representation by more than those of initially small size; in contrast, genetically uniform invaders of initially large group size diminished on average by more than those of initially small size. These results demonstrate an advantage to the genetic variation produced by sexual reproduction, both in invasion and resisting invasion, which we attribute to competitive release experienced by individuals in genetically diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tagg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK
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26
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Donohue K. The influence of neighbor relatedness on multilevel selection in the Great Lakes sea rocket. Am Nat 2003; 162:77-92. [PMID: 12856238 DOI: 10.1086/375299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2002] [Accepted: 12/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection can operate at the individual and group level in natural populations. This study investigates the ecological factors that determine the relative importance of individual versus group selection. In particular, it determines how the relatedness of interacting neighbors influences multilevel natural selection in a population of the Great Lakes sea rocket. Focal plants were grown in groups of siblings, groups of plants that were themselves siblings but unrelated to the focal plants, and groups of plants with mixed genotypes. Significant group selection on plant size was observed only when the neighbors were siblings but not when they were unrelated. In sibling groups, individuals with heavier stems had higher fitness, and individuals growing with heavier but shorter neighbors also had higher fitness. Thus, individual and group selection on stem weight operated in the same direction. The detection of group selection in sibling groups can be attributed in part to an increased opportunity for group selection in these groups since sibling groups differed more from one another than the other group types. In addition, the quality of the selective environment in sibling groups may have differed from that for the other group types. Group selection was therefore more prevalent in the most genetically structured sample, in which responses to group selection are also most likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Donohue
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA.
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27
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LU YINGQING. Why is cleistogamy a selected reproductive strategy in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae)? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Delesalle VA, Mazer SJ. THE NEIGHBORHOOD MATTERS: EFFECTS OF NEIGHBOR NUMBER AND SIBLING (OR KIN) COMPETITION ON FLORAL TRAITS IN SPERGULARIA MARINA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE). Evolution 2002. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[2406:tnmeon]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Christen M, Kurtz J, Milinski M. OUTCROSSING INCREASES INFECTION SUCCESS AND COMPETITIVE ABILITY: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM A HERMAPHRODITE PARASITE. Evolution 2002. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[2243:oiisac]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Culley TM. Inbreeding depression and floral type fitness differences in Viola canadensis (Violaceae), a species with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/b00-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Few studies of inbreeding depression have focused on species producing both showy, chasmogamous (CH) flowers and self-pollinated, cleistogamous (CL) flowers. The goals of this investigation were to measure the level of inbreeding depression in the North American violet, Viola canadensis L., and to determine if any fitness differences were linked to floral type (CH versus CL) rather than to cross type (self versus outcross). Hand pollinations were carried out to produce self- and outcross-pollinated CH progeny, and CL seeds were also collected. In a greenhouse, selfed and outcrossed CH flowers produced similar numbers of seeds, and both types of progeny had similar survival rates and comparable numbers of CH flowers, although outcrossed CH progeny had 14% greater vegetative biomass than selfed CH progeny. The level of inbreeding depression in V. canadensis was low, indicating that there may be few drawbacks to selfing in this species. A comparison of CL and self-pollinated CH progeny showed that, although there were differences in CH flower number, overall fitness differences were minimal. The similar performance of selfed (CL and CH) and outcrossed progeny in early life-history stages of V. canadensis suggests a history of inbreeding in the population.Key words: cleistogamy, inbreeding depression, outcrossing, selfing, Viola canadensis.
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Paoletti, Holsinger. Spatial patterns of polygenic variation in Impatiens capensis, a species with an environmentally controlled mixed mating system. J Evol Biol 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Schrag SJ, Read AF. Loss of male outcrossing ability in simultaneous hermaphrodites: phylogenetic analyses of pulmonate snails. J Zool (1987) 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Evolution and ecological correlates of uniparental reproduction in freshwater snails. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02143201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Stewart SC. Genetic constraints on mating system evolution in the cleistogamous annual Impatiens pallida: inbreeding in chasmogamous flowers. Heredity (Edinb) 1994. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1994.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Abstract
The origin and maintenance of sexual reproduction continues to be an important problem in evolutionary biology. If the deleterious mutation rate per genome per generation is greater than 1, then the greater efficiency of selection against these mutations in sexual populations may be responsible for the evolution of sex and related phenomena. In modern human populations detrimental mutations with small individual effects are probably accumulating faster than they are being eliminated by selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kondrashov
- Research Computer Center, Pushchino, Moscow Region, USSR
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36
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Jasieński M. Kinship ecology of competition: size hierarchies in kin and nonkin laboratory cohorts of tadpoles. Oecologia 1988; 77:407-413. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00378052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/1988] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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