1
|
Rhodes AC, Plowes RM, Bowman EA, Gaitho A, Ng'Iru I, Martins DJ, Gilbert LE. Systematic reduction of natural enemies and competition across variable precipitation approximates buffelgrass invasiveness ( Cenchrus ciliaris) in its native range. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11350. [PMID: 38737568 PMCID: PMC11087885 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive grasses cause devastating losses to biodiversity and ecosystem function directly and indirectly by altering ecosystem processes. Escape from natural enemies, plant-plant competition, and variable resource availability provide frameworks for understanding invasion. However, we lack a clear understanding of how natural stressors interact in their native range to regulate invasiveness. In this study, we reduced diverse guilds of natural enemies and plant competitors of the highly invasive buffelgrass across a precipitation gradient throughout major climatic shifts in Laikipia, Kenya. To do this, we used a long-term ungulate exclosure experiment design across a precipitation gradient with nested treatments that (1) reduced plant competition through clipping, (2) reduced insects through systemic insecticide, and (3) reduced fungal associates through fungicide application. Additionally, we measured the interaction of ungulates on two stem-boring insect species feeding on buffelgrass. Finally, we measured a multiyear smut fungus outbreak. Our findings suggest that buffelgrass exhibits invasive qualities when released from a diverse group of natural stressors in its native range. We show natural enemies interact with precipitation to alter buffelgrass productivity patterns. In addition, interspecific plant competition decreased the basal area of buffelgrass, suggesting that biotic resistance mediates buffelgrass dominance in the home range. Surprisingly, systemic insecticides and fungicides did not impact buffelgrass production or reproduction, perhaps because other guilds filled the niche space in these highly diverse systems. For example, in the absence of ungulates, we showed an increase in host-specific stem-galling insects, where these insects compensated for reduced ungulate use. Finally, we documented a smut outbreak in 2020 and 2021, corresponding to highly variable precipitation patterns caused by a shifting Indian Ocean Dipole. In conclusion, we observed how reducing natural enemies and competitors and certain interactions increased properties related to buffelgrass invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Rhodes
- Brackenridge Field LaboratoryThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - Robert M. Plowes
- Brackenridge Field LaboratoryThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. Bowman
- Brackenridge Field LaboratoryThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
- Hiro Technologies, IncAustinTexasUSA
| | - Aimee Gaitho
- Mpala Research Centre NanyukiNanyukiKenya
- Turkana Basin InstituteNairobiKenya
| | - Ivy Ng'Iru
- UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyCardiff UniversityWallingfordUK
| | | | - Lawrence E. Gilbert
- Brackenridge Field LaboratoryThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eyster HN, Wolkovich EM. Comparisons in the native and introduced ranges reveal little evidence of climatic adaptation in germination traits. CLIMATE CHANGE ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecochg.2021.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
3
|
Blakeslee AMH, Haram LE, Altman I, Kennedy K, Ruiz GM, Miller AW. Founder effects and species introductions: A host versus parasite perspective. Evol Appl 2020; 13:559-574. [PMID: 32431736 PMCID: PMC7045715 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Species colonizations (both natural and anthropogenic) can be associated with genetic founder effects, where founding populations demonstrate significant genetic bottlenecks compared to native populations. Yet, many successfully established free-living species exhibit little reduction in genetic diversity-possibly due to multiple founding events and/or high propagule pressure during introductions. Less clear, however, is whether parasites may show differential signatures to their free-living hosts. Parasites with indirect life cycles may particularly be more prone to founder effects (i.e., more genetically depauperate) because of inherently smaller founding populations and complex life cycles. We investigated this question in native (east coast) and introduced (west coast) North American populations of a host snail Tritia obsoleta (formerly Ilyanassa obsoleta, the eastern mudsnail) and four trematode parasite species that obligately infect it. We examined genetic diversity, gene flow, and population structure using two molecular markers (mitochondrial and nuclear) for the host and the parasites. In the host snail, we found little to no evidence of genetic founder effects, while the trematode parasites showed significantly lower genetic diversity in the introduced versus native ranges. Moreover, the parasite's final host influenced infection prevalence and genetic diversity: Trematode species that utilized fish as final hosts demonstrated lower parasite diversity and heightened founder effects in the introduced range than those trematodes using birds as final hosts. In addition, inter-regional gene flow was strongest for comparisons that included the putative historical source region (mid-Atlantic populations of the US east coast). Overall, our results broaden understanding of the role that colonization events (including recent anthropogenic introductions) have on genetic diversity in non-native organisms by also evaluating less studied groups like parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April M. H. Blakeslee
- East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNCUSA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMDUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roux C, Pannell JR. The opposing effects of genetic drift and Haldane's sieve on floral-morph frequencies in tristylous metapopulations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1229-1240. [PMID: 31505031 PMCID: PMC6856859 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tristyly is a genetic floral polymorphism in which three floral morphs are maintained at equal frequencies by negative frequency-dependent selection on alleles at two interacting loci. Because dominant alleles at these loci are maintained at a lower frequency than their recessive counterparts, they are more likely to be lost by founder events and genetic drift. Here we examine the hypothesis that dominant alleles under negative frequency-dependent selection should also be more likely to re-invade populations than recessive alleles, due to Haldane's Sieve, because recessive alleles not expressed in a heterozygote state cannot benefit from positive selection when rare. We used computer simulations of tristylous metapopulations to verify that Haldane's Sieve acting on migrants into occupied demes can indeed reverse the bias in allele frequencies expected for small single tristylous populations, particularly in situations of rapid population growth following colonisation. This effect is manifest both locally and at the metapopulation level. Our study illustrates the potential effect of Haldane's Sieve in the novel context of an iconic plant sexual-system polymorphism under the influence of metapopulation dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Roux
- CNRSUMR 8198 – Evo‐Eco‐PaleoUniv. LilleLilleF‐59000France
| | - John R. Pannell
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanne1015Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Interaction between Ailanthus altissima and Native Robinia pseudoacacia in Early Succession: Implications for Forest Management. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Pannell J. THE MAINTENANCE OF GYNODIOECY AND ANDRODIOECY IN A METAPOPULATION. Evolution 2017; 51:10-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/1996] [Accepted: 07/16/1996] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Pannell
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3RB United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brock MT, Lucas LK, Anderson NA, Rubin MJ, Markelz RJC, Covington MF, Devisetty UK, Chapple C, Maloof JN, Weinig C. Genetic architecture, biochemical underpinnings and ecological impact of floral UV patterning. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1122-40. [PMID: 26800256 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Floral attraction traits can significantly affect pollinator visitation patterns, but adaptive evolution of these traits may be constrained by correlations with other traits. In some cases, molecular pathways contributing to floral attraction are well characterized, offering the opportunity to explore loci potentially underlying variation among individuals. Here, we quantify the range of variation in floral UV patterning (i.e. UV 'bulls-eye nectar guides) among crop and wild accessions of Brassica rapa. We then use experimental crosses to examine the genetic architecture, candidate loci and biochemical underpinnings of this patterning as well as phenotypic manipulations to test the ecological impact. We find qualitative variation in UV patterning between wild (commonly lacking UV patterns) and crop (commonly exhibiting UV patterns) accessions. Similar to the majority of crops, recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from an oilseed crop × WI fast-plant® cross exhibit UV patterns, the size of which varies extensively among genotypes. In RILs, we further observe strong statistical-genetic and QTL correlations within petal morphological traits and within measurements of petal UV patterning; however, correlations between morphology and UV patterning are weak or nonsignificant, suggesting that UV patterning is regulated and may evolve independently of overall petal size. HPLC analyses reveal a high concentration of sinapoyl glucose in UV-absorbing petal regions, which, in concert with physical locations of UV-trait QTLs, suggest a regulatory and structural gene as candidates underlying observed quantitative variation. Finally, insects prefer flowers with UV bulls-eye patterns over those that lack patterns, validating the importance of UV patterning in pollen-limited populations of B. rapa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus T Brock
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Lauren K Lucas
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Nickolas A Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Matthew J Rubin
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - R J Cody Markelz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michael F Covington
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Upendra K Devisetty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Julin N Maloof
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cynthia Weinig
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
DeWoody J, Trewin H, Taylor G. Genetic and morphological differentiation in Populus nigra L.: isolation by colonization or isolation by adaptation? Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2641-55. [PMID: 25857321 PMCID: PMC4692097 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Identifying processes underlying the genetic and morphological differences among populations is a central question of evolutionary biology. Forest trees typically contain high levels of neutral genetic variation, and genetic differences are often correlated with geographic distance between populations [isolation by distance (IBD)] or are due to historic vicariance events [isolation by colonization (IBC)]. In contrast, morphological differences are largely due to local adaptation. Here, we examined genetic (microsatellite) and morphological (from a common garden experiment) variation in Populus nigra L., European black poplar, collected from 13 sites across western Europe and grown in a common garden in Belgium. Significant genetic differentiation was observed, with populations from France displaying greater admixture than the distinct Spanish and central European gene pools, consistent with previously described glacial refugia (IBC). Many quantitative traits displayed a bimodal distribution, approximately corresponding to small-leaf and large-leaf ecotypes. Examination of nine climatic variables revealed the sampling locations to have diverse climates, and although the correlation between morphological and climatic differences was significant, the pattern was not consistent with strict local adaptation. Partial Mantel tests based on multivariate summary statistics identified significant residual correlation in comparisons of small-leaf to large-leaf ecotypes, and within the small-leaf samples, but not within large-leaf ecotypes, indicating that variation within the small-leaf morphotype in particular may be adaptive. Some small-leaf populations experience climates very similar to those in large-leaf sites. We conclude that adaptive differentiation and persistent IBC acted in combination to produce the genetic and morphological patterns observed in P. nigra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer DeWoody
- Centre for Life Sciences, Unviersity of Southampton, Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Harriet Trewin
- Centre for Life Sciences, Unviersity of Southampton, Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Life Sciences, Unviersity of Southampton, Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Simón-Porcar VI, Picó FX, Arroyo J. Range-wide population genetics and variation in morph ratio in style-dimorphic Narcissus papyraceus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:449-456. [PMID: 25784478 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Theoretical models state that natural selection and mating patterns account for floral morph ratio in style-polymorphic plants. However, the demographic history of populations can also influence variation in morph ratios. If so, we hypothesize an association between the morph ratios and the genetic structure across populations.• METHODS We used nuclear microsatellites to assess genetic variation and structure in populations of Narcissus papyraceus, a style-dimorphic plant whose floral morph ratios (L-morph to S-morph) gradually vary throughout its distribution range in the southwestern Mediterranean Basin. We implemented analyses to relate the genetic features of populations with their morph ratios.• KEY RESULTS We found greater frequencies of the S-morph in central populations and declining frequencies toward the periphery. This geographic pattern was not associated with the genetic structure of populations. Instead, we found two distinct genetic groups, mainly separated by the Strait of Gibraltar, with a mixture of morph ratios within each one. Overall, there was a weak genetic structure. Genetic diversity was greater in central and southern dimorphic populations than in northern L-monomorphic populations.• CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results do not support the hypothesis that the demographic history of populations can account for the observed geographical pattern of morph ratios in N. papyraceus. We suggest that adaptive processes shown in previous studies in the species are the main determinant of the existing variation in the morph composition of populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta I Simón-Porcar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095 41080 Sevilla, Spain Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - F Xavier Picó
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pérez-Barrales R, Simón-Porcar VI, Santos-Gally R, Arroyo J. Phenotypic integration in style dimorphic daffodils (Narcissus, Amaryllidaceae) with different pollinators. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130258. [PMID: 25002703 PMCID: PMC4084543 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different pollinators can exert different selective pressures on floral traits, depending on how they fit with flowers, which should be reflected in the patterns of variation and covariation of traits. Surprisingly, empirical evidence in support of this view is scarce. Here, we have studied whether the variation observed in floral phenotypic integration and covariation of traits in Narcissus species is associated with different groups of pollinators. Phenotypic integration was studied in two style dimorphic species, both with dimorphic populations mostly visited by long-tongued pollinators (close fit with flowers), and monomorphic populations visited by short-tongued insects (loose fit). For N. papyraceus, the patterns of variation and correlation among traits involved in different functions (attraction and fit with pollinators, transfer of pollen) were compared within and between population types. The genetic diversity of populations was also studied to control for possible effects on phenotypic variation. In both species, populations with long-tongued pollinators displayed greater phenotypic integration than those with short-tongued pollinators. Also, the correlations among traits involved in the same function were stronger than across functions. Furthermore, traits involved in the transfer of pollen were consistently more correlated and less variable than traits involved in the attraction of insects, and these differences were larger in dimorphic than monomorphic populations. In addition, population genetic parameters did not correlate with phenotypic integration or variation. Altogether, our results support current views of the role of pollinators in the evolution of floral integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Pérez-Barrales
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Seville, Seville 41080, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Santos-Gally
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Seville, Seville 41080, Spain
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Seville, Seville 41080, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Matute DR. The role of founder effects on the evolution of reproductive isolation. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2299-311. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Matute
- Department of Human Genetics; The University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
- The Chicago Fellows Program; The University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Meeus S, Honnay O, Jacquemyn H. Strong differences in genetic structure across disjunct, edge, and core populations of the distylous forest herb Pulmonaria officinalis (Boraginaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2012; 99:1809-1818. [PMID: 23092991 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Populations at the edge of a species' distribution area are often small and have low levels of gene flow resulting in lower genetic variation and higher differentiation compared to core populations. This study examined genetic variation among populations of the distylous temperate forest herb Pulmonaria officinalis located in the core, the edge, and outside the species' main distribution range. METHODS We compared patterns of genetic variation for eight microsatellite loci between disjunct (Belgium), edge (western Germany), and core (eastern Germany) populations of P. officinalis. KEY RESULTS Disjunct populations contained only a subset of alleles found in edge and core populations and had significantly lower within-population genetic variation. No significant differences, however, in within-population genetic variation were found between edge and core populations, except for allelic and genotypic richness. Genetic differentiation was highest among disjunct (F(ST) = 0.11) and lowest among core populations (F(ST) = 0.03). Significant (P < 0.01) isolation by distance was found for disjunct and edge populations (r(M) = 0.29 and 0.50, respectively), but not for core populations (r(M) = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS The results are best interpreted from a "dynamic range" point of view in which the observed low levels of genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation in disjunct populations are best explained through historical processes, most likely the introduction of the species in medieval times. Lower levels of gene flow caused by the pronounced fragmentation of forests in Belgium may further have contributed to the genetic structure of P. officinalis in these disjunct populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Meeus
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium. sofi
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li XM, Liao WJ, Wolfe LM, Zhang DY. No evolutionary shift in the mating system of north American Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae) following its introduction to China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31935. [PMID: 22384104 PMCID: PMC3285193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mating system plays a key role during the process of plant invasion. Contemporary evolution of uniparental reproduction (selfing or asexuality) can relieve the challenges of mate limitation in colonizing populations by providing reproductive assurance. Here we examined aspects of the genetics of colonization in Ambrosia artemisiifolia, a North American native that is invasive in China. This species has been found to possess a strong self-incompatibility system and have high outcrossing rates in North America and we examined whether there has been an evolutionary shift towards the dependence on selfing in the introduced range. Specifically, we estimated outcrossing rates in one native and five invasive populations and compared levels of genetic diversity between North America and China. Based on six microsatellite loci we found that, like the native North American population, all five Chinese populations possessed a completely outcrossing mating system. The estimates of paternity correlations were low, ranging from 0.028-0.122, which suggests that populations possessed ~8-36 pollen donor parents contributing to each maternal plant in the invasive populations. High levels of genetic diversity for both native and invasive populations were found with the unbiased estimate of gene diversity ranging from 0.262-0.289 for both geographic ranges based on AFLP markers. Our results demonstrate that there has been no evolutionary shift from outcrossing to selfing during A. artemisiifolia's invasion of China. Furthermore, high levels of genetic variation in North America and China indicate that there has been no erosion of genetic variance due to a bottleneck during the introduction process. We suggest that the successful invasion of A. artemisiifolia into Asia was facilitated by repeated introductions from multiple source populations in the native range creating a diverse gene pool within Chinese populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Jin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Lorne M. Wolfe
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Da-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Setsuko S, Uchiyama K, Sugai K, Hanaoka S, Yoshimaru H. Microsatellite markers derived from Calophyllum inophyllum (Clusiaceae) expressed sequence tags. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2012; 99:e28-e32. [PMID: 22203650 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Robust markers are required (inter alia) for assessing origins of Calophyllum inophyllum populations on the Bonin Islands, Japan. Therefore, informative expressed sequence tag (EST)-based microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSRs) markers in the species were sought. METHODS AND RESULTS Using 135378 ESTs derived from de novo pyrosequencing, primers for 475 EST-SSRs were developed, 48 of which were tested for PCR amplification. Thirty-six of the 48 primers showed clear amplification, with 23 displaying polymorphism in sampled populations. Expected heterozygosity in the samples from the Bonin Islands and Ryukyu Islands populations ranged from 0.041 to 0.697 and from 0.041 to 0.773, respectively. CONCLUSIONS As EST-SSRs are potentially tightly linked with functional genes, and reportedly more transferable to related species than anonymous genomic SSRs, the developed primers have utility for future studies of the origins, genetic structure, and conservation of C. inophyllum and related species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzuki Setsuko
- Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen YH, Berlocher SH, Opp SB, Roderick GK. Post-colonization temporal genetic variation of an introduced fly, Rhagoletis completa. Genetica 2010; 138:1059-75. [PMID: 20824307 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-010-9491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary biologists have been puzzled by the success of introduced species: despite founder effects that reduce genetic variability, invasive species are still successful at colonizing new environments. It is possible that the evolutionary processes during the post-colonization period may increase the genetic diversity and gene flow among invasive populations over time, facilitating their long-term success. Therefore, genetic diversity and population structure would be expected to show greater temporal variation for successful introduced populations than for native populations. We studied the population genetics of the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa, which was introduced into California from the Midwestern US in the early 1900s. We used microsatellites and allozymes to genotype current and historic fly populations, providing a rare perspective on temporal variability in population genetic parameters. We found that introduced populations showed greater temporal fluctuations in allele frequencies than native populations. Some introduced populations also showed an increase in genetic diversity over time, indicating multiple introductions had occurred. Population genetic structure decreased in both native and introduced populations over time. Our study demonstrates that introduced species are not at equilibrium and post-colonization processes may be important in ameliorating the loss of genetic diversity associated with biological invasions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda H Chen
- Environmental Science ESPM, University of California at Berkeley, 137 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
An experimental study of the S-Allee effect in the self-incompatible plant Biscutella neustriaca. CONSERV GENET 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-010-0055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Dupont L, Viard F, Davis MH, Nishikawa T, Bishop JDD. Pathways of spread of the introduced ascidian Styela clava (Tunicata) in Northern Europe, as revealed by microsatellite markers. Biol Invasions 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-009-9676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
CHUN YOUNGJIN, NASON JOHND, MOLONEY KIRKA. Comparison of quantitative and molecular genetic variation of native vs. invasive populations of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicariaL., Lythraceae). Mol Ecol 2009; 18:3020-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
19
|
Bakker EG, Montgomery B, Nguyen T, Eide K, Chang J, Mockler TC, Liston A, Seabloom EW, Borer ET. Strong population structure characterizes weediness gene evolution in the invasive grass species Brachypodium distachyon. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:2588-601. [PMID: 19457186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mediterranean annual grasses have invaded California and have replaced vast areas of native grassland. One of these invasive grasses is Brachypodium distachyon, a new model species for the grasses with extensive genomic resources and a nearly completed genome sequence. This study shows that the level of genetic variation in invaded California grasslands is lower compared to the native range in Eurasia. The invaded regions are characterized by highly differentiated populations of B. distachyon isolated by distance, most likely as a result of founder effects and a dearth of outcrossing events. EXP6 and EXP10 encoding alpha-expansins responsible for rapid growth, and AGL11 and AGL13 encoding proteins involved in vegetative phase regulation, appear to be under purifying selection with no evidence for local adaptation. Our data show that B. distachyon has diverged only recently from related Brachypodium species and that tetraploidization might have been as recent as a few thousand years ago. Observed low genetic variation in EXP10 and AGL13 appears to have been present in Eurasia before tetraploidization, potentially as a result of strong selective pressures on advantageous mutations, which are most likely responsible for its fast growth and rapid completion of its life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica G Bakker
- Department of Horticulture, 4017 Agriculture and Life Sciences Bldg., Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Keller SR, Taylor DR. History, chance and adaptation during biological invasion: separating stochastic phenotypic evolution from response to selection. Ecol Lett 2008; 11:852-66. [PMID: 18422638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Recent biological invasions provide opportunities to investigate microevolution during contemporary timescales. The tempo and scope of local adaptation will be determined by the intensity of natural selection and the amounts and kinds of genetic variation within populations. In flowering plants, genetic diversity is strongly affected by interactions between reproductive systems and stochastic forces associated with immigration history and range expansion. Here, we explore the significance of reproductive system diversity for contemporary evolution during plant invasion. We focus in particular on how reproductive modes influence the genetic consequences of long-distance colonization and determine the likelihood of adaptive responses during invasion. In many clonal invaders, strong founder effects and restrictions on sexual reproduction limit opportunities for local adaptation. In contrast, adaptive changes to life-history traits should be a general expectation in both outbreeding and inbreeding species. We provide evidence that evolutionary modifications to reproductive systems promote the colonizing ability of invading populations and that reproductive timing is an important target of selection during range expansion. Knowledge of the likelihood and speed at which local adaptation evolves in invasive plants will be particularly important for management practices when evolutionary changes enhance ecological opportunities and invasive spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Campbell LG, Husband BC. Small populations are mate-poor but pollinator-rich in a rare, self-incompatible plant, Hymenoxys herbacea (Asteraceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 174:915-925. [PMID: 17504472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
If pollinators or compatible mates are scarce, plants in small populations may be pollen-limited and consequently produce fewer offspring. However, determining the relative importance of the genetic vs ecological mechanisms limiting successful pollination is challenging. We explored the relationships among population size, population connectivity, pollinator visitation, allozyme diversity, mate availability (measured as percent compatible crosses among plants within a population), and pollen limitation in 12 populations (N = 39-885,274) of the self-incompatible plant Hymenoxys herbacea in Ontario, Canada. Unexpectedly, small populations had more insect flower visitors per capitulum than large populations. Consistent with the effects of genetic drift, both allozyme polymorphism and mate availability decreased with decreasing population size. Pollen limitation was low and significant in only one population and could not be predicted based on knowledge of population size, connectivity, compatible mate availability, or pollinator visitation. Population size had detectable effects on both pollinator activity and mate availability. However, because the effect of population size was complementary on these two potentially limiting mechanisms, this threatened plant was rarely pollen-limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley G Campbell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Present address: Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 318 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brian C Husband
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wolfe LM, Blair AC, Penna BM. Does intraspecific hybridization contribute to the evolution of invasiveness?: an experimental test. Biol Invasions 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-006-9046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Genton BJ, Shykoff JA, Giraud T. High genetic diversity in French invasive populations of common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, as a result of multiple sources of introduction. Mol Ecol 2005; 14:4275-85. [PMID: 16313592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ambrosia artemisiifolia is an aggressive North American annual weed, found particularly in sunflower and corn fields. Besides its economic impact on crop yield, it represents a major health problem because of its strongly allergenic pollen. Ragweed was imported inadvertently to Europe in the 18th century and has become invasive in several countries, notably in the Rhône Valley of France. It has recently expanded in both the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur and Bourgogne regions. As first steps towards understanding the causes and mechanisms of ragweed invasion, genetic variability of French and North American populations was analysed using microsatellites. Overall genetic variability was similar in North America and in the Rhône-Alpes region, but within-population levels of genetic variability were surprisingly lower in native than in invasive French populations. French populations also exhibited lower among-population differentiation. A significant pattern of isolation by distance was detected among North American populations but not among French populations. Assignment tests and distribution of rare alleles did not point to a single origin for all French populations, nor for all individuals within populations and private alleles from different North American populations were found in the same French populations. Indeed, within all French populations, individual plants were roughly equally assigned to the different North American populations. Altogether, these results suggest that the French invasive populations include plants from a mixture of sources. Reduced diversity in populations distant from the original area of introduction indicated that ragweed range expansion probably occurred through sequential bottlenecks from the original populations, and not from subsequent new introductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Genton
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS-UPS-ENGREF 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 360, 91 405 Orsay cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Genton BJ, Kotanen PM, Cheptou PO, Adolphe C, Shykoff JA. Enemy release but no evolutionary loss of defence in a plant invasion: an inter-continental reciprocal transplant experiment. Oecologia 2005; 146:404-14. [PMID: 16195879 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
When invading new regions exotic species may escape from some of their natural enemies. Reduced top-down control ("enemy release") following this escape is often invoked to explain demographic expansion of invasive species and also may alter the selective regime for invasive species: reduced damage can allow resources previously allocated to defence to be reallocated to other functions like growth and reproduction. This reallocation may provide invaders with an "evolution of increased competitive ability" over natives that defend themselves against specialist enemies. We tested for enemy release and the evolution of increased competitive ability in the North American native ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia: Asteraceae), which currently is invading France. We found evidence of enemy release in natural field populations from the invaded and native ranges. Further we carried out a reciprocal transplant experiment, comparing several life history traits of plants from two North American (Ontario and South Carolina) and one French population in four common gardens on both continents. French and Canadian plants had similar flowering phenologies, flowering earlier than plants from further south in the native range. This may suggest that invasive French plants originated from similar latitudes to the Canadian population sampled. As with natural populations, experimental plants suffered far less herbivore damage in France than in Ontario. This difference in herbivory translated into increased growth but not into increased size or vigour. Moreover, we found that native genotypes were as damaged as invading ones in all experimental sites, suggesting no evolutionary loss of defence against herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Genton
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS-UPS-ENGREF 8079, Université Paris-Sud, bâtiment 360, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Colautti RI, Manca M, Viljanen M, Ketelaars HAM, Bürgi H, Macisaac HJ, Heath DD. Invasion genetics of the Eurasian spiny waterflea: evidence for bottlenecks and gene flow using microsatellites. Mol Ecol 2005; 14:1869-79. [PMID: 15910312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Eurasian spiny waterflea (Bythotrephes longimanus) is a predacious zooplankter that has increased its range in Europe and is rapidly invading inland water-bodies throughout North America's Great Lakes region. To examine the genetics of these invasions, we isolated five microsatellite DNA loci with between 5 and 19 alleles per locus. We sampled three populations where B. longimanus has been historically present (Switzerland, Italy, and Finland) as well as an introduced European population (the Netherlands) and three North American populations (Lakes Erie, Superior, Shebandowan). Consistent with a bottleneck during colonization (i.e. founder effect), average heterozygosities of the four European populations ranged from 0.310 to 0.599, and were higher than that of three North American populations (0.151-0.220). Pairwise F(ST) estimates among North American populations (0.002-0.063) were not significantly different from zero and were much lower than among European populations (0.208-0.474). This is consistent with a scenario of high gene flow among North American populations relative to that of European ones. Contrary to an invasion bottleneck, however, Erie and Superior populations contained similar numbers of rare alleles as European populations. Assignment tests identified several migrant genotypes in all introduced populations (the Netherlands, Erie, Superior, Shebandowan), but rarely in native ones (Switzerland, Italy and Finland). A large number of genotypes from North America were assigned to our Italian population suggesting a second, previously unidentified, invasion source somewhere in the region of northern Italy. Together, our results support an invasion bottleneck for North American populations that has been largely offset by gene flow from multiple native sources, as well as gene flow among introduced populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Colautti
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bossdorf O, Auge H, Lafuma L, Rogers WE, Siemann E, Prati D. Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant populations. Oecologia 2005; 144:1-11. [PMID: 15891837 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant invasions often involve rapid evolutionary change. Founder effects, hybridization, and adaptation to novel environments cause genetic differentiation between native and introduced populations and may contribute to the success of invaders. An influential idea in this context has been the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis. It proposes that after enemy release plants rapidly evolve to be less defended but more competitive, thereby increasing plant vigour in introduced populations. To detect evolutionary change in invaders, comparative studies of native versus introduced populations are needed. Here, we review the current empirical evidence from: (1) comparisons of phenotypic variation in natural populations; (2) comparisons of molecular variation with neutral genetic markers; (3) comparisons of quantitative genetic variation in a common environment; and (4) comparisons of phenotypic plasticity across different environments. Field data suggest that increased vigour and reduced herbivory are common in introduced plant populations. In molecular studies, the genetic diversity of introduced populations was not consistently different from that of native populations. Multiple introductions of invasive plants appear to be the rule rather than the exception. In tests of the EICA hypothesis in a common environment, several found increased growth or decreased resistance in introduced populations. However, few provided a full test of the EICA hypothesis by addressing growth and defence in the same species. Overall, there is reasonable empirical evidence to suggest that genetic differentiation through rapid evolutionary change is important in plant invasions. We discuss conceptual and methodological issues associated with cross-continental comparisons and make recommendations for future research. When testing for EICA, greater emphasis should be put on competitive ability and plant tolerance. Moreover, it is important to address evolutionary change in characteristics other than defence and growth that could play a role in plant invasions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bossdorf
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kliber A, Eckert CG. INTERACTION BETWEEN FOUNDER EFFECT AND SELECTION DURING BIOLOGICAL INVASION IN AN AQUATIC PLANT. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1554/05-253.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
30
|
Kollmann J, Bañuelos MJ. Latitudinal trends in growth and phenology of the invasive alien plant Impatiens glandulifera (Balsaminaceae). DIVERS DISTRIB 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
31
|
Wolfe LM. Why Alien Invaders Succeed: Support for the Escape‐from‐Enemy Hypothesis. Am Nat 2002; 160:705-11. [PMID: 18707459 DOI: 10.1086/343872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorne M Wolfe
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Johnson MS, Black R. Increased genetic divergence and reduced genetic variation in populations of the snail Bembicium vittatum in isolated tidal ponds. Heredity (Edinb) 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
33
|
Mal TK, Lovett-Doust J. Morph frequencies and floral variation in a heterostylous colonizing weed, Lythtum salicaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1139/b97-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) is an exotic weed that arrived in North America from Europe during the early 1800s. It is a herbaceous perennial with a trimorphic breeding system. Seventy-four populations of L. salicaria were surveyed from Windsor, Ontario, to the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec. Fifty of the populations were significantly anisoplethic (i.e., unequal frequencies of the three flower morphs), including 10 populations that were nontrimorphic. Populations with fewer than 100 plants tended to have one or even two morphs missing. Although larger populations rarely lacked a morph, they did show significantly skewed morph frequencies. Indices of clonal size, such as number of ramets per genet and genet diameter, differed significantly among sites, and clonal growth also showed significant interaction between morph and site. One-way analyses of variance indicated that morphs differed in terms of either number of ramets per genet or genet diameter in 16% of populations. Morphometric analyses of flowers from 49 populations showed significant variability in floral traits among genets, flower morphs, and sites. Results indicated frequent reduction in herkogamy (spatial separation between anther and stigma), with variant flowers having very little or no stigma–anther separation. Mean stigma–anther separation was lowest in the mid-morph individuals, followed by the short and long morphs. Correspondingly, the frequency of variant flowers was greatest in mid-morph individuals and least in long-morph individuals. Isoplethic and anisoplethic populations did not differ, for any morph, in the frequency of occurrence of these variant flowers. Key words: Lythrum salicaria, purple loosestrife, isoplethy, morph frequency, heterostyly, variant flowers, stigma–anther separation.
Collapse
|
34
|
Eckert CG, Manicacci D, Barrett SCH. Frequency-dependent selection on morph ratios in tristylous Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae). Heredity (Edinb) 1996. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1996.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|