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Aguín-Pombo D, Kuznetsova VG. True Parthenogenesis and Female-Biased Sex Ratios in Cicadomorpha and Fulgoromorpha (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha). INSECTS 2023; 14:820. [PMID: 37887832 PMCID: PMC10607665 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Insects are renowned for their remarkable diversity of reproductive modes. Among these, the largest non-holometabolous order, Hemiptera, stands out with one of the most diversified arrays of parthenogenesis modes observed among insects. Although there are extensive reviews on reproduction without fertilization in some hemipteran higher taxa, no such analysis has been conducted for the large suborders Fulgoromorpha (planthoppers) and Cicadomorpha (leafhoppers). In both groups, there are species that reproduce by true parthenogenesis, specifically thelytoky, and in Fulgoromorpha, there are species that reproduce by pseudogamy or, more specifically, sperm-dependent parthenogenesis. In this review paper, we give and discuss the only currently known examples of true parthenogenesis in Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha, mainly from the planthopper family Delphacidae and the leafhopper family Cicadellidae. We analyze patterns of distribution, ecology, mating behavior, acoustic communication, and cytogenetic and genetic diversity of parthenoforms and discuss hypotheses about the origin of parthenogenesis in each case. We also highlight examples in which natural populations show a shift in sex ratio toward females and discuss possible causes of this phenomenon, primarily the influence of endosymbiotic bacteria capable of altering the reproductive strategies of the hosts. Our review is mainly based on studies in which the authors have participated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Aguín-Pombo
- Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, University of Madeira, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Valentina G. Kuznetsova
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Tran Van P, Anselmetti Y, Bast J, Dumas Z, Galtier N, Jaron KS, Martens K, Parker DJ, Robinson-Rechavi M, Schwander T, Simion P, Schön I. First annotated draft genomes of nonmarine ostracods (Ostracoda, Crustacea) with different reproductive modes. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab043. [PMID: 33591306 PMCID: PMC8049415 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Ostracods are one of the oldest crustacean groups with an excellent fossil record and high importance for phylogenetic analyses but genome resources for this class are still lacking. We have successfully assembled and annotated the first reference genomes for three species of nonmarine ostracods; two with obligate sexual reproduction (Cyprideis torosa and Notodromas monacha) and the putative ancient asexual Darwinula stevensoni. This kind of genomic research has so far been impeded by the small size of most ostracods and the absence of genetic resources such as linkage maps or BAC libraries that were available for other crustaceans. For genome assembly, we used an Illumina-based sequencing technology, resulting in assemblies of similar sizes for the three species (335-382 Mb) and with scaffold numbers and their N50 (19-56 kb) in the same orders of magnitude. Gene annotations were guided by transcriptome data from each species. The three assemblies are relatively complete with BUSCO scores of 92-96. The number of predicted genes (13,771-17,776) is in the same range as Branchiopoda genomes but lower than in most malacostracan genomes. These three reference genomes from nonmarine ostracods provide the urgently needed basis to further develop ostracods as models for evolutionary and ecological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tran Van
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Yoann Anselmetti
- ISEM—Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Jens Bast
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoé Dumas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Galtier
- ISEM—Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Kamil S Jaron
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Koen Martens
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature, Freshwater Biology, Brussels 1000, Belgium
- Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Darren J Parker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Marc Robinson-Rechavi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Simion
- ISEM—Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Montpellier 34090, France
- Université de Namur, LEGE, URBE, Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Isa Schön
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature, Freshwater Biology, Brussels 1000, Belgium
- University of Hasselt, Research Group Zoology, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
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Hojsgaard D, Schartl M. Skipping sex: A nonrecombinant genomic assemblage of complementary reproductive modules. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000111. [PMID: 33169369 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The unusual occurrence and developmental diversity of asexual eukaryotes remain a puzzle. De novo formation of a functioning asexual genome requires a unique assembly of sets of genes or gene states to disrupt cellular mechanisms of meiosis and gametogenesis, and to affect discrete components of sexuality and produce clonal or hemiclonal offspring. We highlight two usually overlooked but essential conditions to understand the molecular nature of clonal organisms, that is, a nonrecombinant genomic assemblage retaining modifiers of the sexual program, and a complementation between altered reproductive components. These subtle conditions are the basis for physiologically viable and genetically balanced transitions between generations. Genomic and developmental evidence from asexual animals and plants indicates the lack of complementation of molecular changes in the sexual reproductive program is likely the main cause of asexuals' rarity, and can provide an explanatory frame for the developmental diversity and lability of developmental patterns in some asexuals as well as for the discordant time to extinction estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hojsgaard
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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Karyotype Variability and Inter-Population Genomic Differences in Freshwater Ostracods (Crustacea) Showing Geographical Parthenogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29518021 PMCID: PMC5867871 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction are often associated with polyploidy and increased chromosomal plasticity in asexuals. We investigated chromosomes in the freshwater ostracod species Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820), where sexual, asexual and mixed populations can be found. Our initial karyotyping of multiple populations from Europe and North Africa, both sexual and asexual, revealed a striking variability in chromosome numbers. This would suggest that chromosomal changes are likely to be accelerated in asexuals because the constraints of meiosis are removed. Hence, we employed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) within and among sexual and asexual populations to get insights into E. virens genome arrangements. CGH disclosed substantial genomic imbalances among the populations analyzed, and three patterns of genome arrangement between these populations: 1. Only putative ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-bearing regions were conserved in the two populations compared indicating a high sequence divergence between these populations. This pattern is comparable with our findings at the interspecies level of comparison; 2. Chromosomal regions were shared by both populations to a varying extent with a distinct copy number variation in pericentromeric and presumable rDNA-bearing regions. This indicates a different rate of evolution in repetitive sequences; 3. A mosaic pattern of distribution of genomic material that can be explained as non-reciprocal genetic introgression and evidence of a hybrid origin of these individuals. We show an overall increased chromosomal dynamics in E. virens that is complementary with available phylogenetic and population genetic data reporting highly differentiated diploid sexual and asexual lineages with a wide variety of genetic backgrounds.
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Schön I, Higuti J, Patel T, Martens K. Aquatic long-distance dispersal and vicariance shape the evolution of an ostracod species complex (Crustacea) in four major Brazilian floodplains. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 121:86-97. [PMID: 29258880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cladogenesis is often driven by the interplay of dispersal and vicariance. The importance of long-distance dispersal in biogeography and speciation is increasingly recognised, but still ill-understood. Here, we study faunal interconnectivity between four large Brazilian floodplains, namely the Amazon, Araguaia, Pantanal (on Paraguay River) and Upper Paraná River floodplains, investigating a species complex of the non-marine ostracod genus Strandesia. We use DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear Elongation Factor 1 alpha genes to construct molecular phylogenies and minimum spanning networks, to identify genetic species, analyse biogeographic histories and provide preliminary age estimates of this species complex. The Strandesia species complex includes five morphological and eleven genetic species, which doubles the known diversity in this lineage. The evolutionary history of this species complex appears to comprise sequences of dispersal and vicariance events. Faunal and genetic patterns of connectivity between floodplains in some genetic species are mirrored in modern hydrological connections. This could explain why we find evidence for (aquatic) long-distance dispersal between floodplains, thousands of kilometres apart. Our phylogenetic reconstructions seem to mostly indicate recent dispersal and vicariance events, but the evolution of the present Strandesia species complex could span up to 25 Myr, which by far exceeds the age of the floodplains and the rivers in their current forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Schön
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature, Freshwater Biology, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; University of Hasselt, Research Group Zoology, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Janet Higuti
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Tasnim Patel
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature, Freshwater Biology, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koen Martens
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature, Freshwater Biology, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; University of Ghent, Dept Biology, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Spoelhof JP, Chester M, Rodriguez R, Geraci B, Heo K, Mavrodiev E, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. Karyotypic variation and pollen stainability in resynthesized allopolyploids Tragopogon miscellus and T. mirus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1484-1492. [PMID: 29885228 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Polyploidy has extensively shaped the evolution of plants, but the early stages of polyploidy are still poorly understood. The neoallopolyploid species Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus are both characterized by widespread karyotypic variation, including frequent aneuploidy and intergenomic translocations. Our study illuminates the origins and early impacts of this variation by addressing two questions: How quickly does karyotypic variation accumulate in Tragopogon allopolyploids following whole-genome duplication (WGD), and how does the fertility of resynthesized Tragopogon allopolyploids evolve shortly after WGD? METHODS We used genomic in situ hybridization and lactophenol-cotton blue staining to estimate the karyotypic variation and pollen stainability, respectively, of resynthesized T. mirus and T. miscellus during the first five generations after WGD. KEY RESULTS Widespread karyotypic variation developed quickly in synthetics and resembled that of naturally occurring T. mirus and T. miscellus by generation S4 . Pollen stainability in resynthesized allopolyploids was consistently lower than that of natural T. mirus and T. miscellus, as well as their respective diploid progenitor species. Logistic regression showed that mean pollen stainability increased slightly over four generations in resynthesized T. mirus but remained at equivalent levels in T. miscellus. CONCLUSIONS Our results clarify some of the changes that occur in T. mirus and T. miscellus immediately following their origin, most notably the rapid onset of karyotypic variation within these species immediately following WGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Spoelhof
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Michael Chester
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Roseana Rodriguez
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Blake Geraci
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Kweon Heo
- Kangwon National University, Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Evgeny Mavrodiev
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Ginn BR. The thermodynamics of protein aggregation reactions may underpin the enhanced metabolic efficiency associated with heterosis, some balancing selection, and the evolution of ploidy levels. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 126:1-21. [PMID: 28185903 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the physical basis of heterosis (or "hybrid vigor") has remained elusive despite over a hundred years of research on the subject. The three main theories of heterosis are dominance theory, overdominance theory, and epistasis theory. Kacser and Burns (1981) identified the molecular basis of dominance, which has greatly enhanced our understanding of its importance to heterosis. This paper aims to explain how overdominance, and some features of epistasis, can similarly emerge from the molecular dynamics of proteins. Possessing multiple alleles at a gene locus results in the synthesis of different allozymes at reduced concentrations. This in turn reduces the rate at which each allozyme forms soluble oligomers, which are toxic and must be degraded, because allozymes co-aggregate at low efficiencies. The model developed in this paper can explain how heterozygosity impacts the metabolic efficiency of an organism. It can also explain why the viabilities of some inbred lines seem to decline rapidly at high inbreeding coefficients (F > 0.5), which may provide a physical basis for truncation selection for heterozygosity. Finally, the model has implications for the ploidy level of organisms. It can explain why polyploids are frequently found in environments where severe physical stresses promote the formation of soluble oligomers. The model can also explain why complex organisms, which need to synthesize aggregation-prone proteins that contain intrinsically unstructured regions (IURs) and multiple domains because they facilitate complex protein interaction networks (PINs), tend to be diploid while haploidy tends to be restricted to relatively simple organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Ginn
- University of Georgia, GA 30602, United States.
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Rossi V, Martorella A, Scudieri D, Menozzi P. Seasonal niche partitioning and coexistence of amphimictic and parthenogenetic lineages of Heterocypris barbara (Crustacea: Ostracoda). CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sympatry of amphimictic and parthenogenetic lineages in species with mixed reproductive systems is rarely observed in nature. On Lampedusa Island (Pelagie Islands, Italy), amphimictic and parthenogenetic lineages of Heterocypris barbara (Gauthier and Brehm, 1928) co-occur in a temporary pond. Their sympatric persistence calls for an ecological differentiation. We investigated the role of seasonal variation of temperature and photoperiod conditions by two different approaches: microcosms set up by inundation of dry sediments from the temporary pond and life-table experiments. Microcosms recreate conditions similar to the field and in their sediments random samples of resting eggs of both amphimictic and parthenogenetic females are stored. Life-table experiments supplied individual-based estimates of survivorship, adult life span, fecundity, and sex ratio in the progeny. We carried out the experiments at 24 °C and a photoperiod of 12 h light (L) : 12 h dark (D) (simulating fall conditions) and at 16 °C and a photoperiod of 10 h L : 14 h D (simulating winter conditions). Males and amphimictic females were the most numerous forms at 24 °C and 12 h L : 12 h D; parthenogenetic females were dominant at 16 °C and 10 h L : 14 h D. Life-table experiments showed that amphimictic forms do not complete development at 16 °C and 10 h L : 14 h D. Our results suggest that sympatry of amphimictic and parthenogenetic females in the field depends on seasonal niche partitioning and the storage effect of resting eggs that allows survival through adverse-season conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - A. Martorella
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - D. Scudieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - P. Menozzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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Koenders A, Schön I, Halse S, Martens K. Valve shape is not linked to genetic species in theEucypris virens(Ostracoda, Crustacea) species complex. Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Koenders
- Centre for Ecosystem Management; Edith Cowan University; 270 Joondalup Dv Joondalup WA 6027 Australia
| | - Isa Schön
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature; Freshwater Biology; Vautierstraat 29 B-1000 Brussels Belgium
- Research Group Zoology; University of Hasselt; Agoralaan Building D B-3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Stuart Halse
- Bennelongia Environmental Consultants; 5 Bishop Street Jolimont WA 6014 Australia
| | - Koen Martens
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature; Freshwater Biology; Vautierstraat 29 B-1000 Brussels Belgium
- Department of Biology; University of Ghent; K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 B-9000 Gent Belgium
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Schön I, Martens K. Ostracod (Ostracoda, Crustacea) genomics - Promises and challenges. Mar Genomics 2016; 29:19-25. [PMID: 27020380 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ostracods are well-suited model organisms for evolutionary research. Classic genetic techniques have mostly been used for phylogenetic studies on Ostracoda and were somewhat affected by the lack of large numbers of suitable markers. Genomic methods with their huge potential have so far rarely been applied to this group of crustaceans. We provide relevant examples of genomic studies on other organisms to propose future avenues of genomic ostracod research. At the same time, we suggest solutions to the potential problems in ostracods that the application of genomic techniques might present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Schön
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature, ATECO, Freshwater Biology, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; University of Hasselt, Research Group Zoology, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Koen Martens
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature, ATECO, Freshwater Biology, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; University of Ghent, Department of Biology, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Lorch S, Zeuss D, Brandl R, Brändle M. Chromosome numbers in three species groups of freshwater flatworms increase with increasing latitude. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1420-9. [PMID: 27087923 PMCID: PMC4775536 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy in combination with parthenogenesis offers advantages for plasticity and the evolution of a broad ecological tolerance of species. Therefore, a positive correlation between the level of ploidy and increasing latitude as a surrogate for environmental harshness has been suggested. Such a positive correlation is well documented for plants, but examples for animals are still rare. Species of flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are widely distributed, show a remarkably wide range of chromosome numbers, and offer therefore good model systems to study the geographical distribution of chromosome numbers. We analyzed published data on counts of chromosome numbers and geographical information of three flatworm "species" (Phagocata vitta, Polycelis felina and Crenobia alpina) sampled across Europe (220 populations). We used the mean chromosome number across individuals of a population as a proxy for the level of ploidy within populations, and we tested for relationships of this variable with latitude, mode of reproduction (sexual, asexual or both) and environmental variables (annual mean temperature, mean diurnal temperature range, mean precipitation and net primary production). The mean chromosome numbers of all three species increased with latitude and decreased with mean annual temperature. For two species, chromosome number also decreased with mean precipitation and net primary production. Furthermore, high chromosome numbers within species were accompanied with a loss of sexual reproduction. The variation of chromosome numbers within individuals of two of the three species increased with latitude. Our results support the hypothesis that polyploid lineages are able to cope with harsh climatic conditions at high latitudes. Furthermore, we propose that asexual reproduction in populations with high levels of polyploidization stabilizes hybridization events. Chromosomal irregularities within individuals tend to become more frequent at the extreme environments of high latitudes, presumably because of mitotic errors and downsizing of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Lorch
- Department of Ecology, Animal EcologyFaculty of BiologyPhilipps‐Universität MarburgKarl‐von‐Frisch‐Straße 835043MarburgGermany
| | - Dirk Zeuss
- Department of Ecology, Animal EcologyFaculty of BiologyPhilipps‐Universität MarburgKarl‐von‐Frisch‐Straße 835043MarburgGermany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology, Animal EcologyFaculty of BiologyPhilipps‐Universität MarburgKarl‐von‐Frisch‐Straße 835043MarburgGermany
| | - Martin Brändle
- Department of Ecology, Animal EcologyFaculty of BiologyPhilipps‐Universität MarburgKarl‐von‐Frisch‐Straße 835043MarburgGermany
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Pseudamnicola Paulucci, 1878 (Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea) from the Aegean Islands: a long or short story? ORG DIVERS EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Gassner M, Dejaco T, Schönswetter P, Marec F, Arthofer W, Schlick-Steiner BC, Steiner FM. Extensive variation in chromosome number and genome size in sexual and parthenogenetic species of the jumping-bristletail genus Machilis (Archaeognatha). Ecol Evol 2014; 4:4093-105. [PMID: 25505536 PMCID: PMC4242562 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenesis in animals is often associated with polyploidy and restriction to extreme habitats or recently deglaciated areas. It has been hypothesized that benefits conferred by asexual reproduction and polyploidy are essential for colonizing these habitats. However, while evolutionary routes to parthenogenesis are manifold, study systems including polyploids are scarce in arthropods. The jumping-bristletail genus Machilis (Insecta: Archaeognatha) includes both sexual and parthenogenetic species, and recently, the occurrence of polyploidy has been postulated. Here, we applied flow cytometry, karyotyping, and mitochondrial DNA sequencing to three sexual and five putatively parthenogenetic Eastern-Alpine Machilis species to investigate whether (1) parthenogenesis originated once or multiply and (2) whether parthenogenesis is strictly associated with polyploidy. The mitochondrial phylogeny revealed that parthenogenesis evolved at least five times independently among Eastern-Alpine representatives of this genus. One parthenogenetic species was exclusively triploid, while a second consisted of both diploid and triploid populations. The three other parthenogenetic species and all sexual species were diploid. Our results thus indicate that polyploidy can co-occur with parthenogenesis, but that it was not mandatory for the emergence of parthenogenesis in Machilis. Overall, we found a weak negative correlation of monoploid genome size (Cx) and chromosome base number (x), and this connection is stronger among parthenogenetic species alone. Likewise, monoploid genome size decreased with elevation, and we therefore hypothesize that genome downsizing could have been crucial for the persistence of alpine Machilis species. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary consequences of intraspecific chromosomal rearrangements and the presence of B chromosomes. In doing so, we highlight the potential of Alpine Machilis species for research on chromosomal and genome-size alterations during speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melitta Gassner
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Thomas Dejaco
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck Sternwartestraße 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - František Marec
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre ASCR Branisovska 31, Ceské Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Arthofer
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | | | - Florian M Steiner
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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Pigneur LM, Etoundi E, Aldridge DC, Marescaux J, Yasuda N, Van Doninck K. Genetic uniformity and long-distance clonal dispersal in the invasive androgenetic Corbicula clams. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5102-16. [PMID: 25208249 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The clam genus Corbicula is an interesting model system to study the evolution of reproductive modes as it includes both sexual and asexual (androgenetic) lineages. While the sexual populations are restricted to the native Asian areas, the androgenetic lineages are widely distributed being also found in America and Europe where they form a major aquatic invasive pest. We investigated the genetic diversity of native and invasive Corbicula populations through a worldwide sampling. The use of mitochondrial and nuclear (microsatellite) markers revealed an extremely low diversity in the invasive populations with only four, undiversified, genetic lineages distributed across Europe and America. On the contrary, in the native populations, both sexual and androgenetic lineages exhibited much higher genetic diversity. Remarkably, the most abundant and widely distributed invasive forms, the so-called form A and form R found in America and Europe respectively, are fixed for the same single COI (cytochrome c oxydase subunit I) haplotype and same multilocus genotype. This suggests that form R, observed in Europe since the 1980s, derived directly from form A found in America since the 1920s. In addition, this form shares alleles with some Japanese populations, indicating a Japanese origin for this invasive lineage. Finally, our study suggests that few androgenetic Corbicula individuals successfully invaded the non-native range and then dispersed clonally. This is one striking case of genetic paradox raising the issue of invasive and evolutionary success of genetically undiversified populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise-Marie Pigneur
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology, Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Namur, 5000, Namur, Belgium
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Population genetics of bisexual and unisexual populations of the scaly-winged bark louse Echmepteryx hageni (Insecta: Psocoptera). Genetica 2014; 142:405-18. [PMID: 25214020 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-014-9785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The scaly-winged bark louse, Echmepteryx hageni, exhibits a unique pattern of co-existence of apparently differnt reproductive modes. Unisexuality is widespread in eastern North America, while sexual populations are restricted to isolated rock out-croppings in southern Illinois and eastern Kentucky. Three of the four nuclear loci examined show greater genetic diversity in the unisexual form compared to the sexual form of E. hageni, in accordance with the pattern previously shown in mitochondrial genetic data. Neutrality tests of the nuclear loci indicate a consistent signal of demographic expansion in asexual populations, but not in sexual populations. There was evidence of inbreeding in the isolated sexual populations at three of the nuclear loci, and one locus had signs of gene specific balancing selection. However, there is no significant genetic differentiation between bisexual and unisexual populations, possibly due to the greater effective population size of nuclear loci relative to mitochondrial loci. The mitochondrial differentiation of E. hageni populations in the northwestern part of their range (Minnesota and Wisconsin) was also not reflected in the nuclear data. We present three hypotheses that may explain the disparity in observed nuclear and mitochondrial genetic diversity between the reproductive forms of E. hageni.
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Oppliger LV, von Dassow P, Bouchemousse S, Robuchon M, Valero M, Correa JA, Mauger S, Destombe C. Alteration of sexual reproduction and genetic diversity in the kelp species Laminaria digitata at the southern limit of its range. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102518. [PMID: 25019953 PMCID: PMC4096927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to marginal habitats at species range-limits has often been associated with parthenogenetic reproduction in terrestrial animals and plants. Laboratory observations have shown that brown algae exhibit a high propensity for parthenogenesis by various mechanisms. The kelp Laminaria digitata is an important component of the ecosystem in Northern European rocky intertidal habitats. We studied four L. digitata populations for the effects of marginality on genetic diversity and sexual reproduction. Two populations were marginal: One (Locquirec, in Northern Brittany) was well within the geographic range, but was genetically isolated from other populations by large stretches of sandy beaches. Another population was at the range limits of the species (Quiberon, in Southern Brittany) and was exposed to much higher seasonal temperature changes. Microsatellite analyses confirmed that these populations showed decreased genetic and allelic diversity, consistent with marginality and genetic isolation. Sporophytes from both marginal populations showed greatly diminished spore-production compared to central populations, but only the southern-limit population (Quiberon) showed a high propensity for producing unreduced (2N) spores. Unreduced 2N spores formed phenotypically normal gametophytes with nuclear area consistent with ≥2N DNA contents, and microsatellite studies suggested these were produced at least in part by automixis. However, despite this being the dominant path of spore production in Quiberon sporophyte individuals, the genetic evidence indicated the population was maintained mostly by sexual reproduction. Thus, although spore production and development showed the expected tendency of geographical parthenogenesis in marginal populations, this appeared to be a consequence of maladaptation, rather than an adaptation to, life in a marginal habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Valeria Oppliger
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
- Center of Applied Ecology & Sustainability, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter von Dassow
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarah Bouchemousse
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
| | - Marine Robuchon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Valero
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
| | - Juan A. Correa
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology & Sustainability, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stéphane Mauger
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
| | - Christophe Destombe
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
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Park AW, Vandekerkhove J, Michalakis Y. Sex in an uncertain world: environmental stochasticity helps restore competitive balance between sexually and asexually reproducing populations. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1650-61. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. W. Park
- Odum School of Ecology; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
- Department Infectious Diseases; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - J. Vandekerkhove
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology; University of València; Burjassot Spain
- Department Environmental Sciences; University of Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 11A Edificio di Biologia; Parma Italy
- Department of Genetics; Laboratory of Limnozoology; University of Gdansk; Gdansk Poland
| | - Y. Michalakis
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie; Génétique; Evolution et Vecteurs (MIVEGEC); UMR CNRS-IRD 5290; IRD; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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Wrozyna C, Piller WE, Gross M. Morphotypes of Cytheridella Ilosvayi (Ostracoda) Detected by Soft and Hard Part Analyses. CRUSTACEANA 2014; 87:1043-1071. [PMID: 28090120 PMCID: PMC5230792 DOI: 10.1163/15685403-00003342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative approaches dealing with soft- and hard-part morphological variability of ostracods are very rare for most species. Here we present intraspecific limb and shell variability of the Neotropical freshwater ostracod species assumed as Cytheridella ilosvayi. For the first time such an analysis considered adult females and males, as well as juveniles. Variability of the appendages included the antennule, second antenna as well as the first and second thoracopod and was analysed in terms of ratios of podomeres, setae and limbs. Limb variability of adult and juvenile individuals (down to A-3) is generally low. The highest variation is shown in podomere proportions of the antennas, while thoracopods and setae provide minor and/or non-significant influence on the variability. Based on discrimination analyses shell parameters (i.e., shell length, position of the transversal sulcus) emerge to be more important for differentiation of groups than limb ratios. Adult females exhibit a large size range in which two clearly separated morphotypes exist. Although differences in limbs are small their existence can be proven also on the basis of proportions between podomeres of the antennas. Males and juveniles, however, do not display a separation into corresponding subgroups or morphotypes. The presence of two morphologically similar females and only one type of males indicates the coexistence of female morphotypes which may represent either two (cryptic) species or a mixed reproduction population in which parthenogenetic and sexual reproduction coexists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wrozyna
- University of Graz, Institute of Earth Sciences, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 26, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Werner E. Piller
- University of Graz, Institute of Earth Sciences, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 26, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Gross
- Universalmuseum Joanneum, Department for Geology & Palaeontology, Weinzöttlstrasse 16, A-8045 Graz, Austria
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Schmit O, Adolfsson S, Vandekerkhove J, Rueda J, Bode S, Rossetti G, Michalakis Y, Jokela J, Martens K, Mesquita-Joanes F. The distribution of sexual reproduction of the geographic parthenogen Eucypris virens (Crustacea: Ostracoda) matches environmental gradients in a temporary lake. CAN J ZOOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2012-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Niche segregation may prevent competitive exclusion and promote local coexistence. This typically results in the occupation of different habitats. In the freshwater ostracod Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820), the distribution of sexual and parthenogenetic populations in the temporary Lake Caracuel, central Spain, was not homogeneous. Parthenogens were found everywhere including the littoral, whereas sexuals were restricted to the centre. We investigated the hypothesis that spatial distribution responded to ecological differences. We studied the ecological significance of this segregation by linking environmental data to male presence, sexual fraction, ploidy, and genetic structure of our model organism in 12 ponds in the lake basin. Hydro-chemical and biological data indicated that the observed segregation is not only spatial but also ecological, with sexual E. virens occurring in ponds with shorter and probably more unpredictable hydroperiod. The correlations between environmental gradients and E. virens population structure suggest that sexual and parthenogenetic lineages are ecologically segregated. Sexual populations appeared restricted to sufficiently unpredictable environments, while parthenogens dominated environments with longer hydroperiods. Local coexistence seems mediated by spatial heterogeneity in habitat stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Schmit
- University of Parma, Department of Environmental Sciences, Viale G.P. Usberti 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS IRD UMI UMII 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - S. Adolfsson
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS IRD UMI UMII 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH-Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. Vandekerkhove
- University of Valencia, Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Carrer del Doctor Moliner N° 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- University of Parma, Department of Environmental Sciences, Viale G.P. Usberti 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- University of Gdańsk, Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Limnozoology, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J. Rueda
- University of Valencia, Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Carrer del Doctor Moliner N° 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - S.N.S. Bode
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Freshwater Biology, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - G. Rossetti
- University of Parma, Department of Environmental Sciences, Viale G.P. Usberti 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Y. Michalakis
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS IRD UMI UMII 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - J. Jokela
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH-Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K. Martens
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Freshwater Biology, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - F. Mesquita-Joanes
- University of Valencia, Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Carrer del Doctor Moliner N° 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Chevasco V, Elzinga JA, Galarza JA, Mappes J, Grapputo A. Investigating the Origin of Parthenogenesis and Ploidy Level inDahlica fennicella(Lepidoptera: Psychidae). ANN ZOOL FENN 2013. [DOI: 10.5735/086.050.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Schmit O, Fukova I, Vandekerkhove J, Michalakis Y, Matzke-Karasz R, Rossetti G, Martens K, Mesquita-Joanes F. Mate recognition as a reproductive barrier in sexual and parthenogenetic Eucypris virens (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Neiman M, Kay AD, Krist AC. Can resource costs of polyploidy provide an advantage to sex? Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 110:152-9. [PMID: 23188174 PMCID: PMC3554456 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominance of sexual reproduction despite its costs indicates that sex provides substantial benefits, which are usually thought to derive from the direct genetic consequences of recombination and syngamy. While genetic benefits of sex are certainly important, sexual and asexual individuals, lineages, or populations may also differ in physiological and life history traits that could influence outcomes of competition between sexuals and asexuals across environmental gradients. Here, we address possible phenotypic costs of a very common correlate of asexuality, polyploidy. We suggest that polyploidy could confer resource costs related to the dietary phosphorus demands of nucleic acid production; such costs could facilitate the persistence of sex in situations where asexual taxa are of higher ploidy level and phosphorus availability limits important traits like growth and reproduction. We outline predictions regarding the distribution of diploid sexual and polyploid asexual taxa across biogeochemical gradients and provide suggestions for study systems and empirical approaches for testing elements of our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Verhoeven KJF, Biere A. Geographic parthenogenesis and plant-enemy interactions in the common dandelion. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:23. [PMID: 23356700 PMCID: PMC3562243 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many species with sexual and asexual variants show a pattern of geographic parthenogenesis where asexuals have broader and higher-latitude distribution than sexuals. Because sexual reproduction is often considered a costly evolutionary strategy that is advantageous in the face of selection by coevolving pests and pathogens, one possible explanation for geographic parthenogenesis is that populations at higher latitudes are exposed to fewer pests and pathogens. We tested this hypothesis in the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), a species with well-established geographic parthenogenesis, by screening prevalence and effects of several specialized pests and pathogens in natural dandelion populations. RESULTS We did a population survey of 18 dandelion populations along a geographic transect that ranged from the area where sexual and asexual dandelions co-occur northward into the area where only asexuals occur. In addition we used four southern and four northern populations in a 8x8 cross-inoculation greenhouse experiment in which plants were exposed experimentally to each other's natural field soil microbial communities. The cross-inoculation experiment indicated a higher pathogenicity of soil microbial communities from the southern, mostly sexual, populations compared to soil microbial communities from the northern asexual populations. Northern dandelion populations also showed reduced infestation by a specialized seed-eating weevil. A similar trend of reduced rust fungus infection in northern populations was observed but this trend was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of pests and pathogens decreased along the south-to-north axis of geographic parthenogenesis. This highlights the potential of biotic interactions in shaping patterns of geographic parthenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen JF Verhoeven
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
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Choleva L, Janko K. Rise and Persistence of Animal Polyploidy: Evolutionary Constraints and Potential. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 140:151-70. [DOI: 10.1159/000353464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Sequence-based species delimitation in the Balkan Bythinella Moquin-Tandon, 1856 (Gastropoda: Rissooidea) with general mixed yule coalescent model. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10125-012-0017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mesquita-Joanes F, Smith AJ, Viehberg FA. The Ecology of Ostracoda Across Levels of Biological Organisation from Individual to Ecosystem. OSTRACODA AS PROXIES FOR QUATERNARY CLIMATE CHANGE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53636-5.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Vuataz L, Sartori M, Wagner A, Monaghan MT. Toward a DNA taxonomy of Alpine Rhithrogena (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) using a mixed Yule-coalescent analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19728. [PMID: 21611178 PMCID: PMC3096624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic larvae of many Rhithrogena mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
inhabit sensitive Alpine environments. A number of species are on the IUCN Red
List and many recognized species have restricted distributions and are of
conservation interest. Despite their ecological and conservation importance,
ambiguous morphological differences among closely related species suggest that
the current taxonomy may not accurately reflect the evolutionary diversity of
the group. Here we examined the species status of nearly 50% of European
Rhithrogena diversity using a widespread sampling scheme of
Alpine species that included 22 type localities, general mixed Yule-coalescent
(GMYC) model analysis of one standard mtDNA marker and one newly developed nDNA
marker, and morphological identification where possible. Using sequences from
533 individuals from 144 sampling localities, we observed significant clustering
of the mitochondrial (cox1) marker into 31 GMYC species.
Twenty-one of these could be identified based on the presence of topotypes
(expertly identified specimens from the species' type locality) or
unambiguous morphology. These results strongly suggest the presence of both
cryptic diversity and taxonomic oversplitting in Rhithrogena.
Significant clustering was not detected with protein-coding nuclear PEPCK,
although nine GMYC species were congruent with well supported terminal clusters
of nDNA. Lack of greater congruence in the two data sets may be the result of
incomplete sorting of ancestral polymorphism. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of
both gene regions recovered four of the six recognized
Rhithrogena species groups in our samples as monophyletic.
Future development of more nuclear markers would facilitate multi-locus analysis
of unresolved, closely related species pairs. The DNA taxonomy developed here
lays the groundwork for a future revision of the important but cryptic
Rhithrogena genus in Europe.
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Is polyploidy a persevering accident or an adaptive evolutionary pattern? The case of the brine shrimp Artemia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 58:353-64. [PMID: 21145977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lehmann GU, Siozios S, Bourtzis K, Reinhold K, Lehmann AW. Thelytokous parthenogenesis and the heterogeneous decay of mating behaviours in a bushcricket (Orthopterida). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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BRUVO RUŽA, ADOLFSSON SOFIA, SYMONOVA RADKA, LAMATSCH DUNJAK, SCHÖN ISA, JOKELA JUKKA, BUTLIN ROGERK, MÜLLER STEFAN. Few parasites, and no evidence for Wolbachia infections, in a freshwater ostracod inhabiting temporary ponds. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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