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Fu X, Meyer-Rochow VB, Ballantyne L, Zhu X, Zhang Q. Sperm Competition and Paternity in the Endangered Firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Lampyrinae). INSECTS 2024; 15:66. [PMID: 38249072 PMCID: PMC10817000 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The endangered terrestrial firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Olivier) is endemic to China. Populations of P. pectoralis have decreased dramatically due to urbanization and pollution. Breeding and re-introduction to a suitable habitat may save the species from becoming extinct. Because of its polyandrous character, an investigation into the possibility of sperm competition and paternity outcomes from multiple matings was initiated to better understand its reproductive physiology. To achieve these goals, 13 SSR markers were developed. The results of paternity experiments indicate there is a significant difference between P3 and P1 or P2. The female reproductive system has three spermathecae which accept sperm from different matings, and no bursa or spermatophore-digesting organ is developed. Our research established that multiple inseminations with sperm from different males occur, leading to competition between ejaculates. The benefits of such competition include an increasing number of sperm in the ejaculates of competing males and the consequential increase in fertilized eggs (thus, fecundity), and thereby a higher chance of genetic diversity and fitness in the offspring of the firefly P. pectoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Fu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Firefly Conservation Research Centre, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Oulu University, SF-90140 Oulu, Finland;
- Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Lesley Ballantyne
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, P.O. Box 588, Wagga Wagga 2678, Australia;
| | - Xinlei Zhu
- Firefly Conservation Research Centre, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Qiyulu Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
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2
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Liu T, Liu H, Tong J, Yang Y. Habitat suitability of neotenic net‐winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae) in China using combined ecological models, with implications for biological conservation. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application School of Life Science Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Haoyu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application School of Life Science Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Junbo Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application School of Life Science Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Yuxia Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application School of Life Science Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding China
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3
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Zweerus NL, van Wijk M, Smallegange IM, Groot AT. Mating status affects female choice when females are signalers. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8864. [PMID: 35462973 PMCID: PMC9019137 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection in animals has been mostly studied in species in which males are signalers and females are choosers. However, in many species, females are (also) signalers. In species with non‐signaling females, virgin females are hypothesized to be less choosy than mated females, as virgins must mate to realize fitness and the number of available males is generally limited. Yet, when females signal to attract males, mate limitation can be overcome. We tested how virgin and mated females differ in their calling behavior, mating latency, and in mate choice, using the tobacco budworm Chloridea (Heliothis) virescens as an example for a species in which females are not only choosers but also signalers. We found that virgin females signaled longer than mated females, but virgin and mated signaling females were equally ready to mate, in contrast to non‐signaling females. However, we found that virgin signaling females showed weaker mate preference than mated females, which can be explained by the fact that females increase their fitness with multiple matings. Mated females may thus further increase their fitness by more stringent mate selection. We conclude that signaling is a crucial aspect to consider when studying female mate choice because signaling may affect the number of available mates to choose from.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L. Zweerus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Wijk
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Isabel M. Smallegange
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Astrid T. Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
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Lin SW, Lopardo L, Uhl G. Evolution of nuptial-gift-related male prosomal structures: taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Oedothorax (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sexual selection has been shown to drive speciation. In dwarf spiders (erigonines), males possess diverse, sexually selected prosomal structures with nuptial-gift-producing glands. The genus Oedothorax is suitable for investigating the evolution of these features due to high structural variation. We have re-delimited this genus based on a phylogenetic analysis. Ten species are Oedothorax s.s.; five are transferred back to their original generic placement; 25 remain unplaced as ‘Oedothorax’. Four junior synonymies are proposed: Callitrichia simplex to Ca. holmi comb. nov.; Gongylidioides kougianensis to G. insulanus comb. nov.; Ummeliata ziaowutai to U. esyunini comb. nov.; Oe. kathmandu to Mitrager unicolor comb. nov. Oedothorax seminolus is a junior synonym of Soulgas corticarius and the transfer of Oe. alascensis to Halorates is confirmed. The replacement name Ca. hirsuta is proposed for Ca. pilosa. The male of Callitrichia longiducta comb. nov. and the female of ‘Oedothorax’ nazareti are newly described. Thirty-eight Oedothorax species are transferred to other genera. Callitrichia spinosa is transferred to Holmelgonia. Three genera are erected: Cornitibia, Emertongone and Jilinus. Ophrynia and Toschia are synonymized with Callitrichia. Character optimization suggests multiple origins of different prosomal modification types. Convergent evolution in these traits suggests that sexual selection has played an important role in erigonine diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Wang Lin
- Department of General and Systematic Zoology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lara Lopardo
- Department of General and Systematic Zoology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gabriele Uhl
- Department of General and Systematic Zoology, University of Greifswald, Germany
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5
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Kamimura Y, Yoshizawa K, Lienhard C, Ferreira RL, Abe J. Evolution of nuptial gifts and its coevolutionary dynamics with male-like persistence traits of females for multiple mating. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:164. [PMID: 34482815 PMCID: PMC8419916 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many male animals donate nutritive materials during courtship or mating to their female mates. Donation of large-sized gifts, though costly to prepare, can result in increased sperm transfer during mating and delayed remating of the females, resulting in higher paternity. Nuptial gifting sometimes causes severe female-female competition for obtaining gifts (i.e., sex-role reversal in mate competition) and selection on females to increase their mating rate, changing the intensity of sperm competition and the resultant paternity gains. We built a theoretical model to simulate such coevolutionary feedbacks between nuptial gift size (male trait) and propensity for multiple mating (female trait). Donation of nuptial gifts sometimes causes development of female persistence trait for gift acquisition. We also analyzed the causes and consequences of this type of traits, taking double receptacles for nutritious seminal gifts, which are known to occur in an insect group with a "female penis" (Neotrogla spp.), as an illustrative example. RESULTS Our individual-based simulations demonstrated that female-female competition for male-derived nutrients always occur when the environment is oligotrophic and mating costs are low for females. However, a positive correlation between donated gift size and the resultant paternity gain was a requisite for the co-occurrence of large gifts and females' competitive multiple mating for the gifts. When gift donation satisfied female demands and thus resulted in monandry, exaggeration of nuptial gift size also occurred under the assumption that the last male monopolizes paternity. The evolution of double slots for gift acquisition and digestion (female persistence trait) always occurred when males could not satisfy the demands of females for gifts. However, through coevolutionary reduction in male gift size, fixation of this trait in a population drastically reduced the average female fitness. CONCLUSION Sperm usage patterns, which have rarely been examined for animals with nuptial gifts, can be a critical factor for determining the extent of exaggeration in nuptial gifting. Sex-role reversals in mate competition, as a result of donation of nuptial gifts from males to females, can involve the evolution of male-like, persistent traits in females that reduce population productivity, as is the case with persistence traits in males.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Charles Lienhard
- Geneva Natural History Museum, CP 6434, 1211, Geneva 6, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo L Ferreira
- Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Jun Abe
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Meijigakuin University, Yokohama, Japan
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Biffi G, Rosa SP, Kundrata R. Hide-and-Seek with Tiny Neotenic Beetles in One of the Hottest Biodiversity Hotspots: Towards an Understanding of the Real Diversity of Jurasaidae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:420. [PMID: 34065103 PMCID: PMC8151716 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Jurasaidae are a family of neotenic elateroid beetles which was described recently from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot based on three species in two genera. All life stages live in the soil, including the larviform females, and only adult males are able to fly. Here, we report the discovery of two new species, Jurasai miraculum sp. nov. and J. vanini sp. nov., and a new, morphologically remarkable population of J. digitusdei Rosa et al., 2020. Our discovery sheds further light on the diversity and biogeography of the group. Most species of Jurasaidae are known from the rainforest remnants of the Atlantic Forest, but here for the first time we report a jurasaid species from the relatively drier Atlantic Forest/Caatinga transitional zone. Considering our recent findings, minute body size and cryptic lifestyle of all jurasaids, together with potentially high numbers of yet undescribed species of this family from the Atlantic Forest and possibly also other surrounding ecoregions, we call for both field research in potentially suitable localities as well as for a detailed investigation of a massive amount of already collected but still unprocessed materials deposited in a number of Brazilian institutes, laboratories and collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Biffi
- Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazaré, 481, Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP 04263-000, Brazil;
| | - Simone Policena Rosa
- Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá, MG 37500-903, Brazil;
| | - Robin Kundrata
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Fu X, Ballantyne L. Reproductive Systems, Transfer and Digestion of Spermatophores in Two Asian Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040365. [PMID: 33923987 PMCID: PMC8073858 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary During mating, fireflies may transfer sperm to the female wrapped in food materials (spermatophores). We investigate in two firefly species structures in both male and female that indicate production and receipt of spermatophores. Their structure, how they attach and discharge the sperm inside the female, and how long they persist might indicate if these fireflies mate only once or more. Potential differences between males and females of both fully winged and species with flightless females are determined. An overview of present knowledge of female reproductive anatomy is given. An argument is mounted suggesting direct observation of biological structures like spermatophores might be the only reliable way of determining their presence. Abstract The internal reproductive anatomy of males and females of two Asian Luciolinae fireflies Emeia pseudosauteri (Geisthardt, 2004) and Abscondita chinensis (L., 1767) is described, and the time course for spermatophore transfer and digestion examined. E. pseudosauteri is sexually dimorphic, with a flightless female, and Abs. chinensis is sexually monomorphic, with the female flighted. Both are monandrous. Possible female accessory glands are described for the first time for both species. An overview of present knowledge of female reproductive anatomy in the Luciolinae reveals males of 18 species in 10 genera may produce spermatophores and permits speculation about spermatophore production in another 16 genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Fu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Firefly Conservation Research Centre, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Lesley Ballantyne
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, P.O. Box 588, Wagga Wagga 2678, Australia;
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8
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Lehtonen TK, Babic NL, Piepponen T, Valkeeniemi O, Borshagovski AM, Kaitala A. High road mortality during female-biased larval dispersal in an iconic beetle. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021; 75:26. [PMID: 33487857 PMCID: PMC7811152 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Animals often disperse from one habitat to another to access mates or suitable breeding sites. The costs and benefits of such movements depend, in part, on the dispersing individuals' phenotypes, including their sex and age. Here we investigated dispersal and road-related mortality in larvae of a bioluminescent beetle, the European common glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca, in relation to habitat, sex and proximity of pupation. We expected these variables to be relevant to larval dispersal because adult females are wingless, whereas adult males fly when searching for glowing females. We found that dispersing glow-worm larvae were almost exclusively females and close to pupation. The larvae were often found on a road, where they were able to move at relatively high speeds, with a tendency to uphill orientation. However, each passing vehicle caused a high mortality risk, and we found large numbers of larvae run over by cars, especially close to covered, forest-like habitat patches. In contrast, adult females in the same area were most often found glowing in more open rocky and grassy habitats. These findings demonstrate an underappreciated ecological strategy, sex-biased dispersal at larval phase, motivated by different habitat needs of larvae and wingless adult females. The results are also consistent with roads being an ecological trap, facilitating dispersal and presumably females' signal visibility but causing severe larval mortality just before the reproductive stage. Hence, in addition to the previously recognised threats of urbanisation, even low traffic volumes have a high potential to negatively affect especially females of this iconic beetle. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Animals sometimes need to move from one habitat to another to find mating partners or breeding sites. We found this need to result in strongly female-biased larval dispersal in the European common glow-worm, a beetle known for the glow of wingless females that attract flying males to mate. Female larvae moving between habitats often used a road or trail but perished in high numbers when run over by cars. Hence, roads are likely to be ecological traps for the female glow-worm larvae, attracting them during dispersal, but causing grave mortality. The sex-biased larval dispersal, demonstrated in this study, is a poorly known ecological strategy that was found to be very risky in a human-modified landscape. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00265-020-02962-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topi K. Lehtonen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Post Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland ,Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland ,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natarsha L. Babic
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland ,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Timo Piepponen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Post Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland ,Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Otso Valkeeniemi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Post Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland ,Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Borshagovski
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Post Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland ,Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Arja Kaitala
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Post Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland ,Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
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López-Palafox T, Macías-Ordóñez R, Cordero CR. The size of signal detection and emission organs in a synchronous firefly: sexual dimorphism, allometry and assortative mating. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10127. [PMID: 33194388 PMCID: PMC7597648 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The size of the organs responsible for emitting and detecting sexual communication signals is a likely target for selection. Communication via bioluminescent signals in synchronous fireflies is a promising model to test hypotheses regarding differences between males and females in the effect of the size of signal emission and detection organs on fitness components. Synchronous firefly species congregate in large numbers during the mating season, displaying bioluminescent signals aimed at potential mates during relatively short nightly periods. Operational sex ratios are male-biased and, thus, the so-called typical sex roles (indiscriminate males and choosy females) are expected to evolve. We studied the synchronous firefly Photinus palaciosi, a species that during the mating season congregates in forests of central Mexico offering a magnificent natural show that attracts numerous tourists. P. palaciosi females have reduced wings (brachyptery) and cannot fly. Our field study tested the hypothesis that the male-biased operational sex ratio and the short daily mating period result in strong male-male competition that selects for males with larger lanterns and larger eyes, and against male mate choice, whereas female-female mate competition is absent and, thus, no selection on lantern or eye size is expected. Even though lantern, eye or body size do not predict the probability of being found in copula for either sex, sexual dimorphism in these features, along with allometric slopes of lantern size and assortative mating in terms of relative lantern size, support not only the hypothesis of intense sexual selection among males, but the possibility of subtle mechanisms of sexual selection among females. Trade-offs between investment in signaling (lanterns) versus detection (eyes) structures, or with pressures different from sexual selection such as those imposed by predators, are also likely to be important in shaping the evolution of sexual signaling in these fireflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania López-Palafox
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos R. Cordero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
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10
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Nguantad S, Chumnanpuen P, Thancharoen A, Vongsangnak W, Sriboonlert A. Identification of potential candidate genes involved in the sex determination cascade in an aquatic firefly, Sclerotia aquatilis (Coleoptera, Lampyridae). Genomics 2020; 112:2590-2602. [PMID: 32061895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sexual differentiation, dimorphism, and courtship behavior are the downstream developmental programs of the sex determination cascade. The sex determination cascade in arthropods often involves key genes, transformer (tra), doublesex (dsx), transformer-2 (tra2), and fruitless (fru). These genes are conserved among insect taxa; however, they have never been reported in fireflies. In this study, the candidate genes for these key genes were identified for the first time in an aquatic firefly, Sclerotia aquatilis using transcriptome analysis. A comparative protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of sex determination cascade was reconstructed for S. aquatilis based on a network of a model insect, Drosophila melanogaster. Subsequently, a sex determination cascade in S. aquatilis was proposed based on the amino acid sequence structures and expression profiles of these candidates. This study describes the first efforts toward understanding the molecular control of sex determination cascade in fireflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarintip Nguantad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pramote Chumnanpuen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Anchana Thancharoen
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Ajaraporn Sriboonlert
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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11
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Vea IM, Tanaka S, Tsuji T, Shiotsuki T, Jouraku A, Minakuchi C. E93 expression and links to the juvenile hormone in hemipteran mealybugs with insights on female neoteny. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 104:65-72. [PMID: 30503224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect metamorphosis produces reproductive adults and is commonly accompanied with the direct or indirect development of wings. In some winged insects, the imago is altered by life history changes. For instance, in scale insects and mealybugs, reproductive females retain juvenile features and are wingless. The transcription factor E93 triggers metamorphosis and plays in concert with the juvenile hormone pathway to guarantee the successful transition from juvenile to adult. We previously provided evidence of an atypical down-regulation of the juvenile hormone pathway during female development in the Japanese mealybug. Here, we further investigate how E93 is involved in the production of neotenic wingless females, by identifying its isoforms, assessing their expression patterns and evaluating the effect of exogenous juvenile hormone mimic treatment on E93. This study identifies three E93 isoforms on the 5' end, based on Japanese mealybug cDNA and shows that female development occurs with the near absence of E93 transcripts, as opposed to male metamorphosis. Additionally, while male development is typically affected by exogenous juvenile hormone mimic treatments, females seem to remain insensitive to the treatment, and up-regulation of the juvenile hormone signaling is not observed. Furthermore, juvenile hormone mimic treatment on female nymphs did not have an obvious effect on E93 transcription, while treatment on male prepupae resulted in depleted E93 transcripts. In this study, we emphasize the importance in examining atypical cases of metamorphosis as complementary systems to provide a better understanding on the molecular mechanisms underlying insect metamorphosis. For instance, the factors regulating the expression of E93 are largely unclear. Investigating the regulatory mechanism of E93 transcription could provide clues towards identifying the factors that induce or suppress E93 transcription, in turn triggering male adult development or female neoteny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Mifom Vea
- Nagoya University, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Sayumi Tanaka
- Nagoya University, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tsuji
- Nagoya University, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shiotsuki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Institute of Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan; Shimane University, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Matsue, Japan
| | - Akiya Jouraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Institute of Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chieka Minakuchi
- Nagoya University, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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12
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Bocak L, Motyka M, Bocek M, Bocakova M. Incomplete sclerotization and phylogeny: The phylogenetic classification of Plastocerus (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29538419 PMCID: PMC5851614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships of the monogeneric family Plastoceridae Crowson, 1972 (Coleoptera: Elateroidea) have remained contentious due to its modified morphology, incorrect information on incomplete metamorphosis of females and the absence of molecular data. We produced the sequences for P. angulosus (Germar, 1844) (the type-species of Plastocerus Schaum, 1852) and performed molecular phylogenetic analyses to estimate its position. The analyses of Elateroidea (186 spp.) and Elateridae (110 spp.) molecular datasets of two mitochondrial and two nuclear gene fragments repeatedly placed Plastocerus Schaum, 1852 in relationships with the elaterid genera Oxynopterus Hope, 1842 and Pectocera Hope, 1842. Alternative topologies were rejected by likelihood tests. Therefore, Plastoceridae Crowson, 1972 are down-ranked to the subfamily Plastocerinae in Elateridae Leach, 1815. We suggest that the morphology-based placement and high rank for some elateroid lineages were inferred from the presence of homoplasies which evolved due to incomplete sclerotization. Distantly related soft-bodied elateroids share freely movable and transverse coxae, a shortened prosternum, and a weakly sclerotized abdomen with free ventrites. Importantly, the apomorphic structures characteristic for their closest relatives, such as the prosternal process, mesoventral cavity, and intercoxal keel in the first abdominal ventrite are regularly absent. Consequently, morphology-based phylogenetic analyses suggest deeply rooted positions for lineages without expressed apomorphic character states. Molecular data represent an independent character system that is not affected by the convergent morphological evolution, and therefore molecular phylogenies can elucidate the relationships of incompletely sclerotized lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Bocak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Michal Motyka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Bocek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Bocakova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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13
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IMURA Y, TOMINAGA O, SU ZH, KASHIWAI N, OKAMOTO M, OSAWA S. Evolutionary history of carabid ground beetles with special reference to morphological variations of the hind-wings. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018; 94:360-371. [PMID: 30416176 PMCID: PMC6275329 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.94.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most beetles belonging to the subfamily Carabinae of the family Carabidae (so-called carabid ground beetles) cannot fly, because their hind-wings are highly degenerated. However, about half of the species in the subtribe Calosomina within the same subfamily can fly. From extensive morphological examinations of the hind-wings of Carabinae species in conjunction with DNA molecular phylogenetic trees, the process and possible causes of hind-wing degeneration in the Carabinae are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yûki IMURA
- 1249-8, Shinohara-Chô, Kôhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Zhi-Hui SU
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Munehiro OKAMOTO
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Syozo OSAWA
- 1003, 2-4-7 Ushita-Asahi, Higashi-Ku, Hiroshima 732-0067, Japan
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14
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15
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Lower SS, Johnston JS, Stanger-Hall KF, Hjelmen CE, Hanrahan SJ, Korunes K, Hall D. Genome Size in North American Fireflies: Substantial Variation Likely Driven by Neutral Processes. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:1499-1512. [PMID: 28541478 PMCID: PMC5499882 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes show tremendous size variation across taxa. Proximate explanations for genome size variation include differences in ploidy and amounts of noncoding DNA, especially repetitive DNA. Ultimate explanations include selection on physiological correlates of genome size such as cell size, which in turn influence body size, resulting in the often-observed correlation between body size and genome size. In this study, we examined body size and repetitive DNA elements in relationship to the evolution of genome size in North American representatives of a single beetle family, the Lampyridae (fireflies). The 23 species considered represent an excellent study system because of the greater than 5-fold range of genome sizes, documented here using flow cytometry, and the 3-fold range in body size, measured using pronotum width. We also identified common genomic repetitive elements using low-coverage sequencing. We found a positive relationship between genome size and repetitive DNA, particularly retrotransposons. Both genome size and these elements were evolving as expected given phylogenetic relatedness. We also tested whether genome size varied with body size and found no relationship. Together, our results suggest that genome size is evolving neutrally in fireflies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Hall
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia
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16
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Al-Wathiqui N, Fallon TR, South A, Weng JK, Lewis SM. Molecular characterization of firefly nuptial gifts: a multi-omics approach sheds light on postcopulatory sexual selection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38556. [PMID: 28004739 PMCID: PMC5177949 DOI: 10.1038/srep38556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Postcopulatory sexual selection is recognized as a key driver of reproductive trait evolution, including the machinery required to produce endogenous nuptial gifts. Despite the importance of such gifts, the molecular composition of the non-gametic components of male ejaculates and their interactions with female reproductive tracts remain poorly understood. During mating, male Photinus fireflies transfer to females a spermatophore gift manufactured by multiple reproductive glands. Here we combined transcriptomics of both male and female reproductive glands with proteomics and metabolomics to better understand the synthesis, composition and fate of the spermatophore in the common Eastern firefly, Photinus pyralis. Our transcriptome of male glands revealed up-regulation of proteases that may enhance male fertilization success and activate female immune response. Using bottom-up proteomics we identified 208 functionally annotated proteins that males transfer to the female in their spermatophore. Targeted metabolomic analysis also provided the first evidence that Photinus nuptial gifts contain lucibufagin, a firefly defensive toxin. The reproductive tracts of female fireflies showed increased gene expression for several proteases that may be involved in egg production. This study offers new insights into the molecular composition of male spermatophores, and extends our understanding of how nuptial gifts may mediate postcopulatory interactions between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy R Fallon
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adam South
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sara M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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17
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Niitsu S, Sugawara H, Hayashi F. Evolution of female-specific wingless forms in bagworm moths. Evol Dev 2016; 19:9-16. [PMID: 27869366 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of winglessness in insects has been typically interpreted as a consequence of developmental and other adaptations to various environments that are secondarily derived from a winged morph. Several species of bagworm moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Psychidae) exhibit a case-dwelling larval life style along with one of the most extreme cases of sexual dimorphism: wingless female adults. While the developmental process that led to these wingless females is well known, the origins and evolutionary transitions are not yet understood. To examine the evolutionary patterns of wing reduction in bagworm females, we reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of over 30 Asian species based on both mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and nuclear (28S rRNA) DNA sequences. Under a parsimonious assumption, the molecular phylogeny implies that: (i) the evolutionary wing reduction towards wingless females consisted of two steps: (Step I) from functional wings to vestigial wings (nonfunctional) and (Step II) from vestigial wings to the most specialized vermiform adults (lacking wings and legs); and (ii) vermiform morphs evolved independently at least twice. Based on the results of our study, we suggest that the evolutionary changes in the developmental system are essential for the establishment of different wingless forms in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Niitsu
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sugawara
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Fumio Hayashi
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
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18
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Lewis SM, Vahed K, Koene JM, Engqvist L, Bussière LF, Perry JC, Gwynne D, Lehmann GUC. Emerging issues in the evolution of animal nuptial gifts. Biol Lett 2015; 10:rsbl.2014.0336. [PMID: 25030043 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniquely positioned at the intersection of sexual selection, nutritional ecology and life-history theory, nuptial gifts are widespread and diverse. Despite extensive empirical study, we still have only a rudimentary understanding of gift evolution because we lack a unified conceptual framework for considering these traits. In this opinion piece, we tackle several issues that we believe have substantively hindered progress in this area. Here, we: (i) present a comprehensive definition and classification scheme for nuptial gifts (including those transferred by simultaneous hermaphrodites), (ii) outline evolutionary predictions for different gift types, and (iii) highlight some research directions to help facilitate progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Karim Vahed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Joris M Koene
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Leif Engqvist
- Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany Department of Behavioural Ecology, University of Bern, Hinterkappelen 3032, Switzerland
| | - Luc F Bussière
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Jennifer C Perry
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK Jesus College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3DW, UK
| | - Darryl Gwynne
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
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19
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Abstract
In insects, whilst variations in life cycles are common, the basic patterns typical for particular groups remain generally conserved. One of the more extreme modifications is found in some subterranean beetles of the tribe Leptodirini, in which the number of larval instars is reduced from the ancestral three to two and ultimately one, which is not active and does not feed. We analysed all available data on the duration and size of the different developmental stages and compared them in a phylogenetic context. The total duration of development was found to be strongly conserved, irrespective of geographical location, habitat type, number of instars and feeding behaviour of the larvae, with a single alteration of the developmental pattern in a clade of cave species in southeast France. We also found a strong correlation of the size of the first instar larva with adult size, again regardless of geographical location, ecology and type of life cycle. Both results suggest the presence of deeply conserved constraints in the timing and energy requirements of larval development. Past focus on more apparent changes, such as the number of larval instars, may mask more deeply conserved ontogenetic patterns in developmental timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cieslak
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN, CSIC), Madrid, Spain Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Ribera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Spain
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20
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Vahed K, Gilbert JDJ, Weissman DB, Barrientos-Lozano L. FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE OF GRASPING CERCI AND NUPTIAL FOOD GIFTS IN PROMOTING EJACULATE TRANSFER IN KATYDIDS. Evolution 2014; 68:2052-65. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Vahed
- Department of Biological and Forensic Sciences; College of Life and Natural Sciences; University of Derby; Kedleston Rd Derby DE22 1GB United Kingdom
| | - James D. J. Gilbert
- University of Sussex; John Maynard Smith Building; Falmer Brighton BN1 9QG United Kingdom
| | - David B. Weissman
- Department of Entomology; California Academy of Sciences; San Francisco California 94118
| | - Ludivina Barrientos-Lozano
- Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria; Boulevard Emilio Portes Gil No. 1301, Cd. Victoria; Tamaulipas 87010 México
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21
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Mitterboeck TF, Adamowicz SJ. Flight loss linked to faster molecular evolution in insects. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131128. [PMID: 23884090 PMCID: PMC3735250 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of flight ability has occurred thousands of times independently during insect evolution. Flight loss may be linked to higher molecular evolutionary rates because of reductions in effective population sizes (Ne) and relaxed selective constraints. Reduced dispersal ability increases population subdivision, may decrease geographical range size and increases (sub)population extinction risk, thus leading to an expected reduction in Ne. Additionally, flight loss in birds has been linked to higher molecular rates of energy-related genes, probably owing to relaxed selective constraints on energy metabolism. We tested for an association between insect flight loss and molecular rates through comparative analysis in 49 phylogenetically independent transitions spanning multiple taxa, including moths, flies, beetles, mayflies, stick insects, stoneflies, scorpionflies and caddisflies, using available nuclear and mitochondrial protein-coding DNA sequences. We estimated the rate of molecular evolution of flightless (FL) and related flight-capable lineages by ratios of non-synonymous-to-synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) and overall substitution rates (OSRs). Across multiple instances of flight loss, we show a significant pattern of higher dN/dS ratios and OSRs in FL lineages in mitochondrial but not nuclear genes. These patterns may be explained by relaxed selective constraints in FL ectotherms relating to energy metabolism, possibly in combination with reduced Ne.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fatima Mitterboeck
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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22
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Crisp MD, Cook LG. Phylogenetic niche conservatism: what are the underlying evolutionary and ecological causes? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:681-694. [PMID: 22943495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) is the tendency of lineages to retain their niche-related traits through speciation events. A recent surge in the availability of well-sampled molecular phylogenies has stimulated phylogenetic approaches to understanding ecological processes at large geographical scales and through macroevolutionary time. We stress that PNC is a pattern, not a process, and is found only in some traits and some lineages. At the simplest level, a pattern of PNC is an inevitable consequence of evolution - descent with modification and divergence of lineages - but several intrinsic causes, including physicochemical, developmental and genetic constraints, can lead directly to a marked pattern of PNC. A pattern of PNC can also be caused indirectly, as a by-product of other causes, such as extinction, dispersal limitation, competition and predation. Recognition of patterns of PNC can contribute to understanding macroevolutionary processes: for example, release from constraint in traits has been hypothesized to trigger adaptive radiations such as that of the angiosperms. Given the multiple causes of patterns of PNC, tests should address explicit questions about hypothesized processes. We conclude that PNC is a scientifically useful concept with applications to the practice of ecological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Crisp
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Lyn G Cook
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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23
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Fu X, South A, Lewis SM. Sexual dimorphism, mating systems, and nuptial gifts in two Asian fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1485-1492. [PMID: 22985863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many insect taxa show conspicuous sexual dimorphism in which females lack functional wings and are therefore incapable of flight. In fireflies, this loss of female flight is correlated with male production of spermatophore nuptial gifts, with species with flightless females also lacking gift production. In this study we further examined the relationship between sexual dimorphism and nuptial gifts by examining the reproductive ecology of two Asian fireflies, the sexually monomorphic Aquatica ficta (Luciolinae) and dimorphic Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Lampyrinae). We describe the reproductive anatomy of P. pectoralis males and females, and the time course of A. ficta spermatophore transfer. Through a series of mating experiments, we determined the effect of the number of matings on female fecundity, egg hatching success and female lifespan. The spermatophore-producing A. ficta was found to be monandrous, and female lifespan doubled as a result of that single mating. P. pectoralis was found to lack spermatophores but females were polyandrous and fecundity and egg hatching success both increased with additional matings. These results contradict patterns known from North American firefly species and provide insight into the role of male-derived substances in mating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Fu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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Stoltzfus A, O'Meara B, Whitacre J, Mounce R, Gillespie EL, Kumar S, Rosauer DF, Vos RA. Sharing and re-use of phylogenetic trees (and associated data) to facilitate synthesis. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:574. [PMID: 23088596 PMCID: PMC3583491 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, various evolution-related journals adopted policies to encourage or require archiving of phylogenetic trees and associated data. Such attention to practices that promote sharing of data reflects rapidly improving information technology, and rapidly expanding potential to use this technology to aggregate and link data from previously published research. Nevertheless, little is known about current practices, or best practices, for publishing trees and associated data so as to promote re-use. FINDINGS Here we summarize results of an ongoing analysis of current practices for archiving phylogenetic trees and associated data, current practices of re-use, and current barriers to re-use. We find that the technical infrastructure is available to support rudimentary archiving, but the frequency of archiving is low. Currently, most phylogenetic knowledge is not easily re-used due to a lack of archiving, lack of awareness of best practices, and lack of community-wide standards for formatting data, naming entities, and annotating data. Most attempts at data re-use seem to end in disappointment. Nevertheless, we find many positive examples of data re-use, particularly those that involve customized species trees generated by grafting to, and pruning from, a much larger tree. CONCLUSIONS The technologies and practices that facilitate data re-use can catalyze synthetic and integrative research. However, success will require engagement from various stakeholders including individual scientists who produce or consume shareable data, publishers, policy-makers, technology developers and resource-providers. The critical challenges for facilitating re-use of phylogenetic trees and associated data, we suggest, include: a broader commitment to public archiving; more extensive use of globally meaningful identifiers; development of user-friendly technology for annotating, submitting, searching, and retrieving data and their metadata; and development of a minimum reporting standard (MIAPA) indicating which kinds of data and metadata are most important for a re-useable phylogenetic record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin Stoltzfus
- Biochemical Science Division, NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Brian O'Meara
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1610, USA
| | - Jamie Whitacre
- NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Ross Mounce
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Sudhir Kumar
- Center for Evolutionary Medicine and Informatics, Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5301, USA
| | - Dan F Rosauer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rutger A Vos
- NCB Naturalis, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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McCartney J, Kokko H, Heller KG, Gwynne DT. The evolution of sex differences in mate searching when females benefit: new theory and a comparative test. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:1225-32. [PMID: 21957130 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection is thought to have led to searching as a profitable, but risky way of males obtaining mates. While there is great variation in which sex searches, previous theory has not considered search evolution when both males and females benefit from multiple mating. We present new theory and link it with data to bridge this gap. Two different search protocols exist between species in the bush-cricket genus Poecilimon (Orthoptera): females search for calling males, or males search for calling females. Poecilimon males also transfer a costly nuptial food gift to their mates during mating. We relate variations in searching protocols to variation in nuptial gift size among 32 Poecilimon taxa. As predicted, taxa where females search produce significantly larger nuptial gifts than those where males search. Our model and results show that search roles can reverse when multiple mating brings about sufficiently strong material benefits to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McCartney
- Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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