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Ritchie MW, Provencher JF, Allison JE, Muzzatti MJ, MacMillan HA. The digestive system of a cricket pulverizes polyethylene microplastics down to the nanoplastic scale. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123168. [PMID: 38104765 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs; <5 mm) are a growing concern and a poorly understood threat to biota. We used a generalist insect (a cricket; Gryllodes sigillatus) to examine whether individuals would ingest and physically degrade MPs in their food. We fed crickets a range of concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, and 10% w/w) of fluorescent polyethylene MPs mixed into a standard diet and dissected the gut regions to isolate the MPs within. Comparing plastic content and fragment size within gut regions, we sought to identify whether and where crickets can fragment ingested MP particles. Given the digestive tract morphology of this species, we expected that the crickets would both ingest and egest the MPs. We also predicted that the MPs would be fragmented into smaller pieces during this digestive process. We found that G. sigillatus egested much smaller pieces than they ingested, and this fragmentation occurs early in the digestive process of this insect. We found this for both sexes as well as across the range of concentrations of MPs. The degree of plastic breakdown relative to plastic feeding time suggests that the ability to fragment MPs is intrinsic and not altered by how much time crickets have spent eating the plastics. The amount of plastics found in each region of the gut in relation to feeding time also suggests that this size and shape of PE microplastic does not cause any physical blockage in the gut. This lack of evidence for blockage is likely due to plastic breakdown. We found a ∼1000-fold reduction in plastic size occurs during passage through the digestive system, yielding particles very near nanoplastics (NPs; <1 μm), and likely smaller, that are then excreted back into the environment. These findings suggest that generalist insects can act as agents of plastic transformation in their environment if/when encountering MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W Ritchie
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jennifer F Provencher
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada; National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane E Allison
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Matthew J Muzzatti
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Heath A MacMillan
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
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2
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Archer CR, Hosken DJ. Introduction to topical collection “Sexual selection, sexual conflict and aging”. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-023-03295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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3
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Archer CR, Paniw M, Vega-Trejo R, Sepil I. A sex skew in life-history research: the problem of missing males. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221117. [PMID: 35892214 PMCID: PMC9332873 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history strategies are diverse. While understanding this diversity is a fundamental aim of evolutionary biology and biodemography, life-history data for some traits-in particular, age-dependent reproductive investment-are biased towards females. While other authors have highlighted this sex skew, the general scale of this bias has not been quantified and its impact on our understanding of evolutionary ecology has not been discussed. This review summarizes why the sexes can evolve different life-history strategies. The scale of the sex skew is then discussed and its magnitude compared between taxonomic groups, laboratory and field studies, and through time. We discuss the consequences of this sex skew for evolutionary and ecological research. In particular, this sex bias means that we cannot test some core evolutionary theory. Additionally, this skew could obscure or drive trends in data and hinder our ability to develop effective conservation strategies. We finally highlight some ways through which this skew could be addressed to help us better understand broad patterns in life-history strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Ruth Archer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Paniw
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville 41001, Spain,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Irem Sepil
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Fudlosid S, Ritchie MW, Muzzatti MJ, Allison JE, Provencher J, MacMillan HA. Ingestion of Microplastic Fibres, But Not Microplastic Beads, Impacts Growth Rates in the Tropical House Cricket Gryllodes Sigillatus. Front Physiol 2022; 13:871149. [PMID: 35634147 PMCID: PMC9132090 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.871149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastic is a growing concern as an environmental contaminant as it is ubiquitous in our ecosystems. Microplastics are present in terrestrial environments, yet the majority of studies have focused on the adverse effects of microplastics on aquatic biota. We hypothesized that microplastic ingestion by a terrestrial insect would have localized effects on gut health and nutrient absorption, such that prolonged dietary microplastic exposure would impact growth rate and adult body size. We further hypothesized that plastic form (fibres vs. beads) would influence these effects because of the nature of gut-plastic interactions. Freshly hatched tropical house crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) were fed a standard diet containing different concentrations of either fluorescent polyethylene microplastic beads (75–105 μm), or untreated polyethylene terephthalate microfibers (< 5 mm) until they died or reached adulthood (approximately 8 weeks). Weight and body length were measured weekly and microplastic ingestion was confirmed through fluorescence microscopy and visual inspection of the frass. While, to our surprise, we found no effect of polyethylene bead ingestion on growth rate or final body size of G. sigillatus, females experienced a reduction in size and weight when fed high concentrations of polyethylene terephthalate microfibers. These results suggest that high concentrations of polyethylene beads of the 100 μm size range can pass through the cricket gut without a substantial negative effect on their growth and development time, but high concentrations of polyethylene terephthalate microfibers cannot. Although we report the negative effects of microplastic ingestion on the growth of G. sigillatus, it remains uncertain what threats microplastics pose to terrestrial insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serita Fudlosid
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Serita Fudlosid,
| | | | | | - Jane E. Allison
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Provencher
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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5
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Mital A, Sarangi M, Nandy B, Pandey N, Joshi A. Shorter effective lifespan in laboratory populations of D. melanogaster might reduce sexual selection. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03158-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of sexual selection in mediating levels of sexual conflict has been demonstrated in many experimental evolution studies on Drosophila spp. where competition among males for mating was the target of selection. Sexual selection has also been shown to affect the evolution of life-histories. However, the influence of divergent life-histories on reproductive strategies and, therefore, sexual selection and possibly sexual conflict has been less well studied. We examined D. melanogaster populations selected for a short development time and early age at reproduction for changes in reproductive behavior and traits that are proxies of sexual selection. We report a large reduction in reproductive competition experienced by the males of these populations, compared to ancestral populations that are not consciously selected for rapid development or early reproduction, potentially leading to reduced sexual selection. We show that rapidly developing and early reproducing populations have very low levels of mating in their lifetime (females are more or less monandrous), low courtship levels, shorter copulation duration, and longer time from eclosion to first mating, compared to the controls. These results are discussed in the context of the previously demonstrated reduction of inter-locus sexual conflict in these populations. We show that life-history strategies might have a large and significant impact on sexual selection, with each influencing the other and contributing to the complexities of adaptation.
Significance statement
Sexual conflict, often manifested as an arms-race between males and females trying to enhance their own reproductive success at some cost to the other, is of great evolutionary interest because it can maintain genetic variation in populations, prevent the independent optimization of male and female traits, and also promote speciation. Sexual selection, or variation in mating success, is well known to affect levels of sexual conflict. However, it is not so clear whether, and how, the regular evolution of life-histories also affects sexual selection. Here, we show that life-history evolution in fruit fly populations selected for traits not directly related to sexual conflict might, nevertheless, mediate the possible evolution of altered sexual conflict levels through effects on sexual selection. Populations that evolved to develop to adulthood fast, and reproduce relatively early in life, are shown to potentially experience less sexual selection, which can explain the low sexual conflict levels earlier observed in them.
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6
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Hawkes M, Lane SM, Rapkin J, Jensen K, House C, Sakaluk SK, Hunt J. Intralocus sexual conflict over optimal nutrient intake and the evolution of sex differences in life span and reproduction. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hawkes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Sarah M. Lane
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences Animal Behaviour Research Group University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Kim Jensen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Silkeborg Denmark
| | - Clarissa M. House
- School of Science Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Scott K. Sakaluk
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Section School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University Normal IL USA
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
- School of Science Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
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7
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Malod K, Roets PD, Bosua H, Archer CR, Weldon CW. Selecting on age of female reproduction affects lifespan in both sexes and age-dependent reproductive effort in female (but not male) Ceratitis cosyra. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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8
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Male and female genotype and a genotype-by-genotype interaction mediate the effects of mating on cellular but not humoral immunity in female decorated crickets. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 126:477-490. [PMID: 33219366 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually antagonistic coevolution is predicted to lead to the divergence of male and female genotypes related to the effects of substances transferred by males at mating on female physiology. The outcome of mating should thus depend on the specific combination of mating genotypes. Although mating has been shown to influence female immunity in diverse insect taxa, a male-female genotype-by-genotype effect on female immunity post mating remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigate the effects of mating on female decorated cricket baseline immunity and the potential for a male-genotype-by-female-genotype interaction affecting this response. Females from three distinct genotypic backgrounds were left unmated or singly mated in a fully reciprocal design to males from the same three genotypic backgrounds. Hemocytes and hemocyte microaggregations were quantified for female cellular immunity, and phenoloxidase, involved in melanization, and antibacterial activity for humoral immunity. In this system, female cellular immunity was more reactive to mating, and mating effects were genotype-dependent. Specifically, for hemocytes, a genotype-by-mating status interaction mediated the effect of mating per se, and a significant male-female genotype-by-genotype interaction determined hemocyte depletion post mating. Microaggregations were influenced by the female's genotype or that of her mate. Female humoral immune measures were unaffected, indicating that the propensity for post-mating effects on females is dependent on the component of baseline immunity. The genotype-by-genotype effect on hemocytes supports a role of sexual conflict in post-mating immune suppression, suggesting divergence of male genotypes with respect to modification of female post-mating immunity, and divergence of female genotypes in resistance to these effects.
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9
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Moore FR, Macleod M, Starkey C, Krams I, Roy T. Effects of the Sex Ratio and Socioeconomic Deprivation on Male Mortality. Arch Suicide Res 2020; 24:435-449. [PMID: 31248342 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2019.1635929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We explored relationships between male mortality and the sex ratio. (We tested relationships across 142 societies and in longitudinal data from Scotland. A male-biased sex ratio was associated with reduced mortality by intentional self-harm across 142 societies. This was replicated in longitudinal Scottish data, and men were less likely to die by suicide and assault when there were more men in the population only when levels of unemployment were low. We argue that this is consistent with a theoretical model in which men increase investment in relationships and offspring as "competition" under a male-biased sex ratio, and that the conflicting results of previous work may stem from divergent effects of the sex ratio on mortality depending upon relative deprivation.
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10
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Jehan C, Chogne M, Rigaud T, Moret Y. Sex-specific patterns of senescence in artificial insect populations varying in sex-ratio to manipulate reproductive effort. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:18. [PMID: 32013878 PMCID: PMC6998128 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-1586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disposable soma theory of ageing assumes that organisms optimally trade-off limited resources between reproduction and longevity to maximize fitness. Early reproduction should especially trade-off against late reproduction and longevity because of reduced investment into somatic protection, including immunity. Moreover, as optimal reproductive strategies of males and females differ, sexually dimorphic patterns of senescence may evolve. In particular, as males gain fitness through mating success, sexual competition should be a major factor accelerating male senescence. In a single experiment, we examined these possibilities by establishing artificial populations of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, in which we manipulated the sex-ratio to generate variable levels of investment into reproductive effort and sexual competition in males and females. RESULTS As predicted, variation in sex-ratio affected male and female reproductive efforts, with contrasted sex-specific trade-offs between lifetime reproduction, survival and immunity. High effort of reproduction accelerated mortality in females, without affecting immunity, but high early reproductive success was observed only in balanced sex-ratio condition. Male reproduction was costly on longevity and immunity, mainly because of their investment into copulations rather than in sexual competition. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that T. molitor males, like females, maximize fitness through enhanced longevity, partly explaining their comparable longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charly Jehan
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Manon Chogne
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.
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11
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Rostant WG, Mason JS, de Coriolis JC, Chapman T. Resource-dependent evolution of female resistance responses to sexual conflict. Evol Lett 2020; 4:54-64. [PMID: 32055411 PMCID: PMC7006461 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual conflict can promote the evolution of dramatic reproductive adaptations as well as resistance to its potentially costly effects. Theory predicts that responses to sexual conflict will vary significantly with resource levels—when scant, responses should be constrained by trade‐offs, when abundant, they should not. However, this can be difficult to test because the evolutionary interests of the sexes align upon short‐term exposure to novel environments, swamping any selection due to sexual conflict. What is needed are investigations of populations that are well adapted to both differing levels of sexual conflict and resources. Here, we used this approach in a long‐term experimental evolution study to track the evolution of female resistance to sexual conflict in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In resource‐rich regimes, high‐conflict females evolved resistance to continual exposure to males. There was no difference in baseline survival, consistent with the idea that responses evolving under nutritional abundance experienced no trade‐offs with resistance. In the poor resource regimes, the ability of high‐conflict females to evolve resistance to males was severely compromised and they also showed lower baseline survival than low‐conflict females. This suggested high‐conflict females traded off somatic maintenance against any limited resistance they had evolved in response to sexual conflict. Overall, these findings provide experimental support for the hypothesis that evolutionary responses to sexual conflict are critically dependent upon resource levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne G Rostant
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
| | - Janet S Mason
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
| | | | - Tracey Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
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12
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Sakaluk SK, Oldzej J, Poppe CJ, Harper JL, Rines IG, Hampton KJ, Duffield KR, Hunt J, Sadd BM. Effects of inbreeding on life-history traits and sexual competency in decorated crickets. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Duffield KR, Hampton KJ, Houslay TM, Hunt J, Sadd BM, Sakaluk SK. Inbreeding alters context-dependent reproductive effort and immunity in male crickets. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:731-741. [PMID: 30985046 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection can cause hosts to drastically alter their investment in key life-history traits of reproduction and defence. Infected individuals are expected to increase investment in defence (e.g., by increasing immune function) and, due to trade-offs, investment in other traits (e.g., current reproduction) should decrease. However, the terminal investment hypothesis postulates that decreased lifespan due to infection and the associated reduction in the expectation for future offspring will favour increased investment towards current reproduction. Variation in intrinsic condition will likely influence shifts in reproductive investment post-infection, but this is often not considered in such assessments. For example, the extent of inbreeding can significantly impact an individual's lifetime fitness and may influence its reproductive behaviour following a threat of infection. Here, we investigated the effects of inbreeding status on an individual's reproductive investment upon infection, including the propensity to terminally invest. Male crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) from four genetically distinct inbred lines and one outbred line were subjected to a treatment from an increasing spectrum of simulated infection cue intensities, using heat-killed bacteria. We then measured reproductive effort (calling effort), survival and immune function (antibacterial activity, circulating haemocytes and haemocyte microaggregations). Inbred and outbred males diverged in how they responded to a low-dose infection cue: relative to unmanipulated males, outbred males decreased calling effort, whereas inbred males increased calling effort. Moreover, we found that inbred males exhibited higher antibacterial activity and numbers of circulating haemocytes compared with outbred males. These results suggest that an individual's inbreeding status may have consequences for context-dependent shifts in reproductive strategies, such as those triggered by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Duffield
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution & Systematics Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois
| | - Kylie J Hampton
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution & Systematics Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois
| | | | - John Hunt
- School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Ben M Sadd
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution & Systematics Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois
| | - Scott K Sakaluk
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution & Systematics Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois
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14
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Abstract
Abstract
The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis considers an animal’s behavior, physiology, and life history as nonindependent components of a single integrated phenotype. However, frequent deviations from the expected correlations between POLS traits suggest that these relationships may be context, and potentially, sex dependent. To determine whether the sexes express distinct POLS trait covariance structures, we observed the behavior (mobility, latency to emerge from a shelter), physiology (mass-specific metabolic rate), and life history (life span, development time) of male and female Australian field crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus). Path analysis modeling suggested that POLS trait covariation differed between the sexes. Although neither sex displayed the complete integration of traits predicted by the POLS hypothesis, females did display greater overall integration with a significant negative correlation between metabolic rate and risk-taking behavior but with life-history traits varying independently. In males, however, there was no clear association between traits. These results suggest that T. oceanicus do indeed display sex-specific trait covariance structures, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging sex in assessments of POLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe A Moschilla
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Joseph L Tomkins
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Leigh W Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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15
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Duffy E, Archer CR, Sharma MD, Prus M, Joag RA, Radwan J, Wedell N, Hosken DJ. Wolbachia infection can bias estimates of intralocus sexual conflict. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:328-338. [PMID: 30680117 PMCID: PMC6342094 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Males and females share most of their genome and develop many of the same traits. However, each sex frequently has different optimal values for these shared traits, creating intralocus sexual conflict. This conflict has been observed in wild and laboratory populations of insects and affects important evolutionary processes such as sexual selection, the maintenance of genetic variation, and possibly even speciation. Given the broad impacts of intralocus conflict, accurately detecting and measuring it is important. A common way to detect intralocus sexual conflict is to calculate the intersexual genetic correlation for fitness, with negative values suggesting conflict. Here, we highlight a potential confounder of this measure-cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by the intracellular parasite Wolbachia. Infection with Wolbachia can generate negative intersexual genetic correlations for fitness in insects, suggestive of intralocus sexual conflict. This is because cytoplasmic incompatibility reduces the fitness of uninfected females mated to infected males, while uninfected males will not suffer reductions in fitness if they mate with infected females and may even be fitter than infected males. This can lead to strong negative intersexual genetic correlations for fitness, mimicking intralocus conflict. We illustrate this issue using simulations and then present Drosophila simulans data that show how reproductive incompatibilities caused by Wolbachia infection can generate signals of intralocus sexual conflict. Given that Wolbachia infection in insect populations is pervasive, but populations usually contain both infected and uninfected individuals providing scope for cytoplasmic incompatibility, this is an important consideration for sexual conflict research but one which, to date, has been largely underappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Duffy
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - C. Ruth Archer
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Manmohan Dev Sharma
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Monika Prus
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Richa A. Joag
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
- Faculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityPoznańPoland
| | - Nina Wedell
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - David J. Hosken
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
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16
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Brengdahl M, Kimber CM, Maguire-Baxter J, Malacrinò A, Friberg U. Genetic Quality Affects the Rate of Male and Female Reproductive Aging Differently in Drosophila melanogaster. Am Nat 2018; 192:761-772. [DOI: 10.1086/700117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Sutter A, Barton S, Sharma MD, Basellini U, Hosken DJ, Archer CR. Senescent declines in elite tennis players are similar across the sexes. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sutter
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Sam Barton
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Manmohan Dev Sharma
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Ugofilippo Basellini
- Institut national d’études démographiques (INED), Paris, France
- Center on Population Dynamics and Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - David J Hosken
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - C Ruth Archer
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility, Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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18
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Brengdahl M, Kimber CM, Maguire-Baxter J, Friberg U. Sex differences in life span: Females homozygous for the X chromosome do not suffer the shorter life span predicted by the unguarded X hypothesis. Evolution 2018; 72:568-577. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brengdahl
- IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Christopher M. Kimber
- IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Jack Maguire-Baxter
- IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Urban Friberg
- IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
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19
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Rapkin J, Jensen K, Archer CR, House CM, Sakaluk SK, Castillo ED, Hunt J. The Geometry of Nutrient Space-Based Life-History Trade-Offs: Sex-Specific Effects of Macronutrient Intake on the Trade-Off between Encapsulation Ability and Reproductive Effort in Decorated Crickets. Am Nat 2018; 191:452-474. [PMID: 29570407 DOI: 10.1086/696147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Life-history theory assumes that traits compete for limited resources, resulting in trade-offs. The most commonly manipulated resource in empirical studies is the quantity or quality of diet. Recent studies using the geometric framework for nutrition, however, suggest that trade-offs are often regulated by the intake of specific nutrients, but a formal approach to identify and quantify the strength of such trade-offs is lacking. We posit that trade-offs occur whenever life-history traits are maximized in different regions of nutrient space, as evidenced by nonoverlapping 95% confidence regions of the global maximum for each trait and large angles (θ) between linear nutritional vectors and Euclidean distances (d) between global maxima. We then examined the effects of protein and carbohydrate intake on the trade-off between reproduction and aspects of immune function in male and female Gryllodes sigillatus. Female encapsulation ability and egg production increased with the intake of both nutrients, whereas male encapsulation ability increased with protein intake but calling effort increased with carbohydrate intake. The trade-offs between traits was therefore larger in males than in females, as demonstrated by significant negative correlations between the traits in males, nonoverlapping 95% confidence regions, and larger estimates of θ and d. Under dietary choice, the sexes had similar regulated intakes, but neither optimally regulated nutrient intake for maximal trait expression. We highlight the fact that greater consideration of specific nutrient intake is needed when examining nutrient space-based trade-offs.
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20
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Pennell TM, Holman L, Morrow EH, Field J. Building a new research framework for social evolution: intralocus caste antagonism. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1251-1268. [PMID: 29341390 PMCID: PMC5896731 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The breeding and non‐breeding ‘castes’ of eusocial insects provide a striking example of role‐specific selection, where each caste maximises fitness through different morphological, behavioural and physiological trait values. Typically, queens are long‐lived egg‐layers, while workers are short‐lived, largely sterile foragers. Remarkably, the two castes are nevertheless produced by the same genome. The existence of inter‐caste genetic correlations is a neglected consequence of this shared genome, potentially hindering the evolution of caste dimorphism: alleles that increase the productivity of queens may decrease the productivity of workers and vice versa, such that each caste is prevented from reaching optimal trait values. A likely consequence of this ‘intralocus caste antagonism’ should be the maintenance of genetic variation for fitness and maladaptation within castes (termed ‘caste load’), analogous to the result of intralocus sexual antagonism. The aim of this review is to create a research framework for understanding caste antagonism, drawing in part upon conceptual similarities with sexual antagonism. By reviewing both the social insect and sexual antagonism literature, we highlight the current empirical evidence for caste antagonism, discuss social systems of interest, how antagonism might be resolved, and challenges for future research. We also introduce the idea that sexual and caste antagonism could interact, creating a three‐way antagonism over gene expression. This includes unpacking the implications of haplodiploidy for the outcome of this complex interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Pennell
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Luke Holman
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Edward H Morrow
- Evolution Behaviour and Environment Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Jeremy Field
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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21
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Rapkin J, Archer CR, Grant CE, Jensen K, House CM, Wilson AJ, Hunt J. Little evidence for intralocus sexual conflict over the optimal intake of nutrients for life span and reproduction in the black field cricket Teleogryllus commodus. Evolution 2017. [PMID: 28640400 PMCID: PMC5599978 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is often large divergence in the effects of key nutrients on life span (LS) and reproduction in the sexes, yet nutrient intake is regulated in the same way in males and females given dietary choice. This suggests that the sexes are constrained from feeding to their sex‐specific nutritional optima for these traits. Here, we examine the potential for intralocus sexual conflict (IASC) over optimal protein and carbohydrate intake for LS and reproduction to constrain the evolution of sex‐specific nutrient regulation in the field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. We show clear sex differences in the effects of protein and carbohydrate intake on LS and reproduction and strong positive genetic correlations between the sexes for the regulated intake of these nutrients. However, the between‐sex additive genetic covariance matrix had very little effect on the predicted evolutionary response of nutrient regulation in the sexes. Thus, IASC appears unlikely to act as an evolutionary constraint on sex‐specific nutrient regulation in T. commodus. This finding is supported by clear sexual dimorphism in the regulated intake of these nutrients under dietary choice. However, nutrient regulation did not coincide with the nutritional optima for LS or reproduction in either sex, suggesting that IASC is not completely resolved in T. commodus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - C Ruth Archer
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Charles E Grant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Jensen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom.,Department of Bioscience, Terrestrial Ecology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Clarissa M House
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom.,School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom.,School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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22
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Brooks RC, Garratt MG. Life history evolution, reproduction, and the origins of sex-dependent aging and longevity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1389:92-107. [PMID: 28009055 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Males and females in many species differ in how they age and how long they live. These differences have motivated much research, concerning both their evolution and the underlying mechanisms that cause them. We review how differences in male and female life histories have evolved to shape patterns of aging and some of the mechanisms and pathways involved. We pay particular attention to three areas where considerable potential for synergy between mechanistic and evolutionary research exists: (1) the role of estrogens, androgens, the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 pathway, and the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway in sex-dependent growth and reproduction; (2) sexual conflict over mating rate and fertility, and how mate presence or mating can become an avenue for males and females to directly affect each other's life span; and (3) the link between dietary restriction and aging, and the emerging understanding that only the restriction of certain nutrients is involved and that this is linked to reproduction. We suggest that ideas about life histories, sex-dependent selection, and sexual conflict can inform and be informed by the ever more refined and complex understanding of the mechanisms that cause aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Brooks
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Australia, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael G Garratt
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Australia, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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23
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Understanding the link between sexual selection, sexual conflict and aging using crickets as a model. Exp Gerontol 2015; 71:4-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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24
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Mallard F, Farina M, Tully T. Within-species variation in long-term trajectories of growth, fecundity and mortality in the Collembola Folsomia candida. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:2275-84. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Mallard
- Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES); Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ; Paris 06, CNRS, IRD, INRA Paris France
| | - M. Farina
- Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES); Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ; Paris 06, CNRS, IRD, INRA Paris France
| | - T. Tully
- Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES); Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ; Paris 06, CNRS, IRD, INRA Paris France
- ESPE de l'académie de Paris; Sorbonne Universités; Paris-Sorbonne Univ Paris 04 Paris France
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25
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Stamps JA. Individual differences in behavioural plasticities. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:534-67. [PMID: 25865135 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interest in individual differences in animal behavioural plasticities has surged in recent years, but research in this area has been hampered by semantic confusion as different investigators use the same terms (e.g. plasticity, flexibility, responsiveness) to refer to different phenomena. The first goal of this review is to suggest a framework for categorizing the many different types of behavioural plasticities, describe examples of each, and indicate why using reversibility as a criterion for categorizing behavioural plasticities is problematic. This framework is then used to address a number of timely questions about individual differences in behavioural plasticities. One set of questions concerns the experimental designs that can be used to study individual differences in various types of behavioural plasticities. Although within-individual designs are the default option for empirical studies of many types of behavioural plasticities, in some situations (e.g. when experience at an early age affects the behaviour expressed at subsequent ages), 'replicate individual' designs can provide useful insights into individual differences in behavioural plasticities. To date, researchers using within-individual and replicate individual designs have documented individual differences in all of the major categories of behavioural plasticities described herein. Another important question is whether and how different types of behavioural plasticities are related to one another. Currently there is empirical evidence that many behavioural plasticities [e.g. contextual plasticity, learning rates, IIV (intra-individual variability), endogenous plasticities, ontogenetic plasticities) can themselves vary as a function of experiences earlier in life, that is, many types of behavioural plasticity are themselves developmentally plastic. These findings support the assumption that differences among individuals in prior experiences may contribute to individual differences in behavioural plasticities observed at a given age. Several authors have predicted correlations across individuals between different types of behavioural plasticities, i.e. that some individuals will be generally more plastic than others. However, empirical support for most of these predictions, including indirect evidence from studies of relationships between personality traits and plasticities, is currently sparse and equivocal. The final section of this review suggests how an appreciation of the similarities and differences between different types of behavioural plasticities may help theoreticians formulate testable models to explain the evolution of individual differences in behavioural plasticities and the evolutionary and ecological consequences of individual differences in behavioural plasticities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy A Stamps
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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26
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Eltz T, Bause C, Hund K, Quezada-Euan JJG, Pokorny T. Correlates of perfume load in male orchid bees. CHEMOECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-015-0190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Archer CR, Duffy E, Hosken DJ, Mokkonen M, Okada K, Oku K, Sharma MD, Hunt J. Sex‐specific effects of natural and sexual selection on the evolution of life span and ageing in
Drosophila simulans. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Ruth Archer
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn CampusTR10 9EZ UK
- Max Planck Research Group Modelling the Evolution of Ageing Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Konrad‐Zuse‐Str. 1 18057 Rostock Germany
| | - Eoin Duffy
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn CampusTR10 9EZ UK
- Institute of Environmental Science Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 730‐387 Krakow Poland
| | - David J. Hosken
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn CampusTR10 9EZ UK
| | - Mikael Mokkonen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn CampusTR10 9EZ UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 (YA)FI‐40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Kensuke Okada
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn CampusTR10 9EZ UK
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology Graduate School of Environmental Sciences Okayama University Tsushima‐naka 1‐1‐1Okayama Japan
| | - Keiko Oku
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn CampusTR10 9EZ UK
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University P.O. Box 80316700 EH Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Manmohan D. Sharma
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn CampusTR10 9EZ UK
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn CampusTR10 9EZ UK
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28
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Adler MI, Bonduriansky R. Sexual conflict, life span, and aging. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:cshperspect.a017566. [PMID: 24938876 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential for sexual conflict to influence the evolution of life span and aging has been recognized for more than a decade, and recent work also suggests that variation in life span and aging can influence sexually antagonistic coevolution. However, empirical exploration of these ideas is only beginning. Here, we provide an overview of the ideas and evidence linking inter- and intralocus sexual conflicts with life span and aging. We aim to clarify the conceptual basis of this research program, examine the current state of knowledge, and suggest key questions for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo I Adler
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Russell Bonduriansky
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
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30
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Callander S, Kahn AT, Hunt J, Backwell PRY, Jennions MD. The effect of competitors on calling effort and life span in male field crickets. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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31
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Maklakov AA, Lummaa V. Evolution of sex differences in lifespan and aging: Causes and constraints. Bioessays 2013; 35:717-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A. Maklakov
- Ageing Research Group, Department of Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Virpi Lummaa
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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