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Adair-Russell R, Reed K, Torres MF. The Role of Defendant Gender and PTSD Diagnosis in a Battered Spouse Case. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241257594. [PMID: 38907659 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241257594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
A quarter of women and 11% of men report being survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) during their lifetimes in the United States. Despite being victims themselves, people who kill their IPV abuser can still be subject to criminal proceedings. Given this complexity, the law has employed battered spouse syndrome (BSS) as a tool used in some jurisdictions to support a claim that an IPV survivor killed in self-defense. A defendant who is attempting to claim self-defense using BSS may introduce testimony of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, a diagnosis of PTSD can pose problems in admission during litigation as the occurrence of a traumatic event is often what is being decided. The present study examined how college students, living on the U.S.-México border, perceive survivors-turned-defendants in a BSS mock trial. Specifically, we had each participant read a written trial transcript of a mock trial where gender of the defendant and clinical diagnosis of PTSD were manipulated. The current study hypothesized that jurors would be more lenient toward female defendants than male defendants (Hypothesis 1), jurors would be influenced by a PTSD diagnosis of the defendant (Hypothesis 2a-b), and female jurors would be more lenient than male jurors (Hypothesis 3). We also wanted to examine the impact of victim blaming, sexism, stigma of PTSD, and prior exposure to IPV on decision-making (Hypothesis 4a-d). Findings showed jurors were more lenient with female defendants than male defendants, however there was no effect of clinical diagnosis except on difficulty of decision. Implications of the role defendant gender has in decision-making is discussed.
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Arranz-López JG, Pérez-Corrales J, Machancoses FH. Development and Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Social Stigma Scale (S3). Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1242. [PMID: 38998777 PMCID: PMC11241799 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12131242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Mental health problems are associated with negative connotations that may lead to discrimination and rejection of people diagnosed with mental disorders. The present study aimed to develop and validate a new scale (the Spanish Social Stigma Scale-S3) to assess the current level of social stigma in the general Spanish population. (2) Methods: The assessment tool was developed after reviewing the items of existing tools that represent the most appropriate indicators for the assessment of social stigma. A review was performed by volunteer subjects and by a group of experts in the field, based on the participation of 563 respondents to a survey. (3) Results: The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the developed tool fits with the factors that determine the level of social stigma and shows good internal consistency (χ2SB = 412.0321, gl = 293, p < 0.01; BBNNFI = 0.922; CFI = 0.930; IFI = 0.931; RMSEA = 0.028 [0.022, 0.035]). (4) Conclusions: The S3 is useful for assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards people diagnosed with a mental disorder. This tool may be used for the identification and development of mechanisms necessary for the reduction of social stigma in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Germán Arranz-López
- Child Psychiatric Referral Unit Institut Pere Mata, Carretera Institut Pere Mata, 6, 43206 Reus, Spain;
| | - Jorge Pérez-Corrales
- Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science (Hum&QRinHS), Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avenida Atenas, s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Francisco H. Machancoses
- Predepartamental Unit of Medicine, Facultat de Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avda. Sos Bainat, s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain;
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Ramos N, McNally RJ. What variables predict stigmatizing attitudes toward people with mental disorders and their treatment in Filipinos and Americans? Transcult Psychiatry 2024:13634615241245872. [PMID: 38766870 DOI: 10.1177/13634615241245872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In the United States, Asian Americans express greater stigma toward those with mental disorders and report lower rates of seeking mental health treatment than do White Americans. However, research on these topics in Filipino cultural groups, especially Filipinos living in the Philippines (i.e., Filipino nationals), is sparse. To support the design of interventions to decrease stigma and improve rates of seeking treatment, we assessed attitudes toward mental disorders and help-seeking in Filipinos. U.S. national (i.e., American) and Filipino national participants completed an online survey containing the Mental Illness Stigma Scale, a Theory of Planned Behavior questionnaire measuring attitudes toward seeking treatment, and queries regarding demographic and psychosocial factors. Filipinos expressed significantly more stigma regarding relationship disruption, interpersonal anxiety, and poor hygiene, alongside increased perceived subjective norms opposing seeking treatment and decreased perceived behavioral control over getting treatment if necessary. We ran a linear mixed effects regression on each nationality separately to identify relationships between stigma and psychosocial factors. For Filipinos, increased parental education predicted decreased perceived relationship disruption and interpersonal anxiety; urbanization was associated with greater trust in mental health professionals, and having a close relative with a disorder led to decreased belief in patient recoverability. For Americans, increased participant education predicted decreased interpersonal anxiety, increased perceived recoverability, and improved perceived behavioral control over getting treatment if necessary, and having a close relative with a disorder predicted improved perceived treatability. The results guide programs for decreasing stigma and increasing treatment-seeking behavior. Limitations, future research directions, and possible interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Ramos
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Van Liew JR, Jie C, Tucker JR, Streyffeler L. Reducing stigma and increasing competence working with mental illness: Adaptation of a contact-based program for osteopathic medical students to a virtual, active learning format. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2023; 28:2151069. [PMID: 36420940 PMCID: PMC9704085 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2022.2151069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Contact-based education, offering meaningful contact with individuals living in recovery with mental illness, reduces stigma. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the National Alliance on Mental Illness Provider Education Program (NAMI PEP) when implemented as a curricular requirement across two cohorts of third-year osteopathic medical students, comparing traditional, passive learning and active, online delivery formats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants were two cohorts of third-year medical students (Cohort 1 n = 186; Cohort 2 n = 139; overall N = 325) who completed questionnaires measuring affect, beliefs, and behaviors toward patients with mental illness at pre-program, 1-week follow-up, and 6-month follow-up. For Cohort 1, the existing community-based NAMI PEP was implemented. For Cohort 2, the program was adapted to an online, active learning format tailored to medical students, and an additional 3-month follow-up assessment was added to better identify intermediate-term effects. RESULTS The NAMI PEP was associated with longitudinal improvements in target outcomes, with enhanced effects with the adapted curriculum in Cohort 2. At 6-month follow-up, students reported less stigma, fewer stereotyping negative attitudes, and lower anxiety treating patients with mental illness. They also reported increased confidence integrating psychiatry into routine care and increased competence in principles of collaborative mental health treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the longitudinal effectiveness of the NAMI PEP across two cohorts of medical students, with strengthened effects observed when the program is tailored to contemporary medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R. Van Liew
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, Medical Humanities, and Bioethics, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Chunfa Jie
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Jeritt R. Tucker
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, Medical Humanities, and Bioethics, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Lisa Streyffeler
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, Medical Humanities, and Bioethics, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
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Al Omari O, Valsaraj BP, Khatatbeh M, Al-Jubouri MB, Emam M, Al Hashmi I, Al Qadire M, Aljezawi M, ALBashtawy M, Alkhawaldeh A, Hasona AA, Tarhini Z, Damra J, Al Sabei S, Mohamed N. Self and public stigma towards mental illnesses and its predictors among university students in 11 Arabic-speaking countries: A multi-site study. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2023; 32:1745-1755. [PMID: 37614016 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore self and public stigma towards mental illness and associated factors among university students from 11 Arabic-speaking countries. This cross-sectional study included 4241 university students recruited from Oman, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Syria, Sudan, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and Egypt. The participants completed three self-administrative online questionnaires-Demographic Proforma (age, gender, family income, etc.), Peer Mental Health Stigmatization Scale and Mental Health Knowledge Questionnaire. There was a significant difference in the average mean between the 11 countries (p < 0.01) based on stigma agreement (self) and stigma awareness (public). The mean stigma agreement towards mental illnesses among university students was 19.7 (SD = 6.0), with the lowest in Lebanon, 15.9 (SD = 5.1) and the highest in UAE, 24.1 (SD = 5.6). The factors associated with stigma agreement included poor knowledge, being male, high family income, age, weak cumulative grade point average (cGPA), mothers with primary education, an unemployed parent, students in scientific colleges and fathers who completed secondary or university degrees. Furthermore, the factors associated with stigma awareness included good knowledge, acceptable cGPA and having a father who has a low income and is illiterate. Stigma towards mental illness varies among university students across Arabic-speaking countries. There is a need to sensitize youngsters to the need for a humanitarian approach in society to individuals affected by mental health concerns. Major governmental reforms must be initiated for the provision of mental health services for individuals with mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al Omari
- College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | | | - Moawiah Khatatbeh
- School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammad Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Mahmoud Emam
- Psychology Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Iman Al Hashmi
- College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mohammad Al Qadire
- College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
- Princess Salma Faculty of Nursing, Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Maen Aljezawi
- College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
- Princess Salma Faculty of Nursing, Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
| | | | | | | | - Zeinab Tarhini
- CAPTuR Laboratory, Control of Cell Activation in Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Resistance, Limoges, France
- Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, GEIST, Limoges, France
| | - Jalal Damra
- Educational Psychology and Counseling Department, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Sulaiman Al Sabei
- College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nora Mohamed
- Department of Educational Psychology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Faruk MO, Khan AH, Chowdhury KUA, Jahan S, Sarker DC, Colucci E, Hasan MT. Mental illness stigma in Bangladesh: Findings from a cross-sectional survey. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2023; 10:e59. [PMID: 37854431 PMCID: PMC10579681 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2023.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mental illness stigma is universally prevalent and a significant barrier to achieving global mental health goals. Mental illness stigma in Bangladesh has gained little attention despite its widespread impact on seeking mental health care in rural and urban areas. This study aimed to investigate mental illness stigma and the associated factors in rural and urban areas of Bangladesh. Methods The study areas were divided into several clusters from which 325 participants (≥18 years) were recruited with systematic random sampling. The Bangla version of the Days' Mental Illness Stigma Scale was used to collect data. Independent-samples t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression were performed. Results Results suggest that gender, age, geographical location, socioeconomic status, and occupation significantly differed across subscales of stigma. Age, gender, seeking treatment of mental illness, having knowledge on mental health, and socioeconomic status were predictive factors of mental illness stigma. The results also showed a high treatment gap in both rural and urban areas. Conclusion This study supports that mental illness stigma is prevalent in Bangladesh, requiring coordinated efforts. Results can inform the development of contextually tailored mental health strategies to reduce stigma and contribute to the promotion of mental health of individuals and communities across Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Omar Faruk
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abid Hasan Khan
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kamal Uddin Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Nasirullah Psychotherapy Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabiha Jahan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Depon Chandra Sarker
- Child Development Center, Department of Pediatrics, Satkhira Medical College and Hospital, Satkhira, Bangladesh
| | | | - M. Tasdik Hasan
- Action Lab, Department of Human Centred Computing, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Public Health, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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7
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Faruk MO, Rosenbaum S. Mental illness stigma among indigenous communities in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:216. [PMID: 37525224 PMCID: PMC10391860 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental illnesses stigma is a universal and transcultural phenomenon. While mental illnesses stigma is pervasive in Bangladesh, very little research exists on stigma toward mental illnesses among indigenous communities. This study aimed to investigate the prevailing stigma and the risk factors among different indigenous communities in the Chattogram Hill Tracts (CHT) in Bangladesh. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was carried out and participants were recruited purposively from Rangamati, a South-Eastern district of Bangladesh in the CHT. Participants from various indigenous communities including Chakma, Marma, Rakhine, Tripura, and Pangkhua were recruited. The 28- item Bangla translated version of the Mental Illnesses Stigma Scale was used. Independent-samples t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression were performed. RESULTS The results indicate evidence of a gender difference with females reporting more stigma than their male counterparts. Age, gender, socioeconomic status, and monthly income are associated with stigma among indigenous people. Further analyses of the subscales indicated significant differences among sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSIONS The results provide an insight into the prevailing stigma and associate risk factors among indigenous communities. The results may help inform anti-stigma interventions targeting indigenous communities in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Omar Faruk
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Simon Rosenbaum
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Schmitt RM, Huynh HP. Stay (Close to) Humble: Intellectual Humility Negatively Predicts Stigma Toward and Social Distance from Individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231157233. [PMID: 36780657 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231157233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains a highly stigmatized disorder despite its prevalence. Given that the origin of stigmatization is rooted in cognitive representations that people hold, stigma may be differentially exhibited by people with varying degrees of cognitive flexibility. Intellectual humility, the recognition of one's own intellectual shortcomings or flaws, may allow for flexibility in how people navigate knowledge surrounding PTSD, which may reduce stigma and improve interpersonal interactions with individuals with PTSD. The present study investigated whether intellectual humility would negatively predict PTSD stigma and social distance, above and beyond demographic factors and personal or social experience with individuals with PTSD. Participants (N = 421, 67.2% men, mean age = 37.45, SDage = 9.99) completed a multidimensional measure for intellectual humility and the Mental Illness Stigma Scale adapted to assess PTSD stigma. Results confirmed our preregistered predictions. Bivariate correlations demonstrated that overall intellectual humility was negatively correlated with overall PTSD stigma, and overall intellectual humility was negatively correlated with overall social distance. That is, intellectually humble people reported less PTSD stigma and desired closer social distance with individuals with PTSD. Additionally, hierarchical multiple regression revealed that intellectual humility predicted unique variance in PTSD stigma and social distance above and beyond the contribution of demographic factors and personal experience or social relationships with someone with PTSD. These results may provide a useful framework for approaching and minimizing stigma toward PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randee M Schmitt
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, 4038Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Ho Phi Huynh
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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9
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Mental Health Public Stigma in US Jewish Communities. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:131-140. [PMID: 36044705 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stigma is a multifaceted barrier for individuals living with mental illness, contributing to negative stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination, and is underinvestigated in minority ethnic groups. This study examines the stigma within the US Jewish communities, specifically the following: a) differences in public stigma dimensions based on mental illness ( e.g. , major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, or alcohol use disorder) and sex; and b) whether participant characteristics influence the public stigma. A community-based sample of 317 self-identified Jewish individuals participated in an experimental randomized vignette survey on stigma and help-seeking beliefs toward various mental illness. Findings indicate differences in stigma based on stigmatized individuals' sex and diagnosis as well as participants' demographics. Schizophrenia and alcohol use disorder were stigmatized similarly, with lower stigma for depression and the least stigma toward anxiety. Of interest, younger males have the most treatability and professional efficacy stigma, and tailored stigma-reducing interventions are recommended.
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Tartaro C, Bonnan-White J, Mastrangelo MA, Erbaugh E, Mulvihill R. Comparisons of beliefs in mental health stigma in communities and those who police them. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2023; 86:101853. [PMID: 36521280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2022.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The police response towards people with mental illness (PwMI) is coming under increasingly intense scrutiny. Numerous jurisdictions have experienced incidents where the police have used force against persons who were exhibiting symptoms of severe mental illness. PwMI are subject to long-held stereotypes and stigma, and recent research indicates these negative attitudes remain, even with training and awareness campaigns. Available literature provides research on citizen and police perceptions of PwMI separately, but no recent studies have compared perceptions of police officers to those held by the members of the communities they patrol. The current study involves a comparison of residents in five southern New Jersey counties and police officers working in these same counties. Both sets of participants responded to a series of statements about perceptions of PwMI. Police were more likely to report supporting stigmatizing views of PwMI than were community members. Negative community response and rejection of police tactics may be rooted partly in differing expectations of treatment towards PwMI in crisis.
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Nakamura L, Jo D, Masuda A. Mental Health Help-Seeking Experience and Attitudes in Asian American, Multiracial American, and White American Emerging Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-022-09470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Yamamoto S, Maeder EM. What's in the Box? Punishment and Insanity in the Canadian Jury Deliberation Room. Front Psychol 2021; 12:689128. [PMID: 34276516 PMCID: PMC8277975 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In insanity cases, although the defendant's eventual punishment is legally irrelevant to the jury's decision, it may be psychologically relevant. In this three-part mixed-methods study, Canadian jury eligible participants (N = 83) read a fictional murder case involving an insanity claim, then took part in 45-min deliberations. Findings showed that mock jurors who were generally favourable towards punishment had a lower frequency of utterances that supported the Defence's case. A qualitative description of keyword flagged utterances also demonstrated that mock jurors relied on moral intuitions about authority, harm, and fairness in justifying their positions. These findings may have application in crafting effective Judge's instructions and lawyer's opening statements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yamamoto
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Evelyn M Maeder
- Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Challacombe CL, Halpin SA. The influence of contact with mental health services on carers' help-seeking attitudes: contribution of stigma and affective state. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH (ABINGDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 31:75-82. [PMID: 33989503 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1922650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carers who experience stigma and aversion to help-seeking could have a detrimental impact on consumers of mental health services (MHS). AIM This study aimed to investigate the relationship between carers' experiences with MHS, stigma, affective state and help-seeking attitudes. METHODS Fifty-seven carers of people with a mental illness completed an online survey including demographics about the carer and consumer, carers' experience with MHS, Days' mental illness stigma scale, the inventory of attitudes towards seeking mental health services and the depression-happiness scale. RESULTS Carer responses evenly reflected positive and negative experiences with MHS. There were significant correlations between experiences of MHS and stigma, attitudes towards help-seeking, and affective state. Carers who reported negative experiences of MHS demonstrated reduced help-seeking attitudes. Both stigma and affective state independently reduced the association between positive experiences of MHS and more positive help-seeking attitudes. When all three variables were included in the regression model, stigma was the only significant predictor of reduced help-seeking attitudes. CONCLUSIONS MHS must establish positive engagement with carers, as this is associated with positive help-seeking attitudes. Negative experiences of MHS exacerbate carer stigma. Positive interactions between MHS and carers likely facilitate better access to care for consumers and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean A Halpin
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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14
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Quigley L, Prentice J, Warren JT, Quilty LC, Dobson KS, Hodgins DC. What's in a Name? Evaluating the Public Stigma of Gambling Disorder. J Gambl Stud 2021; 36:1205-1228. [PMID: 31848837 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Public stigma of gambling disorder has negative effects on the mental health and functioning of affected individuals and impedes treatment-seeking. One factor thought to be implicated in stigma is the label used to describe the condition. The aims of this research were to: (1) evaluate whether different labels for problematic gambling behavior influence public stigma; and (2) compare public stigma of gambling disorder to other health conditions. Separate samples of university student (Study 1) and general population (Study 2) participants were randomly assigned to label conditions and completed questionnaires assessing stigma and attitudes towards the assigned label. In Study 1, the eight conditions included four gambling labels (problem gambling, pathological gambling, gambling disorder, and gambling addiction) and four psychiatric or health comparison labels (depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcohol use disorder, and asthma). In Study 2, compulsive buying disorder was added as a fifth psychiatric comparison for a total of nine conditions. The results indicated that the four gambling label conditions elicited similar attitudes and stigma. Those conditions were also more stigmatized than the depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and asthma conditions. The gambling conditions elicited similar stigmatizing attitudes as alcohol use disorder but were slightly more stigmatized than compulsive buying disorder, with these conditions showing both similarities and differences across the stigma-related outcomes. The results were largely consistent across both samples and contribute to knowledge of the nature and origins of gambling-related stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Quigley
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Jennifer Prentice
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jonathan T Warren
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Lena C Quilty
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keith S Dobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David C Hodgins
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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15
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Tucker JR, Seidman AJ, Van Liew JR, Streyffeler L, Brister T, Hanson A, Smith S. Effect of Contact-Based Education on Medical Student Barriers to Treating Severe Mental Illness: a Non-randomized, Controlled Trial. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2020; 44:566-571. [PMID: 32728920 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-020-01290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging evidence suggests that contact-based education-learning via structured social interactions designed around intergroup contact theory-could be an important educational adjunct in improving attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of medical students toward patients with severe mental illness (SMI). However, existing literature in the area lacks structured curriculum, control group designs, or longitudinal analyses. The authors conducted a longitudinal, non-randomized, controlled trial of the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Provider Education Program-a 15-h contact-based adjunctive curriculum-on the attitudes, beliefs, and behavior of third-year medical students (MS3) at a single institution. METHODS Two-hundred and thirty-one students were invited to participate. Forty-one students elected to complete the curriculum and eighty served as the control group (response rate = 52%). Participants in both conditions completed questionnaires assessing aspects of caring for patients with SMI at pre-test, 1-week post-curriculum, and at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS Results indicated that participants in the curriculum reported improved attitudes, beliefs, and behavior in working with SMI as compared with their cohort-matched peers. The majority of these outcomes were maintained at 3-months post-intervention, with effect sizes in the medium to large range. The largest improvement was in behavioral responses to a vignette describing an acute psychiatric emergency. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence that a contact-based curriculum leads to improvements in the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of MS3 students when offered as an adjunctive program following their first year of clinical rotations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Teri Brister
- National Alliance on Mental Illness, Arlington, VA, USA
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Pahwa R, Smith ME, Patankar KU, Ghosh S. Social Networks, Community Integration and Recovery for Individuals with Severe Mental Illnesses in India and the U.S: A Comparative Study. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:1004-1013. [PMID: 31912344 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Community integration is central to recovery for individuals with severe mental illnesses (SMIs). However, cross-national research on community experiences of persons with SMIs is limited. Utilizing quantitative and social network data from a sample of individuals with SMIs, the current study (1) examined the social networks and experiences of community integration in India (n = 56) and (2) compared India and U.S. (n = 30) participants on social network characteristics, community integration, and psychosocial functioning. Results showed significant differences in demographic and psychosocial functioning between the samples. Regarding community integration, U.S. participants were more integrated into the mental health community than Indian participants. Differences in social networks revealed that Indian participants had significantly more family members and colleagues while U.S. participants had significantly more friends. Results suggest that caution be taken in generalizing mental health research cross-nationally and highlight the importance of sociocultural contexts of recovery and community integration of individuals with SMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Pahwa
- Silver School of Social Work, New York University, 1 Washington Square North, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Melissa E Smith
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, 525 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Krushika U Patankar
- Silver School of Social Work, New York University, 1 Washington Square North, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Subharati Ghosh
- SEIU 775 Benefits Group, 210 Columbus St., Suite 300, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
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Berryessa CM, Krenzer WLD. The Stigma of Addiction and Effects on Community Perceptions of Procedural Justice in Drug Treatment Courts. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042620918950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a series of four between-subject, multifactorial experiments that examine how labeling offenders with addiction, as well as if that psychiatric label is described to be biologically influenced, may affect community perceptions regarding the importance of procedural justice in drug treatment courts. Stigmatization toward addiction is hypothesized to moderate community views on procedural justice. Labeling with addiction garnered nonsignificant effects on community perceptions of the importance of procedural justice in drug treatment courts. Yet, patterns of moderation analyses indicated that participants with higher degrees of stigmatization toward an offender with addiction, and particularly if that psychiatric label was also described to be biologically influenced, rated the importance of offenders experiencing aspects of procedural justice as significantly higher. Higher degrees of public stigmatization associated with the “brain disease model” of addiction appear to coexist with increased community support for offenders with such labels experiencing increased procedural justice and fairness.
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Pavelko RL, Myrick JG. Measuring Trivialization of Mental Illness: Developing a Scale of Perceptions that Mental Illness Symptoms are Beneficial. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2020; 35:576-584. [PMID: 30720347 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2019.1573296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Much of the extant research on representations of mental illness in the media have focused on stigmatization. The negative effects of these stigmatizing portrayals on individuals with mental illness are serious. However, recent scholarship has identified another phenomenon in the mediated portrayal of mental illness whereby these conditions are trivialized. As opposed to stigmatizing portrayals that make people with mental illness seem violent and incompetent, media portrayals that trivialize mental illnesses often treat the symptoms of these conditions (e.g., organizational ability for people with obsessive compulsive disorder or high energy levels for people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) as benefits, thereby diminishing the seriousness of these conditions. The aim of the present study was to develop a reliable and valid scale for assessing how individuals perceive symptoms of mental illnesses as benefits (and, thereby, trivialize these illnesses). Results across three studies support the existence of a reliable and valid measure whereby symptoms demark individuals with a mental illness as receiving a benefit. By establishing this scale, researchers will be better suited to assess the potential intersections and interaction of processes related to mental illness trivialization and stigmatization, both through media portrayals and through everyday interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle L Pavelko
- Department of Communication, Slane College of Communications and Fine Arts, Bradley University
| | - Jessica Gall Myrick
- Department of Film-Video and Media Studies, Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications, Pennsylvania State University
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Strassle CG. CIT in small municipalities: Officer-level outcomes. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2019; 37:342-352. [PMID: 30746747 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research on the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) as a method to deal with mental illness in policing encounters has primarily focused on officers from large urban areas. The current study examined officer-level outcomes in a non-urban geographical setting using a pre/post-CIT training design. The sample included 46 police officers from seven departments that would be considered rural and 13 that would be classified as suburban. Officers completed scales to gauge change in mental illness attitudes at the beginning and end of their one-week CIT training. CIT training resulted in reductions in stigmatic attitudes with seven large effect sizes (ranging from η2 = .24 to .59) across the two measures. The findings from this research are a direct response to the call for greater diversity in the size of police settings in the CIT literature and serve to expand the empirical base for CIT in relation to officer-level outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla G Strassle
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Education, York College of Pennsylvania, York, PA, 17403, USA
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20
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La stigmatisation sociale des personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie : une revue systématique de la littérature. EVOLUTION PSYCHIATRIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Yasuhara K, Formon DL, Phillips S, Yenne EM. Development of a measure of mental health stigma including police behaviors. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2019; 26:520-529. [PMID: 31984093 PMCID: PMC6762149 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2018.1507845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Various stigmatizing notions are associated with mental illness, resulting in negative personal (e.g. employment discrimination) and societal (e.g. public treatment of the mentally ill as 'dangerous' and/or 'criminal') outcomes. This study develops and validates a new multi-scale assessment tool to assess several dimensions of mental illness stigma, including perceived dangerousness, self-care, social distance, treatment amenability and predicted police behavior. A total of 641 undergraduate students from various American universities completed the new stigma measure along with two other existing measures. The results indicate that the new stigma measure has an acceptable three-factor solution consisting of self-care, dangerousness and police behavior. The self-care and dangerousness factors were found to have concurrent validity with the corresponding scales of the existing measures. Future research involving different populations, as well as the policy implications of the new police behavior factor, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Yasuhara
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dana L. Formon
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Sarah Phillips
- College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elise M. Yenne
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, AL, USA
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Bruins J, Bartels-Velthuis AA, van Weeghel J, Helmus K, Pijnenborg GHM. Letter to the editors: Reducing stigmatizing attitudes in high school adolescents - a cluster RCT on the effectiveness of a schizophrenia documentary. Schizophr Res 2018; 202:408-409. [PMID: 29958752 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jojanneke Bruins
- Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Hereweg 80, 9725 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Agna A Bartels-Velthuis
- Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Hereweg 80, 9725 AG Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Hanzeplein 1 (CC72), 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jaap van Weeghel
- Tilburg University, TRANZO School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, the Netherlands; Dijk en Duin, Oude Parklaan 125, 1901 ZZ Castricum, the Netherlands; Phrenos, Da Costakade 45, 3521 VS Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Kim Helmus
- Arkin Amsterdam, Postbus 75848, 1070 AV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerdina H M Pijnenborg
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, the Netherlands; GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Institution, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA Assen, the Netherlands.
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Kam B, Mendoza H, Masuda A. Mental Health Help-Seeking Experience and Attitudes in Latina/o American, Asian American, Black American, and White American College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-018-9365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wei Y, McGrath P, Hayden J, Kutcher S. The quality of mental health literacy measurement tools evaluating the stigma of mental illness: a systematic review. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2018; 27:433-462. [PMID: 28462747 PMCID: PMC6999021 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796017000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Stigma of mental illness is a significant barrier to receiving mental health care. However, measurement tools evaluating stigma of mental illness have not been systematically assessed for their quality. We conducted a systematic review to critically appraise the methodological quality of studies assessing psychometrics of stigma measurement tools and determined the level of evidence of overall quality of psychometric properties of included tools. METHODS We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library and ERIC databases for eligible studies. We conducted risk-of-bias analysis with the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments checklist, rating studies as excellent, good, fair or poor. We further rated the level of evidence of the overall quality of psychometric properties, combining the study quality and quality of each psychometric property, as: strong, moderate, limited, conflicting or unknown. RESULTS We identified 117 studies evaluating psychometric properties of 101 tools. The quality of specific studies varied, with ratings of: excellent (n = 5); good (mostly on internal consistency (n = 67)); fair (mostly on structural validity, n = 89 and construct validity, n = 85); and poor (mostly on internal consistency, n = 36). The overall quality of psychometric properties also varied from: strong (mostly content validity, n = 3), moderate (mostly internal consistency, n = 55), limited (mostly structural validity, n = 55 and construct validity, n = 46), conflicting (mostly test-retest reliability, n = 9) and unknown (mostly internal consistency, n = 36). CONCLUSIONS We identified 12 tools demonstrating limited evidence or above for (+, ++, +++) all their properties, 69 tools reaching these levels of evidence for some of their properties, and 20 tools that did not meet the minimum level of evidence for all of their properties. We note that further research on stigma tool development is needed to ensure appropriate application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Wei
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Interdisciplinary PhD, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - P. McGrath
- IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - J. Hayden
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - S. Kutcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Kenny A, Bizumic B, Griffiths KM. The Prejudice towards People with Mental Illness (PPMI) scale: structure and validity. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:293. [PMID: 30223823 PMCID: PMC6142319 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1871-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is a substantial body of research on the stigma associated with mental illness, much of the extant research has not explicitly focused on the concept of prejudice, which drives discriminatory behaviour. Further, research that has investigated prejudice towards people with mental illness has conceptual, theoretical and psychometric limitations. To address these shortcomings, we sought to develop a new measure, the Prejudice towards People with Mental Illness (PPMI) scale, based on an improved conceptualisation and integration of the stigma and prejudice areas of research. METHODS In developing the new scale, we undertook a thematic analysis of existing conceptualisations and measures to identify a pool of potential items for the scale which were subsequently assessed for fidelity and content validity by expert raters. We tested the structure, reliability, and validity of the scale across three studies (Study 1 N = 301; Study 2 N = 164; Study 3 N = 495) using exploratory factor, confirmatory factor, correlational, multiple regression, and ordinal logistic regression analyses using both select and general community samples. RESULTS Study 1 identified four factors underlying prejudice towards people with mental illness: fear/avoidance, malevolence, authoritarianism, and unpredictability. It also confirmed the nomological network, that is, the links of these attitudes with the proposed theoretical antecedents and consequences. Studies 2 and 3 further supported the factor structure of the measure, and provided additional evidence for the nomological network. CONCLUSIONS We argue that research into prejudice towards people with mental illness will benefit from the new measure and theoretical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kenny
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Building 39 Science Road, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Boris Bizumic
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Building 39 Science Road, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Kathleen M. Griffiths
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Building 39 Science Road, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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26
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Abstract
As different facets of community integration as well as psychological and social integration are important dimensions of recovery for individuals with serious mental illness (SMI). The primary aim of the study was to explore psychological integration for individuals with SMI into the mental health and mainstream (i.e., non-mental health) communities and its association with their social integration into both communities. The study used self-report and egocentric social network data from 60 individuals with SMI receiving community-based mental health services. The primary findings indicated that social integration connected to service providers was associated with psychological integration in both mental health and mainstream communities. Our data suggest that in addition to providing services, providers are doing something meaningful to impact their clients' lives well beyond mental health services. The study supports a bifurcated conceptualization of psychological integration and provides a more complex understanding of the community integration concept.
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DeFreitas SC, Crone T, DeLeon M, Ajayi A. Perceived and Personal Mental Health Stigma in Latino and African American College Students. Front Public Health 2018. [PMID: 29536000 PMCID: PMC5834514 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental health stigma occurs when people have negative thoughts and beliefs of those with mental health illnesses or mental health treatment. Mental health stigma is related to an assortment of negative outcomes including discrimination in housing and employment, reduced usage of mental health services, and poor mental health outcomes. These implications may be particularly salient for ethnic minorities such as African Americans and Latinos who already suffer from other types of discrimination. This study examines perceived and personal mental health stigma in African American and Latino college students from a nontraditional university to help elucidate factors related to the development of mental health stigma. Students completed surveys concerning their stigma beliefs. African American students were found to have higher rates of mental health stigma than Latino students. Furthermore, anxiety about those with mental illness was related to greater mental health stigma for both groups. For African Americans, it was found that their perception of their ability to visibly identify those with mental illness was related to greater mental health stigma. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce mental health stigma in college students should target specific ethnic minority groups and focus on issues that are particularly salient to those communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis Crone
- Social Sciences, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Martha DeLeon
- Social Sciences, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anna Ajayi
- Social Sciences, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX, United States
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Erentzen C, Quinlan JA, Mar RA. Sometimes You Need More than a Wingman: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Role of Humor in Men's Mental Health Help-Seeking Campaigns. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2018.37.2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The clinical literature has consistently documented that men seek help for mental health less often than do women, although they suffer from mental illness at comparable rates. This is particularly troublesome as depression and anxiety in men are more likely to manifest in substance abuse and suicidal behavior. This gender discrepancy in help-seeking may be explained by the social psychological literature on traditional masculinity, which has been associated with stigmatizing thoughts about mental illness and opposition to help-seeking. The present research explored this link between masculinity and mental health help-seeking, including the use of affiliative humor in public awareness messages about help-seeking for mental health. We hypothesized that incorporating light humor into this campaign might reframe help-seeking in a less threatening way, effectively circumventing the defensive reactions of masculine men. Across three studies, we presented young men with ads encouraging them to reach out to a friend suffering from anxiety or depression. Consistently, the perceived funniness of the ads predicted their persuasiveness without increasing stigma or trivializing the issue of mental health. Masculinity did not in fact predict stigmatizing and defensive thoughts about mental illness; rather, men's femininity emerged as the strongest and most consistent predictor of these reactions.
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Hopkins PD, Shook NJ. A review of sociocultural factors that may underlie differences in African American and European American anxiety. J Anxiety Disord 2017; 49:104-113. [PMID: 28494387 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary evidence indicates there may be differences in the prevalence and severity of anxiety in African Americans and European Americans. A number of sociocultural risk and protective factors have been suggested to contribute to these group differences, such as salience of physical illnesses, discrimination, stigma toward mental illness, religiosity, and ethnic identity. In this paper, the literature concerning each of these factors is reviewed. Overall, the strongest evidence was found for ethnic identity and stigma toward mental illness as factors underlying group differences in anxiety. Ethnic identity and stigma toward mental illness consistently differed by racial group and were associated with anxiety in African Americans. Ethnic identity may buffer against the negative consequences of anxiety, reducing prevalence rates in African Americans. Stigma toward mental illness may decrease African Americans willingness to report anxiety symptoms, reducing overall prevalence rates but increasing the severity of treated cases. The research regarding discrimination, salience of physical illnesses, and religiosity was less clear. Much more research is required, but the findings of this review suggest that future studies should put particular emphasis on stigma toward mental illness and ethnic identity as important factors in understanding African American anxiety outcomes.
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Anderson K, Wickramariyaratne T, Blair A. Help-seeking intentions for anxiety among older adults. Aust J Prim Health 2017; 23:489-495. [DOI: 10.1071/py15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mental health practices are not working for older people with anxiety in residential care, as there is a persistent lack of recognition and treatment. This suggests that alternative ways of reaching and meeting the needs of this population need to be explored. One possibility involves enabling older adults themselves to seek help. The current work explored various factors impacting on help-seeking behaviours. In total, 105 participants from independent living units in a residential care setting completed a questionnaire focusing on attitudes and stigma towards anxiety, likelihood to seek help, help-seeking barriers and literacy around the symptoms of anxiety. Participants in the main did not hold negative attitudes towards other people with anxiety, despite concerns that other people could view them negatively if they were experiencing anxiety. Barriers to help-seeking included: difficulties recognising physical anxiety symptoms as being indicative of anxiety; the effectiveness of treatments; costs; misdiagnosis; privacy; medication usage and the associated side-effects; and, uneasiness about the skills and knowledge of health professionals. Although concerns were not held by all participants, the fact remains that anxiety is largely undiagnosed and untreated for this population and these stoppages to appropriate care must be addressed.
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Learn and ACT: Changing prejudice towards people with mental illness using stigma reduction interventions. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma towards individuals experiencing a mental illness is associated with a range of negative psychological, social and financial outcomes. Factors associated with stigma remain unclear; the relationship between stigma and various personal factors may depend on both the type of disorder being stigmatised and what type of stigma is assessed. Different forms of stigma include personal stigma (negative attitudes towards others), perceived stigma (perceived attitudes of others) and self-stigma (self-attribution of others' negative attitudes). METHOD Three hundred and fifty university students and members of the general public completed an online survey assessing contact with and knowledge of both depression and anxiety, age, gender, current depression and anxiety symptoms, and personal, perceived and self-stigma for both depression and anxiety. RESULTS Greater contact with, and knowledge of that illness predicted lower personal stigma for both anxiety and depression. Participants with greater levels of current depression symptomatology and females, reported higher perceived stigma towards depression. Males reported higher personal stigma for anxiety. For both anxiety and depression, higher current symptomatology was associated with greater levels of self-stigma towards the illness. CONCLUSIONS Findings confirm the role of contact and knowledge in personal stigma for both disorders, consistent with previous findings. This finding also supports evidence that interventions addressing these factors are associated with a decline in personal stigma. However, lack of relationship between contact with, and knowledge of a mental illness and perceived and self-stigma for either depression or anxiety suggests that these factors may not play a major role in perceived or self-stigma. The identification of symptomatology as a key factor associated with self-stigma for both anxiety and depression is significant, and has implications for community-wide interventions aiming to increase help-seeking behaviour, as well as individual treatment strategies for clinicians. Further research should examine whether these relationships hold for groups with clinically diagnosed depression and anxiety disorders.
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Imhoff R. Zeroing in on the Effect of the Schizophrenia Label on Stigmatizing Attitudes: A Large-scale Study. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:456-63. [PMID: 26409222 PMCID: PMC4753605 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The idea that psychiatric diagnoses are not mere descriptors of a symptomatology but create incrementally negative effects in patients has received considerable support in the literature. The flipside to this effect, that calling someone by a psychiatric diagnosis also has an effect on how this person is perceived by others, however, has been less well documented and remains disputed. An experimental study was conducted with a large sample (N = 2265) to ensure statistical power to detect even small effects of such adding a psychiatric diagnosis to a description of symptoms or not. Dependent variables were chosen in an exploratory manner and tests were corrected for alpha inflation. Results show that calling the identical symptomatology schizophrenia (vs not labeling it) led to greater perceptions of aggressiveness, less trustworthiness, more anxiety toward this person, and stronger assumptions this person feels aggression-related emotions. Although stigmatizing attitudes were generally lower for persons with personal experiences with mental illnesses as either a patient or a close relative, such personal involvement did not moderate the effect. Implications of these findings and limitations of the study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Imhoff
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany, Köln, Germany
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35
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Wei Y, McGrath PJ, Hayden J, Kutcher S. Mental health literacy measures evaluating knowledge, attitudes and help-seeking: a scoping review. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:291. [PMID: 26576680 PMCID: PMC4650294 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health literacy has received increasing attention as a useful strategy to promote early identification of mental disorders, reduce stigma and enhance help-seeking behaviors. However, despite the abundance of research on mental health literacy interventions, there is the absence of evaluations of current available mental health literacy measures and related psychometrics. We conducted a scoping review to bridge the gap. METHODS We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and ERIC for relevant studies. We only focused on quantitative studies and English publications, however, we didn't limit study participants, locations, or publication dates. We excluded non-English studies, and did not check the grey literature (non peer-reviewed publications or documents of any type) and therefore may have missed some eligible measures. RESULTS We located 401 studies that include 69 knowledge measures (14 validated), 111 stigma measures (65 validated), and 35 help-seeking related measures (10 validated). Knowledge measures mainly investigated the ability of illness identification, and factual knowledge of mental disorders such as terminology, etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and consequences. Stigma measures include those focused on stigma against mental illness or the mentally ill; self-stigma ; experienced stigma; and stigma against mental health treatment and help-seeking. Help-seeking measures included those of help-seeking attitudes, intentions to seek help, and actual help-seeking behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Our review provides a compendium of available mental health literacy measures to facilitate applying existing measures or developing new measures. It also provides a solid database for future research on systematically assessing the quality of the included measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wei
- Sun Life Financial Chair in Adolescent Mental Health team, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850 University Ave., P.O Box 9700, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Patrick J McGrath
- IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority and Dalhousie University, 5850 University Ave., P.O Box 9700, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Jill Hayden
- Centre for Clinical Research, Dalhousie University, Room 403, 5790 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H IV7, Canada.
| | - Stan Kutcher
- Sun Life Financial Chair in Adolescent Mental Health team, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850 University Ave., P.O Box 9700, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 6R8, Canada.
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Donaldson P, Langham E, Best T, Browne M. Validation of the Gambling Perceived Stigma Scale (GPSS) and the Gambling Experienced Stigma Scale (GESS). JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES 2015. [DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2015.31.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Australian research shows that stigma is a major barrier to treatment seeking (Rockloff, 2004) and may impede the accurate measurement of problem gambling prevalence. To date, no validated tool is available to assess the stigma associated with gambling. This project investigated both internally experienced and externalised (perceived) stigma associated with gambling, as measured with two new survey instruments were developed for this purpose. We reviewed existing measures of stigma associated with other non-gambling behaviours (e.g., alcohol, drug abuse, smoking, eating disorders) to construct items that were conceptually related to gambling behaviour. The scales were then validated by using a large representative community sample (N = 1366). Internal reliability analysis, factor analysis, and multivariate analysis were used to analyse the results and to explore the measurement of perceived and self-stigma in a community sample, taking into account respondents' gambling experience and relevant socio-demographic information. Results supported a model of perceived stigma along two dimensions (Contempt and Ostracism) and a unidimensional model of experienced stigma. The scales were shown to have strong psychometric properties and to differentiate well between stigmas associated with recreational and problem gambling behaviours. A scale that measures stigma related to gambling behaviour will provide researchers, policymakers, industry bodies, and clinicians with a tool that contributes to a growing understanding of the gambling experiences of individuals and the impacts of gambling on communities.
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ADHD stigma among college students. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:45-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-015-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ellison N, Mason O, Scior K. Public beliefs about and attitudes towards bipolar disorder: testing theory based models of stigma. J Affect Disord 2015; 175:116-23. [PMID: 25601311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the vast literature into public beliefs and attitudes towards schizophrenia and depression, there is paucity of research on attitudes towards bipolar disorder despite its similar prevalence to schizophrenia. This study explored public beliefs and attitudes towards bipolar disorder and examined the relationship between these different components of stigma. METHOD Using an online questionnaire distributed via email, social networking sites and public institutions, 753 members of the UK population were presented with a vignette depicting someone who met DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder. Causal beliefs, beliefs about prognosis, emotional reactions, stereotypes, and social distance were assessed in response to the vignette. Preacher and Hayes procedure for estimating direct and indirect effects of multiple mediators was used to examine the relationship between these components of stigma. RESULTS Bipolar disorder was primarily associated with positive beliefs and attitudes and elicited a relatively low desire for social distance. Fear partially mediated the relationship between stereotypes and social distance. Biomedical causal beliefs reduced desire for social distance by increasing compassion, whereas fate causal beliefs increased it through eliciting fear. Psychosocial causal beliefs had mixed effects. LIMITATIONS The measurement of stigma using vignettes and self-report questionnaires has implications for ecological validity and participants may have been reluctant to reveal the true extent of their negative attitudes. CONCLUSIONS Dissemination of these findings to people with bipolar disorder has implications for the reduction of internalised stigma in this population. Anti-stigma campaigns should attend to causal beliefs, stereotypes and emotional reactions as these all play a vital role in discriminatory behaviour towards people with bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nell Ellison
- Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology Research Department, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK.
| | - Oliver Mason
- Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology Research Department, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Katrina Scior
- Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology Research Department, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK
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Hawke LD, Michalak EE, Maxwell V, Parikh SV. Reducing stigma toward people with bipolar disorder: impact of a filmed theatrical intervention based on a personal narrative. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2014; 60:741-50. [PMID: 24351967 DOI: 10.1177/0020764013513443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma toward people with bipolar disorder (BD) is pervasive and can have many negative repercussions. Common approaches to stigma reduction include education and intergroup contact. From this perspective, the Collaborative RESearch Team to study psychosocial issues in Bipolar Disorder (CREST.BD) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) partnered to develop an intervention to combat stigma. The result is a personal narrative intervention that combines contact, education and drama to educate audiences and dispel the myths that drive stigma. AIM This study reports on the impact of the CREST.BD-CANMAT stigma-reduction intervention in filmed format. METHODS A sample of 137 participants was recruited to view the film, including health-care service providers, university students in a health-care-related course, people with BD and their friends and family members and the general public. Participants were evaluated for stigmatizing attitudes and the desire for social distance before and after the intervention and 1 month later. RESULTS For health-care service providers, the intervention was associated with statistically significant improvements in several categories of stigmatizing attitudes, with maintenance 1 month later. The impact was more modest for the other subsamples. Students demonstrated progressive, significant improvements in the desire for (less) social distance. Some improvements were observed among members of the BD community and the general public, but these were limited and eroded over time. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that a filmed dramatic intervention based on the lived experience of BD has statistically significant, sustainable stigma-reduction impacts for health-care service providers and more limited impacts for other target groups. This intervention can be considered an effective tool for use in stigma-reduction campaigns specifically targeting members of the health-care sector. Results are discussed in the context of multi-component stigma-reduction campaigns and the potential needs of target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Hawke
- Department of Psychiatry, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Université de Saint-Boniface, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Erin E Michalak
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Sagar V Parikh
- Department of Psychiatry, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Orkibi H, Bar N, Eliakim I. The effect of drama-based group therapy on aspects of mental illness stigma. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Michalak EE, Livingston JD, Maxwell V, Hole R, Hawke LD, Parikh SV. Using theatre to address mental illness stigma: a knowledge translation study in bipolar disorder. Int J Bipolar Disord 2014; 2:1. [PMID: 25505692 PMCID: PMC4215813 DOI: 10.1186/2194-7511-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduction of the stigma of mental illness is an international priority; arts- and contact-based approaches represent a promising mode of intervention. This project was designed to explore the impact of a one-woman theatrical performance on attitudes towards bipolar disorder (BD) on people with BD and healthcare providers. METHODS A playwright and actress who lives with BD developed a stage performance - 'That's Just Crazy Talk' - targeting stigmatizing attitudes towards BD. Prospective, longitudinal and sequential mixed methods were used to assess the impact of the performance on people with BD (n = 80) and healthcare providers (n = 84). Qualitative interviews were conducted with 33 participants (14 people with BD and 19 healthcare providers). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Quantitatively, healthcare providers showed significantly improved attitudes immediately post-performance, but this change was not maintained over time; people with BD showed little quantitative change. Qualitatively, both people with BD and BD healthcare providers showed enduring and broadly positive changes. A theatrical presentation designed to reduce stigma produced immediate impact on healthcare providers quantitatively and significant qualitative impact on people with BD and healthcare providers. Additionally, the utility of using mixed-method approaches in mental health research was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Michalak
- Division of Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, V6T 2A1 Canada
| | - James D Livingston
- Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie St, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Victoria Maxwell
- Crazy for Life Co., P.O. Box 1354, Sechelt, British Columbia V0N 3A0 Canada
| | - Rachelle Hole
- School of Social Work, University of British Columbia, ARTS Bldg, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7 Canada
| | - Lisa D Hawke
- Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 Avenue de la Cathedrale, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0H7 Canada
| | - Sagar V Parikh
- University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8 Canada ; University Health Network, 190 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4 Canada
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Ellison N, Mason O, Scior K. Bipolar disorder and stigma: a systematic review of the literature. J Affect Disord 2013; 151:805-20. [PMID: 24135506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM The degree to which bipolar disorder is stigmatised by the public and the extent of internalised stigma for people with this disorder, their families, and carers has been a relatively neglected area of research. This review aimed to determine what is currently known about stigma and bipolar disorder. METHOD A systematic search of the literature was conducted to identify publications which investigated public attitudes and/or beliefs about bipolar disorder or explored internalised stigma in bipolar disorder. The electronic databases PsychINFO, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for articles published between 1992 and 2012. RESULTS Twenty five articles met the reviews inclusion criteria. There are inconsistent findings regarding public stigma, although there is some evidence that bipolar disorder is viewed more positively than schizophrenia and less positively than depression. There is a moderate to high degree of internalised stigma in bipolar disorder, although the literature raises questions regarding its ubiquity in this population. LIMITATIONS Limiting the search by year of publication and excluding studies where stigma was not the main focus could mean stigma has wider implications than were identified. CONCLUSIONS This review is the first systematic synthesis of research relating to stigma and bipolar disorder. In comparison to research on other mental health problems, there is a dearth of literature exploring stigma in bipolar disorder. The literature is largely inconclusive. Future research is needed to replicate tentative findings and address methodological limitations before the field can move on to the development of anti-stigma interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nell Ellison
- Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology Research Department, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric stigma is pervasive injustice that complicates the course of illness and reduces quality of life for people with mental illnesses. This article reviews the research examining stigma towards bipolar disorder (BD) with a view to guiding the development of stigma reduction initiatives and ongoing research. METHODS PsychInfo, Medline, and Embase databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies addressing stigma in BD. RESULTS Stigma is a serious concern for individuals with BD and their families. Stigma occurs within affected individuals, families, social environments, work and school environments, and the healthcare industry. With stigma often come a loss of social support and occupational success, reduced functioning, higher symptom levels and lower quality of life. BD stigma is comparable to that of other severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. Few interventions are available to specifically target stigma against BD. LIMITATIONS Most studies have used explicit, attitude-based measures of stigma without controlling for social desirability, which may not translate into real-world stigmatizing behaviors. Furthermore, many studies have not clearly delineated results in a manner consistent with the conceptual framework of stigmatization. CONCLUSIONS Stigma toward BD is ubiquitous and has insidious consequences for affected individuals and their families. Stigma reduction initiatives should target individuals living with BD, their families, workplaces, and the healthcare industry, taking into account the experiences and impacts of BD stigma to improve social support, course of illness, and quality of life.
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Brown SA. The Contribution of Previous Contact and Personality Traits to Severe Mental Illness Stigma. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15487768.2012.703553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gibbons C, Dubois S, Morris K, Parker B, Maxwell H, Bédard M. The Development of a Questionnaire to Explore Stigma from the Perspective of Individuals With Serious Mental Illness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7870/cjcmh-2012-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michel Bédard
- Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, and St. Joseph's Care Group
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Examining associations among factor-analytically derived components of mental health stigma, distress, and psychological flexibility. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Until recently, much of the recent upsurge in interest in physician health has been motivated by concerns about improving patient care and patient safety and reducing medical errors. Increasingly, more attention has turned to examining how the management of mental illness among physicians might be improved within the medical profession and one key direction for change is the reduction of stigma associated with mental illness. I begin this article by presenting a brief overview of the stigma process from the general sociological literature. Next, I provide evidence that illustrates how the stigma of mental illness thrives in the medical profession as a result of the culture of medicine and medical training, perceptions of physicians and their colleagues, and expectations and responses of health care systems and organizations. Lastly, I discuss what needs to change by proposing ways of educating and raising awareness regarding mental illness among physicians, discussing approaches to assessing and identifying mental health concerns for physicians and by examining how safe and confidential support and treatment can be offered to physicians in need. I rely on strategically selected studies to effectively draw attention to and support the central themes of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Wallace
- Department of Sociology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Masuda A, Price M, Anderson PL, Schmertz SK, Calamaras MR. The Role of Psychological Flexibility in Mental Health Stigma and Psychological Distress for the Stigmatizer. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2009.28.10.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Masuda A, L. Anderson P, Twohig MP, Feinstein AB, Chou YY, Wendell JW, Stormo AR. Help-Seeking Experiences and Attitudes among African American, Asian American, and European American College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-009-9076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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