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Wang S, Meng D, Feng M, Li C, Wang Y. Efficient Plant Triterpenoids Synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: from Mechanisms to Engineering Strategies. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1059-1076. [PMID: 38546129 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Triterpenoids possess a range of biological activities and are extensively utilized in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and chemical industries. Traditionally, they are acquired through chemical synthesis and plant extraction. However, these methods have drawbacks, including high energy consumption, environmental pollution, and being time-consuming. Recently, the de novo synthesis of triterpenoids in microbial cell factories has been achieved. This represents a promising and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional supply methods. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, known for its robustness, safety, and ample precursor supply, stands out as an ideal candidate for triterpenoid biosynthesis. However, challenges persist in industrial production and economic feasibility of triterpenoid biosynthesis. Consequently, metabolic engineering approaches have been applied to improve the triterpenoid yield, leading to substantial progress. This review explores triterpenoids biosynthesis mechanisms in S. cerevisiae and strategies for efficient production. Finally, the review also discusses current challenges and proposes potential solutions, offering insights for future engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meilin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Zhang W, Sunami K, Liu S, Zhuang Z, Sakihama Y, Zhou DY, Suzuki T, Murai Y, Hashimoto M, Hashidoko Y. Accumulation of squalene in filamentous fungi Trichoderma virens PS1-7 in the presence of butenafine hydrochloride, squalene epoxidase inhibitor: biosynthesis of 13C-enriched squalene. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1129-1138. [PMID: 37528065 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Squalene is a triterpenoid compound and widely used in various industries such as medicine and cosmetics due to its strong antioxidant and anticancer properties. The purpose of this study is to increase the accumulation of squalene in filamentous fungi using exogeneous butenafine hydrochloride, which is an inhibitor for squalene epoxidase. The detailed settings achieved that the filamentous fungi, Trichoderma virens PS1-7, produced squalene up to 429.93 ± 51.60 mg/L after culturing for 7 days in the medium consisting of potato infusion with glucose at pH 4.0, in the presence of 200 µm butenafine. On the other hand, no squalene accumulation was observed without butenafine. This result indicated that squalene was biosynthesized in the filamentous fungi PS1-7, which can be used as a novel source of squalene. In addition, we successfully obtained highly 13C-enriched squalene by using [U-13C6]-glucose as a carbon source replacing normal glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazu Sunami
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shuo Liu
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Zihan Zhuang
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sakihama
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Da-Yang Zhou
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Suzuki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Murai
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hashidoko
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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A highly efficient transcriptome-based biosynthesis of non-ethanol chemicals in Crabtree negative Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:37. [PMID: 36870984 PMCID: PMC9985264 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the Crabtree effect, Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces a large amount of ethanol in the presence of oxygen and excess glucose, leading to a loss of carbon for the biosynthesis of non-ethanol chemicals. In the present study, the potential of a newly constructed Crabtree negative S. cerevisiae, as a chassis cell, was explored for the biosynthesis of various non-ethanol compounds. RESULTS To understand the metabolic characteristics of Crabtree negative S. cerevisiae sZJD-28, its transcriptional profile was compared with that of Crabtree positive S. cerevisiae CEN.PK113-11C. The reporter GO term analysis showed that, in sZJD-28, genes associated with translational processes were down-regulated, while those related to carbon metabolism were significantly up-regulated. To verify a potential increase in carbon metabolism for the Crabtree negative strain, the production of non-ethanol chemicals, derived from different metabolic nodes, was then undertaken for both sZJD-28 and CEN.PK113-11C. At the pyruvate node, production of 2,3-butanediol and lactate in sZJD-28-based strains was remarkably higher than that of CEN.PK113-11C-based ones, representing 16.8- and 1.65-fold increase in titer, as well as 4.5-fold and 0.65-fold increase in specific titer (mg/L/OD), respectively. Similarly, for shikimate derived p-coumaric acid, the titer of sZJD-28-based strain was 0.68-fold higher than for CEN.PK113-11C-based one, with a 0.98-fold increase in specific titer. While farnesene and lycopene, two acetoacetyl-CoA derivatives, showed 0.21- and 1.88-fold increases in titer, respectively. From malonyl-CoA, the titer of 3-hydroxypropionate and fatty acids in sZJD-28-based strains were 0.19- and 0.76-fold higher than that of CEN.PK113-11C-based ones, respectively. In fact, yields of products also improved by the same fold due to the absence of residual glucose. Fed-batch fermentation further showed that the titer of free fatty acids in sZJD-28-based strain 28-FFA-E reached 6295.6 mg/L with a highest reported specific titer of 247.7 mg/L/OD in S. cerevisiae. CONCLUSIONS Compared with CEN.PK113-11C, the Crabtree negative sZJD-28 strain displayed a significantly different transcriptional profile and obvious advantages in the biosynthesis of non-ethanol chemicals due to redirected carbon and energy sources towards metabolite biosynthesis. The findings, therefore, suggest that a Crabtree negative S. cerevisiae strain could be a promising chassis cell for the biosynthesis of various chemicals.
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Recent advances in the microbial production of squalene. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:91. [PMID: 35426523 PMCID: PMC9010451 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Squalene is a triterpene hydrocarbon, a biochemical precursor for all steroids in plants and animals. It is a principal component of human surface lipids, in particular of sebum. Squalene has several applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical sectors. It is essentially used as a dietary supplement, vaccine adjuvant, moisturizer, cardio-protective agent, anti-tumor agent and natural antioxidant. With the increased demand for squalene along with regulations on shark-derived squalene, there is a need to find alternatives for squalene production which are low-cost as well as sustainable. Microbial platforms are being considered as a potential option to meet such challenges. Considerable progress has been made using both wild-type and engineered microbial strains for improved productivity and yields of squalene. Native strains for squalene production are usually limited by low growth rates and lesser titers. Metabolic engineering, which is a rational strain engineering tool, has enabled the development of microbial strains such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, to overproduce the squalene in high titers. This review focuses on key strain engineering strategies involving both in-silico and in-vitro techniques. Emphasis is made on gene manipulations for improved precursor pool, enzyme modifications, cofactor regeneration, up-regulation of limiting reactions, and downregulation of competing reactions during squalene production. Process strategies and challenges related to both upstream and downstream during mass cultivation are detailed.
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From Sharks to Yeasts: Squalene in the Development of Vaccine Adjuvants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030265. [PMID: 35337064 PMCID: PMC8951290 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Squalene is a natural linear triterpene that can be found in high amounts in certain fish liver oils, especially from deep-sea sharks, and to a lesser extent in a wide variety of vegeTable oils. It is currently used for numerous vaccine and drug delivery emulsions due to its stability-enhancing properties and biocompatibility. Squalene-based vaccine adjuvants, such as MF59 (Novartis), AS03 (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals), or AF03 (Sanofi) are included in seasonal vaccines against influenza viruses and are presently being considered for inclusion in several vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and future pandemic threats. However, harvesting sharks for this purpose raises serious ecological concerns that the exceptional demand of the pandemic has exacerbated. In this line, the use of plants to obtain phytosqualene has been seen as a more sustainable alternative, yet the lower yields and the need for huge investments in infrastructures and equipment makes this solution economically ineffective. More recently, the enormous advances in the field of synthetic biology provided innovative approaches to make squalene production more sustainable, flexible, and cheaper by using genetically modified microbes to produce pharmaceutical-grade squalene. Here, we review the biological mechanisms by which squalene-based vaccine adjuvants boost the immune response, and further compare the existing sources of squalene and their environmental impact. We propose that genetically engineered microbes are a sustainable alternative to produce squalene at industrial scale, which are likely to become the sole source of pharmaceutical-grade squalene in the foreseeable future.
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Xu W, Wang D, Fan J, Zhang L, Ma X, Yao J, Wang Y. Improving squalene production by blocking the competitive branched pathways and expressing rate-limiting enzymes in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1502-1508. [PMID: 34278608 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Squalene is a medically valuable bioactive compound that can be used as a raw material for fuels. Microbial fermentation is the preferred method for the squalene production. In this study, we employed several metabolic engineering strategies to increase squalene yield in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. A 57% increase in squalene titer was achieved by blocking the carotenoid pathway, thus directing more FPP into the squalene biosynthetic pathway. In order to cut down the conversion of squalene to haponoids, a recombinant strain R. palustris [Δshc, ΔcrtB] in which both carotenoid and haponoid pathways were blocked was then constructed, resulting in a 50-fold increase in squalene titer. Based on the expression of rate-limiting enzymes involved in the squalene pathway, the final squalene content reached 23.3 mg/g DCW, which was 178-times higher than that of the wild-type strain. In this study, several methods effective in improving squalene yield have been described and the potential of R. palustris for producing squalene has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danyang Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinbo Fan
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Ma
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Yao
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Xi'an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Pereira R, Ishchuk OP, Li X, Liu Q, Liu Y, Otto M, Chen Y, Siewers V, Nielsen J. Metabolic Engineering of Yeast. Metab Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527823468.ch18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Watchaputi K, Somboon P, Phromma-in N, Ratanakhanokchai K, Soontorngun N. Actin cytoskeletal inhibitor 19,20-epoxycytochalasin Q sensitizes yeast cells lacking ERG6 through actin-targeting and secondarily through disruption of lipid homeostasis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7779. [PMID: 33833332 PMCID: PMC8032726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive uses of antifungals result in a worldwide crisis of drug resistance; therefore, natural fungicides with minimal side-effects are currently sought after. This study aimed to investigate antifungal property of 19, 20-epoxycytochalasin Q (ECQ), derived from medicinal mushroom Xylaria sp. BCC 1067 of tropical forests. In a model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ECQ is more toxic in the erg6∆ strain, which has previously been shown to allow higher uptake of many hydrophilic toxins. We selected one pathway to study the effects of ECQ at very high levels on transcription: the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, which is unlikely to be the primary target of ECQ. Ergosterol serves many functions that cholesterol does in human cells. ECQ's transcriptional effects were correlated with altered sterol and triacylglycerol levels. In the ECQ-treated Δerg6 strain, which presumably takes up far more ECQ than the wild-type strain, there was cell rupture. Increased actin aggregation and lipid droplets assembly were also found in the erg6∆ mutant. Thereby, ECQ is suggested to sensitize yeast cells lacking ERG6 through actin-targeting and consequently but not primarily led to disruption of lipid homeostasis. Investigation of cytochalasins may provide valuable insight with potential biopharmaceutical applications in treatments of fungal infection, cancer or metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanrutai Watchaputi
- grid.412151.20000 0000 8921 9789Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150 Thailand
| | - Pichayada Somboon
- grid.419784.70000 0001 0816 7508Division of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Food Industry, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, 10520 Thailand
| | - Nipatthra Phromma-in
- grid.412151.20000 0000 8921 9789Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150 Thailand
| | - Khanok Ratanakhanokchai
- grid.412151.20000 0000 8921 9789Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150 Thailand
| | - Nitnipa Soontorngun
- grid.412151.20000 0000 8921 9789Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150 Thailand
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Paramasivan K, A A, Gupta N, Mutturi S. Adaptive evolution of engineered yeast for squalene production improvement and its genome-wide analysis. Yeast 2021; 38:424-437. [PMID: 33648022 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the adaptive evolution of a metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain in the presence of an enzyme inhibitor terbinafine for enhanced squalene accumulation via serial transfer leads to the development of robust strains. After adaptation for nearly 1500 h, a strain with higher squalene production efficiency was identified at a specific growth rate of 0.28 h-1 with a final squalene titer of 193 mg/L, which is 16.5-fold higher than the BY4741 and 3-fold higher over the metabolically engineered SK22 strain. Whole-genome sequencing comparison between the reference strain and the evolved variant SK23 has led to the identification of 462 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) between both strains, with 102 SNVs affecting metabolism-related genes. It was also established that F420I mutation of ERG1 in S. cerevisiae improves squalene synthesis. Further, the effect of increased squalene on lipid droplet and neutral lipid pattern in the evolved mutant strains was investigated by fluorescent techniques proving that the neutral lipid content and clustering of lipid droplets increase with an increase in squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaivani Paramasivan
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India.,AcSIR-Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aneesha A
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India.,AcSIR-Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Nabarupa Gupta
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Sarma Mutturi
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India.,AcSIR-Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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Gao Q, Wang L, Zhang M, Wei Y, Lin W. Recent Advances on Feasible Strategies for Monoterpenoid Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:609800. [PMID: 33335897 PMCID: PMC7736617 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.609800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large diverse group of natural products which play important roles in plant metabolic activities. Monoterpenoids are the main components of plant essential oils and the active components of some traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Some monoterpenoids are widely used in medicine, cosmetics and other industries, and they are mainly obtained by plant biomass extraction methods. These plant extraction methods have some problems, such as low efficiency, unstable quality, and high cost. Moreover, the monoterpenoid production from plant cannot satisfy the growing monoterpenoids demand. The development of metabolic engineering, protein engineering and synthetic biology provides an opportunity to produce large amounts of monoterpenoids eco-friendly using microbial cell factories. This mini-review covers current monoterpenoids production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The monoterpenoids biosynthetic pathways, engineering of key monoterpenoids biosynthetic enzymes, and current monoterpenoids production using S. cerevisiae were summarized. In the future, metabolically engineered S. cerevisiae may provide one possible green and sustainable strategy for monoterpenoids supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Luan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Maosen Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
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11
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Microbial production of limonene and its derivatives: Achievements and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Protein engineering strategies for microbial production of isoprenoids. Metab Eng Commun 2020; 11:e00129. [PMID: 32612930 PMCID: PMC7322351 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids comprise one of the most chemically diverse family of natural products with high commercial interest. The structural diversity of isoprenoids is mainly due to the modular activity of three distinct classes of enzymes, including prenyl diphosphate synthases, terpene synthases, and cytochrome P450s. The heterologous expression of these enzymes in microbial systems is suggested to be a promising sustainable way for the production of isoprenoids. Several limitations are associated with native enzymes, such as low stability, activity, and expression profiles. To address these challenges, protein engineering has been applied to improve the catalytic activity, selectivity, and substrate turnover of enzymes. In addition, the natural promiscuity and modular fashion of isoprenoid enzymes render them excellent targets for combinatorial studies and the production of new-to-nature metabolites. In this review, we discuss key individual and multienzyme level strategies for the successful implementation of enzyme engineering towards efficient microbial production of high-value isoprenoids. Challenges and future directions of protein engineering as a complementary strategy to metabolic engineering are likewise outlined. Isoprenoid enzymes are attractive biocatalysts for protein engineering. Isoprenoid enzymes can be engineered for broader substrate promiscuity. Protein engineering can lead to the production of non-natural isoprenoids. Protein engineering can promote co-localization of isoprenoid pathway enzymes. Protein engineering supplements combinatorial biosynthesis for isoprenoid synthesis.
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Kwak S, Yun EJ, Lane S, Oh EJ, Kim KH, Jin YS. Redirection of the Glycolytic Flux Enhances Isoprenoid Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol J 2019; 15:e1900173. [PMID: 31466140 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient supply of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is a prerequisite of the overproduction of isoprenoids and related bioproducts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although S. cerevisiae highly depends on the oxidative pentose phosphate (PP) pathway to produce NADPH, its metabolic flux toward the oxidative PP pathway is limited due to the rigid glycolysis flux. To maximize NADPH supply for the isoprenoid production in yeast, upper glycolytic metabolic fluxes are reduced by introducing mutations into phosphofructokinase (PFK) along with overexpression of ZWF1 encoding glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase. The PFK mutations (Pfk1 S724D and Pfk2 S718D) result in less glycerol production and more accumulation of G6P, which is a gateway metabolite toward the oxidative PP pathway. When combined with the PFK mutations, overexpression of ZWF1 caused substantial increases of [NADPH]/[NADP+ ] ratios whereas the effect of ZWF1 overexpression alone in the wild-type strain is not noticeable. Also, the introduction of ZWF1 overexpression and the PFK mutations into engineered yeast overexpressing acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (ERG10), truncated HMG-CoA reductase isozyme 1 (tHMG1), and amorphadiene synthase (ADS) leads to a titer of 497 mg L-1 of amorphadiene (3.7-fold over the parental strain). These results suggest that perturbation of upper glycolytic fluxes, in addition to ZWF1 overexpression, is necessary for efficient NADPH supply through the oxidative PP pathway and enhanced production of isoprenoids by engineered S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryang Kwak
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eun Ju Yun
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephan Lane
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eun Joong Oh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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14
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Yee DA, DeNicola AB, Billingsley JM, Creso JG, Subrahmanyam V, Tang Y. Engineered mitochondrial production of monoterpenes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2019; 55:76-84. [PMID: 31226348 PMCID: PMC6717016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) from plants encompass a broad class of structurally complex and medicinally valuable natural products. MIAs are biologically derived from the universal precursor strictosidine. Although the strictosidine biosynthetic pathway has been identified and reconstituted, extensive work is required to optimize production of strictosidine and its precursors in yeast. In this study, we engineered a fully integrated and plasmid-free yeast strain with enhanced production of the monoterpene precursor geraniol. The geraniol biosynthetic pathway was targeted to the mitochondria to protect the GPP pool from consumption by the cytosolic ergosterol pathway. The mitochondrial geraniol producer showed a 6-fold increase in geraniol production compared to cytosolic producing strains. We further engineered the monoterpene-producing strain to synthesize the next intermediates in the strictosidine pathway: 8-hydroxygeraniol and nepetalactol. Integration of geraniol hydroxylase (G8H) from Catharanthus roseus led to essentially quantitative conversion of geraniol to 8-hydroxygeraniol at a titer of 227 mg/L in a fed-batch fermentation. Further introduction of geraniol oxidoreductase (GOR) and iridoid synthase (ISY) from C. roseus and tuning of the relative expression levels resulted in the first de novo nepetalactol production. The strategies developed in this work can facilitate future strain engineering for yeast production of later intermediates in the strictosidine biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Yee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Anthony B DeNicola
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - John M Billingsley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Jenette G Creso
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Vidya Subrahmanyam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States.
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Paramasivan K, Kumar HN P, Mutturi S. Systems-based Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain design for improved squalene synthesis. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Braddick D, Singh V. Corrigendum: Engineering Strategies in Microorganisms for the Enhanced Production of Squalene: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:114. [PMID: 31192199 PMCID: PMC6547300 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00050.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Darren Braddick
- Department of R&D, Cementic S. A. S., Genopole, Paris, France
| | - Vijai Singh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
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Xu W, Yao J, Liu L, Ma X, Li W, Sun X, Wang Y. Improving squalene production by enhancing the NADPH/NADP + ratio, modifying the isoprenoid-feeding module and blocking the menaquinone pathway in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:68. [PMID: 30962822 PMCID: PMC6437923 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squalene is currently used widely in the food, cosmetics, and medicine industries. It could also replace petroleum as a raw material for fuels. Microbial fermentation processes for squalene production have been emerging over recent years. In this study, to study the squalene-producing potential of Escherichia coli (E. coli), we employed several increasing strategies for systematic metabolic engineering. These include the expression of human truncated squalene synthase, the overexpression of rate-limiting enzymes in isoprenoid pathway, the modification of isoprenoid-feeding module and the blocking of menaquinone pathway. RESULTS Herein, human truncated squalene synthase was engineered in Escherichia coli to create a squalene-producing bacterial strain. To increase squalene yield, we employed several metabolic engineering strategies. A fivefold squalene titer increase was achieved by expressing rate-limiting enzymes (IDI, DXS, and FPS) involved in the isoprenoid pathway. Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase (UdhA) was then expressed to improve the cellular NADPH/NADP+ ratio, resulting in a 59% increase in squalene titer. The Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP) was replaced with the Entner-Doudoroff pathway (EDP) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to feed the isoprenoid pathway, along with the overexpression of zwf and pgl genes which encode rate-limiting enzymes in the EDP and PPP, leading to a 104% squalene content increase. Based on the blocking of menaquinone pathway, a further 17.7% increase in squalene content was achieved. Squalene content reached a final 28.5 mg/g DCW and 52.1 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS This study provided novel strategies for improving squalene yield and demonstrated the potential of producing squalene by E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Jia Yao
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Lijun Liu
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Xi Ma
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Wei Li
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaojing Sun
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Laboratory, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Braddick D, Singh V. Engineering Strategies in Microorganisms for the Enhanced Production of Squalene: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:50. [PMID: 30968019 PMCID: PMC6439483 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triterpene squalene is a natural compound that has demonstrated an extraordinary diversity of uses in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and personal care industries. Emboldened by this range of uses, novel applications that can gain profit from the benefits of squalene as an additive or supplement are expanding, resulting in its increasing demand. Ever since its discovery, the primary source has been the deep-sea shark liver, although recent declines in their populations and justified animal conservation and protection regulations have encouraged researchers to identify a novel route for squalene biosynthesis. This renewed scientific interest has profited from immense developments in synthetic biology, which now allows fine-tuning of a wider range of plants, fungi, and microorganisms for improved squalene production. There are numerous naturally squalene producing species and strains; although they generally do not make commercially viable yields as primary shark liver sources can deliver. The recent advances made toward improving squalene output from natural and engineered species have inspired this review. Accordingly, it will cover in-depth knowledge offered by the studies of the natural sources, and various engineering-based strategies that have been used to drive the improvements in the pathways toward large-scale production. The wide uses of squalene are also discussed, including the notable developments in anti-cancer applications and in augmenting influenza vaccines for greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Darren Braddick
- Department of R&D, Cementic S. A. S., Genopole, Paris, France
| | - Vijai Singh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
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Park J, Yu BJ, Choi JI, Woo HM. Heterologous Production of Squalene from Glucose in Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum Using Multiplex CRISPR Interference and High-Throughput Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:308-319. [PMID: 30558416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable production of squalene has driven the development of microbial cell factories due to the limitation of low-yielding bioprocesses from plants and illegal harvesting shark liver. We report the metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce squalene from glucose. Combinatorial metabolic engineering strategies for precursor rebalancing, redox balancing, and blocking the competing pathway for the isopentenyl diphosphate availabilities were applied by repressing the target genes using the CRISPR interference. The best engineered strain using high-throughput fermentation produced squalene from glucose at 5.4 ± 0.3 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW) and 105.3 ± 3.0 mg/L, which was a 5.2-fold increase over the parental strain. In addition, flask cultivation of C. glutamicum overexpressing the dxs and idi genes with squalene synthase gene and repressing the idsA gene resulted in production of squalene at 5.8 ± 0.4 mg/g DCW and 82.8 ± 6.2 mg/L, which was a 3.4-fold increase over the parental strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jo Yu
- Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&D Group, Research Institute of Sustainable Manufacturing System , Korea Institute of Industrial Technology , 89 Yangdaegiro-gil , Ipjang-myeon, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan 31056 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Chonnam National University , 77 Yongbong-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186 , Republic of Korea
| | - Han Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
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Hataminia F, Farhadian N, Karimi M, Ebrahimi M. A novel method for squalene extraction from pumpkin seed oil using magnetic nanoparticles and exploring the inhibition effect of extracted squalene on angiogenesis property. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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Paramasivan K, Rajagopal K, Mutturi S. Studies on Squalene Biosynthesis and the Standardization of Its Extraction Methodology from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:691-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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The Smell of Synthetic Biology: Engineering Strategies for Aroma Compound Production in Yeast. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation4030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Yeast—especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae—have long been a preferred workhorse for the production of numerous recombinant proteins and other metabolites. S. cerevisiae is a noteworthy aroma compound producer and has also been exploited to produce foreign bioflavour compounds. In the past few years, important strides have been made in unlocking the key elements in the biochemical pathways involved in the production of many aroma compounds. The expression of these biochemical pathways in yeast often involves the manipulation of the host strain to direct the flux towards certain precursors needed for the production of the given aroma compound. This review highlights recent advances in the bioengineering of yeast—including S. cerevisiae—to produce aroma compounds and bioflavours. To capitalise on recent advances in synthetic yeast genomics, this review presents yeast as a significant producer of bioflavours in a fresh context and proposes new directions for combining engineering and biology principles to improve the yield of targeted aroma compounds.
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Zhang Y, Nielsen J, Liu Z. Engineering yeast metabolism for production of terpenoids for use as perfume ingredients, pharmaceuticals and biofuels. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 17:4582882. [PMID: 29096021 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids represent a large class of natural products with significant commercial applications. These chemicals are currently mainly obtained through extraction from plants and microbes or through chemical synthesis. However, these sources often face challenges of unsustainability and low productivity. In order to address these issues, Escherichia coli and yeast have been metabolic engineered to produce non-native terpenoids. With recent reports of engineering yeast metabolism to produce several terpenoids at high yields, it has become possible to establish commercial yeast production of terpenoids that find applications as perfume ingredients, pharmaceuticals and advanced biofuels. In this review, we describe the strategies to rewire the yeast pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis. Recent advances will be discussed together with challenges and perspectives of yeast as a cell factory to produce different terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, 100029 Beijing, China.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorget, Building 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zihe Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, 100029 Beijing, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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24
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High-level recombinant production of squalene using selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:239-251. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
For recombinant production of squalene, which is a triterpenoid compound with increasing industrial applications, in microorganisms generally recognized as safe, we screened Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to determine their suitability. A strong strain dependence was observed in squalene productivity among Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains upon overexpression of genes important for isoprenoid biosynthesis. In particular, a high level of squalene production (400 ± 45 mg/L) was obtained in shake flasks with the Y2805 strain overexpressing genes encoding a bacterial farnesyl diphosphate synthase (ispA) and a truncated form of hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1). Partial inhibition of squalene epoxidase by terbinafine further increased squalene production by up to 1.9-fold (756 ± 36 mg/L). Furthermore, squalene production of 2011 ± 75 or 1026 ± 37 mg/L was obtained from 5-L fed-batch fermentations in the presence or absence of terbinafine supplementation, respectively. These results suggest that the Y2805 strain has potential as a new alternative source of squalene production.
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25
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Mao X, Liu Z, Sun J, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of marine bioactive compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1004-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Paramasivan K, Mutturi S. Regeneration of NADPH Coupled with HMG-CoA Reductase Activity Increases Squalene Synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8162-8170. [PMID: 28845666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although overexpression of the tHMG1 gene is a well-known strategy for terpene synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the optimal level for tHMG1p has not been established. In the present study, it was observed that two copies of the tHMG1 gene on a dual gene expression cassette improved squalene synthesis in laboratory strain by 16.8-fold in comparison to single-copy expression. It was also observed that tHMG1p is limited by its cofactor (NADPH), as the overexpression of NADPH regenerating genes', viz., ZWF1 and POS5 (full length and without mitochondrial presequence), has led to its increased enzyme activity. Further, it was demonstrated that overexpression of full-length POS5 has improved squalene synthesis in cytosol. Finally, when tHMG1 and full-length POS5 were co-overexpressed there was a net 27.5-fold increase in squalene when compared to control strain. These results suggest novel strategies to increase squalene accumulation in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaivani Paramasivan
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute , Mysore, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Mysore, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarma Mutturi
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute , Mysore, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Mysore, New Delhi, India
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Biotechnological production of value-added compounds by ustilaginomycetous yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7789-7809. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kwak S, Kim SR, Xu H, Zhang GC, Lane S, Kim H, Jin YS. Enhanced isoprenoid production from xylose by engineeredSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2581-2591. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suryang Kwak
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
| | - Soo Rin Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Haiqing Xu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
| | - Guo-Chang Zhang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
| | - Stephan Lane
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
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Pütter KM, van Deenen N, Unland K, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in dandelion latex is enhanced by the overexpression of three key enzymes involved in the mevalonate pathway. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:88. [PMID: 28532507 PMCID: PMC5441070 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latex from the dandelion species Taraxacum brevicorniculatum contains many high-value isoprenoid end products, e.g. triterpenes and polyisoprenes such as natural rubber. The isopentenyl pyrophosphate units required as precursors for these isoprenoids are provided by the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. The key enzyme in this pathway is 3-hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and its activity has been thoroughly characterized in many plant species including dandelion. However, two enzymes acting upstream of HMGR have not been characterized in dandelion latex: ATP citrate lyase (ACL), which provides the acetyl-CoA utilized in the MVA pathway, and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (AACT), which catalyzes the first step in the pathway to produce acetoacetyl-CoA. Here we isolated ACL and AACT genes from T. brevicorniculatum latex and characterized their expression profiles. We also overexpressed the well-characterized HMGR, ACL and AACT genes from Arabidopsis thaliana in T. brevicorniculatum to determine their impact on isoprenoid end products in the latex. RESULTS The spatial and temporal expression profiles of T. brevicorniculatum ACL and AACT revealed their pivotal role in the synthesis of precursors necessary for isoprenoid biosynthesis in latex. The overexpression of A. thaliana ACL and AACT and HMGR in T. brevicorniculatum latex resulted in the accumulation of all three enzymes, increased the corresponding enzymatic activities and ultimately increased sterol levels by ~5-fold and pentacyclic triterpene and cis-1,4-isoprene levels by ~2-fold. Remarkably high levels of the triterpene precursor squalene were also detected in the triple-transgenic lines (up to 32 mg/g root dry weight) leading to the formation of numerous lipid droplets which were observed in root cross-sections. CONCLUSIONS We could show the effective expression of up to three transgenes in T. brevicorniculatum latex which led to increased enzymatic activity and resulted in high level squalene accumulation in the dandelion roots up to an industrially relevant amount. Our data provide insight into the regulation of the MVA pathway in dandelion latex and can be used as a basis for metabolic engineering to enhance the production of isoprenoid end products in this specialized tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M. Pütter
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicole van Deenen
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Kristina Unland
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
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Paramasivan K, Mutturi S. Progress in terpene synthesis strategies through engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 37:974-989. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1299679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarma Mutturi
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
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31
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Peng B, Plan MR, Chrysanthopoulos P, Hodson MP, Nielsen LK, Vickers CE. A squalene synthase protein degradation method for improved sesquiterpene production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2017; 39:209-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Production of squalene by microbes: an update. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:195. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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33
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Rasool A, Zhang G, Li Z, Li C. Engineering of the terpenoid pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae co-overproduces squalene and the non-terpenoid compound oleic acid. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Xu W, Chai C, Shao L, Yao J, Wang Y. Metabolic engineering of Rhodopseudomonas palustris for squalene production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:719-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Squalene is a strong antioxidant used extensively in the food, cosmetic and medicine industries. Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 was used as the host because of its ability to grow photosynthetically using solar energy and carbon dioxide from atmosphere. The deletion of the shc gene resulted in a squalene production of 3.8 mg/g DCW, which was 27-times higher than that in the wild type strain. For constructing a substrate channel to elevate the conversion efficiency, we tried to fuse crtE gene with hpnD gene. By fusing the two genes, squalene content was increased to 12.6 mg/g DCW, which was 27.4 % higher than that resulted from the co-expression method. At last, the titer of squalene reached 15.8 mg/g DCW by co-expressing the dxs gene, corresponding to 112-fold increase relative to that for wild-type strain. This study provided novel strategies for improving squalene yield and demonstrated the potential of producing squalene by Rhodopseudomonas palustris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- grid.43169.39 0000000105991243 Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science Xi’an Medical University 710021 Xi’an Shaanxi China
| | - Changbin Chai
- grid.43169.39 0000000105991243 Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science Xi’an Medical University 710021 Xi’an Shaanxi China
| | - Lingqiao Shao
- grid.43169.39 0000000105991243 Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science Xi’an Medical University 710021 Xi’an Shaanxi China
| | - Jia Yao
- grid.43169.39 0000000105991243 Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science Xi’an Medical University 710021 Xi’an Shaanxi China
| | - Yang Wang
- grid.43169.39 0000000105991243 Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science Xi’an Medical University 710021 Xi’an Shaanxi China
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Zhang G, Cao Q, Liu J, Liu B, Li J, Li C. Refactoring β-amyrin synthesis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Genlin Zhang
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shihezi University; Shihezi 832000 China
| | - Qian Cao
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jingzhu Liu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Baiyang Liu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
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36
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Production of squalene by squalene synthases and their truncated mutants in Escherichia coli. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:165-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hull CM, Loveridge EJ, Rolley NJ, Donnison IS, Kelly SL, Kelly DE. Co-production of ethanol and squalene using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG1 (squalene epoxidase) mutant and agro-industrial feedstock. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:133. [PMID: 25298782 PMCID: PMC4189534 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-014-0133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically customised Saccharomyces cerevisiae that can produce ethanol and additional bio-based chemicals from sustainable agro-industrial feedstocks (for example, residual plant biomass) are of major interest to the biofuel industry. We investigated the microbial biorefinery concept of ethanol and squalene co-production using S. cerevisiae (strain YUG37-ERG1) wherein ERG1 (squalene epoxidase) transcription is under the control of a doxycycline-repressible tet0 7 -CYC1 promoter. The production of ethanol and squalene by YUG37-ERG1 grown using agriculturally sourced grass juice supplemented with doxycycline was assessed. RESULTS Use of the tet0 7 -CYC1 promoter permitted regulation of ERG1 expression and squalene accumulation in YUG37-ERG1, allowing us to circumvent the lethal growth phenotype seen when ERG1 is disrupted completely. In experiments using grass juice feedstock supplemented with 0 to 50 μg doxycycline mL(-1), YUG37-ERG1 fermented ethanol (22.5 [±0.5] mg mL(-1)) and accumulated the highest squalene content (7.89 ± 0.25 mg g(-1) dry biomass) and yield (18.0 ± 4.18 mg squalene L(-1)) with supplements of 5.0 and 0.025 μg doxycycline mL(-1), respectively. Grass juice was found to be rich in water-soluble carbohydrates (61.1 [±3.6] mg sugars mL(-1)) and provided excellent feedstock for growth and fermentation studies using YUG37-ERG1. CONCLUSION Residual plant biomass components from crop production and rotation systems represent possible substrates for microbial fermentation of biofuels and bio-based compounds. This study is the first to utilise S. cerevisiae for the co-production of ethanol and squalene from grass juice. Our findings underscore the value of the biorefinery approach and demonstrate the potential to integrate microbial bioprocess engineering with existing agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Hull
- />Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - E Joel Loveridge
- />School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT UK
| | - Nicola J Rolley
- />Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - Iain S Donnison
- />Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3EE UK
| | - Steven L Kelly
- />Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - Diane E Kelly
- />Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
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Garaiová M, Zambojová V, Šimová Z, Griač P, Hapala I. Squalene epoxidase as a target for manipulation of squalene levels in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:310-23. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Garaiová
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji Slovakia
| | - Veronika Zambojová
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Šimová
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji Slovakia
| | - Peter Griač
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji Slovakia
| | - Ivan Hapala
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji Slovakia
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Gorietti D, Zanni E, Palleschi C, Delfini M, Uccelletti D, Saliola M, Miccheli A. Depletion of casein kinase I leads to a NAD(P)(+)/NAD(P)H balance-dependent metabolic adaptation as determined by NMR spectroscopy-metabolomic profile in Kluyveromyces lactis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:556-64. [PMID: 24144565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Crabtree-negative Kluyveromyces lactis yeast the rag8 mutant is one of nineteen complementation groups constituting the fermentative-deficient model equivalent to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae respiratory petite mutants. These mutants display pleiotropic defects in membrane fatty acids and/or cell walls, osmo-sensitivity and the inability to grow under strictly anaerobic conditions (Rag(-) phenotype). RAG8 is an essential gene coding for the casein kinase I, an evolutionary conserved activity involved in a wide range of cellular processes coordinating morphogenesis and glycolytic flux with glucose/oxygen sensing. METHODS A metabolomic approach was performed by NMR spectroscopy to investigate how the broad physiological roles of Rag8, taken as a model for all rag mutants, coordinate cellular responses. RESULTS Statistical analysis of metabolomic data showed a significant increase in the level of metabolites in reactions directly involved in the reoxidation of the NAD(P)H in rag8 mutant samples with respect to the wild type ones. We also observed an increased de novo synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. On the contrary, the production of metabolites in pathways leading to the reduction of the cofactors was reduced. CONCLUSIONS The changes in metabolite levels in rag8 showed a metabolic adaptation that is determined by the intracellular NAD(P)(+)/NAD(P)H redox balance state. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The inadequate glycolytic flux of the mutant leads to a reduced/asymmetric distribution of acetyl-CoA to the different cellular compartments with loss of the fatty acid dynamic respiratory/fermentative adaptive balance response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gorietti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Naziri E, Mantzouridou F, Tsimidou MZ. Recovery of squalene from wine lees using ultrasound assisted extraction-a feasibility study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9195-9201. [PMID: 22888984 DOI: 10.1021/jf301059y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present work is a systematic approach for valorization of wine lees regarding the recovery of squalene, a bioactive lipid. Such a study is presented for the first time in literature. Separate examination of squalene content in "light" and "heavy" lees from different vinification processes by RP-HPLC demonstrated that these waste streams can be used as a source for this lipid, despite variations due to technological or genetic effects. Next, ultrasound assisted extraction of squalene from the "industrial waste" (the mixture of wine lees generated from different wines) using n-hexane was optimized with the aid of response surface methodology (independent variables: sonication duration and duty cycles). Autolysis was monitored through optical microscopy. Squalene yield (0.6 ± 0.08 g SQ/kg dry lees) was comparable to that of recently examined potential sources (0.2-0.35 g SQ/kg dry olive pomace and 0.06 g SQ/kg olive leaves).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Naziri
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Enhancement of ganoderic acid accumulation by overexpression of an N-terminally truncated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene in the basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7968-76. [PMID: 22941092 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01263-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acids produced by Ganoderma lucidum, a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom, exhibit antitumor and antimetastasis activities. Genetic modification of G. lucidum is difficult but critical for the enhancement of cellular accumulation of ganoderic acids. In this study, a homologous genetic transformation system for G. lucidum was developed for the first time using mutated sdhB, encoding the iron-sulfur protein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase, as a selection marker. The truncated G. lucidum gene encoding the catalytic domain of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) was overexpressed by using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system. The results showed that the mutated sdhB successfully conferred carboxin resistance upon transformation. Most of the integrated transfer DNA (T-DNA) appeared as a single copy in the genome. Moreover, deregulated constitutive overexpression of the HMGR gene led to a 2-fold increase in ganoderic acid content. It also increased the accumulation of intermediates (squalene and lanosterol) and the upregulation of downstream genes such as those of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, squalene synthase, and lanosterol synthase. This study demonstrates that transgenic basidiomycete G. lucidum is a promising system to achieve metabolic engineering of the ganoderic acid pathway.
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Shin GH, Veen M, Stahl U, Lang C. Overexpression of genes of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway leads to accumulation of sterols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2012; 29:371-83. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulf Stahl
- Technische Universität Berlin; Institut für Biotechnologie, FG Mikrobiologie und Genetik; Berlin; Germany
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Spanova M, Zweytick D, Lohner K, Klug L, Leitner E, Hermetter A, Daum G. Influence of squalene on lipid particle/droplet and membrane organization in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:647-53. [PMID: 22342273 PMCID: PMC3790963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study (Spanova et al., 2010, J. Biol. Chem., 285, 6127–6133) we demonstrated that squalene, an intermediate of sterol biosynthesis, accumulates in yeast strains bearing a deletion of the HEM1 gene. In such strains, the vast majority of squalene is stored in lipid particles/droplets together with triacylglycerols and steryl esters. In mutants lacking the ability to form lipid particles, however, substantial amounts of squalene accumulate in organelle membranes. In the present study, we investigated the effect of squalene on biophysical properties of lipid particles and biological membranes and compared these results to artificial membranes. Our experiments showed that squalene together with triacylglycerols forms the fluid core of lipid particles surrounded by only a few steryl ester shells which transform into a fluid phase below growth temperature. In the hem1∆ deletion mutant a slight disordering effect on steryl esters was observed indicated by loss of the high temperature transition. Also in biological membranes from the hem1∆ mutant strain the effect of squalene per se is difficult to pinpoint because multiple effects such as levels of sterols and unsaturated fatty acids contribute to physical membrane properties. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies using endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and artificial membranes revealed that it is not the absolute squalene level in membranes but rather the squalene to sterol ratio which mainly affects membrane fluidity/rigidity. In a fluid membrane environment squalene induces rigidity of the membrane, whereas in rigid membranes there is almost no additive effect of squalene. In summary, our results demonstrate that squalene (i) can be well accommodated in yeast lipid particles and organelle membranes without causing deleterious effects; and (ii) although not being a typical membrane lipid may be regarded as a mild modulator of biophysical membrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Spanova
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Zweytick
- Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Lohner
- Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa Klug
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | - Albin Hermetter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Günther Daum
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Tel.: + 43 316 873 6462; fax: + 43 316 873 6952.
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Naziri E, Mantzouridou F, Tsimidou MZ. Squalene resources and uses point to the potential of biotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/lite.201100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Naziri E, Mantzouridou F, Tsimidou MZ. Enhanced squalene production by wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains using safe chemical means. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9980-9. [PMID: 21806066 DOI: 10.1021/jf201328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Interest is increasing in establishing renewable sources for squalene, a functional lipid, as the conventional ones are limited. In the present study, squalene production was achieved in a wild-type laboratory Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain by two safe chemical means using terbinafine (0.05-0.55 mM) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) (0-1.00 mM). Bioprocess kinetics optimized by response surface methodology and monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed a clear dependence of growth and squalene content (SQC) and yield (SQY) on the above regulators. Maximum SQC (10.02±0.53 mg/g dry biomass) and SQY (20.70±1.00 mg/L) were achieved using 0.442 mM terbinafine plus 0.044 mM MJ after 28 h and 0.300 mM terbinafine after 30 h, respectively. A 10-fold increase in SQY was achieved in comparison to that in the absence of regulator. The ruggedness of optimum conditions for SQY was verified for five industrial strains. The cellular lipid fraction (∼12% of dry biomass) was rich in squalene (12-13%). Results are encouraging toward bioprocess scale up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Naziri
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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46
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Spanova M, Daum G. Squalene - biochemistry, molecular biology, process biotechnology, and applications. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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47
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Mantzouridou F, Tsimidou MZ. Observations on squalene accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to the manipulation of HMG2 and ERG6. FEMS Yeast Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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