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Analysis of Clinical, Serological, and Imaging Features of Autoimmune Pancreatitis and a Case-Control Study on Prognostic Factors in Response to Hormone Therapy. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:4829467. [PMID: 35854780 PMCID: PMC9288312 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4829467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective The paper aimed to analyze the clinical, serological, and imaging features of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and the prognostic factors affecting hormone therapy. Methods A total of 106 patients with AIP enrolled in our hospital from March 2016 to August 2018 were treated with the hormone. The curative effect and recurrence were followed up. The patients were divided into relapse group (n = 42) and nonrelapse group (n = 64) according to the recurrence within 3 years after initial hormone therapy. The symptoms and signs, laboratory examination, and treatment were compared, and binary logistic regression was employed to explore the risk factors of AIP recurrence. Results Among the 106 patients included in this study, there were 78 males and 28 females, with a male-to-female ratio of 3:1. The average age of onset was 56.25 ± 8.87 years; the minimum age was 39 years; and the maximum age was 7 years. The main clinical symptoms were jaundice (67.92%), abdominal pain (48.11%), and abdominal distension (33.96%). In addition, there were symptoms of weight loss, nausea, vomiting, itching, and gray stool. Previous complications included 27.35% diabetes (29/106), 22.64% hypertension (24/106), 35.84% smoking (38/106), and 28.30% alcohol consumption (30/106). The serological characteristics were mainly the increase in serum IgG4 level; 92.45% (98/106) level was higher compared to the upper limit of normal value; the median level was 11.65 g/L; and the highest level was 35.79 g/L. A total of 88.67% (94/106) had an abnormal liver function. The results of imaging examination indicated that 58.49% (62/106) of extrapancreatic organs were involved, of which 46.22% (49/106) were the most common bile duct involvement. All the patients in the group reached a state of remission after hormone treatment. After the disease was relieved, the patients were followed up for 3 years. The recurrence rate was 39.62% (42/106), and the median time of recurrence (month) was 9 (range 2–36). The recurrence rates within 1, 2, and 3 years were 20.75%, 31.13%, and 39.62%, respectively. Among the recurrent patients, 52.38% (22/42) relapsed within 1 year, 78.57% (33/42) within 2 years, and 100.00% (42/42) within 3 years. Multivariate analysis showed that the short duration of glucocorticoid therapy and involvement of extrapancreatic organs were risk factors for relapse after glucocorticoid therapy in patients with type I AIP. Conclusion Type 1 AIP is more common in middle-aged and elderly men. The clinical symptoms of jaundice, abdominal pain, and abdominal distension are common, often accompanied by involvement of extrapancreatic organs, of which bile duct involvement is the most common. Type 1 AIP glucocorticoid treatment acceptance and disease remission are better, but the recurrence rate is higher after glucocorticoid treatment. Patients with a short time of glucocorticoid treatment and involvement of extrapancreatic organs may have a higher risk of recurrence.
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2
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Uchida K, Okazaki K. Current status of type 1 (IgG4-related) autoimmune pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:695-708. [PMID: 35916965 PMCID: PMC9522839 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-022-01891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In 1995, Yoshida et al. proposed first the concept of "autoimmune pancreatitis" (AIP). Since then, AIP has been accepted as a new pancreatic inflammatory disease and is now divided two subtypes. Type 1 AIP affected immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) and implicates the pancreatic manifestation of IgG4-related disease, while type 2 is characterized by neutrophil infiltration and granulocytic epithelial lesions (GEL). Recent research has clarified the clinical and pathophysiological aspects of type 1 AIP, which is more than type 2 among the Japanese population. However, many details remain unclear about the pathogenesis and progression of this disease. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and recent advances relating to type 1 AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Uchida
- grid.278276.e0000 0001 0659 9825Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho-Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- grid.410783.90000 0001 2172 5041Kansai Medical University Kouri Hospital, 8-45 Kourihondori, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8551 Japan
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3
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Notohara K. Histological features of autoimmune pancreatitis and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis with a correlation with imaging findings. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2021; 48:581-594. [PMID: 34669070 DOI: 10.1007/s10396-021-01148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is characterized by a tumefactive inflammatory lesion resembling pancreatic carcinoma. Type 1 AIP is a pancreatic manifestation of IgG4-related disease characterized by unique histological features that can be identified on imaging. The capsule-like rim, which is a collar of hypertrophic lesion surrounding the pancreas, consists of lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and fibrosis, and storiform fibrosis is often identified. Hypertrophic lesions of various microscopic architectures such as the ducts, veins (obliterative phlebitis), arteries (periarteritis), and nerves are observed without parenchymal damage. The pancreatic lobules keep their contours, but the acinar cells are diminished and replaced by numerous inflammatory cells. These features provide clues to arrive at a diagnosis of type 1 AIP and to distinguish it from pancreatic carcinoma on imaging. In contrast, type 2 AIP is an epithelium-centered inflammation involving the ducts and lobules. Neutrophilic infiltration in the epithelium and/or lumens (granulocytic epithelial lesion) is a characteristic finding. Lobular swelling due to inflammation is the cause of pancreatic enlargement. IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis is histologically similar to the hypertrophic ductal lesion in type 1 AIP and characterized by wall thickening due to inflammation and luminal stenosis. The epithelium is intact, which is different from bile duct carcinomas and primary sclerosing cholangitis, the latter of which is characterized by inflammation targeting the epithelium. Although the histological features of type 1 AIP and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis are unique, the biopsy diagnosis of these diseases has limitations, which should be recognized by clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Notohara
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Miwa, Kurashiki, 710-8602, Japan.
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4
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Pelaez-Luna M, Soriano-Rios A, Lira-Treviño AC, Uscanga-Domínguez L. Steroid-responsive pancreatitides. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:3411-3430. [PMID: 32913848 PMCID: PMC7457102 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i16.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis has received considerable attention, especially due to the marked effect of corticosteroid therapy on its clinical course. Knowledge, especially regarding type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis, has significantly increased over the last decades, and despite significant differences in pathophysiology and outcomes, both type 1 and 2 autoimmune pancreatitis are still considered different types of the same disease. Some have proposed a different nomenclature reflecting these differences. Although the term steroid-responsive pancreatitides may be interpreted as synonymous to type 1 and 2 autoimmune pancreatitis, these are not the only pancreatic conditions that show a response to steroid therapy. Acute pancreatitis caused by vasculitis and connective tissue diseases and acute pancreatitis secondary to checkpoint inhibitors or programmed cell death receptor antibody-mediated blockage cancer therapy may also benefit from steroid treatment. This review presents current concepts on these disorders, aiming to increase awareness, analyze similarities and differences, and propose a new nomenclature that reflects their specific particularities, clustering them under the term “steroid-responsive pancreatitides”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pelaez-Luna
- Research Division School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Department of Gastroenterology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubiran" Mexico City 14000, Mexico
| | - Andrea Soriano-Rios
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubiran" Mexico City 14000, Mexico
| | - Ana C Lira-Treviño
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubiran" Mexico City 14000, Mexico
| | - Luis Uscanga-Domínguez
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubiran" Mexico City 14000, Mexico
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Maritati F, Peyronel F, Vaglio A. IgG4-related disease: a clinical perspective. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59:iii123-iii131. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently recognized fibro-inflammatory disorder that can affect almost any organ. Common presentations include major salivary and lacrimal gland enlargement, orbital disease, autoimmune pancreatitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis. The main histopathological features are a dense, polyclonal, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate rich in IgG4+ plasma cells, storiform fibrosis and obliterative phlebitis. The precise pathogenic mechanisms of IgG4-RD are still unclear. CD4+ T and B cells, including IgG4-expressing plasmablasts, constitute the major inflammatory cell populations and are believed to cause organ damage and tissue fibrosis. The diagnosis of the disease may be challenging and should be based on specific histopathological findings, typical laboratory and radiological aspects and an appropriate clinical context. The first-line treatment of IgG4-RD is based on glucocorticoids, which are usually efficacious. However, B cell depletion induced by rituximab has also been found to induce remission in steroid-resistant disease or has been used as steroid-sparing agent for relapsing disease. This review provides an update on clinical and therapeutic aspects of IgG4-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Maritati
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplant Unit, Ospedali Riuniti, AnconaItaly
| | | | - Augusto Vaglio
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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6
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Ghassem-Zadeh S, Hufnagel K, Bauer A, Frossard JL, Yoshida M, Kutsumi H, Acha-Orbea H, Neulinger-Muñoz M, Vey J, Eckert C, Strobel O, Hoheisel JD, Felix K. Novel Autoantibody Signatures in Sera of Patients with Pancreatic Cancer, Chronic Pancreatitis and Autoimmune Pancreatitis: A Protein Microarray Profiling Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2403. [PMID: 32244327 PMCID: PMC7177860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of disease-associated autoantibodies is of high importance. Their assessment could complement current diagnostic modalities and assist the clinical management of patients. We aimed at developing and validating high-throughput protein microarrays able to screen patients' sera to determine disease-specific autoantibody-signatures for pancreatic cancer (PDAC), chronic pancreatitis (CP), autoimmune pancreatitis and their subtypes (AIP-1 and AIP-2). In-house manufactured microarrays were used for autoantibody-profiling of IgG-enriched preoperative sera from PDAC-, CP-, AIP-1-, AIP-2-, other gastrointestinal disease (GID) patients and healthy controls. As a top-down strategy, three different fluorescence detection-based protein-microarrays were used: large with 6400, intermediate with 345, and small with 36 full-length human recombinant proteins. Large-scale analysis revealed 89 PDAC, 98 CP and 104 AIP immunogenic antigens. Narrowing the selection to 29 autoantigens using pooled sera first and individual sera afterwards allowed a discrimination of CP and AIP from PDAC. For validation, predictive models based on the identified antigens were generated which enabled discrimination between PDAC and AIP-1 or AIP-2 yielded high AUC values of 0.940 and 0.925, respectively. A new repertoire of autoantigens was identified and their assembly as a multiplex test will provide a fast and cost-effective tool for differential diagnosis of pancreatic diseases with high clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Ghassem-Zadeh
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.G.-Z.); (M.N.-M.); (O.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Katrin Hufnagel
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Functional Genomics, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.B.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Jean-Louis Frossard
- Department of Medical Specialties, Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan;
| | - Hiromu Kutsumi
- Center for Clinical Research and Advanced Medicine Shiga University of Medical Science Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu 520-2192, Japan;
| | - Hans Acha-Orbea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Matthias Neulinger-Muñoz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.G.-Z.); (M.N.-M.); (O.S.)
| | - Johannes Vey
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Medical Center Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Christoph Eckert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.G.-Z.); (M.N.-M.); (O.S.)
| | - Jörg D. Hoheisel
- Department of Functional Genomics, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.B.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Klaus Felix
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.G.-Z.); (M.N.-M.); (O.S.)
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7
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Liu M, Hao M. Unique properties of IgG4 antibody and its clinical application in autoimmune pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:1121-1131. [PMID: 30175675 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1476915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is defined as a unique form of chronic pancreatitis characterized by clinical presentation with obstructive jaundice, a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and fibrosis histologically, and a dramatic response to steroids therapeutically. The possible role of IgG4 in driving the pathology of AIP is a controversial subject that has not been addressed satisfactorily. Objective: The purpose of this review is to discuss the unique biology of IgG4 that are important for its role and the clinical applications for serologic detection. METHODS Review of current literature about IgG4 antibody in the clinical application in AIP. RESULTS High serum levels of IgG4 are an important biomarker and broadly used for diagnosis, differentiation from diseases especially pancreatic cancer, and as a parameter to indicate disease activity, extra-pancreatic lesions, and treatment monitoring. However, some controversial studies show it has a limited specificity and sensitivity in these conditions. Conclusion: Although increasing studies have promoted our understanding of the structure and function of IgG4, there is still dilemma between the beneficial and the adverse aspect of IgG4 in the pathogenesis of AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory , Jinan Dermatosis Prevention and Control Hospital , Jinan , People's Republic of China
| | - Mingju Hao
- b Department of Clinical Laboratory , Qianfo Mountain Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , People's Republic of China
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8
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Nagpal SJS, Sharma A, Chari ST. Autoimmune Pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113:1301. [PMID: 29910463 DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the last 2 decades our knowledge of autoimmune pancreatitis has increased exponentially. In this review, we summarize the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of AIP, to better allow general gastroenterologists and primary care providers to consider AIP as a as a rare but important cause of painless obstructive jaundice and recurrent acute pancreatitis. While steroids remain the mainstay of first line therapy, a number of patients with type 1 AIP require immunomodulators or rituximab to maintain remission; recommendations on the management of relapses continue to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayush Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Suresh T Chari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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9
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Detlefsen S, de Vos JD, Tanassi JT, Heegaard NHH, Fristrup C, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB. Value of anti-plasminogen binding peptide, anti-carbonic anhydrase II, immunoglobulin G4, and other serological markers for the differentiation of autoimmune pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11641. [PMID: 30075546 PMCID: PMC6081052 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and its differential diagnosis from pancreatic cancer (PC) can be challenging. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the value of anti-plasminogen binding peptide (a-PBP), immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4), and anti-carbonic anhydrase-II (a-CA-II), together with other serological markers whose value is not fully elucidated.The serum levels of a-PBP, IgG4, IgG, anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-lactoferrin (a-LF), a-CA-II, and rheumatoid factor (RF) were evaluated in patients with AIP (n = 29), PC (n = 17), pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (P-NEN, n = 12), and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (ACP, n = 41). ANCA were measured in the AIP patients.There was no statistically significant difference in mean a-PBP values in AIP compared with PC. A ROC curve showed that, when using a cut-off of 38.3 U, low values of a-PBP had a sensitivity and specificity of 45% and 71% for differentiating AIP from PC. The sensitivity and specificity of IgG4 (cut-off 1.4 g/L) for differentiating AIP from PC was 45% and 88%, but rose to 52% and 88% when using a cut-off of 1.09 g/L. When using this cut-off, the sensitivity and specificity for differentiating type 1 AIP from PC was 68% and 88%. None of the other markers were significantly changed in AIP versus PC. For differentiation of type 1 and type 2 AIP, the only significant differences were IgG4 in type 1 AIP (P < .01), with a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 80%, and c-ANCA elevations found in some type 2 AIP patients (P < .05).The only serological marker for which we found a statistically significant difference in mean values between AIP and PC was IgG4. However, the value of IgG4 for the distinction of AIP from PC was limited, probably in part due to the relatively high number of type 2 AIP patients in our study. In accord with recent publications, our data do not support a role of increased serum a-PBP for the diagnosis of AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sönke Detlefsen
- Department of Pathology
- Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark
| | - Jesper D. de Vos
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense
| | - Julia T. Tanassi
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen
| | - Niels H. H. Heegaard
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology
| | - Claus Fristrup
- Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital
- Department of Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ove B. Schaffalitzky de Muckadell
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense
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Hamano H, Tanaka E, Ishizaka N, Kawa S. IgG4-related Disease - A Systemic Disease that Deserves Attention Regardless of One's Subspecialty. Intern Med 2018; 57:1201-1207. [PMID: 29279491 PMCID: PMC5980798 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9533-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an inflammatory condition characterized by a high serum IgG4 concentration and the abundant infiltration of lymphocytes and IgG4-positive plasma cells in the tissue, as well as spatial (diverse clinical manifestations) and temporal (the possibility of recurrence) multiplicities. Since the initial documentation of IgG4-related disease in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis in 2001, a growing body of evidence has been accumulating to suggest that various-virtually all-organs can be affected by IgG4-RD. In general, steroid therapy is effective and is considered to be the first-line treatment for IgG4-RD. The precise mechanism underlying this systemic disorder has remained unknown. Considering that IgG4-RD was specified as being an intractable disease in 2015, further studies are needed to clarify whether IgG4-RD is indeed a distinct disease entity or a complex of disorders of different etiologies and clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Hamano
- Division of Medical Informatics, Shinshu University Hospital, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Shigeyuki Kawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Japan
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Yanagawa M, Uchida K, Ando Y, Tomiyama T, Yamaguchi T, Ikeura T, Fukui T, Nishio A, Uemura Y, Miyara T, Okamoto H, Satoi S, Okazaki K. Basophils activated via TLR signaling may contribute to pathophysiology of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:449-460. [PMID: 28921377 PMCID: PMC5847205 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-017-1390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathophysiology of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is still unclear. We previously reported that M2 macrophages might play an important role in type 1 AIP. Recently, it has been reported that basophils regulate differentiation to M2 macrophages. In this study, we investigated basophils from the pancreatic tissue and peripheral blood of individuals with type 1 AIP. METHODS By using immunohistochemistry, we investigated basophils in pancreatic tissue from 13 patients with type 1 AIP and examined expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) by these cells. Additionally, we obtained peripheral blood samples from 27 healthy subjects, 40 patients with type 1 AIP, 8 patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis, 10 patients with bronchial asthma, and 10 patients with atopic dermatitis, and analyzed activation of basophils by stimulating them with ligands of TLR1-9. We also compared TLR expression in basophils from the tissue and blood samples. RESULTS Basophils were detected in pancreatic tissues from 10 of 13 patients with type 1 AIP. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the ratios of basophils activated by TLR4 stimulation in type 1 AIP (9.875 ± 1.148%) and atopic dermatitis (11.768 ± 1.899%) were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects (5.051 ± 0.730%; P < 0.05). Levels of basophils activated by TLR2 stimulation were higher in seven type 1 AIP cases. Furthermore, stimulation of TLR2 and/or TLR4, which were expressed by basophils in pancreas, activated basophils in peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS Basophils activated via TLR signaling may play an important role in the pathophysiology of type 1 AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yanagawa
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kazushige Uchida
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yugo Ando
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Tomiyama
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ikeura
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fukui
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishio
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Uemura
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyara
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Souhei Satoi
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
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OKAZAKI K, UCHIDA K. Current perspectives on autoimmune pancreatitis and IgG4-related disease. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018; 94:412-427. [PMID: 30541967 PMCID: PMC6374139 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.94.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibroinflammatory disorder recognized as a novel clinical entity with either synchronous or metachronous multi-organ involvement. Patients with IgG4-RD show diffuse or focal organ enlargement and mass-forming or nodular/thickened lesions with abundant infiltration of IgG4-positive plasmacytes and fibrosis, and such patients respond well to steroid treatment. It should be differentiated from mimics by a combination of serum IgG4 level, imaging features, and histopathological findings. The current first-line drug is corticosteroids, or rituximab in high-risk patients for steroid intolerance. Although relapse rates are high, standardized protocols for relapsed cases have not been approved yet. Based on genetic factors, disease-specific or -related antigens, abnormal innate and adaptive immunity may be involved, although the precise pathogenic mechanism and long-term outcome still remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi OKAZAKI
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: K. Okazaki, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Kazushige UCHIDA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Uchida K, Okazaki K. Clinical and pathophysiological aspects of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:475-483. [PMID: 29460239 PMCID: PMC5866825 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-018-1440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In 1995, Yoshida and colleagues proposed the concept of "autoimmune pancreatitis" (AIP), which has recently been recognized as a new pancreatic inflammatory disease. Recent studies have suggested the existence of two subtypes of AIP: type 1, which involves immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) and is the pancreatic manifestation of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD); and type 2, which is characterized by granulocytic epithelial lesions. Type 2 AIP is thought to be rare in Japan. Type 1 AIP is characterized by increased serum IgG4 concentrations, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrations, storiform fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis. However, although type 1 AIP has become increasingly recognized, many clinical and basic issues remain to be solved. This review provides an overview of the recent clinical and basic knowledge of type 1 AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010 Japan
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010 Japan
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MITSUI Y, HONMA T, SATO Y, YAMAMIYA A, ISHII Y, NOMOTO T, YAMAZAKI T, YUKAWA A, KITAMURA K, IMAMURA T, IKEGAMI A, TANAKA S, YOSHIDA H. Therapeutic Effect of an Immunomodulator on Pancreatic Endocrine Secretion Disorder and Insulitis in an Animal Model of Autoimmune Pancreatitis. THE SHOWA UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.15369/sujms.30.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta MITSUI
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Tadashi HONMA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiki SATO
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Akira YAMAMIYA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Yu ISHII
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Tomohiro NOMOTO
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Takahisa YAMAZAKI
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Akihiro YUKAWA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Katsuya KITAMURA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Tsunao IMAMURA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toranomon Hospital
| | - Akitoshi IKEGAMI
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Shigeki TANAKA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
- Department of Health and Medicine, Tokyo Ariake University of Health Sciences
| | - Hitoshi YOSHIDA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
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Testing for Anti-PBP Antibody Is Not Useful in Diagnosing Autoimmune Pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111:1650-1654. [PMID: 27325222 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare form of chronic pancreatitis, clinically mimicking pancreatic cancer. In 2009, a serological diagnostic test detecting antibodies against plasminogen-binding protein (PBP) of Helicobacter pylori was reported with outstanding test performances (NEJM 361:135). We aimed to validate these findings. METHODS Between March 2007 and May 2011, sera were collected from consecutive patients presenting with type 1 AIP, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), chronic pancreatitis (CP), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and healthy controls (HC) with or without antibodies against H. pylori. Serum antibody binding to synthetic PBP peptide was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using standard curves of custom-made PBP rabbit polyclonal antibodies. A synthetic Flag peptide (DYKDDDK), to which no antibodies are found in human serum, was included as negative control. RESULTS High sensitivity of PBP peptide recognition was demonstrated by selective binding of PBP peptide over Flag peptide by PBP-immunized rabbit serum. Competition assays with PBP peptide validated the selectivity for antibodies recognizing this antigen. A total of 114 patients were subsequently tested: 34 AIP, 29 PDAC, 17 CP, 16 PSC, and 18 HCs (9 positive and 9 negative for H. pylori). No significant differences in detection of antibodies against the PBP peptide were found between different the patient groups and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Using a sensitive and selective ELISA-based assay, we did not find increased serum antibodies against PBP peptide in AIP patients. PBP serum antibodies are therefore not a useful diagnostic tool to diagnose AIP.
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Clinical and pathophysiological issues associated with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis. Clin J Gastroenterol 2016; 9:7-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s12328-016-0628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Jani N, Buxbaum J. Autoimmune pancreatitis and cholangitis. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2015; 6:199-206. [PMID: 26558153 PMCID: PMC4635159 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is part of a systemic fibrosclerotic process characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with immunoglobulin G subtype-4 (IgG4) positive cells. It characteristically presents with biliary obstruction due to mass-like swelling of the pancreas. Frequently AIP is accompanied by extra-pancreatic manifestations including retroperitoneal fibrosis, thyroid disease, and salivary gland involvement. Auto-antibodies, hypergammaglobulemia, and prompt resolution of pancreatic and extrapancreatic findings with steroids signify its autoimmune nature. Refractory cases are responsive to immunomodulators and rituximab. Involvement of the biliary tree, termed IgG4 associated cholangiopathy, mimics primary sclerosing cholangitis and is challenging to manage. High IgG4 levels and swelling of the pancreas with a diminutive pancreatic duct are suggestive of autoimmune pancreatitis. Given similarities in presentation but radical differences in management and outcome, differentiation from pancreatic malignancy is of paramount importance. There is controversy regarding the optimal diagnostic criterion and steroid trials to make the diagnosis. Additionally, the retroperitoneal location of the pancreas and requirement for histologic sampling, makes tissue acquisition challenging. Recently, a second type of autoimmune pancreatitis has been recognized with similar clinical presentation and steroid response though different histology, serologic, and extrapancreatic findings.
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Possible involvement of Toll-like receptor 7 in the development of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:435-44. [PMID: 25005350 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0977-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High serum immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) levels and IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration are characteristic of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). It is unclear whether innate immunity is a cause of type 1 AIP; the possible involvement of microbial infection has been suggested in its pathogenesis. To clarify the pathogenesis of type 1 AIP, we investigated Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in type 1 AIP patients. METHODS We studied nine cases of type 1 AIP with ten cases of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (ACP) and three of the samples from non-tumorous lesion of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) as control subjects. We counted the number of TLR1-11-positive cells immunohistochemically stained with anti-TLR1-11 antibodies. To identify TLR-positive cells in pancreata from type 1 AIP patients, we used a double-immunofluorescence method and counted the numbers of identifiable CD68-, CD163-, CD123-, and CD20-positive cells. RESULTS In type 1 AIP, TLR7 (8.815 ± 1.755), TLR8 (3.852 ± 1.489), and TLR10 (3.852 ± 0.921) were highly expressed. Only the ratio of TLR7 per monocyte was significantly higher in type 1 AIP (0.053 ± 0.012) than in ACP (0.007 ± 0.004; p < 0.01) and non-tumorous lesion of NET (0.000 ± 0.000; p < 0.01). In type 1 AIP, the CD163 to TLR7 ratio (0.789 ± 0.031) was significantly higher both than that of CD123 to TLR7 ratio (0.034 ± 0.006; p < 0.001) and CD20 to TLR7 ratio (0.029 ± 0.010; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS TLR7 might be key pattern-recognition receptors involved in the development of type 1 AIP.
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Mitsuyama T, Uchida K, Sumimoto K, Fukui Y, Ikeura T, Fukui T, Nishio A, Shikata N, Uemura Y, Satoi S, Mizuno N, Notohara K, Shimosegawa T, Zamboni G, Frulloni L, Okazaki K. Comparison of neutrophil infiltration between type 1 and type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2015; 15:271-80. [PMID: 25818196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characteristics of type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is granulocyte epithelial lesions, called idiopathic duct-centric pancreatitis (IDCP). To clarify pathogenesis of IDCP, we investigated mechanism of neutrophil infiltration in type 1 AIP, called lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis (LPSP) and IDCP. METHOD This study was performed on resected pancreata from patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (ACP, n = 10), LPSP (n = 10) and IDCP (n = 12). The number of neutrophils around the pancreatic ducts was counted. The expression of neutrophils chemoattractants granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the pancreatic duct epithelia was examined using immunohistochemistry. The cell staining intensity is scored as negative (0), weak (1), moderate (2) or strong (3). RESULTS The median number of neutrophils around the interlobular pancreatic ducts was significantly higher in IDCP (15.16; interquartile range [IQR]: 9.74-18.41) than in ACP (2.66; IQR: 1.33-4.33) (P < 0.05) and LPSP (3.16; IQR: 2.74-4.57) (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the median number of neutrophils around the intralobular pancreatic ducts among ACP (1.16; IQR: 0.33-3.41), LPSP (3.16; IQR: 0.74-5.5) and IDCP (3.00; IQR: 1.08-7.91). The median score of GCP-2 in the interlobular pancreatic duct epithelia was significantly higher in IDCP (1.5; IQR: 0.25-2) than in ACP (0; IQR: 0-0.75) (P < 0.05) and LPSP (0; IQR: 0-0.75) (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the median score of IL-8 in the interlobular pancreatic duct epithelia among ACP (0; IQR: 0-0.75), LPSP (1; IQR: 0-1.75) and IDCP (0.5; IQR: 0-1). CONCLUSIONS Significantly increased neutrophil infiltration around the interlobular pancreatic duct in IDCP may depend on GCP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Mitsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | - Kazushige Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | - Kimi Sumimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | - Yuri Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ikeura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiko Uemura
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | - Sohei Satoi
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Mizuno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Japan
| | - Kenji Notohara
- Department of Pathology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Japan
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Luca Frulloni
- Department of Medicine, Pancreas Center, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Japan.
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Okazaki K, Yanagawa M, Mitsuyama T, Uchida K. Recent advances in the concept and pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease in the hepato-bilio-pancreatic system. Gut Liver 2014; 8:462-70. [PMID: 25228969 PMCID: PMC4164252 DOI: 10.5009/gnl14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed nomenclatures of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) (IgG4-related pancreatitis), IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC), IgG4-related cholecystitis, and IgG4-related hepatopathy as IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) in the hepato-bilio-pancreatic system. In IgG4-related hepatopathy, a novel concept of IgG4-related autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) with the same histopathological features as AIH has been proposed. Among organs involved in IgG4-RD, associations with pancreatic and biliary lesions are most frequently observed, supporting the novel concept of “biliary diseases with pancreatic counterparts.” Targets of type 1 AIP and IgG4-SC may be periductal glands around the bile and pancreatic ducts. Based on genetic backgrounds, innate and acquired immunity, Th2-dominant immune status, regulatory T (Treg) or B cells, and complement activation via a classical pathway may be involved in the development of IgG4-RD. Although the role of IgG4 remains unclear in IgG4-RD, IgG4-production is upregulated by interleukin 10 from Treg cells and by B cell activating factor from monocytes/basophils with stimulation of toll-like receptors/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors. Based on these findings, we have proposed a hypothesis for the development of IgG4-RD in the hepato-bilio-pancreatic system. Further studies are necessary to clarify the pathogenic mechanism of IgG4-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Okazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahito Yanagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Mitsuyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushige Uchida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Okazaki K, Uchida K, Sumimoto K, Mitsuyama T, Ikeura T, Takaoka M. Autoimmune pancreatitis: pathogenesis, latest developments and clinical guidance. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2014; 5:104-11. [PMID: 24790726 DOI: 10.1177/2040622314527120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, autoimmune pancreatitis has been classified into two subtypes. Type 1 is related to immunoglobulin G4 and type 2 is related to granulocytic epithelial lesions, but pathogenetic mechanisms in both still remain unclear. Apart from type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis, the pathological features of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis with increased serum immunoglobulin G4/immunoglobulin E levels, abundant infiltration of immunoglobulin G4+plasmacytes and lymphocytes, fibrosis, and steroid responsiveness are suggestive of abnormal immunity such as allergy or autoimmunity. Although pathophysiological conditions seem to be different in each, both respond well to steroid drugs. After remission, the patients with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis show high relapse rates (30-50% within 6-12 months), whereas those with type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis seldom relapse. After remission, the steroid maintenance therapy and therapeutic strategy for relapsing patients with type 1 is different among local expertise. In this paper, recent advances in pathogenesis and clinical guidance for therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Okazaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1197, Japan
| | - Kazushige Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kimi Sumimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Mitsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ikeura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Takaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Multiple gene mutations in patients with type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis and its clinical features. Cent Eur J Immunol 2014; 39:77-82. [PMID: 26155104 PMCID: PMC4439988 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2014.42129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is now clear that there are two histological types (type 1 and type 2) of autoimmune pancreatitis (AI P). The histological substance of type 1 AI P is known as lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis (LPSP) or traditional AIP, and type 2 AIP is characterized by distinct histology called idiopathic duct centric pancreatitis (IDCP). Serum IgG4 increase is considered as a marker for type 1 AI P. Far less is known about type 2 and it lacks predicting markers, so it easily leads to missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. The aim of this study The aim of this study was to describe multi-gene mutations in patients with type 2 AI P and its clinical features. Material and methods Three unrelated patients with type 2 AI P, 10 cases with type 1 AIP, 15 cases with other chronic pancreatitis and 120 healthy individuals were studied. The mutations and polymorphisms of 6 genes involved in chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer — PRSS1, SPINK1, CFTR, MEN1, PKHD1, and mitochondrial DNA – were sequenced. Information of clinical data was collected by personal interview using a structured questionnaire. Results Novel mutations were found in the genes encoding for MEN1 (p.546 Ala > The) and PKHD1 (c. 233586 A > G and c. 316713 C > T) from patients with type 2 AIP. What is more, the serum TCR (T cell receptor) level is relatively higher in patients with type 2 AIP than in patients with type 1 AIP and other chronic pancreatitis or normal controls. Weight loss was the major manifestation and no patients had extrapancreatic involvement in type 2 AIP. Conclusions Type 2 AIP may occur with multi-gene mutations. For screening purposes, it is more reasonable to evaluate TCR levels in serum.
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Okazaki K, Kawa S, Kamisawa T, Ito T, Inui K, Irie H, Nishino T, Notohara K, Nishimori I, Tanaka S, Nishiyama T, Suda K, Shiratori K, Tanaka M, Shimosegawa T. Amendment of the Japanese Consensus Guidelines for Autoimmune Pancreatitis, 2013 I. Concept and diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:567-88. [PMID: 24639057 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to the proposal of the international consensus diagnostic criteria (ICDC) for autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and the Japanese diagnostic criteria in 2011, the 2009 Japanese consensus guidelines for managing AIP required revision. METHODS Three committees [the professional committee for making clinical questions (CQs) and statements by Japanese specialists, the expert panelist committee for rating statements by the modified Delphi method, and the evaluating committee by moderators] were organized. Fifteen specialists for AIP extracted the specific clinical statements from 1,843 articles published between 1963 and 2012 (obtained from Pub Med and a secondary database, and developed the CQs and statements. The expert panel individually rated the clinical statements using a modified Delphi approach, in which a clinical statement receiving a median score greater than seven on a nine-point scale from the panel was regarded as valid. RESULTS The professional committee created 13 CQs and statements for the current concept and diagnosis of AIP, 6 for extra-pancreatic lesions, 6 for differential diagnosis, and 11 for treatment. CONCLUSION After evaluation by the moderators, amendments to the Japanese consensus guidelines for AIP have been proposed for 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Okazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-3-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan,
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The role of CD19+ CD24high CD38high and CD19+ CD24high CD27+ regulatory B cells in patients with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2014; 14:193-200. [PMID: 24854615 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) have several immunologic and histologic abnormalities. It is known that depletion of B cells by rituximab is effective for treatment of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) such as type 1 AIP, suggesting that B cells may be a key player in IgG4-RD. However, the role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in type 1 AIP is unclear, and the objective of this paper is to clarify the role of Bregs in the pathophysiology of type 1 AIP by analyzing circulating Bregs. METHOD We recruited 21 patients with type 1 AIP as determined by the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for AIP (ICDC). No patients received corticosteroid treatments. For comparison, we recruited 14 patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP), 20 patients with pancreatic cancer, and 25 healthy subjects as controls. We analyzed Bregs as CD19+ CD24high CD38high and CD19+ CD24high CD27+ from peripheral blood by flow cytometry. RESULTS In peripheral blood, CD19+ CD24high CD38high Bregs were significantly increased in type 1 AIP patients compared with CP, pancreatic cancer, and healthy controls. Although not significant different, CD19+ CD24high CD27+ Bregs of type 1 AIP were decreased compared to those of other groups. IL-10(+) B cells were not significantly different from type 1 AIP patients and healthy controls. In untreated type 1 AIP patients, the number of CD19+ CD24high CD38high Bregs and IgG4 were not correlated. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that CD19+ CD24high CD38high Bregs seemed to increase reactively to suppress the disease activity, and are consistent with the hypothesis that CD19+ CD24high CD27+ Bregs might be involved in the development of type 1 AIP, although it still remains unclear whether the decrease of CD19+ CD24high CD27+ cells is cause or effect of AIP.
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Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare, heterogeneous, fibroinflammatory disorder of the pancreas. It has gained increasing recognition due to a presentation that can mimic difficult-to-treat disorders such as pancreatic cancer, cholangiocarcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis. In contrast, autoimmune pancreatitis is a benign disease that is very responsive to therapy with corticosteroids. There are two types of AIP. Type 1 disease is the most common worldwide and is associated with extrapancreatic manifestations and elevated levels of IgG4-positive cells. Type 2 AIP is characterized by a paucity of IgG4-positive cells and is more difficult to diagnose. This review provides an update on the diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of AIP, with special emphasis on the two subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanprakash A. Ketwaroo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sunil Sheth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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The similarity of Type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with significant IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:751-61. [PMID: 23053421 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High serum immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) levels and infiltration of IgG4-positive cells are characteristic of Type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). We previously reported that increased regulatory T cells (Tregs) may regulate IgG4 production in AIP. Although an increased serum IgG4 concentration is observed in some patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), clarification is still necessary. We have therefore studied the correlations between IgG4-positive cells and Tregs in patients with PDA. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 21 PDA and nine AIP patients were enrolled in our study. The numbers and ratios of Tregs, IgG4-positive, and IgG-positive cells immunohistochemically stained with anti-Foxp3, IgG4, and IgG antibodies, respectively, were counted in three areas of resected pancreata in PDA, peritumoral pancreatitis (PT), and obstructive pancreatitis (OP). RESULTS In PDA, PT, OP area, the number of IgG4-Positive cells (5.183 ± 1.061, 2.250 ± 0.431, 4.033 ± 1.018, respectively; p < 0.05) and the ratio of IgG4/IgG (0.391 ± 0.045, 0.259 ± 0.054, 0.210 ± 0.048, respectively; p < 0.05) were significantly lower than those in AIP (21.667 ± 2.436 and 0.306 ± 0.052, respectively). The numbers of IgG4-positive cells did not differ significantly among the three areas of resected pancreata examined. However, the IgG4/IgG (0.391 ± 0.045) and Foxp3/monocyte (0.051 ± 0.008) ratios in PDA area were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in OP area (IgG4/IgG: 0.210 ± 0.048; oxp3/monocyte: 0.0332 ± 0.005), but not in PT area. Of the 21 cases of PDA, the ratio of IgG4/IgG was >40 % in nine (43%), six (29%) and three (14%) cases in PDA, PT and OP area, respectively. Foxp3 and IgG4 were positively correlated in OP area, but not in PDA and PT area. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should be careful when basing a differential diagnosis of PDA and AIP on the numbers of IgG4-positive cells and the ratio of IgG4/IgG, especially when determined using a small biopsied sample.
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Possible Involvement of Foxp3(+) Regulatory T Cells in the Development of Immune-Mediated Pancreatitis in MRL/Mp Mice Treated with Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid. Int J Rheumatol 2013; 2013:367325. [PMID: 23781248 PMCID: PMC3678441 DOI: 10.1155/2013/367325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. This study was conducted to clarify whether or not Tregs are involved in the development of immune-mediated pancreatitis in MRL/Mp mice as an AIP (autoimmune pancreatitis) model, in order to understand more clearly the pathogenic mechanism of AIP. Methods. We compared the immunohistochemical features of pancreatic forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) in the administration of poly I:C in MRL/Mp mice and two types of control mice (BALB/c and C57BL/6). As a contrast, we analyzed three mouse models of pancreatitis without autoimmune mechanism (Cerulein-, Ligation-, and Ligation + Cerulein-treated mice). After staining these specimens, we compared the ratios of Foxp3-positive cells to infiltrated mononuclear cells (Foxp3/Mono). Results. Our immunohistochemical study of Foxp3 revealed that the infiltration of Foxp3-positive cells increased in poly I:C-treated MRL/Mp mice. The histopathological score of pancreatitis showed no difference among poly I:C-treated MRL/Mp, Ligation-, and Ligation + Cerulein-treated mice; however, the Foxp3/Mono ratio in poly I:C-treated MRL/Mp mice was significantly increased compared with Ligation- and Ligation + Cerulein-treated mice. Conclusions. MRL/Mp mice treated with poly I:C showed early development of pancreatitis with abundant infiltration of Foxp3-positive cells. There may be a possibility that Tregs are involved in the development of pancreatitis in these mice.
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Sumimoto K, Uchida K, Mitsuyama T, Fukui Y, Kusuda T, Miyoshi H, Tomiyama T, Fukata N, Koyabu M, Sakaguchi Y, Ikeura T, Shimatani M, Fukui T, Matsushita M, Takaoka M, Nishio A, Okazaki K. A proposal of a diagnostic algorithm with validation of International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis in a Japanese cohort. Pancreatology 2013; 13:230-7. [PMID: 23719593 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among many diagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria (ICDC) first enabled us to diagnose and compare type 1 and type 2 AIP, which permitted tailoring individual diagnostic algorithms depending on local expertise. We compared them and validated ICDC with special reference to levels 1 and 2, and proposed a diagnostic algorithm for AIP in Japan. METHODS The diagnostic sensitivity of 5 major criteria (ICDC, Korean, Japanese-2011, Asian, and HISORt criteria) was compared, using 61 patients with AIP. Fifty six patients with pancreatic cancer served as a control. Pancreas imaging on computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) were independently evaluated by 3 pancreatologists (5, 10, and 20 years of career experience) and each diagnostic criterion of ICDC was validated with special reference to levels 1 and 2. RESULTS The sensitivities of 5 major criteria were 95.1% (ICDC), 90.2% (Korean), 86.9% (Japanese), 83.6% (Asian), and 83.6% (HISORt) with 100% of specificity in each. In the evaluation of pancreas imaging, diagnostic sensitivities of combination with CT and ERP in segmental/focal type AIP were significantly higher than single imaging (26% in CT (P < 0.01) or 35% in ERP (P < 0.05) vs 63% in CT + ERP), but not significantly different in the diffuse type. CONCLUSIONS Of the 5 criteria, ICDC is the most sensitive and useful for diagnosing AIP. We have proposed a diagnostic algorithm with CT for the diffuse type of AIP, and combination with CT + ERP followed by EUS-FNA for the segmental/focal type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimi Sumimoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
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Ben Dhaou B, Aydi Z, Boussema F, Ben Dahmen F, Baili L, Ketari S, Cherif O, Rokbani L. La pancréatite lupique : une série de six cas. Rev Med Interne 2013; 34:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Prevalence of IgG4-Related Disease in Japan Based on Nationwide Survey in 2009. Int J Rheumatol 2012; 2012:358371. [PMID: 22899936 PMCID: PMC3415093 DOI: 10.1155/2012/358371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with autoimmune pancreatitis who visited hospitals in Japan in 2007 was approximately 2709 (95% confidence interval; range 2540–3040). Because IgG4-related disease is a new clinical entity, there are no data with regard to its prevalence. To estimate the number of patients with IgG4-related disease in Japan, we randomly selected hospitals using stratification and asked them how many patients they had with IgG4-related disease in 2009. The number of patients with Mikulicz's disease, IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis, IgG4-related renal disease, IgG4-related pulmonary disease, and IgG4-related lymphadenopathy who visited hospitals in Japan in 2009 was approximately 4304 (95% confidence interval; range 3360–5048), 272 (95% confidence interval; range 264–306), 57 (95% confidence interval; range 47–66), 354 (95% confidence interval; range 283–424), and 203 (95% confidence interval; range 187–240), respectively. The total number of patients with IgG4-related disease without autoimmune pancreatitis in Japan was approximately 5190 (95% confidence interval; range 4141–6084). The male : female ratio was 1 : 0.77, and the average of age of disease onset was 58.8 years. The total number of patients with IgG4-related disease in Japan in 2009, including autoimmune pancreatitis, was approximately 8000.
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Autoantibodies in autoimmune pancreatitis. Int J Rheumatol 2012; 2012:940831. [PMID: 22844291 PMCID: PMC3403403 DOI: 10.1155/2012/940831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) was first used to describe cases of pancreatitis with narrowing of the pancreatic duct, enlargement of the pancreas, hyper-γ-globulinaemia, and antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity serologically. The main differential diagnosis, is pancreatic cancer, which can be ruled out through radiological, serological, and histological investigations. The targets of ANA in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis do not appear to be similar to those found in other rheumatological diseases, as dsDNA, SS-A, and SS-B are not frequently recognized by AIP-related ANA. Other disease-specific autoantibodies, such as, antimitochondrial, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies or diabetes-specific autoantibodies are virtually absent. Further studies have focused on the identification of pancreas-specific autoantigens and reported significant reactivity to lactoferrin, carbonic anhydrase, pancreas secretory trypsin inhibitor, amylase-alpha, heat-shock protein, and plasminogen-binding protein. This paper discusses the findings of these investigations and their relevance to the diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis of autoimmune pancreatitis.
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Regulatory T cells in type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis. Int J Rheumatol 2012; 2012:795026. [PMID: 22536257 PMCID: PMC3321297 DOI: 10.1155/2012/795026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a newly recognized pancreatic disorder. Recently, International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for AIP (ICDC) was published. In this ICDC, AIP was classified into Type 1 and Type 2. Patients with Type 1 AIP have several immunologic and histologic abnormalities specific to the disease, including increased levels of serum IgG4 and storiform fibrosis with infiltration of lymphocytes and IgG4-positive plasmacytes in the involved organs. Among the involved organs showing extrapancreatic lesions, the bile duct is the most common, exhibiting sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC). However, the role of IgG4 is unclear. Recently, it has been reported that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in both the development of various autoimmune diseases and the shift of B cells toward IgG4, producing plasmacytes. Our study showed that Tregs were increased in the pancreas with Type 1 AIP and IgG4-SC compared with control. In the patients with Type 1 AIP and IgG4-SC, the numbers of infiltrated Tregs were significantly positively correlated with IgG4-positive plasma cells. In Type 1 AIP, inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS)+ and IL-10+ Tregs significantly increased compared with control groups. Our data suggest that increased quantities of ICOS+ Tregs may influence IgG4 production via IL-10 in Type 1 AIP.
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Abstract
Recent studies suggested the existence of two subtypes of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP): type 1 related with IgG4 (lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis; LPSP) and type 2 related with a granulocytic epithelial lesion (idiopathic duct-centric chronic pancreatitis; IDCP). Apart from type 2 AIP, the pathological features of type 1 AIP with increased serum IgG4/IgE levels, abundant infiltration of IgG4+ plasmacytes and lymphocytes, fibrosis, and steroid responsiveness are suggestive of abnormal immunity such as allergy or autoimmunity. Moreover, the patients with type 1 AIP often have extrapancreatic lesions such as sclerosing cholangitis, sclerosing sialadenitis, or retroperitoneal fibrosis showing similar pathological features. Based on these findings, many synonyms have been proposed for these conditions, such as "multifocal idiopathic fibrosclerosis", "IgG4-related autoimmune disease", "IgG4-related sclerosing disease", "IgG4-related plasmacytic disease", and "IgG4-related multiorgan lymphoproliferative syndrome", all of which may refer to the same conditions. Therefore, the Japanese Research Committee for "Systemic IgG4-related Sclerosing Disease" proposed a disease concept and clinical diagnostic criteria based on the concept of multifocal fibrosclerosis in 2009, in which the term "IgG4-related disease" was appointed as a minimal consensus on these conditions. Although the significance of IgG4 in the development of "IgG4-related disease" remains unclear, we have proposed a hypothesis for the development of type 1 AIP, one of the IgG4-related disease. The concept and diagnostic criteria of "IgG4-related disease" will be changed in accordance with future studies.
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An abundance of IgG4+ plasma cells is not specific for IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:1480-7. [PMID: 21701536 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis (IgG4-TIN), the renal parenchymal lesion of IgG4-related sclerosing disease, is characterized, among other things, by the presence of numerous IgG4-positive plasma cells (IgG4+PC) in the kidney infiltrate. The specificity of this finding for IgG4-TIN has not been addressed. To address this we examined 100 consecutive renal biopsy samples with active interstitial inflammation for the presence of IgG4+PC, and correlated the findings with principal diagnosis, the available clinical histories, and the findings in four biopsy samples of IgG4-TIN. Eleven of the survey biopsy samples contained an average of more than 10 IgG4+PC per × 200 field, including two with IgG4+PC in numbers comparable to those in two of the IgG4-related tubulointerstitial disease biopsy samples. The principal pathological diagnoses in the IgG4+PC-rich cases included anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive necrotizing glomerulonephritis (five cases), diabetic nephropathy (two cases), idiopathic interstitial nephritis (two cases), membranous glomerulonephritis (one case), and lupus nephritis (one case). There was no reason, based on histology or clinical history, to believe that any of these cases represented previously unsuspected IgG4-related tubulointerstitial disease. We conclude that the presence of numerous IgG4+PC is essential to, but not sufficient for, the diagnosis of IgG4-TIN.
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Involvement of inducible costimulator- and interleukin 10-positive regulatory T cells in the development of IgG4-related autoimmune pancreatitis. Pancreas 2011; 40:1120-30. [PMID: 21926547 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31821fc796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a new clinical entity of pancreatic disorder. There are immunologic and histological abnormalities, including increased serum IgG4 levels and the infiltration of IgG4-positive plasmacytes. However, the role of IgG4 is unclear. Recently, regulatory T cells (Tregs) were reported to contribute to the development of various autoimmune diseases as well as in B-cell shifting to IgG4-producing plasmacytes. We studied Tregs in the pancreas and peripheral blood. METHODS We recruited 44 patients with IgG4-related AIP. For comparison, we recruited 37 patients with other pancreatic diseases and 27 healthy subjects as controls. We studied infiltrating cells in the pancreas by immunohistochemistry and analyzed inducible costimulator-positive Tregs and interleukin 10-positive Tregs in the peripheral blood by flow cytometry. RESULTS The ratio of Foxp3-positive cells to infiltrated mononuclear cells (Foxp3/Mono) in AIP patients was significantly higher than in patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. In AIP, Foxp3/Mono and IgG4/Mono were positively correlated. Inducible costimulator-positive Tregs were significantly higher in AIP patients than in the patients with other pancreatic diseases and the healthy control group. Interleukin 10-positive Tregs were significantly higher in AIP patients than in the healthy control group. CONCLUSIONS Increased quantities of inducible costimulator-positive Tregs may influence IgG4 production in IgG4-related AIP.
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Okazaki K. [108th Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine: educational lecture: 13. IgG4-related disease]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2011; 100:2667-2675. [PMID: 22117369 DOI: 10.2169/naika.100.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Okazaki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Japan
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Farris AB, Basturk O, Adsay NV. Pancreatitis, Other Inflammatory Lesions, and Pancreatic Pseudotumors. Surg Pathol Clin 2011; 4:625-650. [PMID: 26837491 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The pancreas is versatile in the diversity of disorders that it can exhibit. In this article, characteristics of disorders such as chronic, autoimmune, eosinophilic, hereditary, and infectious pancreatitis are described. With regard to autoimmune pancreatitis, the role of clinical evaluation, histologic examination, and IgG4 immunohistochemistry is discussed. The role of pancreatitis in the pathogenesis of diabetes is also mentioned. Some implications of pancreatitis are highlighted, including the neoplastic predisposition caused by inflammatory lesions of the pancreas. The goal of this article is to convey an appreciation of these disorders because their recognition can benefit patients tremendously, as inflammatory lesions of the pancreas can be mass-forming, giving rise to pseudotumors, and leading to surgical resection that may otherwise be unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alton B Farris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road Northeast, Room H-188, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - N Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Room H-180B, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Manfredi R, Frulloni L, Mantovani W, Bonatti M, Graziani R, Pozzi Mucelli R. Autoimmune pancreatitis: pancreatic and extrapancreatic MR imaging-MR cholangiopancreatography findings at diagnosis, after steroid therapy, and at recurrence. Radiology 2011; 260:428-36. [PMID: 21613442 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.11101729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine and describe the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-MR cholangiopancreatographic pancreatic and extrapancreatic findings of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and the probability, site, and MR features of recurrent AIP after steroid therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board, and the requirement for informed patient consent was waived. The data of 27 patients with AIP were included in the study. All patients had undergone MR imaging with MR cholangiopancreatography before and after steroid treatment and during follow-up (median follow-up period, 45 months). Image analysis included assessment of pancreatic parenchyma enlargement, signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted MR images, contrast enhancement, and presence of bile duct and/or renal involvement. The probability of AIP recurrence was assessed by using Kaplan-Meier curves and the unadjusted Cox model. RESULTS At the time of diagnosis, the AIP-affected pancreatic parenchyma showed diffuse enlargement in 14 (52%) of the 27 patients and segmental enlargement in 13 (48%). The pancreatic parenchyma appeared hypointense on T1-weighted images in all 27 (100%) patients, hyperintense on T2-weighted images in 25 (93%), and isointense in two (7%). During the pancreatic phase of the dynamic contrast material-enhanced study, the affected pancreatic parenchyma appeared hypointense in 25 (93%) patients and isointense in two (7%). During the portal venous and delayed phases, the images of 19 (70%) patients showed delayed enhancement. Bile duct involvement was observed in 10 (37%) patients, and renal involvement was observed in two (7%). After steroid treatment, six (22%) patients had recurrent AIP, with a median disease-free interval of 20.6 months. The sites of recurrence were the pancreas and the kidneys in three of the six patients, solely the pancreas in two patients, and the biliary ducts in one patient. CONCLUSION MR imaging with MR cholangiopancreatography enables the diagnosis of pancreatic and extrapancreatic AIP and the assessment of changes after steroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Manfredi
- Department of Radiology, University of Verona, 10, P.le LA Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Comparison of steroid pulse therapy and conventional oral steroid therapy as initial treatment for autoimmune pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:696-704. [PMID: 21188426 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-010-0361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of oral steroid therapy for autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is well known, and oral prednisolone treatment is most usually commenced at 30-40 mg/day, but there have been few reports about comparative studies of oral steroid therapy and steroid pulse therapy as the initial treatment for AIP. We studied the clinical course and image findings to estimate the utility of steroid pulse therapy for AIP, comparing it with oral steroid therapy. METHODS Laboratory and image findings were assessed retrospectively in 11 patients who received steroid pulse therapy, and the findings were compared to those in 10 patients who received conventional oral steroid therapy. RESULTS Change in pancreatic size showed no significant difference between the therapies after 2 weeks of treatment. Significant improvement of lower bile duct strictures after 2 weeks of treatment and that of immunoglobulin values within 6 months were shown with both therapies. However, steroid pulse therapy showed significant improvement of γ-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in 2 weeks and of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in 2 and 8 weeks, compared with oral steroid therapy. Moreover, there was one patient in whom the lower bile duct stricture was not improved by oral steroid therapy, but it did show improvement with steroid pulse therapy. CONCLUSIONS Initial steroid pulse therapy is a beneficial alternative to oral steroid therapy for the improvement of bile duct lesions. In future, the accumulation of a larger number of patients receiving steroid pulse therapy is needed, and prospective studies will be required.
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Sasiwimonphan K, Gorman B, Kawashima A, Chari ST, Takahashi N. Renal involvement in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis: ultrasound findings. Eur J Radiol 2011; 81:807-10. [PMID: 21382682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to retrospectively evaluate the ultrasound findings of renal involvement in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis. METHODS 15 patients with autoimmune pancreatitis (15 male, 0 female, mean age 66 years old, range 44-85) who had renal involvement documented on CT or MR and had abdominal ultrasound within 1 month were included. Ultrasound images were retrospectively reviewed for presence or absence of renal involvement. Shape and echogenicity of the renal lesions were recorded. RESULTS In 8 out of 15 patients, at least one renal lesion was identified on ultrasound with a total of 9 kidneys. In 7 kidneys, lesions appeared as ill-defined, non-mass like areas of decreased echogenicity. Three lesions showed associated irregular lobular thickening of the renal parenchyma with bulging contour and 1 showed focal area of parenchymal loss. In 2 kidneys, the lesions were seen as solitary or multiple hypoechoic mass-like areas. Ill-defined, non-mass like lesions on ultrasound corresponded to well-circumscribed wedge-shaped lesions in all but one case on CT or MR. Mass-like lesions on ultrasound corresponded to well-circumscribed round lesions on CT or MR. CONCLUSION Most common ultrasound findings of renal involvement in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis were ill-defined area of decreased echogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewalee Sasiwimonphan
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Okazaki K, Uchida K, Koyabu M, Miyoshi H, Takaoka M. Recent advances in the concept and diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis and IgG4-related disease. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:277-88. [PMID: 21452084 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-011-0386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested the existence of two subtypes of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP): type 1 AIP, related to IgG4 (lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis); and type 2 AIP, related to a granulocytic epithelial lesion (idiopathic duct-centric chronic pancreatitis). Compared with type 2 AIP, the clinicopathological features of type 1 AIP, with increased serum IgG4/IgE levels, abundant infiltration of IgG4 + plasmacytes and lymphocytes, autoantibodies, and steroid responsiveness, are more suggestive of abnormal immunity such as allergy or autoimmunity. Moreover, patients with type 1 AIP often have extrapancreatic lesions, such as sclerosing cholangitis, sclerosing sialadenitis, or retroperitoneal fibrosis, showing pathological features similar to those of the pancreatic lesions. Based on these findings, an international concept of and diagnostic criteria for AIP have been proposed recently. Of interest, many synonyms have been proposed for the conditions of AIP and extrapancreatic lesions associated with IgG4, such as "multifocal idiopathic fibrosclerosis," "IgG4-related autoimmune disease," "IgG4-related sclerosing disease," "systemic IgG4-related plasmacytic syndrome (SIPS)," and "IgG4-related multiorgan lymphoproliferative syndrome," all of which may refer to the same conditions. Therefore, the Japanese Research Committee for "Systemic IgG4-Related Sclerosing Disease" proposed a disease concept and clinical diagnostic criteria based on the concept of multifocal fibrosclerosing disease, in 2009, in which the term "IgG4-related disease" was agreed upon as a minimal consensus to cover these conditions. Although the significance of IgG4 in the development of "IgG4-related disease" remains unclear, we have proposed a hypothesis for the development of type 1 AIP, one of the IgG4-related diseases. The concept and diagnostic criteria of "IgG4-related disease" will be changed in accordance with future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Okazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1197, Japan.
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Kalaitzakis E, Webster GJM. Review article: autoimmune pancreatitis - management of an emerging disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:291-303. [PMID: 21138452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune pancreatitis is a steroid-responsive inflammatory pancreatic disease considered to be part of an immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-associated systemic disease. AIM To review the management of autoimmune pancreatitis. METHODS We conducted a PubMed search using the following key words: autoimmune pancreatitis, IgG4-associated systemic disease, IgG4-associated cholangitis, diagnosis, natural history, treatment. RESULTS Although there are reports of spontaneous resolution of autoimmune pancreatitis, steroids have been shown to be effective in inducing remission, reducing the frequency of relapse and that of long-term unfavourable events compared to historical controls. There are no randomised data on autoimmune pancreatitis treatment. Oral steroids are used for induction of remission. Reported response results are excellent with variable proportions of patients achieving remission in different studies. After a period of 2-4 weeks, steroids are tapered and usually withdrawn within several months, although long-term maintenance therapy for all autoimmune pancreatitis patients has also been proposed. Disease relapse occurs in more than 40% of patients and can be effectively treated with additional immunosuppression, including azathioprine. CONCLUSIONS Steroids are effective in inducing remission and in treating relapse in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis. Randomised trials on autoimmune pancreatitis therapy are lacking. To date, questions concerning the timing, choice and duration of long-term immunosuppression remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kalaitzakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of innate immunity in the development of autoimmune pancreatitis in mice induced by toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. METHODS Six-week-old female MRL/Mp mice were injected intraperitoneally with polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at doses of 5 mg/kg body weight twice weekly for 12 weeks. The mice were killed, and the severity of pancreatitis was graded using a histological scoring system. Serum cytokine levels of mice with pancreatitis and mice that were given a single injection of TLR ligands were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The effect of TLR stimulation on the development of pancreatitis was also examined using C57BL/6 interleukin (IL)-10-deficient mice. RESULTS Administration of poly I:C accelerated the development of pancreatitis in MRL/Mp mice, but LPS did not. Serum levels of IL-10 and IL-12 were significantly elevated in mice with autoimmune pancreatitis. A single injection of LPS markedly increased serum levels of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10, and IL-12 compared with those of poly I:C-treated mice. Treatment with not only poly I:C but also LPS induced pancreatitis in IL-10-deficient mice but not in wild-type mice. CONCLUSION Repeated stimulation of innate immunity induces autoimmunity in the pancreas of mice via an imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Okazaki K, Uchida K, Fukui T, Takaoka M, Nishio A. Autoimmune pancreatitis--a new evolving pancreatic disease? Langenbecks Arch Surg 2010; 395:989-1000. [PMID: 20862490 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-010-0714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent advances support the concept of autoimmune pancreatitis as a unique systemic disease because occasional extrapancreatic lesions such as sclerosing cholangitis, sclerosing sialoadenitis, and retroperitoneal fibrosis show similar pathological features with fibrosis and abundant infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells, and are steroid responsive. Based on these findings, several diagnostic criteria have been proposed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Although AIP is accepted worldwide as a unique clinical entity, pathogenetic mechanism still remains unclear. To clarify it, genetic background, humoral immunity, candidates of target antigens including self-antigens and molecular mimicry from microbes, cellular immunity including regulatory T cells, complement system, and experimental models are reviewed. RESULTS Based on these findings, we have proposed a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of AIP in the biphasic mechanism of "induction" and "progression." In the early stage, initial response to self-antigens (LF, CA-II, CA-IV, PSTI, or α-fodrin) or molecular mimicry (Helicobacter pylori) is induced by decreased naive regulatory T cells (Tregs), and Th1 cells release proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1b, IL-2, and TNF-α). DISCUSSION In the chronic stage, progression is supported by increased memory Tregs and Th2 immune responses. The classical pathway of complement system may be activated by IgG1 immune complex. CONCLUSION As Tregs seem to take important roles in progression as well as induction of the disease, further studies are necessary to clarify the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Okazaki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1197, Japan.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to describe the epidemiologic, etiopathogenetic, clinical, and imaging characteristics of various nonalcoholic, nonbiliary pancreatitis syndromes. CONCLUSION The spectrum of nonalcoholic, nonbiliary pancreatitis includes autoimmune pancreatitis, groove pancreatitis, hereditary pancreatitis, tropical pancreatitis, tuberculous pancreatitis, and metabolic pancreatitis. Advances in genetics and molecular pathology have shed new light on the etiopathogenesis and course of these syndromes. Accurate diagnosis aided by imaging findings allows optimal management.
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Koyabu M, Uchida K, Miyoshi H, Sakaguchi Y, Fukui T, Ikeda H, Takaoka M, Hirohara J, Nishio A, Uemura Y, Uemoto S, Okazaki K. Analysis of regulatory T cells and IgG4-positive plasma cells among patients of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune liver diseases. J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:732-41. [PMID: 20087609 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-010-0199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) characteristically show elevated serum levels of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) and abundant infiltration of IgG4-positive plasmacytes in the involved organs. The most common involved organ showing extrapancreatic lesions is the bile duct, which exhibits sclerosing cholangitis (SC). However, the role of IgG4 in the development of IgG4-related SC (IgG4-SC) remains unclear. To clarify the role of IgG4 in IgG4-SC, we have performed an immunohistochemical analysis of the bile duct. METHODS Laboratory and immunohistochemical findings of liver biopsy specimens obtained from patients with IgG4-SC, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) were compared. The biopsy specimens were first stained with anti-IgG1, anti-IgG4, and anti-Foxp3 (forkhead box P3) antibodies, and the ratio of IgG4-, IgG1-, and Foxp3-positive cells, respectively, to infiltrated mononuclear cells (IgG4/Mono, IgG1/Mono, Foxp3/Mono) was assessed. RESULTS The ratio of IgG4/IgG1-positive plasma cells was significantly higher in specimens obtained from patients with IgG4-SC than in those from patients with PSC, AIH, and PBC. The Foxp3/Mono ratio in patients with PBC was significantly higher than that in patients with IgG4-SC and PSC. In patients with IgG4-SC, the number of Foxp3-positive cells was significantly correlated with the number of IgG4-positive cells; in the other patient groups, there was no correlation. CONCLUSIONS The IgG4/IgG1 ratio in the liver may be a useful marker for differential diagnosis of IgG4-SC and PSC. In IgG4-SC, abundant infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs) may affect the switching of B cells to IgG4-producing plasmacytes, and there is a possibility that the function of Tregs is different in IgG4-SC and other liver diseases (PSC, AIH, and PBC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Koyabu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono, Moriguchi, Osaka, 570-8507, Japan
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Koyabu M, Uchida K, Fukata N, Kusuda T, Ikeura T, Sakaguchi Y, Yoshida K, Shimatani M, Fukui T, Matsushita M, Uemura Y, Kaibori M, Takaoka M, Nishio A, Okazaki K. Primary sclerosing cholangitis with elevated serum IgG4 levels and/or infiltration of abundant IgG4-positive plasma cells. J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:122-9. [PMID: 19760481 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is recognized as one of the systemic sclerosing diseases characterized by abundant IgG4-positive plasma cells with effective steroid therapy. On the other hand, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), recognized as a sclerosing cholangitis of unknown origin without steroid efficacy, has been often clinically confused with IgG4-SC. To date, the prognosis of IgG4-SC is unclear, while the prognosis of PSC is well known to be poor. Therefore, it is clinically very important to be able to distinguish IgG4-SC from PSC. However, at the present time it still remains unclear whether PSC may sometimes be misdiagnosed as IgG4-SC or not. Herein, we report three rare cases of PSC with elevated serum IgG4 levels and/or an infiltration of abundant IgG4-positive plasma cells in the liver: a young male with ulcerative colitis (UC), and elderly female and a young female, each with elevated serum IgG4 levels. The first two patients showed infiltration of abundant IgG4-positive plasma cells in the portal area of the liver without response to steroid therapy. From our experiences, we emphasize that some patients with PSC, who do not respond to steroid therapy, show elevated serum IgG4 levels and/or infiltration of abundant IgG4-positive plasma cells, although the mechanism still remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Koyabu
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a relatively newly recognized type of pancreatitis that is characterized by diffuse or focal swelling of the pancreas due to lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and fibrosis of the pancreatic parenchyma. MATERIAL AND METHODS A PubMed literature search was performed using the keywords "autoimmune pancreatitis". Sometimes, bibliographies were cross-referenced and related article searches were performed once an article of interest was identified. RESULTS Pathologically, AIP shows narrowing of the pancreatic ducts and the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct. Obstructive jaundice is a common symptom at presentation, and pancreatic cancer represents an important clinical differential diagnosis. In late stages of the disease, the normal pancreatic parenchyma is often replaced by large amounts of fibrosis. Histologically, there seem to be two subtypes of the disease-one showing infiltration with IgG4-positive plasma cells but lacking granulocytic epithelial lesions (GELs), the other showing GELs but lacking strong IgG4 positivity. AIP is in at least some instances the pancreatic manifestation of a clinicopathological entity of IgG4-related systemic sclerosing disease. On the basis of pancreatic imaging, together with serological measurement of IgG4 and evaluation of other organ involvement, many AIP patients can be identified. The remaining patients require further diagnostic work-up. In these patients, pancreatic core needle biopsy and, as AIP responds to steroid treatment, also a trial with steroids, can help to differentiate AIP from pancreatic cancer. OUTLOOK AND DISCUSSION: This review presents the pathological, radiologic and laboratory findings of AIP. Moreover, the treatment and pathogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sönke Detlefsen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the autoimmune response in MRL/Mp mice, which spontaneously develop pancreatitis in the exocrine pancreatic tissue. METHODS Six-week-old female mice were injected intraperitoneally with polyinosinic polycytidylic acid at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight twice a week for up to 12 weeks. The mice were serially killed, and the severity of their pancreatitis was graded with a histological scoring system. Immunohistological examinations were performed, and the serum levels of autoantibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The administration of polyinosinic polycytidylic acid accelerated the development of pancreatitis, with abundant infiltration of B220 B cells and CD138 plasmacytes. Various autoantibodies directed against autoantigens, including carbonic anhydrase II and lactoferrin, were detected but none against glutamic acid decarboxylase. Of these, autoantibodies directed against the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI; 91.7%) were more prevalent than those against carbonic anhydrase II (33.3%) or lactoferrin (45.8%). Determination of the epitope of the anti-PSTI antibody showed that most immunoreactivity was directed at the site on PSTI that is active in the suppression of trypsin activity. CONCLUSIONS The autoimmune response to PSTI protein may induce a failure of PSTI activity, resulting in the activation of trypsinogen and the subsequent disease progression.
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Okazaki K, Kawa S, Kamisawa T, Shimosegawa T, Tanaka M. Japanese consensus guidelines for management of autoimmune pancreatitis: I. Concept and diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:249-65. [PMID: 20084528 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As the number of patients with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is increasing in Japan, practical guidelines for managing AIP need to be established. Three committees [the professional committee for developing clinical questions (CQs) and statements by Japanese specialists, the expert panelist committee for rating statements by the modified Delphi method, and the evaluating committee of moderators] were organized. Fifteen AIP specialists extracted specific clinical statements from a total of 871 articles in the literature using a PubMed search (1963-2008) and a secondary database, and developed the CQs and statements. The expert panelists individually rated these clinical statements using a modified Delphi approach in which a clinical statement receiving a median score greater than 7 on a 9-point scale from the panel was regarded as valid. The professional committee developed 13, 6, 6, and 11 CQs and statements for the concept and diagnosis, extra-pancreatic lesions, differential diagnosis and treatment, respectively. The expert panelists regarded them as valid after two-round modified Delphi approaches.After evaluation by the moderators, the Japanese clinical guidelines for AIP were established. The digest versions of the present guidelines have been published in the official journal of the Japan Pancreas Society, "Pancreas." Full versions divided into three series are scheduled to be published in the present and followings two issues in the Journal of Gastroenterology with approval of Professor Go VLW, the Editor-in-Chief of "Pancreas."
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Okazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-3-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1191, Japan.
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