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Muñoz Sierra JD, García Rea VS, Cerqueda-García D, Spanjers H, van Lier JB. Anaerobic Conversion of Saline Phenol-Containing Wastewater Under Thermophilic Conditions in a Membrane Bioreactor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:565311. [PMID: 33102455 PMCID: PMC7556282 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.565311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Closing water loops in chemical industries result in hot and highly saline residual streams, often characterized by high strength and the presence of refractory or toxic compounds. These streams are attractive for anaerobic technologies, provided the chemical compounds are biodegradable. However, under such harsh conditions, effective biomass immobilization is difficult, limiting the use of the commonly applied sludge bed reactors. In this study, we assessed the long-term phenol conversion capacity of a lab-scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) operated at 55°C, and high salinity (18 gNa+.L–1). Over 388 days, bioreactor performance and microbial community dynamics were monitored using specific methanogenic activity (SMA) assays, phenol conversion rate assays, volatile fatty acids permeate characterization and Illumina MiSeq analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Phenol accumulation to concentrations exceeding 600 mgPh.L–1 in the reactor significantly reduced methanogenesis at different phases of operation, while applying a phenol volumetric loading rate of 0.12 gPh.L–1.d–1. Stable AnMBR reactor performance could be attained by applying a sludge phenol loading rate of about 20 mgPh.gVSS–1.d–1. In situ maximum phenol conversion rates of 21.3 mgPh.gVSS–1.d–1 were achieved, whereas conversion rates of 32.8 mgPh.gVSS–1.d–1 were assessed in ex situ batch tests at the end of the operation. The absence of caproate as intermediate inferred that the phenol conversion pathway likely occurred via carboxylation to benzoate. Strikingly, the hydrogenotrophic SMA of 0.34 gCOD-CH4.gVSS–1.d–1 of the AnMBR biomass significantly exceeded the acetotrophic SMA, which only reached 0.15 gCOD-CH4.gVSS–1.d–1. Our results indicated that during the course of the experiment, acetate conversion gradually changed from acetoclastic methanogenesis to acetate oxidation coupled to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Correspondingly, hydrogenotrophic methanogens of the class Methanomicrobia, together with Synergistia, Thermotogae, and Clostridia classes, dominated the microbial community and were enriched during the three phases of operation, while the aceticlastic Methanosaeta species remarkably decreased. Our findings clearly showed that highly saline phenolic wastewaters could be satisfactorily treated in a thermophilic AnMBR and that the specific phenol conversion capacity was limiting the treatment process. The possibility of efficient chemical wastewater treatment under the challenging studied conditions would represent a major breakthrough for the widespread application of AnMBR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D Muñoz Sierra
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.,KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Víctor S García Rea
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Cerqueda-García
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.,Institute of Ecology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Henri Spanjers
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Jules B van Lier
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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Diamantis V, Erguder TH, Aivasidis A, Verstraete W, Voudrias E. Wastewater disposal to landfill-sites: a synergistic solution for centralized management of olive mill wastewater and enhanced production of landfill gas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 128:427-434. [PMID: 23792820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present paper focuses on a largely unexplored field of landfill-site valorization in combination with the construction and operation of a centralized olive mill wastewater (OMW) treatment facility. The latter consists of a wastewater storage lagoon, a compact anaerobic digester operated all year round and a landfill-based final disposal system. Key elements for process design, such as wastewater pre-treatment, application method and rate, and the potential effects on leachate quantity and quality, are discussed based on a comprehensive literature review. Furthermore, a case-study for eight (8) olive mill enterprises generating 8700 m(3) of wastewater per year, was conceptually designed in order to calculate the capital and operational costs of the facility (transportation, storage, treatment, final disposal). The proposed facility was found to be economically self-sufficient, as long as the transportation costs of the OMW were maintained at ≤4.0 €/m(3). Despite that EU Landfill Directive prohibits wastewater disposal to landfills, controlled application, based on appropriately designed pre-treatment system and specific loading rates, may provide improved landfill stabilization and a sustainable (environmentally and economically) solution for effluents generated by numerous small- and medium-size olive mill enterprises dispersed in the Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Diamantis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, 67100 Xanthi, Greece.
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Saquing JM, Knappe DRU, Barlaz MA. Fate and transport of phenol in a packed bed reactor containing simulated solid waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:327-334. [PMID: 22014583 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An assessment of the risk to human health and the environment associated with the presence of organic contaminants (OCs) in landfills necessitates reliable predictive models. The overall objectives of this study were to (1) conduct column experiments to measure the fate and transport of an OC in a simulated solid waste mixture, (2) compare the results of column experiments to model predictions using HYDRUS-1D (version 4.13), a contaminant fate and transport model that can be parameterized to simulate the laboratory experimental system, and (3) determine model input parameters from independently conducted batch experiments. Experiments were conducted in which sorption only and sorption plus biodegradation influenced OC transport. HYDRUS-1D can reasonably simulate the fate and transport of phenol in an anaerobic and fully saturated waste column in which biodegradation and sorption are the prevailing fate processes. The agreement between model predictions and column data was imperfect (i.e., within a factor of two) for the sorption plus biodegradation test and the error almost certainly lies in the difficulty of measuring a biodegradation rate that is applicable to the column conditions. Nevertheless, a biodegradation rate estimate that is within a factor of two or even five may be adequate in the context of a landfill, given the extended retention time and the fact that leachate release will be controlled by the infiltration rate which can be minimized by engineering controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovita M Saquing
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA.
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Sadri A, Staley BF, Barlaz MA, Xu F, Hater GR. Effect of an acidic and readily-biodegradable non-hazardous industrial process waste on refuse decomposition. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 30:389-395. [PMID: 19954958 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-hazardous industrial process wastes are receiving increased interest from landfill owners, especially with respect to bioreactor operation. These wastes could benefit bioreactors as they represent sources of liquid, nutrients, and/or substrate as well as revenue. However, landfill operators should exercise caution in accepting these wastes, as some could have detrimental effects on refuse decomposition. In this research, the use of laboratory-scale tests to evaluate the effect of one such waste on refuse decomposition is demonstrated. The waste evaluated, referred to as burnt sugar, is an acidic byproduct of corn-based polylactic acid production and represents a source of readily-biodegradable carbon. Lactic acid was the primary constituent of the BS at 0.73 g/g and the COD was measured at 1230 mg COD/g. Testing protocols were adapted to address the specific concerns surrounding the material. Abiotic dissolution tests conducted at mesophilic temperatures indicated that the majority of the waste dissolved into leachate recirculated over a layer of the waste within several days. Abiotic mixing tests suggested that the waste would acidify refuse to pH 6.41 at a loading of 21.9 g/dry kg refuse. However, in biologically active tests, the refuse was able to convert loadings as high as 196.7 g/dry kg refuse to methane. As the loadings increased toward and beyond this level, pronounced detrimental effects to the refuse ecosystem were observed, including a decrease in pH, accumulation of volatile fatty acids and COD, and lag in methane production. The results suggested that actively decomposing refuse has the potential to attenuate relatively high loading of a rapidly degradable but acidic substrate. Nonetheless, caution in the implementation of a field program to accept rapidly biodegradable acidic wastes is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sadri
- Department of Environmental Services, City and County of Honolulu, 91-174 Hanua St., Kapolei, HI 96707, USA.
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Swati M, Rema T, Joseph K. Hazardous organic compounds in urban municipal solid waste from a developing country. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 160:213-219. [PMID: 18434008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fresh and partially decomposed municipal solid waste (MSW) collected from three places in Chennai city, viz., a residential collection point and two dumping grounds (Kodungaiyur and Perungudi) were screened for hazardous organic pollutants. Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) using a Zero Headspace Extractor (ZHE) followed by further extraction by solvent separation using n-hexane containing 15% di-ethyl ether was performed and the organic extract obtained was qualitatively screened by GC-MS. 28 different types of higher alkanes and their derivatives, 7 types of C6-C8 fatty acids and their esters, 7 different phenolic compounds including alkylated phenols and degradation products and 5 phthalate compounds occurred in a majority of the analysed samples. 17 other organic compounds such as carboxylic acids, chloroform, phosphate, pharmaceutical chemicals etc. were also detected. Among these compounds, phenolics and phthalates are highly hazardous in nature and occurred in relatively higher concentrations. Hazardous compounds like p-cresol, di-butyl, mono butyl and di-ethyl pthalates were found in concentrations more than 200mg/kg in MSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Swati
- Centre for Environmental Studies (CES), Anna University, Chennai, India.
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Sanz E, Prats D, Rodríguez M, Camacho A. Effect of temperature and organic nutrients on the biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) during the composting of anaerobically digested sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2006; 26:1237-45. [PMID: 16298520 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Limits on the application of biosolids (anaerobically processed sludges from wastewater treatment plants) as fertilizers for the amendment of soil are becoming greater because of the accumulation of recalcitrant substances, making necessary the use of techniques that bring the concentration of xenobiotics to lower concentrations than those permitted. In general, the biosolids composting process is sufficient to reduce the usual concentration of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) to low levels. In this work, an assessment is made on the effect of temperature in the capacity of enriched bacterial populations to biodegrade LAS, together with the influence that the available nutrients may have in the biodegradation of these compounds. The results show that the microbial metabolism of LAS was not observed in the thermophilic range. The optimum temperature for the biodegradation of LAS appears to be around 40 degrees C, this is, the lowest assayed here, and at this temperature the differences in the biodegradation of LAS among the nutritionally supplemented cultures are small.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sanz
- Institute of Water and Environmental Science, University of Alicante, Spain
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Tarlera S, Denner EBM. Sterolibacterium denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel cholesterol-oxidizing, denitrifying member of the beta-Proteobacteria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:1085-1091. [PMID: 12892131 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial strain (Chol-1S(T)) that is able to oxidize cholesterol to CO2 and reduce nitrate to dinitrogen was enriched and isolated from an upflow sludge bed (USB) anoxic reactor that treats sanitary landfill leachate from the city of Montevideo, Uruguay. Cells of strain Chol-1S(T) were gram-negative, rod-shaped to slightly curved, measured 0.5-0.6 x 1.0-1.3 microm and were motile by a single polar flagellum. Strain Chol-1S(T) grew optimally at 30-32 degrees C and pH 7.0, with a doubling time of 44-46 h when cholesterol was used as the sole carbon and energy source. The metabolism of strain Chol-1S(T) was strictly respiratory, with oxygen or nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor. The presence of ubiquinone Q-8 as the sole respiratory lipoquinone indicated that strain Chol-1S(T) belonged to the beta-subclass of the Proteobacteria. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the predominant polar lipid and the G + C content of the DNA was 65.3 mol%. The fatty acid profile of strain Chol-1S(T), cultivated under denitrifying conditions by using a defined mineral medium supplemented with cholesterol, was characterized by the following major components: summed feature 4 (C16:1 omega7c and/or iso C15:0 2-OH), C16:0, C18:1 omega7c and hydroxy acid C10:0 3-OH. Minor components included C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C19:0, C19:0 10-methyl and hydroxylated acids C8:0 3-OH and C16:0 3-OH. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence showed that strain Chol-1S(T) represents a separate lineage within the Thauera, Azoarcus, Zoogloea and Rhodocyclus assemblage of the beta-Proteobacteria. Strain Chol-1S(T) had highest sequence similarity (96.5%) with strain 72Chol, a denitrifying beta-Proteobacterium. On the basis of polyphasic evidence, strain Chol-1S(T) (=DSM 13999T=ATCC BAA-354T) is proposed as the type strain of Sterolibacterium denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Tarlera
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Química y Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, C. C. 1157, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ewald B M Denner
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Universität Wien, A-1030 Wien, Austria
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Etchebehere C, Errazquin M, Dabert P, Muxà L. Community analysis of a denitrifying reactor treating landfill leachate. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2002; 40:97-106. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Darkin MG, Gilpin C, Williams JB, Sangha CM. Direct wet surface imaging of an anaerobic biofilm by environmental scanning electron microscopy: application to landfill clay liner barriers. SCANNING 2001; 23:346-350. [PMID: 11587328 DOI: 10.1002/sca.4950230508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To contain domestic waste and its associated pollution within a landfill, engineered mineral (clay) barriers are used and are designed to have a permeability of 1 x 10(-9) m/s (Westlake 1995). The rate of permeability of various porous media has shown to be influenced by the clogging of flow paths (media pores) due to biofilm formation (Charckalis and Marshall 1990, Cunningham et al. 1991). The term biofilm is given to describe the colonies of surface adherent microorganisms (Donlan et al. 1994). In this study, permeability experiments were built and modified to act as microcosms to investigate the influence of biofilm formation on the permeability of clay barriers. Traditional scanning electron microscopy methods disrupt or destroy the biofilm and previous anaerobic studies have involved building closed cells (such as miniature continuous culture chambers) that utilise light microscopes (Robin Jones et al. 1997). This paper examines the application of the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) to the direct examination of the clay interface and biofilm formation in situ within the microcosm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Darkin
- University of Portsmouth, Department of Civil Engineering, UK
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Etchebehere C, Errazquin I, Barrandeguy E, Dabert P, Moletta R, Muxí L. Evaluation of the denitrifying microbiota of anoxic reactors. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2001; 35:259-265. [PMID: 11311436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of inorganic nitrogen compounds from wastewaters can be accomplished by a combination of the biological processes of nitrification and denitrification. The information on the microbiota present in denitrifying reactors is still scarce. In the present work the evaluation of the denitrifying microbiota of different reactor sludges was performed by specific activity measurements and MPN count of denitrifiers. We also present the isolation and physiological and phylogenetic characterisation of denitrifying bacteria from the anoxic reactor of a combined system treating landfill leachate. Specific denitrifying activity measurements were faster to perform and more reliable than MPN enumerations. 16S rDNA characterisation of the isolates showed that they belonged to the genera Thauera, Acidovorax and Alcaligenes and were closely related to microorganisms retrieved from ecosystems rich in recalcitrant compounds. Two of the isolates could grow on aromatic compounds as sole carbon source.
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