1
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Liu S, Deng Z, Zhu J, Ma Z, Tuo B, Li T, Liu X. Gastric immune homeostasis imbalance: An important factor in the development of gastric mucosal diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114338. [PMID: 36905807 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastric mucosal immune system is a unique immune organ independent of systemic immunity that not only maintains nutrient absorption but also plays a role in resisting the external environment. Gastric mucosal immune disorder leads to a series of gastric mucosal diseases, including autoimmune gastritis (AIG)-related diseases, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced diseases, and various types of gastric cancer (GC). Therefore, understanding the role of gastric mucosal immune homeostasis in gastric mucosal protection and the relationship between mucosal immunity and gastric mucosal diseases is very important. This review focuses on the protective effect of gastric mucosal immune homeostasis on the gastric mucosa, as well as multiple gastric mucosal diseases caused by gastric immune disorders. We hope to offer new prospects for the prevention and treatment of gastric mucosal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zilin Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China.
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2
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Fuchs S, Gong R, Gerhard M, Mejías-Luque R. Immune Biology and Persistence of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:83-115. [PMID: 38231216 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent pathogen, which affects more than 40% of the global population. It colonizes the human stomach and persists in its host for several decades or even a lifetime, if left untreated. The persistent infection has been linked to various gastric diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and an increased risk for gastric cancer. H. pylori infection triggers a strong immune response directed against the bacterium associated with the infiltration of innate phagocytotic immune cells and the induction of a Th1/Th17 response. Even though certain immune cells seem to be capable of controlling the infection, the host is unable to eliminate the bacteria as H. pylori has developed remarkable immune evasion strategies. The bacterium avoids its killing through innate recognition mechanisms and manipulates gastric epithelial cells and immune cells to support its persistence. This chapter focuses on the innate and adaptive immune response induced by H. pylori infection, and immune evasion strategies employed by the bacterium to enable persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fuchs
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruolan Gong
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Cheok YY, Tan GMY, Lee CYQ, Abdullah S, Looi CY, Wong WF. Innate Immunity Crosstalk with Helicobacter pylori: Pattern Recognition Receptors and Cellular Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147561. [PMID: 35886908 PMCID: PMC9317022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is one of the most successful gastric pathogens that has co-existed with human for centuries. H. pylori is recognized by the host immune system through human pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin like receptors (CLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), which activate downstream signaling pathways. Following bacterial recognition, the first responders of the innate immune system, including neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, eradicate the bacteria through phagocytic and inflammatory reaction. This review provides current understanding of the interaction between the innate arm of host immunity and H. pylori, by summarizing H. pylori recognition by PRRs, and the subsequent signaling pathway activation in host innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.Y.C.); (G.M.Y.T.); (C.Y.Q.L.)
| | - Grace Min Yi Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.Y.C.); (G.M.Y.T.); (C.Y.Q.L.)
| | - Chalystha Yie Qin Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.Y.C.); (G.M.Y.T.); (C.Y.Q.L.)
| | - Suhailah Abdullah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.Y.C.); (G.M.Y.T.); (C.Y.Q.L.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Tang K, McLeod L, Livis T, West AC, Dawson R, Yu L, Balic JJ, Chonwerawong M, Wray-McCann G, Oshima H, Oshima M, Deswaerte V, Ferrero RL, Jenkins BJ. Toll-like Receptor 9 Promotes Initiation of Gastric Tumorigenesis by Augmenting Inflammation and Cellular Proliferation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:567-586. [PMID: 35716851 PMCID: PMC9307956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastric cancer (GC) is strongly linked with chronic gastritis after Helicobacter pylori infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key innate immune pathogenic sensors that mediate chronic inflammatory and oncogenic responses. Here, we investigated the role of TLR9 in the pathogenesis of GC, including Helicobacter infection. METHODS TLR9 gene expression was profiled in gastric tissues from GC and gastritis patients and from the spontaneous gp130F/F GC mouse model and chronic H felis-infected wild-type (WT) mice. Gastric pathology was compared in gp130F/F and H felis infection models with or without genetic ablation of Tlr9. The impact of Tlr9 targeting on signaling cascades implicated in inflammation and tumorigenesis (eg, nuclear factor kappa B, extracellular signal-related kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase) was assessed in vivo. A direct growth-potentiating effect of TLR9 ligand stimulation on human GC cell lines and gp130F/F primary gastric epithelial cells was also evaluated. RESULTS TLR9 expression was up-regulated in Helicobacter-infected gastric tissues from GC and gastritis patients and gp130F/F and H felis-infected WT mice. Tlr9 ablation suppressed initiation of tumorigenesis in gp130F/F:Tlr9-/- mice by abrogating gastric inflammation and cellular proliferation. Tlr9-/- mice were also protected against H felis-induced gastric inflammation and hyperplasia. The suppressed gastric pathology upon Tlr9 ablation in both mouse models associated with attenuated nuclear factor kappa B and, to a lesser extent, extracellular signal-related kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. TLR9 ligand stimulation of human GC cells and gp130F/F GECs augmented their proliferation and viability. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal that TLR9 promotes the initiating stages of GC and facilitates Helicobacter-induced gastric inflammation and hyperplasia, thus providing in vivo evidence for TLR9 as a candidate therapeutic target in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Tang
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise McLeod
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thaleia Livis
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison C. West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruby Dawson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liang Yu
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse J. Balic
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Chonwerawong
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgie Wray-McCann
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hiroko Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Virginie Deswaerte
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L. Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan J. Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Brendan J. Jenkins, PhD, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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5
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Morningstar-Wright L, Czinn SJ, Piazuelo MB, Banerjee A, Godlewska R, Blanchard TG. The TNF-Alpha Inducing Protein is Associated With Gastric Inflammation and Hyperplasia in a Murine Model of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:817237. [PMID: 35237167 PMCID: PMC8883333 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.817237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human stomach leading to the development of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric adenocarcinoma. A combination of host, environment and bacterial virulence factors contribute to disease development. The H. pylori TNFα inducing protein (Tipɑ) is a virulence factor shown to induce multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines in addition to TNFα in vitro. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the role of Tipα in promoting inflammation in vivo and to identify the molecular pathways associated with Tipα associated virulence. Mice were infected with wild-type Sydney strain (SS1) or a tipα mutant (Δtipα) for 1 month and 4 months. We also completed a second 4 months infection including a 1:1 SS1 to Δtipα co-infected group in addition to SS1 and Δtipα infected groups. The expression of TNFα, and KC were significantly higher in the SS1 infected group compared to both uninfected control (naïve) and Δtipα groups. Mice infected with Tipα expressing SS1 induced more severe histological gastritis and developed hyperplasia compared to Δtipα infected mice. Microarray analysis of gastric epithelial cells co-cultured with recombinant Tipα (rTipα) demonstrates up-regulation of the NFκB pathway. This data suggest Tipα plays an important role in H. pylori induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Morningstar-Wright
- GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Renata Godlewska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thomas G Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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6
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Proteolytic Landscapes in Gastric Pathology and Cancerogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052419. [PMID: 35269560 PMCID: PMC8910283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death, and a large proportion of cases are inseparably linked to infections with the bacterial pathogen and type I carcinogen Helicobacter pylori. The development of gastric cancer follows a cascade of transformative tissue events in an inflammatory environment. Proteases of host origin as well as H. pylori-derived proteases contribute to disease progression at every stage, from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer. In the present article, we discuss the importance of (metallo-)proteases in colonization, epithelial inflammation, and barrier disruption in tissue transformation, deregulation of cell proliferation and cell death, as well as tumor metastasis and neoangiogenesis. Proteases of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein (ADAM) families, caspases, calpain, and the H. pylori proteases HtrA, Hp1012, and Hp0169 cleave substrates including extracellular matrix molecules, chemokines, and cytokines, as well as their cognate receptors, and thus shape the pathogenic microenvironment. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of how proteases contribute to disease progression in the gastric compartment.
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7
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Kong W, Liu W, Wang M, Hui W, Feng Y, Lu J, Miranbieke B, Liu H, Gao F. OUP accepted manuscript. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6534255. [PMID: 35191475 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No. 91 Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Xinjiang Digestive System Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, Urumqi 830001, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No. 91 Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Xinjiang Digestive System Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, Urumqi 830001, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No. 91 Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Xinjiang Digestive System Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, Urumqi 830001, China
| | - Wenjia Hui
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No. 91 Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Xinjiang Digestive System Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, Urumqi 830001, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No. 91 Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Xinjiang Digestive System Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, Urumqi 830001, China
| | - Jiajie Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No. 91 Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Xinjiang Digestive System Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, Urumqi 830001, China
| | - Buya Miranbieke
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No. 91 Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Xinjiang Digestive System Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, Urumqi 830001, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No. 91 Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Xinjiang Digestive System Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, Urumqi 830001, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No. 91 Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi 830001, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Xinjiang Digestive System Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center, Urumqi 830001, China
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8
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NF-κB in Gastric Cancer Development and Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080870. [PMID: 34440074 PMCID: PMC8389569 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is considered one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide and, thus, a major health problem. A variety of environmental factors including physical and chemical noxae, as well as pathogen infections could contribute to the development of gastric cancer. The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and its dysregulation has a major impact on gastric carcinogenesis due to the regulation of cytokines/chemokines, growth factors, anti-apoptotic factors, cell cycle regulators, and metalloproteinases. Changes in NF-κB signaling are directed by genetic alterations in the transcription factors themselves, but also in NF-κB signaling molecules. NF-κB actively participates in the crosstalk of the cells in the tumor micromilieu with divergent effects on the heterogeneous tumor cell and immune cell populations. Thus, the benefits/consequences of therapeutic targeting of NF-κB have to be carefully evaluated. In this review, we address recent knowledge about the mechanisms and consequences of NF-κB dysregulation in gastric cancer development and therapy.
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9
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Wen J, Chen C, Luo M, Liu X, Guo J, Wei T, Gu X, Gu S, Ning Y, Li Y. Notch Signaling Ligand Jagged1 Enhances Macrophage-Mediated Response to Helicobacter pylori. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:692832. [PMID: 34305857 PMCID: PMC8297740 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.692832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the gram-negative bacteria that mainly colonize the stomach mucosa and cause many gastrointestinal diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Macrophages play a key role in eradicating H. pylori. Recent data have shown that Notch signaling could modulate the activation and bactericidal activities of macrophages. However, the role of Notch signaling in macrophages against H. pylori remains unclear. In the present study, in the co-culture model of macrophages with H. pylori, the inhibition of Notch signaling using γ-secretase decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and its product, nitric oxide (NO), and downregulated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine and attenuated phagocytosis and bactericidal activities of macrophages to H. pylori. Furthermore, we identified that Jagged1, one of Notch signaling ligands, was both upregulated in mRNA and protein level in activated macrophages induced by H. pylori. Clinical specimens showed that the number of Jagged1+ macrophages in the stomach mucosa from H. pylori-infected patients was significantly higher than that in healthy control. The overexpression of Jagged1 promoted bactericidal activities of macrophages against H. pylori and siRNA-Jagged1 presented the opposite effect. Besides, the addition of exogenous rJagged1 facilitated the pro-inflammatory mediators of macrophages against H. pylori, but the treatment of anti-Jagged1 neutralizing antibody attenuated it. Taken together, these results suggest that Jagged1 is a promoting molecule for macrophages against H. pylori, which will provide insight for exploring Jagged1 as a novel therapeutic target for the control of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuxi Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiqun Luo
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiading Guo
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wei
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Gu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sinan Gu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunshan Ning
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Săsăran MO, Meliț LE, Dobru ED. MicroRNA Modulation of Host Immune Response and Inflammation Triggered by Helicobacter pylori. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031406. [PMID: 33573346 PMCID: PMC7866828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) remains the most-researched etiological factor for gastric inflammation and malignancies. Its evolution towards gastric complications is dependent upon host immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize surface and molecular patterns of the bacterium, especially the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and act upon pathways, which will finally lead to activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), a transcription factor that stimulates release of inflammatory cytokines. MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) finely modulate TLR signaling, but their expression is also modulated by activation of NF-kB-dependent pathways. This review aims to focus upon several of the most researched miRNAs on this subject, with known implications in host immune responses caused by H. pylori, including let-7 family, miRNA-155, miRNA-146, miRNA-125, miRNA-21, and miRNA-221. TLR-LPS interactions and their afferent pathways are regulated by these miRNAs, which can be considered as a bridge, which connects gastric inflammation to pre-neoplastic and malignant lesions. Therefore, they could serve as potential non-invasive biomarkers, capable of discriminating H. pylori infection, as well as its associated complications. Given that data on this matter is limited in children, as well as for as significant number of miRNAs, future research has yet to clarify the exact involvement of these entities in the progression of H. pylori-associated gastric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oana Săsăran
- Department of Pediatrics III, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Lorena Elena Meliț
- Department of Pediatrics I, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technol-ogy of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-742-984744
| | - Ecaterina Daniela Dobru
- Department of Internal Medicine VII, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
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11
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Algood HMS. T Cell Cytokines Impact Epithelial Cell Responses during Helicobacter pylori Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1421-1428. [PMID: 32152211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this Brief Review is to highlight literature that demonstrates how cytokines made by T lymphocytes impact the gastric epithelium, especially during Helicobacter pylori infection. These cytokines effect many of the diverse functions of the epithelium and the epithelium's interactions with H. pylori The focal point of this Brief Review will be on how T cell cytokines impact antimicrobial function and barrier function and how T cell cytokines influence the development and progression of cancer. Furthermore, the modulation of epithelial-derived chemokines by H. pylori infection will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Scott Algood
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, TN 37212; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212; and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212
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12
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Helicobacter pylori Oncogenicity: Mechanism, Prevention, and Risk Factors. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:3018326. [PMID: 32765194 PMCID: PMC7374235 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3018326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common cause of gastric ulcer; however, its association with gastric cancer has been proved through a variety of studies. Importantly, H. pylori infection affects around half of the world's population leading to a variety of gastric problems and is mostly present in asymptomatic form. Although about 20% of people infected with H. pylori develop preneoplastic gastric lesions in later stages of their life, around 2% of infected individuals develop gastric cancer. Nevertheless, the outcome of H. pylori infection is determined by complex interaction between the host genetics, its environment, and virulence factors of infecting strain. There are several biomarkers/traits of H. pylori that have been linked with the onset of cancer. Among these, presence of certain major virulence factors including cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), and outer inflammatory protein A (OipA) plays a significant role in triggering gastric cancer. These factors of H. pylori make it a potent carcinogen. Therefore, eradication of H. pylori infection has shown positive effects on decreasing the risk of gastric cancer, but this has become a challenge due to the development of antibiotic resistance in H. pylori against the antibiotics of choice. Thus, the unmet need is to develop new and effective treatments for H. pylori infection, considering the antimicrobial resistance in different regions of the world. This review discusses the properties of H. pylori associated with increased risk of gastric cancer, antibiotic resistance pattern, and the possible role of eradication of H. pylori in preventing gastric cancer.
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Temporal Control of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System in a Mongolian Gerbil Model of Gastric Carcinogenesis. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01296-20. [PMID: 32605987 PMCID: PMC7327173 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01296-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori Cag type IV secretion system (T4SS) translocates the effector protein CagA and nonprotein bacterial constituents into host cells. In this study, we infected Mongolian gerbils with an H. pylori strain in which expression of the cagUT operon (required for Cag T4SS activity) is controlled by a TetR/tetO system. Transcript levels of cagU were significantly higher in gastric tissue from H. pylori-infected animals receiving doxycycline-containing chow (to derepress Cag T4SS activity) than in tissue from infected control animals receiving drug-free chow. At 3 months postinfection, infected animals receiving doxycycline had significantly increased gastric inflammation compared to infected control animals. Dysplasia (a premalignant histologic lesion) and/or invasive gastric adenocarcinoma were detected only in infected gerbils receiving doxycycline, not in infected control animals. We then conducted experiments in which Cag T4SS activity was derepressed during defined stages of infection. Continuous Cag T4SS activity throughout a 3-month time period resulted in higher rates of dysplasia and/or gastric cancer than observed when Cag T4SS activity was limited to early or late stages of infection. Cag T4SS activity for the initial 6 weeks of infection was sufficient for the development of gastric inflammation at the 3-month time point, with gastric cancer detected in a small proportion of animals. These experimental results, together with previous studies of cag mutant strains, provide strong evidence that Cag T4SS activity contributes to gastric carcinogenesis and help to define the stages of H. pylori infection during which Cag T4SS activity causes gastric alterations relevant for cancer pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE The "hit-and-run model" of carcinogenesis proposes that an infectious agent triggers carcinogenesis during initial stages of infection and that the ongoing presence of the infectious agent is not required for development of cancer. H. pylori infection and actions of CagA (an effector protein designated a bacterial oncoprotein, secreted by the Cag T4SS) are proposed to constitute a paradigm for hit-and-run carcinogenesis. In this study, we report the development of methods for controlling H. pylori Cag T4SS activity in vivo and demonstrate that Cag T4SS activity contributes to gastric carcinogenesis. We also show that Cag T4SS activity during an early stage of infection is sufficient to initiate a cascade of cellular alterations leading to gastric inflammation and gastric cancer at later time points.
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Satoh-Takayama N, Kato T, Motomura Y, Kageyama T, Taguchi-Atarashi N, Kinoshita-Daitoku R, Kuroda E, Di Santo JP, Mimuro H, Moro K, Ohno H. Bacteria-Induced Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Stomach Provide Immune Protection through Induction of IgA. Immunity 2020; 52:635-649.e4. [PMID: 32240600 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota shapes and directs immune development locally and systemically, but little is known about whether commensal microbes in the stomach can impact their immunological microenvironment. Here, we report that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were the predominant ILC subset in the stomach and show that their homeostasis and effector functions were regulated by local commensal communities. Microbes elicited interleukin-7 (IL-7) and IL-33 production in the stomach, which in turn triggered the propagation and activation of ILC2. Stomach ILC2s were also rapidly induced following infection with Helicobacter pylori. ILC2-derived IL-5 resulted in the production of IgA, which coated stomach bacteria in both specific pathogen-free (SPF) and H. pylori-infected mice. Our study thus identifies ILC2-dependent IgA response that is regulated by the commensal microbiota, which is implicated in stomach protection by eliminating IgA-coated bacteria including pathogenic H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Satoh-Takayama
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Tamotsu Kato
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Motomura
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kageyama
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoko Taguchi-Atarashi
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryo Kinoshita-Daitoku
- Department of Infection Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kuroda
- Department of Infection Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1223 Paris 75013, France
| | - Hitomi Mimuro
- Department of Infection Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Moro
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology Ebina, Kanagawa 243-0435, Japan.
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Arshad U, Sarkar S, Alipour Talesh G, Sutton P. A lack of role for antibodies in regulating Helicobacter pylori colonization and associated gastritis. Helicobacter 2020; 25:e12681. [PMID: 32088936 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori occupy a unique niche, located within the mucus layer lining the stomach, and attached to the apical surface of the gastric epithelium. As such, antibodies would be expected to play a major role in regulating infection and/or pathogenesis. However, experiments using antibody-deficient mice to study gastric helicobacter infection have yielded inconsistent results, although some pointed toward antibodies increasing colonization levels and decreasing gastritis severity. The variability in these studies is possibly due to their use of nonmatched wild-type controls. This current study presents the first evaluation of the role of antibodies in H pylori infection by comparing antibody-deficient mice with matched wild-type siblings. METHODS Matched wild-type and antibody-deficient μMT mice were generated by heterozygous crossings. In two separate experiments, appropriately genotyped sibling littermates were infected with H pylori for 4 months and then sera and stomachs were collected. RESULTS There was no difference in H pylori colonization levels between infected μMT mice and sibling wild-type controls. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the severity of gastritis between these groups of mice, although there was a trend toward less severe gastritis in μMT mice which was supported by a significantly lower IFNγ (Th1) gastric cytokine response. CONCLUSIONS Comparing matched antibody-deficient and antibody-competent mice indicates that an antibody response does not influence H pylori colonization levels. Contrary to previous studies, these results suggest antibodies might have a minor pro-inflammatory effect by promoting gastric Th1 cytokines, although this did not translate to a significant effect on gastritis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Arshad
- Mucosal Immunology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Sohinee Sarkar
- Mucosal Immunology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Ghazal Alipour Talesh
- Mucosal Immunology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- Mucosal Immunology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Ramakrishnan P, Nagarajan D. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: an overview. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Interleukin-21 (IL-21) Downregulates Dendritic Cell Cytokine Responses to Helicobacter pylori and Modulates T Lymphocyte IL-17A Expression in Peyer's Patches during Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00237-19. [PMID: 31383743 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00237-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a cytokine produced by many subsets of activated immune cells, is critical for driving inflammation in several models. Using Helicobacter pylori infection as a model for chronic mucosal infection, we previously published that IL-21 is required for the development of gastritis in response to infection. Concomitant with protection from chronic inflammation, H. pylori-infected IL-21-/- mice exhibited limited Th1 and Th17 responses in their gastric mucosa. Here we report that H. pylori-infected IL-21-/- mice express significantly higher levels of IL-17A than H. pylori-infected wild-type (WT) mice in the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. This led us to hypothesize that IL-21 may indirectly regulate H. pylori-specific T cell responses by controlling dendritic cell (DC) functions in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. It was found that IL-21 treatment reduced the ability of dendritic cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines in response to H. pylori While H. pylori increased the expression of costimulatory proteins on DCs, IL-21 reduced the expression of CD40 in the presence of H. pylori Also, Th17 recall responses were intact when DCs were used as antigen-presenting cells in the presence of IL-21, but IL-21 did impact the ability of DCs to induce antigen-specific proliferation. These data suggest that IL-21, while proinflammatory in most settings, downregulates the proinflammatory cytokine microenvironment through modulating the cytokine expression of DCs, indirectly modifying IL-17A expression. Understanding how these proinflammatory cytokines are regulated will advance our understanding of how and why H. pylori infection may be tolerated in some individuals while it causes gastritis, ulcers, or cancer in others.
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects the gastric epithelia of its human host. Everyone who is colonized with these pathogenic bacteria can develop gastric inflammation, termed gastritis. Additionally, a small proportion of colonized people develop more adverse outcomes, including gastric ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, or gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. The development of these adverse outcomes is dependent on the establishment of a chronic inflammatory response. The development and control of this chronic inflammatory response are significantly impacted by CD4+ T helper cell activity. Noteworthy, T helper 17 (Th17) cells, a proinflammatory subset of CD4+ T cells, produce several proinflammatory cytokines that activate innate immune cell antimicrobial activity, drive a pathogenic immune response, regulate B cell responses, and participate in wound healing. Therefore, this review was written to take an intricate look at the involvement of Th17 cells and their affiliated cytokines (interleukin-17A [IL-17A], IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-26) in regulating the immune response to H. pylori colonization and carcinogenesis.
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Lina TT, Gonzalez J, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori elicits B7H3 expression on gastric epithelial cells: Implications in local T cell regulation and subset development during infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 2. [PMID: 31998864 DOI: 10.31487/j.cor.2019.05.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram negative bacterium that infects more than 50% of humanity and is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Although CD4+ T cells are recruited to the gastric mucosa, the host is unable to clear the bacteria. Previously, we demonstrated that H. pylori infection upregulates the expression of the T cell co-inhibitory molecule B7-H1 while simultaneously downregulating the expression of T cell co-stimulatory molecule B7-H2 on gastric epithelial cells (GEC), which together affect the Treg and Th17 cell balance and foster bacterial persistence. Because B7-H3, another member of the B7 family of co-inhibitory receptors, has been found to have important immunoregulatory roles and in cancer, in this study we examined the expression of B7-H3 molecules on GEC and how the expression is regulated by H. pylori during infection. Our study showed that both human and murine GEC constitutively express B7-H3 molecules, but their expression levels increased during H. pylori infection. We further demonstrated that H. pylori uses its type 4 secretion system (T4SS) components CagA and cell wall peptidoglycan (PG) fragment to upregulate B7-H3. Th17 cells and Treg cells which are increased during H. pylori infection also had an effect on B7-H3 induction. The underlying cell signaling pathway involves modulation of p38MAPK pathway. Since B7-H3 were shown to up-regulate Th2 responses, the phenotype of T cell subpopulations in mice infected with H. pylori PMSS1 or SS1 strains were characterized. A mixed Th1/Th2 response in H. pylori infected mice was observed. Consistent with previous findings, increased Treg cells and decreased Th17 cells in MLN of PMSS1 infected mice compared to SS1 infected mice was observed. Human biopsy samples collected from gastritis biopsies and gastric tumors showed a strong association between increased B7-H3 and Th2 responses in H. pylori strains associated with gastritis. T cell: GEC co-cultures and anti-B7-H3 blocking Ab confirmed that the induction of Th2 is mediated by B7-H3 and associated exclusively with an H. pylori gastritis strain not cancer or ulcer strains. In conclusion, these studies revealed a novel regulatory mechanism employed by H. pylori to influence the type of T cell response that develops within the infected gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima T Lina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Jazmin Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Cancer Institute
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Victor E Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
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Lina TT, Gonzalez J, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori elicits B7H3 expression on gastric epithelial cells: Implications in local T cell regulation and subset development during infection. CLINICAL ONCOLOGY AND RESEARCH 2019; 2:10.31487/j.cor.2019.05.05. [PMID: 31998864 PMCID: PMC6988449 DOI: 10.31487/j.cor.2019.05.05 10.31487/j.cor.2019.05.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram negative bacterium that infects more than 50% of humanity and is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Although CD4+ T cells are recruited to the gastric mucosa, the host is unable to clear the bacteria. Previously, we demonstrated that H. pylori infection upregulates the expression of the T cell co-inhibitory molecule B7-H1 while simultaneously downregulating the expression of T cell co-stimulatory molecule B7-H2 on gastric epithelial cells (GEC), which together affect the Treg and Th17 cell balance and foster bacterial persistence. Because B7-H3, another member of the B7 family of co-inhibitory receptors, has been found to have important immunoregulatory roles and in cancer, in this study we examined the expression of B7-H3 molecules on GEC and how the expression is regulated by H. pylori during infection. Our study showed that both human and murine GEC constitutively express B7-H3 molecules, but their expression levels increased during H. pylori infection. We further demonstrated that H. pylori uses its type 4 secretion system (T4SS) components CagA and cell wall peptidoglycan (PG) fragment to upregulate B7-H3. Th17 cells and Treg cells which are increased during H. pylori infection also had an effect on B7-H3 induction. The underlying cell signaling pathway involves modulation of p38MAPK pathway. Since B7-H3 were shown to up-regulate Th2 responses, the phenotype of T cell subpopulations in mice infected with H. pylori PMSS1 or SS1 strains were characterized. A mixed Th1/Th2 response in H. pylori infected mice was observed. Consistent with previous findings, increased Treg cells and decreased Th17 cells in MLN of PMSS1 infected mice compared to SS1 infected mice was observed. Human biopsy samples collected from gastritis biopsies and gastric tumors showed a strong association between increased B7-H3 and Th2 responses in H. pylori strains associated with gastritis. T cell: GEC co-cultures and anti-B7-H3 blocking Ab confirmed that the induction of Th2 is mediated by B7-H3 and associated exclusively with an H. pylori gastritis strain not cancer or ulcer strains. In conclusion, these studies revealed a novel regulatory mechanism employed by H. pylori to influence the type of T cell response that develops within the infected gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima T Lina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Jazmin Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Cancer Institute
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Victor E Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
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Kira JI, Isobe N. Helicobacter pylori infection and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 329:14-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Stubljar D, Jukic T, Ihan A. How far are we from vaccination against Helicobacter pylori infection? Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:935-945. [PMID: 30238819 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1526680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helicobacter pylori infection results in chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, or gastric cancer; therefore, eradication of this bacterium is essential. The strategy for developing effective vaccines against H. pylori entails immunization of mice with a combination of classical and recombinant H. pylori antigens, but this has proven to be onerous in all cases. AREAS COVERED We have reviewed literature databases in PubMed and Scopus using the key words H. pylori, vaccine, and vaccination and have conducted a systematic review of published clinical trials and animal model studies on vaccines against H. pylori and have tried to summarize why the vaccines are not effective or only partially effective. EXPERT COMMENTARY This is the perfect time to review vaccine development against H. pylori as, after several failed attempts, promising results were reported by Zeng et al. in 2015. Successful vaccine development requires knowledge of both the immune mechanisms active during natural infection by H. pylori, owing to the complicated host response against the pathogen, and the factors that allow the persistence of bacteria, such as genetic diversity of H. pylori. Moreover, various clinical trials are needed to prove vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stubljar
- a Department of Research & Development , In-Medico , Metlika , Slovenia
| | - Tomislav Jukic
- b Department of Biomedicine and Public Health , Faculty of Medicine Osijek , Osijek , Croatia
| | - Alojz Ihan
- c Medical Faculty of Ljubljana , Institute of Microbiology and Immunology , Ljubljana , Slovenia
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Wang XY, Chen SH, Zhang YN, Xu CF. Olfactomedin-4 in digestive diseases: A mini-review. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1881-1887. [PMID: 29740203 PMCID: PMC5937205 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i17.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4, GW112, hGC-1) is a glycoprotein belonging to the olfactomedin family. The expression of OLFM4 is strong in the small intestine, colon and prostate, and moderate in the stomach and bone marrow. Previous studies have revealed that OLFM4 is closely associated with many digestive diseases. Up-regulation of OLFM4 has been detected in the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected gastric mucosa, inflammatory bowel disease tissue and gastrointestinal malignancies, including gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and gallbladder cancer. Down-regulation of OLFM4 has also been detected in some cases, such as in poorly differentiated, advanced-stage and metastatic tumors. Studies using OLFM4-deficient mouse models have revealed that OLFM4 acts as a negative regulator of H. pylori-specific immune responses and plays an important role in mucosal defense in inflammatory bowel disease. Patients with OLFM4-positive gastric cancer or colorectal cancer have a better survival rate than OLFM4-negative patients. However, the prognosis is worse in pancreatic cancer patients with high levels of expression of OLFM4. The NF-κB, Notch and Wnt signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of OLFM4 expression in digestive diseases, and its role in pathogenesis is associated with anti-inflammation, apoptosis, cell adhesion and proliferation. OLFM4 may serve as a potential specific diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target in digestive diseases. Further studies are required to explore the clinical value of OLFM4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng-Hui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cheng-Fu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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Production and delivery of Helicobacter pylori NapA in Lactococcus lactis and its protective efficacy and immune modulatory activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6435. [PMID: 29691472 PMCID: PMC5915382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein A subunit (NapA) has been identified as a virulence factor, a protective antigen and a potent immunomodulator. NapA shows unique application potentials for anti-H. pylori vaccines and treatment strategies of certain allergic diseases and carcinomas. However, appropriate production and utilization modes of NapA still remain uncertain to date. This work has established a novel efficient production and utilization mode of NapA by using L. lactis as an expression host and delivery vector, and demonstrated immune protective efficacy and immune modulatory activity of the engineered L. lactis by oral vaccination of mice. It was observed for the first time that H. pylori NapA promotes both polarized Th17 and Th1 responses, which may greatly affect the clinical application of NapA. This report offers a promising anti-H. pylori oral vaccine candidate and a potent mucosal immune modulatory agent. Meanwhile, it uncovers a way to produce and deliver the oral vaccine and immunomodulator by fermentation of food like milk, which might have striking effects on control of H. pylori infection, gastrointestinal cancers, and Th2 bias allergic diseases, including many food allergies.
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Bagheri N, Razavi A, Pourgheysari B, Azadegan-Dehkordi F, Rahimian G, Pirayesh A, Shafigh M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Fereidani R, Tahmasbi K, Shirzad H. Up-regulated Th17 cell function is associated with increased peptic ulcer disease in Helicobacter pylori-infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 60:117-125. [PMID: 29481961 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection CD4+ T cells in the gastric lamina propria are hyporesponsive and polarized by Th1/Th17 cell responses controlled by Treg cells. The objective of this study was to determine the number of Th17 cells in gastric mucosa of patients with gastritis and peptic ulcer and determined the relationship between main virulence factor of H. pylori and Th17 cells. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 89 H. pylori-infected gastritis patients, 63 H. pylori-infected peptic ulcer patients and 48 H. pylori-negative non-ulcer dysplasia patients were enrolled in this study. The number of Th17 was determined by immunohistochemistry. IL-8 and IL-17A expressions were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Also, the grade of chronic and active inflammation was investigated for involvement according to the density of neutrophils and mononuclear in gastric mucosal crypts, from one to all crypts. RESULTS The number of Th17 cells and the expression of IL-8 and IL-17A in infected patients were significantly higher than uninfected subjects. The number of Th17 cells and the expression of IL-8 and IL-17A in infected patients with peptic ulcer were significantly higher than patients with gastritis. Additionally, the numbers of Th17 cells as well as the expression of IL-8 and IL-17A were positively correlated with the degree of H. pylori density in infected patients with peptic ulcer, while this correlation was negative in infected patients with gastritis. The numbers of Th17 cells as well as the expression of IL-8 and IL-17A were positively correlated with the degree of chronic inflammation. CONCLUSION The predominant Th17 cell responses may play a role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers disease in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Alireza Razavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Batoul Pourgheysari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Azadegan-Dehkordi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ghorbanali Rahimian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ashkan Pirayesh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammedhadi Shafigh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Rana Fereidani
- Department of Pathology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kamran Tahmasbi
- Department of Pathology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hedayatollah Shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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26
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Jackson E, Little S, Franklin DS, Gaddy JA, Damo SM. Expression, Purification, and Antimicrobial Activity of S100A12. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28570542 DOI: 10.3791/55557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calgranulin proteins are important mediators of innate immunity and are members of the S100 class of the EF-hand family of calcium binding proteins. Some S100 proteins have the capacity to bind transition metals with high affinity and effectively sequester them away from invading microbial pathogens in a process that is termed "nutritional immunity". S100A12 (EN-RAGE) binds both zinc and copper and is highly abundant in innate immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. We report a refined method for the expression, enrichment and purification of S100A12 in its active, metal-binding configuration. Utilization of this protein in bacterial growth and viability analyses reveals that S100A12 has antimicrobial activity against the bacterial pathogen, Helicobacter pylori. The antimicrobial activity is predicated on the zinc-binding activity of S100A12, which chelates nutrient zinc, thereby starving H. pylori which requires zinc for growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saffron Little
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University
| | | | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, U. S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs; Department of Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical School;
| | - Steven M Damo
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University;
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27
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Kalisperati P, Spanou E, Pateras IS, Korkolopoulou P, Varvarigou A, Karavokyros I, Gorgoulis VG, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Sougioultzis S. Inflammation, DNA Damage, Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Tumorigenesis. Front Genet 2017; 8:20. [PMID: 28289428 PMCID: PMC5326759 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach of almost half human population. It has evolved to escape immune surveillance, establishes lifelong inflammation, predisposing to genomic instability and DNA damage, notably double strand breaks. The epithelial host cell responds by activation of DNA damage repair (DDR) machinery that seems to be compromised by the infection. It is therefore now accepted that genetic damage is a major mechanism operating in cases of H. pylori induced carcinogenesis. Here, we review the data on the molecular pathways involved in DNA damage and DDR activation during H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Kalisperati
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Spanou
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Korkolopoulou
- 1st Department of Pathology, Laiko Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Karavokyros
- 1st Department of Surgery, Laiko Hospital, University of Athens, School of Medicine Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian UniversityAthens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of AthensAthens, Greece; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | | | - Stavros Sougioultzis
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Greece
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28
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Ornithine decarboxylase regulates M1 macrophage activation and mucosal inflammation via histone modifications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E751-E760. [PMID: 28096401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614958114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation is a critical step in host responses during bacterial infections. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine metabolism, has been well studied in epithelial cells and is known to have essential roles in many different cellular functions. However, its role in regulating macrophage function during bacterial infections is not well characterized. We demonstrate that macrophage-derived ODC is a critical regulator of M1 macrophage activation during both Helicobacter pylori and Citrobacter rodentium infection. Myeloid-specific Odc deletion significantly increased gastric and colonic inflammation, respectively, and enhanced M1 activation. Add-back of putrescine, the product of ODC, reversed the increased macrophage activation, indicating that ODC and putrescine are regulators of macrophage function. Odc-deficient macrophages had increased histone 3, lysine 4 (H3K4) monomethylation, and H3K9 acetylation, accompanied by decreased H3K9 di/trimethylation both in vivo and ex vivo in primary macrophages. These alterations in chromatin structure directly resulted in up-regulated gene transcription, especially M1 gene expression. Thus, ODC in macrophages tempers antimicrobial, M1 macrophage responses during bacterial infections through histone modifications and altered euchromatin formation, leading to the persistence and pathogenesis of these organisms.
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29
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Spatial and Temporal Shifts in Bacterial Biogeography and Gland Occupation during the Development of a Chronic Infection. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01705-16. [PMID: 27729513 PMCID: PMC5061875 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01705-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gland colonization may be one crucial route for bacteria to maintain chronic gastrointestinal infection. We developed a quantitative gland isolation method to allow robust bacterial population analysis and applied it to the gastric pathobiont Helicobacter pylori. After infections in the murine model system, H. pylori populations multiply both inside and outside glands in a manner that requires the bacteria to be motile and chemotactic. H. pylori is able to achieve gland densities averaging 25 to 40 bacteria/gland after 2 to 4 weeks of infection. After 2 to 4 weeks of infection, a primary infection leads to colonization resistance for a secondary infection. Nonetheless, about ~50% of the glands remained unoccupied, suggesting there are as-yet unappreciated parameters that prevent gastric gland colonization. During chronic infections, H. pylori populations collapsed to nearly exclusive gland localization, to an average of <8 bacteria/gland, and only 10% of glands occupied. We analyzed an H. pylori chemotaxis mutant (Che−) to gain mechanistic insight into gland colonization. Che− strains had a severe inability to spread to new glands and did not protect from a secondary infection but nonetheless achieved a chronic gland colonization state numerically similar to that of the wild type. Overall, our analysis shows that bacteria undergo substantial population dynamics on the route to chronic colonization, that bacterial gland populations are maintained at a low level during chronic infection, and that established gland populations inhibit subsequent colonization. Understanding the parameters that promote chronic colonization will allow the future successful design of beneficial microbial therapeutics that are able to maintain long-term mammalian colonization. Many bacteria have an impressive ability to stay in the gastrointestinal tract for decades despite ongoing flow and antimicrobial attacks. How this staying power is achieved is not fully understood, but it is important to understand as scientists plan so-called designer microbiomes. The gastrointestinal tract is lined with repeated invaginations called glands, which may provide one niche for chronic colonization. We developed a quantitative gland isolation method to allow robust and efficient bacterial population analysis and applied it to the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Bacterial populations increased inside and outside glands at early time points but were found exclusively within glands during late time points in the chronic state. H. pylori required the ability to swim to move to new glands. Last, a fit gland bacterial population leads to colonization resistance of a second one. Our approach identified previously unappreciated aspects of gland occupation, supporting the idea that glands are the desired niche for stable, chronic colonization.
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30
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Hardbower DM, Singh K, Asim M, Verriere TG, Olivares-Villagómez D, Barry DP, Allaman MM, Washington MK, Peek RM, Piazuelo MB, Wilson KT. EGFR regulates macrophage activation and function in bacterial infection. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3296-312. [PMID: 27482886 DOI: 10.1172/jci83585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR signaling regulates macrophage function, but its role in bacterial infection has not been investigated. Here, we assessed the role of macrophage EGFR signaling during infection with Helicobacter pylori, a bacterial pathogen that causes persistent inflammation and gastric cancer. EGFR was phosphorylated in murine and human macrophages during H. pylori infection. In human gastric tissues, elevated levels of phosphorylated EGFR were observed throughout the histologic cascade from gastritis to carcinoma. Deleting Egfr in myeloid cells attenuated gastritis and increased H. pylori burden in infected mice. EGFR deficiency also led to a global defect in macrophage activation that was associated with decreased cytokine, chemokine, and NO production. We observed similar alterations in macrophage activation and disease phenotype in the Citrobacter rodentium model of murine infectious colitis. Mechanistically, EGFR signaling activated NF-κB and MAPK1/3 pathways to induce cytokine production and macrophage activation. Although deletion of Egfr had no effect on DC function, EGFR-deficient macrophages displayed impaired Th1 and Th17 adaptive immune responses to H. pylori, which contributed to decreased chronic inflammation in infected mice. Together, these results indicate that EGFR signaling is central to macrophage function in response to enteric bacterial pathogens and is a potential therapeutic target for infection-induced inflammation and associated carcinogenesis.
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31
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Crude Preparations of Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Vesicles Induce Upregulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 via Activating Akt-Nrf2 and mTOR-IκB Kinase-NF-κB Pathways in Dendritic Cells. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2162-2174. [PMID: 27185786 PMCID: PMC4962631 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00190-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori sheds outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that contain many surface elements of bacteria. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in directing the nature of adaptive immune responses against H. pylori, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been implicated in regulating function of DCs. In addition, HO-1 is important for adaptive immunity and the stress response. Although H. pylori-derived OMVs may contribute to the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection, responses of DCs to OMVs have not been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the role of H. pylori-derived crude OMVs in modulating the expression of HO-1 in DCs. Exposure of DCs to crude H. pylori OMVs upregulated HO-1 expression. Crude OMVs obtained from a cagA-negative isogenic mutant strain induced less HO-1 expression than OMVs obtained from a wild-type strain. Crude H. pylori OMVs activated signals of transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, and Nrf2. Suppression of NF-κB or Nrf2 resulted in significant attenuation of crude OMV-induced HO-1 expression. Crude OMVs increased the phosphorylation of Akt and downstream target molecules of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), such as S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). Suppression of Akt resulted in inhibition of crude OMV-induced Nrf2-dependent HO-1 expression. Furthermore, suppression of mTOR was associated with inhibition of IκB kinase (IKK), NF-κB, and HO-1 expression in crude OMV-exposed DCs. These results suggest that H. pylori-derived OMVs regulate HO-1 expression through two different pathways in DCs, Akt-Nrf2 and mTOR–IKK–NF-κB signaling. Following this induction, increased HO-1 expression in DCs may modulate inflammatory responses in H. pylori infection.
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32
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Dixon BREA, Radin JN, Piazuelo MB, Contreras DC, Algood HMS. IL-17a and IL-22 Induce Expression of Antimicrobials in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells and May Contribute to Epithelial Cell Defense against Helicobacter pylori. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148514. [PMID: 26867135 PMCID: PMC4750979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonization of the human stomach can lead to adverse clinical outcomes including gastritis, peptic ulcers, or gastric cancer. Current data suggest that in addition to bacterial virulence factors, the magnitude and types of immune responses influence the outcome of colonization. Specifically, CD4+ T cell responses impact the pathology elicited in response to H. pylori. Because gastritis is believed to be the initiating host response to more detrimental pathological outcomes, there has been a significant interest in pro-inflammatory T cell cytokines, including the cytokines produced by T helper 17 cells. Th17 cells produce IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22. While these cytokines have been linked to inflammation, IL-17A and IL-22 are also associated with anti-microbial responses and control of bacterial colonization. The goal of this research was to determine the role of IL-22 in activation of antimicrobial responses in models of H. pylori infection using human gastric epithelial cell lines and the mouse model of H. pylori infection. Our data indicate that IL-17A and IL-22 work synergistically to induce antimicrobials and chemokines such as IL-8, components of calprotectin (CP), lipocalin (LCN) and some β-defensins in both human and primary mouse gastric epithelial cells (GEC) and gastroids. Moreover, IL-22 and IL-17A-activated GECs were capable of inhibiting growth of H. pylori in vitro. While antimicrobials were activated by IL-17A and IL-22 in vitro, using a mouse model of H. pylori infection, the data herein indicate that IL-22 deficiency alone does not render mice more susceptible to infection, change their antimicrobial gene transcription, or significantly change their inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly R. E. A. Dixon
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jana N. Radin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Diana C. Contreras
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Holly M. Scott Algood
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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33
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Yan M, Wang H, Sun J, Liao W, Li P, Zhu Y, Xu C, Joo J, Sun Y, Abbasi S, Kovalchuk A, Lv N, Leonard WJ, Morse HC. Cutting Edge: Expression of IRF8 in Gastric Epithelial Cells Confers Protective Innate Immunity against Helicobacter pylori Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1999-2003. [PMID: 26843324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is expressed in many types of blood cells and plays critical roles in cellular differentiation and function. However, the role of IRF8 in nonhematopoietic systems remains poorly understood. In this study, we provide evidence that IRF8 is a transcriptional modulator of the gastric mucosa necessary for limiting Helicobacter pylori colonization. H. pylori infection significantly upregulated expression of IRF8, which, in turn, promoted IFN-γ expression by gastric epithelial cells. Mice deficient in IRF8 exhibited increased H. pylori colonization and aborted induction of mucosal IFN-γ. Genome-wide analyses of IFN-γ-treated gastric epithelial cells by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA sequencing led to the identification of IRF8 target genes, with many belonging to the IFN-regulated gene family that was observed previously in immune cells. Our results identify the IRF8-IFN-γ circuit as a novel gastric innate immune mechanism in the host defense against infection with H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
| | - Jiafang Sun
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Wei Liao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chengfu Xu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jungsoo Joo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yan Sun
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sadia Abbasi
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Alexander Kovalchuk
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Nonghua Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
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Helicobacter pylori Resists the Antimicrobial Activity of Calprotectin via Lipid A Modification and Associated Biofilm Formation. mBio 2015; 6:e01349-15. [PMID: 26646009 PMCID: PMC4669380 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01349-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is one of several pathogens that persist within the host despite a robust immune response. H. pylori elicits a proinflammatory response from host epithelia, resulting in the recruitment of immune cells which manifests as gastritis. Relatively little is known about how H. pylori survives antimicrobials, including calprotectin (CP), which is present during the inflammatory response. The data presented here suggest that one way H. pylori survives the nutrient sequestration by CP is through alteration of its outer membrane. CP-treated H. pylori demonstrates increased bacterial fitness in response to further coculture with CP. Moreover, CP-treated H. pylori cultures form biofilms and demonstrate decreased cell surface hydrophobicity. In response to CP, the H. pylori Lpx lipid A biosynthetic enzymes are not fully functional. The lipid A molecules observed in H. pylori cultures treated with CP indicate that the LpxF, LpxL, and LpxR enzyme functions are perturbed. Transcriptional analysis of lpxF, lpxL, and lpxR indicates that metal restriction by CP does not control this pathway through transcriptional regulation. Analyses of H. pylori lpx mutants reveal that loss of LpxF and LpxL results in increased fitness, similar to what is observed in the presence of CP; moreover, these mutants have significantly increased biofilm formation and reduced cell surface hydrophobicity. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel mechanism of H. pylori resistance to the antimicrobial activity of CP via lipid A modification strategies and resulting biofilm formation. Helicobacter pylori evades recognition of the host’s immune system by modifying the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide. These results demonstrate for the first time that the lipid A modification pathway is influenced by the host’s nutritional immune response. H. pylori’s exposure to the host Mn- and Zn-binding protein calprotectin perturbs the function of 3 enzymes involved in the lipid A modification pathway. Moreover, CP treatment of H. pylori, or mutants with an altered lipid A, exhibit increased bacterial fitness and increased biofilm formation. This suggests that H. pylori modifies its cell surface structure to survive under the stress imposed by the host immune response. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms that influence the biofilm lifestyle and how endotoxin modification, which renders H. pylori resistant to cationic antimicrobial peptides, can be inactivated in response to sequestration of nutrient metals.
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35
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Stubljar D, Skvarc M. Helicobacter pylori vs immune system or antibiotics. World J Immunol 2015; 5:142-151. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v5.i3.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has often no clinical signs and is one of the most common bacterial infections. All infected subjects have histology of active chronic gastritis. In some cases patients develop peptic ulcer and minority of them develop gastric cancer. Gastric cancer is multifactorial disease, thus various progressions of H. pylori infection and disease are dependent on the host genetic factors, the characteristics of the individual’s immune response, environmental factors, and different bacterial virulence factors of the individual bacterial strains. Eradication of the bacteria plays a crucial role in the treatment of these cases however antibiotic therapy does not always help. Bacteria often develop resistance to antibiotics so we recommend that not only screening for H. pylori also the strain determination should have some diagnostic value, especially in the patients who already developed gastritis. Furthermore, for such patients assessment of disease progression (atrophic or metaplastic gastritis) could be followed by polymorphism determination. Until now we cannot predict the disease based only on single polymorphism. Bacteria successfully neutralize the responses of the immune systems using different enzymes or even components of the host immune response. However, the influence of immune system and its components could represent new ways of treatments and could help to eradicate the infection.
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Yakoob J, Abbas Z, Khan R, Salim SA, Awan S, Abrar A, Jafri W. Helicobacter pylori outer membrane protein Q allele distribution is associated with distinct pathologies in Pakistan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 37:57-62. [PMID: 26516025 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains expressing outer membrane protein Q (HopQ) promote adherence to the gastric epithelial cell. We characterized HopQ alleles in relation to H. pylori-related disease, histology and virulence markers. Gastric biopsies were obtained at esophagogastroduodenoscopy from patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. H. pylori culture, histology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HopQ types, cagA, cagA-promoter and vacA alleles were performed. DNA extracted was used for PCR. Sequencing of PCR products of HopQ types 1 and 2 was followed by BLAST query. We examined 241 H. pylori isolates. HopQ type 1 was positive in 70 (29%) isolates, type 2 in 60 (25%) isolates, while both type 1 and type 2 in 111 (46%) H. pylori isolates, respectively. Nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD) was associated with HopQ type 2 in 48 (41%) isolates, while gastric carcinoma (GC) in 37 (53%) (P<0.001) with type 1 isolates. Gastric ulcers (GU) were 39 (46%) (P<0.001) in H. pylori infection with multiple HopQ alleles compared to 6 (23%) in HopQ type 1. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that multiple HopQ alleles were associated with GU OR 2.9 (1.07-7.8) (P=0.03). HopQ type 1 was associated with cagA 58 (84%) (P<0.001) and cagA-promoter 58 (83%) (P<0.001) compared to 14 (23%) and 17 (28%) respectively, in type 2. VacAs1a was associated with HopQ type 1 in 59 (84%) isolates compared to HopQ type 2 in 35 (58%) (P=0.002) isolates. VacAm1 was associated with HopQ type 1 in 53 (76%) isolates compared to HopQ type 2 in 32 (53%) (P=0.004) isolates. H. pylori infection with multiple HopQ alleles was predominant. H. pylori infection with single HopQ type 1 was associated with GC in the presence of other H. pylori virulence markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Yakoob
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Zaigham Abbas
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rustam Khan
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Safia Awan
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ambar Abrar
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Jafri
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Lv X, Song H, Yang J, Li T, Xi T, Xing Y. A multi-epitope vaccine CTB-UE relieves Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammatory reaction via up-regulating microRNA-155 to inhibit Th17 response in C57/BL6 mice model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3561-9. [PMID: 25483699 DOI: 10.4161/hv.36096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective mean of preventing infectious diseases, including those caused by Helicobacter pylori. Th17 cell responses are critical for the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. In view of Th17 responses to multi-epitope vaccine CTB-UE, the IL-17 production in antiserum was examined. CTB-UE immunization decreased IL-17 production, implying that Th17 responses may be inhibited. Furthermore, IL-17 aggravated GES-1 cell injury induced by H. pylori SS1; In contrast, CTB-UE antiserum could alleviate this cell injury, which suggesting that CTB-UE can protect GES-1 cell infected with H. pylori SS1 by inhibiting Th17 responses. Treatment of mice with CTB-UE significantly reduced the H. pylori burden and inflammation in the stomach. On the other hand, the production of IL-17 in the stomach in H. pylori-infected mice was increased; but the production of IL-17 in the stomach was decreased after treatment with CTB-UE. Furthermore, the expression of microRNA-155 in gastric tissue was significantly up-regulated. The results suggested that CTB-UE could relieve the H. pylori-induced gastric inflammatory reaction via up-regulating microRNA-155 to inhibit Th17 responses, implying that the microRNA-155/IL-17 pathway was involved. Further study is required to elucidate the relationship between miRNA-155 and IL-17. We found that the production of IL-17 was significantly increased after the expression of miRNA-155 being down-regulated; however, the production of IL-17 was significantly decreased after the expression of miRNA-155 being upregulated.
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Key Words
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- CTB, Cholera toxin B subunit
- E. coli, Escherichia coli
- ELISA, Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay
- Epitope vaccine
- H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori
- HD, High-dose group
- Helicobacter pylori
- IL-17
- IL-17, Interleukin-17
- LD, Low-dose group
- Lipo-2000, Lipofectamine 2000
- MC, Model control group
- MD, Middle-dose group
- NC, Normal control group
- OD, Optical density
- PAGE, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PCR, Polymerase chain reaction
- RT-PCR, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SDS, Sodium dodecyl sulfate
- Th, Helper T lymphocyte
- Th1, Type 1 of helper T lymphocyte
- Th17
- Th17, Type 17 of helper T lymphocyte
- Th2, Type 2 of helper T lymphocytel
- UreA, Urease A subunit
- UreB, Urease B subunit
- cDNA, Complementary DNA
- dNTP, Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
- ddH2O, Double distilled water
- miR-155, microRNA-155
- miRNA, microRNA
- microRNA-155
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lv
- a Biotechnology Center; School of Life Science and Technology ; China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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38
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White JR, Winter JA, Robinson K. Differential inflammatory response to Helicobacter pylori infection: etiology and clinical outcomes. J Inflamm Res 2015; 8:137-47. [PMID: 26316793 PMCID: PMC4540215 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s64888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori commonly colonizes the human gastric mucosa during early childhood and persists throughout life. The organism has evolved multiple mechanisms for evading clearance by the immune system and, despite inducing inflammation in the stomach, the majority of infections are asymptomatic. H. pylori is the leading cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. However, disease outcomes are related to the pattern and severity of chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa, which in turn is influenced by both bacterial and host factors. Despite over 2 decades of intensive research, there remains an incomplete understanding of the circumstances leading to disease development, due to the fascinating complexity of the host-pathogen interactions. There is accumulating data concerning the virulence factors associated with increased risk of disease, and the majority of these have pro-inflammatory activities. Despite this, only a small proportion of those infected with virulent strains develop disease. Several H. pylori virulence factors have multiple effects on different cell types, including the induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory, immune stimulatory, and immune modulatory responses. The expression of multiple virulence factors is also often linked, making it difficult to assess the meaning of their effects in isolation. Overall, H. pylori is thought to usually modulate inflammation and limit acute damage to the mucosa, enabling the bacteria to persist. If this delicate balance is disturbed, disease may then develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard White
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jody Anne Winter
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Karen Robinson
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Busch B, Weimer R, Woischke C, Fischer W, Haas R. Helicobacter pylori interferes with leukocyte migration via the outer membrane protein HopQ and via CagA translocation. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:355-64. [PMID: 25736449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori is a paradigm for chronic bacterial infections. Persistent colonization of the stomach mucosa is facilitated by several mechanisms of immune evasion and immune modulation, such as avoidance of Toll-like receptor recognition or skewing of effector T cell responses. Interactions of H. pylori with different immune cells have been described with respect to immune cell activation, cytokine release, or oxidative burst induction. We show here that H. pylori infection of human granulocytes, or of HL-60 cells differentiated to a granulocyte-like phenotype (dHL-60 cells) results in inhibition of cell migration under different conditions. Migration of dHL-60 cells in a three-dimensional collagen gel was found to be inhibited independently of the cag pathogenicity island, whereas migration inhibition in an under agarose assay was dependent on the cag pathogenicity island, on its effector protein CagA, and on the outer membrane protein HopQ. CagA translocation into leukocytes is accompanied by its tyrosine phosphorylation and by proteolytic processing into an N-terminal 100 kDa and a C-terminal 35 kDa fragment at a distinct cleavage site. By using complemented H. pylori strains producing either phosphorylation-resistant or cleavage-resistant CagA variants, we show that CagA tyrosine phosphorylation is required for migration inhibition, but CagA processing is not. Our results suggest that direct contact of H. pylori with immune cells subverts not only their activation characteristics, but also their migratory behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Busch
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Ramona Weimer
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Christine Woischke
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
| | - Rainer Haas
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site München, München, Germany
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40
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Helicobacter pylori: Genomic Insight into the Host-Pathogen Interaction. Int J Genomics 2015; 2015:386905. [PMID: 25722969 PMCID: PMC4334614 DOI: 10.1155/2015/386905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of genomic analyses has revolutionized the study of human health. Infectious disease research in particular has experienced an explosion of bacterial genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data complementing the phenotypic methods employed in traditional bacteriology. Together, these techniques have revealed novel virulence determinants in numerous pathogens and have provided information for potential chemotherapeutics. The bacterial pathogen, Helicobacter pylori, has been recognized as a class 1 carcinogen and contributes to chronic inflammation within the gastric niche. Genomic analyses have uncovered remarkable coevolution between the human host and H. pylori. Perturbation of this coevolution results in dysregulation of the host-pathogen interaction, leading to oncogenic effects. This review discusses the relationship of H. pylori with the human host and environment and the contribution of each of these factors to disease progression, with an emphasis on features that have been illuminated by genomic tools.
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41
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Marwaha S, Schumacher MA, Zavros Y, Eghbalnia HR. Crosstalks between cytokines and Sonic Hedgehog in Helicobacter pylori infection: a mathematical model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111338. [PMID: 25364910 PMCID: PMC4218723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection of gastric tissue results in an immune response dominated by Th1 cytokines and has also been linked with dysregulation of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway in gastric tissue. However, since interactions between the cytokines and SHH during H. pylori infection are not well understood, any mechanistic understanding achieved through interpretation of the statistical analysis of experimental results in the context of currently known circuit must be carefully scrutinized. Here, we use mathematical modeling aided by restraints of experimental data to evaluate the consistency between experimental results and temporal behavior of H. pylori activated cytokine circuit model. Statistical analysis of qPCR data from uninfected and H. pylori infected wild-type and parietal cell-specific SHH knockout (PC-SHHKO) mice for day 7 and 180 indicate significant changes that suggest role of SHH in cytokine regulation. The experimentally observed changes are further investigated using a mathematical model that examines dynamic crosstalks among pro-inflammatory (IL1β, IL-12, IFNγ, MIP-2) cytokines, anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and SHH during H. pylori infection. Response analysis of the resulting model demonstrates that circuitry, as currently known, is inadequate for explaining of the experimental observations; suggesting the need for additional specific regulatory interactions. A key advantage of a computational model is the ability to propose putative circuit models for in-silico experimentation. We use this approach to propose a parsimonious model that incorporates crosstalks between NFĸB, SHH, IL-1β and IL-10, resulting in a feedback loop capable of exhibiting cyclic behavior. Separately, we show that analysis of an independent time-series GEO microarray data for IL-1β, IFNγ and IL-10 in mock and H. pylori infected mice further supports the proposed hypothesis that these cytokines may follow a cyclic trend. Predictions from the in-silico model provide useful insights for generating new hypothesis and design of subsequent experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Marwaha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael A. Schumacher
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hamid R. Eghbalnia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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42
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Gaddy JA, Radin JN, Loh JT, Piazuelo MB, Kehl-Fie TE, Delgado AG, Ilca FT, Peek RM, Cover TL, Chazin WJ, Skaar EP, Scott Algood HM. The host protein calprotectin modulates the Helicobacter pylori cag type IV secretion system via zinc sequestration. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004450. [PMID: 25330071 PMCID: PMC4199781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that 30% of all proteins are predicted to interact with a metal cofactor. Through a process termed nutritional immunity, the host actively sequesters essential nutrient metals away from invading pathogenic bacteria. Neutrophils participate in this process by producing several metal chelating proteins, including lactoferrin and calprotectin (CP). As neutrophils are an important component of the inflammatory response directed against the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, a major risk factor for gastric cancer, it was hypothesized that CP plays a role in the host response to H. pylori. Utilizing a murine model of H. pylori infection and gastric epithelial cell co-cultures, the role CP plays in modifying H. pylori -host interactions and the function of the cag Type IV Secretion System (cag T4SS) was investigated. This study indicates elevated gastric levels of CP are associated with the infiltration of neutrophils to the H. pylori-infected tissue. When infected with an H. pylori strain harboring a functional cag T4SS, calprotectin-deficient mice exhibited decreased bacterial burdens and a trend toward increased cag T4SS -dependent inflammation compared to wild-type mice. In vitro data demonstrate that culturing H. pylori with sub-inhibitory doses of CP reduces the activity of the cag T4SS and the biogenesis of cag T4SS-associated pili in a zinc-dependent fashion. Taken together, these data indicate that zinc homeostasis plays a role in regulating the proinflammatory activity of the cag T4SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Gaddy
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jana N. Radin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John T. Loh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Kehl-Fie
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alberto G. Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Florin T. Ilca
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Timothy L. Cover
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Walter J. Chazin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Eric P. Skaar
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Holly M. Scott Algood
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of acute coronary syndrome: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:69-74. [PMID: 25063740 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection (HPI) imposes substantial social costs and is of major etiological importance in peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and accelerated cardiovascular diseases. This study determined the risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) associated with HPI in a nationwide retrospective cohort study. By using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), we identified patients diagnosed with HPI from 1998 to 2010. In addition, we randomly selected non-HPI controls frequency-matched by age, sex, and index year from the general population free of HPI. The risk of ACS was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression models in which sex, age, and comorbidities were included as variables. We identified 17,075 participants for the HPI group and selected 68,300 participants for the comparison group. The incidence rates were increased in the patients in the HPI group compared with those in the comparison group. Overall, the HPI patients exhibited a 1.93-fold high crude hazard ratio for ACS, and a 1.48-fold adjusted hazard ratio after age, sex, and comorbidities were adjusted. However, the overall adjusted hazard ratio of ACS increased with increasing age with a 3.11 to 8.24 adjusted hazard ratio among the various age groups. Several comorbidities, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and COPD exhibited synergistic effects for ACS risk. We determined a significant association between ACS and comorbidities and provide evidence to encourage clinicians to observe ACS-related comorbidities.
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44
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Carbo A, Olivares-Villagómez D, Hontecillas R, Bassaganya-Riera J, Chaturvedi R, Piazuelo MB, Delgado A, Washington MK, Wilson KT, Algood HMS. Systems modeling of the role of interleukin-21 in the maintenance of effector CD4+ T cell responses during chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. mBio 2014; 5:e01243-14. [PMID: 25053783 PMCID: PMC4120195 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01243-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of gastritis during Helicobacter pylori infection is dependent on an activated adaptive immune response orchestrated by T helper (Th) cells. However, the relative contributions of the Th1 and Th17 subsets to gastritis and control of infection are still under investigation. To investigate the role of interleukin-21 (IL-21) in the gastric mucosa during H. pylori infection, we combined mathematical modeling of CD4(+) T cell differentiation with in vivo mechanistic studies. We infected IL-21-deficient and wild-type mice with H. pylori strain SS1 and assessed colonization, gastric inflammation, cellular infiltration, and cytokine profiles. Chronically H. pylori-infected IL-21-deficient mice had higher H. pylori colonization, significantly less gastritis, and reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines compared to these parameters in infected wild-type littermates. These in vivo data were used to calibrate an H. pylori infection-dependent, CD4(+) T cell-specific computational model, which then described the mechanism by which IL-21 activates the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-17 during chronic H. pylori infection. The model predicted activated expression of T-bet and RORγt and the phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT1 and suggested a potential role of IL-21 in the modulation of IL-10. Driven by our modeling-derived predictions, we found reduced levels of CD4(+) splenocyte-specific tbx21 and rorc expression, reduced phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3, and an increase in CD4(+) T cell-specific IL-10 expression in H. pylori-infected IL-21-deficient mice. Our results indicate that IL-21 regulates Th1 and Th17 effector responses during chronic H. pylori infection in a STAT1- and STAT3-dependent manner, therefore playing a major role controlling H. pylori infection and gastritis. Importance: Helicobacter pylori is the dominant member of the gastric microbiota in more than 50% of the world's population. H. pylori colonization has been implicated in gastritis and gastric cancer, as infection with H. pylori is the single most common risk factor for gastric cancer. Current data suggest that, in addition to bacterial virulence factors, the magnitude and types of immune responses influence the outcome of colonization and chronic infection. This study uses a combined computational and experimental approach to investigate how IL-21, a proinflammatory T cell-derived cytokine, maintains the chronic proinflammatory T cell immune response driving chronic gastritis during H. pylori infection. This research will also provide insight into a myriad of other infectious and immune disorders in which IL-21 is increasingly recognized to play a central role. The use of IL-21-related therapies may provide treatment options for individuals chronically colonized with H. pylori as an alternative to aggressive antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danyvid Olivares-Villagómez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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45
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Differences in the antigens of Helicobacter pylori strains influence on the innate immune response in the in vitro experiments. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:287531. [PMID: 24616553 PMCID: PMC3927579 DOI: 10.1155/2014/287531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to Helicobacter pylori importantly determines the pathogenesis of infection as well as the success of antibiotic eradication of the bacteria. Strains of H. pylori were gathered from 14 patients who failed to eradicate H. pylori infection with antibiotics—therapy resistant strains (TRS)—or from patients who were able to eradicate H. pylori infection—therapy susceptible strains (TSS). The THP-1 cells were stimulated with H. pylori antigens. Cathepsin X expression on THP-1 cells and concentration of cytokines in the supernatant of THP-1 cells were measured with a flow cytometer.
TSS H. pylori antigens increased the proportion of cathepsin X positive cells compared to TRS H. pylori antigens. TSS H. pylori antigens induced higher secretion of IL-12 and IL-6 compared to TRS H. pylori antigens (P < 0.001; 0.02). Polymyxin B, a lipid A inhibitor, lowered the secretion of IL-12 and IL-6 in TRS and TSS.
We demonstrated a H. pylori strain-dependent cathepsin X and cytokine expression that can be associated with H. pylori resistance to eradication due to lack of effective immune response. Differences in lipid A of H. pylori might have an influence on the insufficient immune response, especially on phagocytosis.
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46
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Ito Y, Vela JL, Matsumura F, Hoshino H, Tyznik A, Lee H, Girardi E, Zajonc DM, Liddington R, Kobayashi M, Bao X, Bugaytsova J, Borén T, Jin R, Zong Y, Seeberger PH, Nakayama J, Kronenberg M, Fukuda M. Helicobacter pylori cholesteryl α-glucosides contribute to its pathogenicity and immune response by natural killer T cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78191. [PMID: 24312443 PMCID: PMC3846475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10–15% of individuals infected with Helicobacter pylori will develop ulcer disease (gastric or duodenal ulcer), while most people infected with H. pylori will be asymptomatic. The majority of infected individuals remain asymptomatic partly due to the inhibition of synthesis of cholesteryl α-glucosides in H. pylori cell wall by α1,4-GlcNAc-capped mucin O-glycans, which are expressed in the deeper portion of gastric mucosa. However, it has not been determined how cholesteryl α-glucosyltransferase (αCgT), which forms cholesteryl α-glucosides, functions in the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection. Here, we show that the activity of αCgT from H. pylori clinical isolates is highly correlated with the degree of gastric atrophy. We investigated the role of cholesteryl α-glucosides in various aspects of the immune response. Phagocytosis and activation of dendritic cells were observed at similar degrees in the presence of wild-type H. pylori or variants harboring mutant forms of αCgT showing a range of enzymatic activity. However, cholesteryl α-glucosides were recognized by invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, eliciting an immune response in vitro and in vivo. Following inoculation of H. pylori harboring highly active αCgT into iNKT cell-deficient (Jα18−/−) or wild-type mice, bacterial recovery significantly increased in Jα18−/− compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, cytokine production characteristic of Th1 and Th2 cells dramatically decreased in Jα18−/− compared to wild-type mice. These findings demonstrate that cholesteryl α-glucosides play critical roles in H. pylori-mediated gastric inflammation and precancerous atrophic gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ito
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jose Luis Vela
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Fumiko Matsumura
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hitomi Hoshino
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Aaron Tyznik
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Heeseob Lee
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Enrico Girardi
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Liddington
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Motohiro Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Xingfeng Bao
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeanna Bugaytsova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Borén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Del E. Webb Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yinong Zong
- Del E. Webb Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Minoru Fukuda
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Harris PR, Smythies LE, Smith PD, Perez-Perez GI. Role of childhood infection in the sequelae of H. pylori disease. Gut Microbes 2013; 4:426-38. [PMID: 24275060 PMCID: PMC3928156 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.26943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of Helicobacter pylori infection plays a fundamental role in the development of H. pylori-associated complications. Since the majority of infected persons acquire the bacteria during early childhood, an examination of the immunobiology of H. pylori infection in children compared with that of adults may help identify host factors that contribute to persistent infection. Therefore, we begin our review of the role of persistence in H. pylori disease with an assessment of the clinical features of H. pylori infection in children. We next review the bacterial factors that promote colonization and evasion of host defense mechanisms. We then focus our attention on the early host immunological factors that promote persistence of the infection and its complications in humans and mouse models. We also highlight topics in which further research is needed. An examination of how immunological factors cause divergent manifestations of H. pylori infection in children compared with adults may provide new insight for therapeutic modification or prevention of persistent H. pylori infection and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Harris
- Division of Pediatrics; Unit of Gastroenterology and Nutrition; School of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Lesley E Smythies
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Phillip D Smith
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA,VA Medical Center; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Guillermo I Perez-Perez
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology; Langone Medical Center; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA,Correspondence to: Guillermo I Perez-Perez,
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48
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Pathak SK, Tavares R, de Klerk N, Spetz AL, Jonsson AB. Helicobacter pylori protein JHP0290 binds to multiple cell types and induces macrophage apoptosis via tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent and independent pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77872. [PMID: 24223737 PMCID: PMC3815203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated macrophages at the sub-mucosal space play a major role in generating innate immune responses during H. pylori infection. Final disease outcome largely depends on how H. pylori and bacterium-derived products modulate macrophage responses. Here, we report that JHP0290, a functionally unknown protein from H. pylori, regulates macrophage functions. Recombinant purified JHP0290 (rJHP0290) had the ability to bind to several cell types including macrophages, human gastric epithelial cell lines, human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) and human neutrophils. Exposure to rJHP0290 induced apoptosis in macrophages concurrent with release of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). A mutant strain of H. pylori disrupted in the jhp0290 gene was significantly impaired in its ability to induce apoptosis and TNF in macrophages confirming the role of endogenous protein in regulating macrophage responses. Intracellular signaling involving Src family of tyrosine kinases (SFKs) and ERK MAPK were required for rJHP0290-induced TNF release and apoptosis in macrophages. Furthermore, rJHP0290-induced TNF release was partly dependent on activation of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB). Neutralizing antibodies against TNF partially blocked rJHP0290-induced macrophage apoptosis indicating TNF-independent pathways were also involved. These results provide mechanistic insight into the potential role of the protein JHP0290 during H. pylori-associated disease development. By virtue of its ability to induce TNF, an acid suppressive proinflammatory cytokine and induction of macrophage apoptosis, JHP0290 possibly helps in persistent survival of the bacterium inside the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar Pathak
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raquel Tavares
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nele de Klerk
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Spetz
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Beth Jonsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Downregulated Th17 responses are associated with reduced gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected children. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:950-959. [PMID: 23299619 PMCID: PMC3775337 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori induces less gastric inflammation in children than adults. Here we investigated whether this reduced inflammation involves dysregulated T helper type 17 (Th17) responses. H. pylori-infected children and adults in Santiago, Chile had similar levels of H. pylori colonization, proportions of bacteria containing cagA and s1/s2 vacA markers of virulence, and strain genotypes (predominantly hpEurope), but the children had significantly reduced levels of gastric inflammation and neutrophil infiltration. The reduced neutrophil accumulation in the infected children was accompanied by significantly fewer gastric Th17 cells and significantly lower levels of interleukin (IL)-17-specific mRNA and protein compared with the infected adults. The gastric mucosa of H. pylori-infected children also contained higher numbers of IL-10+ cells and increased levels of both IL-10 and Foxp3 mRNA compared with that of the infected adults. Thus, reduced gastric inflammation, including diminished neutrophil accumulation, in H. pylori-infected children compared with infected adults is likely due to downregulated gastric Th17/IL-17 responses as a consequence of enhanced mucosal regulatory T-cell activity in the children.
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50
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Bizama C, Benavente F, Salvatierra E, Gutiérrez-Moraga A, Espinoza JA, Fernández EA, Roa I, Mazzolini G, Sagredo EA, Gidekel M, Podhajcer OL. The low-abundance transcriptome reveals novel biomarkers, specific intracellular pathways and targetable genes associated with advanced gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:755-64. [PMID: 23907728 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the low-abundance transcriptome are of paramount importance for identifying the intimate mechanisms of tumor progression that can lead to novel therapies. The aim of the present study was to identify novel markers and targetable genes and pathways in advanced human gastric cancer through analyses of the low-abundance transcriptome. The procedure involved an initial subtractive hybridization step, followed by global gene expression analysis using microarrays. We observed profound differences, both at the single gene and gene ontology levels, between the low-abundance transcriptome and the whole transcriptome. Analysis of the low-abundance transcriptome led to the identification and validation by tissue microarrays of novel biomarkers, such as LAMA3 and TTN; moreover, we identified cancer type-specific intracellular pathways and targetable genes, such as IRS2, IL17, IFNγ, VEGF-C, WISP1, FZD5 and CTBP1 that were not detectable by whole transcriptome analyses. We also demonstrated that knocking down the expression of CTBP1 sensitized gastric cancer cells to mainstay chemotherapeutic drugs. We conclude that the analysis of the low-abundance transcriptome provides useful insights into the molecular basis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bizama
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology PhD Program, Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Faculty. Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, 4811230, Chile; Creative BioScience, Santiago, 8580702, Chile
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