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Senaratne NLM, Yung on C, Shetty NY, Gopinath D. Effect of different forms of tobacco on the oral microbiome in healthy adults: a systematic review. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1310334. [PMID: 38445094 PMCID: PMC10912582 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1310334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The study aimed to evaluate the impact of tobacco use on the composition and functions of the oral microbiome in healthy adult humans. Methods We conducted a systematic search on PubMed, Web of Science, and Cinhal databases for literature published until 15 December 2023, to identify studies that have evaluated the oral microbiome with culture-independent next-generation techniques comparing the oral microbiome of tobacco users and non-users. The search followed the PECO format. The outcomes included changes in microbial diversity and abundance of microbial taxa. The quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) (PROSPERO ID CRD42022340151). Results Out of 2,435 articles screened, 36 articles satisfied the eligibility criteria and were selected for full-text review. Despite differences in design, quality, and population characteristics, most studies reported an increase in bacterial diversity and richness in tobacco users. The most notable bacterial taxa enriched in users were Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria at the phylum level and Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Veillonella at the genus level. At the functional level, more similarities could be noted; amino acid metabolism and xenobiotic biodegradation pathways were increased in tobacco users compared to non-users. Most of the studies were of good quality on the NOS scale. Conclusion Tobacco smoking influences oral microbial community harmony, and it shows a definitive shift towards a proinflammatory milieu. Heterogeneities were detected due to sampling and other methodological differences, emphasizing the need for greater quality research using standardized methods and reporting. Systematic Review Registration CRD42022340151.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikitha Lalindri Mareena Senaratne
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheng Yung on
- Sungai Rengit Dental Clinic, Johor Health Department, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kota Tinggi, Malaysia
| | - Naresh Yedthare Shetty
- Clinical Sciences Department, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Divya Gopinath
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Basic Medical and Dental Sciences Department, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Downregulation of Matriptase Inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Proinflammatory Cytokines by Suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathways in Human Gingival Fibroblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3865844. [PMID: 36246974 PMCID: PMC9553488 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3865844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Matriptases are cell surface proteolytic enzymes belonging to the type II transmembrane serine protease family that mediate inflammatory skin disorders and cancer progression. Matriptases may affect the development of periodontitis via protease-activated receptor-2 activity. However, the cellular mechanism by which matriptases are involved in periodontitis is unknown. In this study, we examined the antiperiodontitis effects of matriptase on Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccharide (PG-LPS)-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Matriptase small interfering RNA-transfected HGFs were treated with PG-LPS. The mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) were evaluated using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Western blot analyses were performed to measure the levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)/transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), p65, and p50 in PG-LPS-stimulated HGFs. Matriptase downregulation inhibited LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression, including the expression of IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-Iβ. Moreover, matriptase downregulation inhibited PG-LPS-stimulated MMP-1 expression. Additionally, we confirmed that the mechanism underlying the effects of matriptase downregulation involves the suppression of PG-LPS-induced IRAK1/TAK1 and NF-κB. These results suggest that downregulation of matriptase PG-LPS-induced MMP-1 and proinflammatory cytokine expression via TLR4-mediated IRAK1/TAK1 and NF-κB signaling pathways in HGFs.
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Ekici Ö, Ay S, Açıkalın MF, Paşaoğlu Ö. Immunohistochemical evaluation of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17 cytokine expression in peripheral giant cell granuloma and peripheral ossifying fibroma of the jaws. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 136:105385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Maruyama T, Kobayashi T, Sugiura Y, Yoneda T, Ekuni D, Morita M. Association between serum miRNAs and gingival gene expression in an obese rat model. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:502-509. [PMID: 35234284 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have reported a relationship between periodontitis and obesity; however, the mechanisms of obesity's effects on periodontitis are not well understood. On the other hand, microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play key roles in the post-transcriptional regulation gene expression by suppressing translation and protein synthesis. We examined the association between obesity-related miRNAs and gene expression in gingival tissue using miRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) pairing analysis in an obese rat model. METHODS Sixteen male Wistar rats aged 8 weeks old were divided into two groups: the control group was fed a normal powdered food for 8 weeks, and the obesity group was fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Distance from the cement-enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest of the first molars was measured. miRNA microarray analysis was performed on samples of serum and gingival tissue; the resulting data were used to calculate fold changes in miRNA levels in the obesity group relative to the control group, and miRNA-mRNA pairing analysis was performed to identify mRNAs potentially targeted by miRNAs of interest. RESULTS Alveolar bone loss in the obesity group exceeded that in the control group (p = .017). miRNA-mRNA pairing analysis identified an association between 4 miRNAs (miR-759, miR-9a-3p, miR-203b-3p, and miR-878) that were differentially expressed in the obesity and control groups and 7 genes (Ly86, Arid5b, Rgs18, Mlana, P2ry13, Kif1b, and Myt1) expressed in gingival tissue. CONCLUSION This study revealed that several miRNAs play an important role in the mechanism of periodontal disease progression induced by the obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Maruyama
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Academic Field of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Terumasa Kobayashi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Academic Field of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Sugiura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Academic Field of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yoneda
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Academic Field of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ekuni
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Academic Field of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Manabu Morita
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Academic Field of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Bozkaya E, Canigur Bavbek N, Isler SC, Uraz A, Ilikci Sagkan R, Uzunok B, Yuksel S. Evaluation of heat shock protein 70 and toll-like receptor 4 expression in gingival crevicular fluid in response to orthodontic forces. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:6455-6464. [PMID: 34091792 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) during orthodontic tooth movement and to compare their levels with interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a well-known proinflammatory biomarker. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study consisted of 20 patients (8 males, 12 females; mean age 14.75 ± 2.34 years) who needed maxillary premolar extraction and segmental canine distalization. Concentrations of HSP70, TLR4, and IL-1β were examined before extraction (T1), at the 1st (T2), 4th (T3), 7th (T4), 14th (T5), and 30th (T6) days of canine retraction by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of gingival crevicular fluid samples. Statistical analyses were performed with repeated measure ANOVA and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS HSP70 increased gradually from T1 to T6 and showed significant differences between T1-T6 and T2-T6 (T1:3.28 ± 0.92 ng/ml; T2:3.72 ± 0.66 ng/ml; T6:9.35 ± 2.45 ng/ml). The lowest TLR4 concentration was at T1, peaked at T3 and remained constant afterwards with significant differences between T1-T3, T1-T4, and T1-T6 (T1:0.71 ± 0.02 pg/ml; T3:1.04 ± 0.11 pg/ml; T4:0.95 ± 0.06 pg/ml; T6:1.00 ± 0.07 pg/ml). IL-1β increased from T1 to T6 with significant differences between T1-T4, T1-T5, and T1-T6 (T1:55.71 ± 5.48 pg/ml; T4:100.11 ± 16.92 pg/ml; T5:103.71 ± 23.19 pg/ml; T6:125.12 ± 22.04 pg/ml). The increase in HSP70 and TLR4 from T2-T3 showed a significant correlation (r = 0.598; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The increased levels of HSP70, TLR4, and IL-1β show the contribution of these mediators to the inflammatory response from the early stages of orthodontic tooth movement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The regulation of HSP70, TLR4, and/or IL-1β secretion during orthodontic force application could provide alterations for desired optimal tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Bozkaya
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, 8 Cd. 82.Sk. No 4 Emek, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nehir Canigur Bavbek
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, 8 Cd. 82.Sk. No 4 Emek, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sila Cagri Isler
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahu Uraz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rahsan Ilikci Sagkan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
| | - Baris Uzunok
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
| | - Sema Yuksel
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, 8 Cd. 82.Sk. No 4 Emek, Ankara, Turkey
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Yu B, Hu J, Li Q, Wang F. CircMAP3K11 Contributes to Proliferation, Apoptosis and Migration of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells in Inflammatory Microenvironment by Regulating TLR4 via miR-511 Sponging. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:633353. [PMID: 33679417 PMCID: PMC7930627 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.633353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing number of studies regarding the role of circRNAs in the development of various diseases have emerged in recent years, but the role of circRNAs in periodontitis pathogenesis remains obscure. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) play a critical role in periodontal remodeling, regeneration and repair processes, and their regenerative capacity could be prohibited in local periodontal inflammatory microenvironment. Herein, we sought to uncover the molecular mechanisms of periodontitis pathogenesis by investigating the role of circMAP3K11 (hsa_circ_002284) for regenerative capacity of hPDLSCs under an inflammatory condition. The hPDLSCs isolated from periodontitis patients were used as a cell model of inflammatory microenvironment to study the effect of the circMAP3K11/miR-511-3p/TLR4 axis on the proliferation, apoptosis and migration of hPDLSCs under inflammatory conditions. Compared to the periodontal tissues from normal subjects, those from periodontitis patients exhibited higher expression levels of circMAP3K11 and TLR4, and lower expression level of miR-511-3p. Both the expressions of circMAP3K11 and TLR4 were negatively correlated with the expressions of miR-511-3p in periodontitis. In vitro studies demonstrated that circMAP3K11 is capable of enhancing hPDLSCs proliferation and migration, and reducing the apoptosis of hPDLSCs. We also found that circMAP3K11 could up-regulate the expression of transcription factors that are closely related to periodontal regeneration (Runx2, OSX, ATF4, and BSP). RT-PCR and western blot showed that the inhibitory role of miR-511-3p on TLR4 expression could be reversed by circMAP3K11, which was in line with the results of bioinformatics tools and luciferase reporter assay. Meanwhile, both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that circMAP3K11 could reverse the effects of miR-511-3p in periodontitis, which further confirmed that circMAP3K11 functioned as a ‘sponge’ of miR-511-3p to positively regulate the expression of TLR4. Taken together, our study preliminarily uncovered a circMAP3K11/miR-511-3p/TLR4 axis that regulates the function of hPDLSCs in periodontitis, providing novel insight and scientific base in the treatment of periodontal tissue regeneration based on stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Yu
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Ali M, Yang F, Jansen JA, Walboomers XF. Lipoxin suppresses inflammation via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in periodontal ligament cells. Oral Dis 2019; 26:429-438. [PMID: 31814225 PMCID: PMC7074052 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory effects of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) for the treatment of periodontitis in an in vitro model. Methods Human PDLCs were challenged with Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evoke an inflammatory response. This was done either in monoculture or in coculture with THP‐1, a monocytic cell line. Thereafter, cytokine expression was measured by ELISA, with or without LXA4. In addition, the effects of LXA4 were analyzed on the TLR‐MyD88‐NF‐κB (TMN)‐mediated intracellular signal pathway using immunocytochemistry. Results In response to LPS, the level of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha increased, whereas the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐4 decreased significantly (p < .05). These effects were consistently reversed when LPS‐challenged PDLCs were also treated with LXA4. The results in the coculture system were comparable to the monoculture. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative assessment confirmed the importance of the TMN signal pathway in these processes. Conclusion These results corroborate earlier findings that PDLCs play an important role in inflammation. Moreover, LXA4 might offer new approaches for the therapeutic treatment of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhanad Ali
- Department of Dentistry - Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Dentistry - Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John A Jansen
- Department of Dentistry - Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - X Frank Walboomers
- Department of Dentistry - Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Marciniak J, Lossdörfer S, Knaup I, Bastian A, Craveiro RB, Jäger A, Wolf M. Orthodontic cell stress modifies proinflammatory cytokine expression in human PDL cells and induces immunomodulatory effects via TLR-4 signaling in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:1411-1419. [PMID: 31691860 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biomechanical orthodontics loading of the periodontium initiates a cascade of inflammatory signaling events that induce periodontal remodeling and finally facilitate orthodontic tooth movement. Pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been well characterized for their ability to induce the activation of inflammatory, immunomodulatory cytokines. Here, we examined whether the cellular response of human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells to mechanical stress involves TLR-4 signaling in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Confluent hPDL cells were cultured in the presence of 5 μg/ml TLR-4 antibody (TLR-4ab) for 1 h prior to the induction of compressive forces by the use of round glass plates for 24 h. At harvest, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 (IL-6, IL-8) mRNA and protein expression were analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA. The immunomodulatory role of mechanical cell stress and TLR-4 signaling was addressed in co-culture experiments of hPDL and THP-1 cells targeting monocyte adhesion and by culturing osteoclastic precursors (RAW 264.7) in the presence of the conditioned medium of hPDL cells that had been mechanically loaded before. RESULTS Basal expression of IL-6 and IL-8 was not affected by TLR-4ab, but increased significantly upon mechanical loading of hPDL cells. When cells were mechanically stressed in the presence of TLR-4ab, the effect seen for loading alone was markedly reduced. Likewise, monocyte adhesion and osteoclastic differentiation were enhanced significantly by mechanical stress of hPDL cells and this effect was partially inhibited by TLR-4ab. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicate a proinflammatory and immunomodulatory influence of mechanical loading on hPDL cells. Intracellular signaling involves a TLR-4-dependent pathway. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings hold out the prospect of interfering with the cellular response to mechanical cell stress in order to minimize undesired side effects of orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Marciniak
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Lossdörfer
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabel Knaup
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Asisa Bastian
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rogerio B Craveiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Jäger
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Yu B, Li Q, Zhou M. LPS‑induced upregulation of the TLR4 signaling pathway inhibits osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells under inflammatory conditions. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2341-2351. [PMID: 31017254 PMCID: PMC6488177 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a transmembrane receptor responsible for the activation of a number of signal transduction pathways. Despite its involvement in inflammatory processes, the regulation of TLR4 signaling in human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) under inflammatory conditions remains to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to clarify the regulatory mechanisms of the TLR4 signaling pathway and its role in the differentiation of hPDLSCs under inflammatory conditions. hPDLSCs from the periodontal tissues of healthy subjects and patients with periodontitis were identified by analyzing their cell surface marker molecules, and their osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation abilities. To determine the effect of TLR4 signaling on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation under inflammatory conditions, cells were challenged with TLR4 agonist and antagonist under pluripotent differentiation conditions. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration were then determined using appropriate methods. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin Red staining, Oil red O staining and relative gene and protein levels expression were also determined. The results showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced inflammation inhibited cell proliferation and migration, promoted cell apoptosis and affected the cell cycle. Under inflammatory conditions, the activation of TLR4 decreased the activity of ALP and the expression of osteogenic markers, including osteocalcin, Runt‑related transcription factor 2 and collagen I, compared with the control group, but increased the expression of adipogenesis‑related genes poly (ADP‑ribose) polymerase γ and lipoprotein lipase. The activation of TLR4 also induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin‑1β, tumor necrosis factor‑α, nuclear factor‑κBP65 and TLR4, compared with that in the control group and the TLR4 antagonist group. The findings showed that LPS‑induced upregulation of the TLR4 signaling pathway inhibited osteogenic differentiation and induced adipogenesis of the hPDLSCs under inflammatory conditions. The present study provided a novel understanding of the physiopathology of periodontitis, and a novel avenue for targeted treatments based on stem cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Yu
- Department of Cosmetic Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Cosmetic Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Cosmetic Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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Li S, Liu X, Li H, Pan H, Acharya A, Deng Y, Yu Y, Haak R, Schmidt J, Schmalz G, Ziebolz D. Integrated analysis of long noncoding RNA-associated competing endogenous RNA network in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2018. [PMID: 29516510 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical and complex roles in regulating various biological processes of periodontitis. This bioinformatic study aims to construct a putative competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network by integrating lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA expression, based on high-throughput RNA sequencing and microarray data about periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data from 1 miRNA and 3 mRNA expression profiles were obtained to construct the lncRNA-associated ceRNA network. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and pathway analysis were performed using the Gene Ontology website and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed based on the Search Tool for the retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins. Transcription factors (TFs) of differentially expressed genes were identified based on TRANSFAC database and then a regulatory network was constructed. RESULTS Through constructing the dysregulated ceRNA network, 6 genes (HSPA4L, PANK3, YOD1, CTNNBIP1, EVI2B, ITGAL) and 3 miRNAs (miR-125a-3p, miR-200a, miR-142-3p) were detected. Three lncRNAs (MALAT1, TUG1, FGD5-AS1) were found to target both miR-125a-3p and miR-142-3p in this ceRNA network. Protein-protein interaction network analysis identified several hub genes, including VCAM1, ITGA4, UBC, LYN and SSX2IP. Three pathways (cytokine-cytokine receptor, cell adhesion molecules, chemokine signaling pathway) were identified to be overlapping results with the previous bioinformatics studies in periodontitis. Moreover, 2 TFs including FOS and EGR were identified to be involved in the regulatory network of the differentially expressed genes-TFs in periodontitis. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that 6 mRNAs (HSPA4L, PANK3, YOD1, CTNNBIP1, EVI2B, ITGAL), 3 miRNAs (hsa-miR-125a-3p, hsa-miR-200a, hsa-miR-142-3p) and 3 lncRNAs (MALAT1, TUG1, FGD5-AS1) might be involved in the lncRNA-associated ceRNA network of periodontitis. This study sought to illuminate further the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of periodontitis through constructing an lncRNA-associated ceRNA network.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - X Liu
- Shanghai Genomap Technologies, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China.,College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - H Li
- Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - H Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Acharya
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Dr D Y Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Y Deng
- Shanghai Genomap Technologies, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Yu
- Department of Periodontology, The Stomatology Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - R Haak
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Schmidt
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - D Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Issaranggun Na Ayuthaya B, Everts V, Pavasant P. The immunopathogenic and immunomodulatory effects of interleukin-12 in periodontal disease. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 126:75-83. [PMID: 29411897 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an inflammatory cytokine that promotes the response of the immune system. This cytokine has been implicated as a potent stimulator of several diseases characterized by inflammatory-induced bone destruction, such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. Yet, the exact role of IL-12 in the development and progress of periodontitis has not been clarified. Several studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between the level of IL-12 and the severity of periodontal destruction. Deletion of IL-12 in mice with periodontitis significantly suppressed the level of bone destruction. Interestingly, next to a role in modulating the pathogenesis, IL-12 also has immunological-regulatory properties. This cytokine induces expression of immunosuppressive molecules, such as indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Thus, these findings suggest both negative and positive influences of IL-12 in periodontal disease. It is currently proposed that the diversity of action of cytokines is a molecular key which regulates biological development and homeostasis. Accordingly, the actions of IL-12 might be one of the mechanisms that regulate homeostasis of periodontal tissue during and following inflammation. Therefore, this article aims to review both destructive and protective functionalities of IL-12 with an emphasis on periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjar Issaranggun Na Ayuthaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Research Unit of Mineralized Tissue, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Research Unit of Mineralized Tissue, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Venugopal P, Lavu V, RangaRao S, Venkatesan V. Evaluation of a Panel of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in miR-146a and miR-196a2 Genomic Regions in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:228-235. [PMID: 28384038 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by bacterial triggering of the host immune-inflammatory response, which in turn is regulated by microRNAs (miRNA). Polymorphisms in the miRNA pathways affect the expression of several target genes such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins, which are associated with progression of disease. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify the association between the MiR-146a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2910164, rs57095329, and rs73318382), the MiR-196a2 (rs11614913) SNP and chronic periodontitis. METHODS Genotyping was performed for the MiR-146a (rs2910164, rs57095329, and rs73318382) and the MiR-196a2 (rs11614913) polymorphisms in 180 healthy controls and 190 cases of chronic periodontitis by the direct Sanger sequencing technique. The strength of the association between the polymorphisms and chronic periodontitis was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Haplotype and linkage analyses among the polymorphisms was performed. Multifactorial dimensionality reduction was performed to determine epistatic interaction among the polymorphisms. RESULTS The MiR-196a2 polymorphism revealed a significant inverse association with chronic periodontitis. Haplotype analysis of MiR-146a and MiR-196a2 polymorphisms revealed 13 different combinations, of which 5 were found to have an inverse association with chronic periodontitis. CONCLUSION The present study has demonstrated a significant inverse association of MiR-196a2 polymorphism with chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Venugopal
- 1 Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India
| | - Vamsi Lavu
- 2 Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India
| | - Suresh RangaRao
- 2 Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India
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13
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Zorina OA, Gankovskaya LV, Balykin RA, Svitich OA, Ivanyushko TP. [The expression of TLR4 and HBD3 in epithelial cells of oral mucosa by surgical treatment of periodontitis]. STOMATOLOGIIA 2016; 95:13-15. [PMID: 27636754 DOI: 10.17116/stomat201695413-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The expression of TLR4 and HBD3 in epithelial cells of the oral cavity was studied using polymerase chain reaction in real-time in patients with inflammatory and destructive periodontal lesions before and after surgery using osteoplastic material. Analysis of TLR4 and HBD3 expression in epithelial cells demonstrates the key role of the innate immune factors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and destructive periodontal lesions. TLR4 gene expression was increased 1.5-7.0 times and HBD3 1.5-5.0 times compared to healthy individuals. Surgical treatment resulted in an effective rehabilitation and normalization of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Zorina
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Gankovskaya
- N. Pirogov's Russian National Research Medical University, Moskow, Russia
| | - R A Balykin
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Svitich
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; N. Pirogov's Russian National Research Medical University, Moskow, Russia
| | - T P Ivanyushko
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Yang X, Zhang J, Ni J, Ouyang B, Wang D, Luo S, Xie B, Xuan D. Toll-Like Receptor 4–Mediated Hyper-Responsiveness of Gingival Epithelial Cells to Lipopolysaccharide in High-Glucose Environments. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1620-8. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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Barros SP, Offenbacher S. Modifiable risk factors in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2013; 64:95-110. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Promsudthi A, Poomsawat S, Limsricharoen W. The role of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:346-54. [PMID: 23844856 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Diabetes is one important risk factor of chronic periodontitis. However, the roles of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4, which are implicated in the inflammatory process in both chronic periodontitis and diabetes, have not been studied. This study aimed to determine whether TLR2 and TLR4 might be involved in the relationship between chronic periodontitis and diabetes by examining TLR2 and TLR4 expression in gingival tissues from subjects with chronic periodontitis without diabetes (CP) and with diabetes (CP+DM) and from periodontally healthy subjects without diabetes (PH) and with diabetes (PH+DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival tissues were collected from 23 CP subjects, 21 CP+DM subjects, 22 PH subjects and 20 PH+DM subjects. The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in gingival tissues was determined using an immunohistochemical method. In gingival epithelium, staining patterns and intensity levels of TLR2 and TLR4 expression were studied. In connective tissues, the percentages of TLR2- and TLR4-positive cells were calculated. The intensity levels and the percentages of positive cells were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Chronic periodontitis or diabetes showed no significant effect on TLR2 expression in the oral epithelium. However, diabetes increased the expression of TLR2 in sulcular epithelium and changed the pattern of TLR2 expression in gingival epithelium. Chronic periodontitis decreased the expression of TLR4 in gingival epithelium. In connective tissue under sulcular epithelium, CP+DM subjects showed statistically significant higher percentages of TLR2- and TLR4-positive cells compared with PH and PH+DM subjects. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that hyperglycemia and chronic periodontitis had effects on TLR2 and TLR4 expression in gingival tissue. The differences in TLR2 and TLR4 expression could contribute to a greater inflammatory response, leading to periodontal disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Promsudthi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Silver nanoparticles induce apoptosis through the toll-like receptor 2 pathway. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 113:789-98. [PMID: 22668707 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) pathway in cultured cells. STUDY DESIGN Human chondrocytes, periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, and SCC-9 cells (squamous cell carcinoma from the tongue) were cultured and subjected to cytotoxicity assays. To evaluate the effects of AgNPs on the TLR-2 pathway, TLR-2 small interfering (si) RNA or TLR-2 antibodies were applied to the chondrocytes, followed by the application of AgNPs. RESULTS AgNPs induced dose-dependent effects on the examined cell types in terms of both cytotoxicity and TLR-2 expression levels. AgNP-mediated apoptosis was reduced after treatment with TLR-2 siRNA in both PDL cells and chondrocytes. Furthermore, functional blocking of TLR-2 with anti-TLR2 antibodies inhibited AgNP-mediated cytotoxicity. AgNPs increased c-Jun phosphorylation, an effect that was reversed after treatment with TLR-2 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that AgNP-mediated apoptosis most likely occurs via the TLR-2 pathway.
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To M, Kamata Y, Saruta J, Shimizu T, Sato T, Kondo Y, Hayashi T, Hamada N, Tsukinoki K. Induction of β-Defensin Expression by Porphyromonas gingivalis-Infected Human Gingival Graft Transplanted in nu/nu Mouse Subdermis. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2013; 46:25-34. [PMID: 23554537 PMCID: PMC3596604 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand the onset of periodontal disease in terms of bacterial infection and host factors. Host-bacteria interactions can be elicited in human cultured cells and animal models, but these models provide only limited biological information about human host reactions against bacterial attacks. Development of an in vivo model using human gingival tissue is needed. We established an in vivo model using nu/nu mice and evaluated host defense following bacterial infection in human gingiva. Human gingival samples were collected from periodontitis patients and transplanted in nu/nu mouse subdermis. After 2 weeks, human characteristics were confirmed by positive immunohistochemical reactions for human-specific markers. We used this model to investigate human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2), an antimicrobial peptide that contributes to initial defense against bacterial invasion. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry, we investigated whether hBD-2 expression was induced in human gingiva as a response to Porphyromonas gingivalis as a periodontal pathogen. Two hours after infection with bacteria, we detected increased expression of hBD-2 mRNA, which was localized in the epithelium of human gingiva. Using our in vivo model, we concluded that increased hBD-2 may play an important role in early defense from bacterial infection in human gingival epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro To
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Yohei Kamata
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Takenori Sato
- Department of Infection Control, Division of Microbiology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Yusuke Kondo
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Nobushiro Hamada
- Department of Infection Control, Division of Microbiology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Environmental Pathology and Research Institute of Salivary Gland Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
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Morandini ACF, Chaves Souza PP, Ramos-Junior ES, Brozoski DT, Sipert CR, Souza Costa CA, Santos CF. Toll-like receptor 2 knockdown modulates interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 but not stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) in human periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2012; 84:535-44. [PMID: 22680301 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblasts are now seen as active components of the immune response because these cells express Toll-like receptors (TLRs), recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and mediate the production of cytokines and chemokines during inflammation. The innate host response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis is unusual inasmuch as different studies have reported that it can be an agonist for Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and an antagonist or agonist for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). This study investigates and compares whether signaling through TLR2 or TLR4 could affect the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) in both human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLF). METHODS After small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of TLR2 and TLR4, HGF and HPDLF from the same donors were stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS or with two synthetic ligands of TLR2, Pam2CSK4 and Pam3CSK4, for 6 hours. IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL12 mRNA expression and protein secretion were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. RESULTS TLR2 mRNA expression was upregulated in HGF but not in HPDLF by all the stimuli applied. Knockdown of TLR2 decreased IL-6 and IL-8 in response to P. gingivalis LPS, or Pam2CSK4 and Pam3CSK4, in a similar manner in both fibroblasts subpopulations. Conversely, CXCL12 remained unchanged by TLR2 or TLR4 silencing. CONCLUSION These results suggest that signaling through TLR2 by gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts can control the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, which contribute to periodontal pathogenesis, but do not interfere with CXCL12 levels, an important chemokine in the repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina F Morandini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Song Z, Zhou W, Shu R, Ni J. Hypoxia induces apoptosis and autophagic cell death in human periodontal ligament cells through HIF-1α pathway. Cell Prolif 2012; 45:239-48. [PMID: 22429763 PMCID: PMC6496313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxygen deficiency caused by occlusal trauma and smoking can be present in patients with periodontitis. However, biochemical events important in periodontal tissues during hypoxia remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of hypoxia on apoptosis and autophagy of human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human PDLCs were obtained and cultured in vitro. Cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy and gene and protein expression were measured in presence and absence of cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)). RESULTS CoCl(2) induced cytotoxicity of human PDLCs in a concentration-dependent manner dependent on macromolecular synthesis, and resulted in apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. CoCl(2) also induced redistribution of autophagy marker LC3, increased ratio of LC3-IIto LC3-Iand function of lysosomes. Furthermore, CoCl(2) promoted expression of HIF-1α following upregulation of expressions of Bnip3. Significant increases in expression of IL-1β and MMP-8 were also observed. All these results were reversed by pre-treatment with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that CoCl(2) could induce cytotoxicity through mitochondria- apoptotic and autophagic pathways involved in HIF-1α. CoCl(2 -treated PDLCs may serve as an in vitro model for studies of molecular mechanisms in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z.‐C. Song
- Department of PeriodontologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghaiChina
| | - W. Zhou
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - R. Shu
- Department of PeriodontologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghaiChina
| | - J. Ni
- Department of PeriodontologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghaiChina
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Jeon DI, Park SR, Ahn MY, Ahn SG, Park JH, Yoon JH. NOD1 and NOD2 stimulation triggers innate immune responses of human periodontal ligament cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 29:699-703. [PMID: 22218461 PMCID: PMC3577354 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic sensors for microbial molecules. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)1 and NOD2 recognize the peptidoglycan derivatives, meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP), respectively, and trigger host innate immune responses. In the present study, we examined the function of NOD1 and NOD2 on innate immune responses in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. The gene expression of NOD1 and NOD2 was examined by RT-PCR. IL-6 and IL-8 production in culture supernatants was measured by ELISA. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the activation of NF-κB and MAPK in response to Tri-DAP and MDP. The genes of NOD1 and NOD2 appeared to be expressed in PDL cells. Although the levels of NOD2 expression were weak in intact cells, MDP stimulation increased the gene expression of NOD2 in PDL cells. Tri-DAP and MDP led to the production of IL-6 and IL-8 and the activation of NF-κB and MAPK in PDL cells. Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation led to increased gene expression of NOD1 and NOD2 in PDL cells. Pam3CSK4 (a TLR2 agonist) and IFN-γ synergized with Tri-DAP and MDP to produce IL-8 and IL-6 in PDL cells. Our results indicate that NOD1 and NOD2 are functionally expressed in human PDL cells and can trigger innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-In Jeon
- Department of Pathology and Research Center for Oral Disease Regulation of the Aged, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Konermann A, Deschner J, Allam JP, Novak N, Winter J, Baader SL, Jepsen S, Jäger A. Antigen-presenting cell marker expression and phagocytotic activity in periodontal ligament cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:340-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tang L, Zhou XD, Wang Q, Zhang L, Wang Y, Li XY, Huang DM. Expression of TRAF6 and pro-inflammatory cytokines through activation of TLR2, TLR4, NOD1, and NOD2 in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1064-72. [PMID: 21457942 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLFs) play a crucial role in protecting against oral bacteria in periapical tissue. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) are two major forms of innate immune sensors that recognize microbial pathogens and initiate pro-inflammatory signalling. Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is an adapter protein for TLR-mediated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway activation that induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of TLR2, TLR4, NOD1, and NOD2 in HPDLFs. We also investigated the expression of TRAF6 and pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by the activation of TLRs and NODs. METHODS The expression of TLR2, TLR4, NOD1, and NOD2 was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), flow cytometry, and immunostaining. HPDLFs were stimulated with TLR and NOD agonists. Then, the expression of TRAF6 was measured by real-time PCR and western blot. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in the culture supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) for TRAF6, we analysed the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in HPDLFs upon stimulation with TLRs and NODs agonists. RESULTS We found clear mRNA and protein expression of TLR2, TLR4, NOD1, and NOD2 in HPDLFs. The expression levels of TRAF6 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) were markedly up-regulated upon the activation of TLRs and NODs. Furthermore, the co-activation of TLRs and NODs had synergistic effect on the production of TRAF6 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. We also found TRAF6 suppression resulted in reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 expression upon TLR and NOD agonists challenge. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that TLR2, TLR4, NOD1, and NOD2 are functional receptors in HPDLFs during innate immune responses to invading bacteria, and a combination of signalling through TLRs and NODs leads to the synergistic enhancement of inflammatory reactions in HPDLFs. In addition, TLR and NOD signalling involving TRAF6 contribute to inflammatory responses in HPDLFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Sun Y, Shu R, Li CL, Zhang MZ. Gram-Negative Periodontal Bacteria Induce the Activation of Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4, and Cytokine Production in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. J Periodontol 2010; 81:1488-96. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Watanabe K, Iizuka T, Adeleke A, Pham L, Shlimon AE, Yasin M, Horvath P, Unterman TG. Involvement of toll-like receptor 4 in alveolar bone loss and glucose homeostasis in experimental periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2010; 46:21-30. [PMID: 20860587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE There is general agreement that certain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) promote inflammation through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and that inflammation promotes insulin resistance. We therefore hypothesized that mice with periodontitis and a TLR4 loss-of-function (LOF) mutation fed a high-fat (HF) diet would develop improved glucose homeostasis compared with wild-type (WT) animals with periodontitis fed a HF diet. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wild-type and TLR4 mutant mice fed a HF diet were divided into four groups (n = 6/group): WT; WT with periodontitis (WT/P); mutant (Mut); and mutant with periodontitis (Mut/P). Periodontitis was induced by placing LPS soaked ligatures around maxillary second molars. Fasting insulin and glucose levels were measured weekly for 10 wk. Glucose tolerance was evaluated at baseline (week 1) and at 9 wk. Insulin signaling (phosphorylation of Akt) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA levels in liver were determined when the mice were killed at week 10. RESULTS Mut/P mice developed less alveolar bone loss compared with WT/P mice (p < 0.05). Fasting glucose levels were improved after 8 wk of feeding a HF diet (weeks 9 and 10) in Mut/P mice compared with Mut, WT and WT/P mice (p < 0.05). Glucose tolerance was impaired in all groups compared with baseline (p < 0.05), except for the Mut/P group. Insulin signaling was improved (p < 0.05), and expression of TNF-α was decreased (p < 0.05) in the liver of Mut/P mice compared with the liver of WT/P mice. CONCLUSION The TLR4 LOF mutation partially protects against alveolar bone loss and improves glucose homeostasis in mice with periodontitis fed a HF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Watanabe
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7212, USA.
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Lima HR, Gelani V, Fernandes AP, Gasparoto TH, Torres SA, Santos CF, Garlet GP, da Silva JS, Campanelli AP. The essential role of toll like receptor-4 in the control of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection in mice. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:248-54. [PMID: 20149215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an oral Gram-negative bacterium that contributes to periodontitis progression. Isolated antigens from A. actinomycetemcomitans could be activating innate immune cells through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this study, we evaluated the role of TLR4 in the control of A. actinomycetemcomitans infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined the mechanisms that modulate the outcome of A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontal disease in TLR4(-/-) mice. The production of cytokines was evaluated by ELISA. The bacterial load was determined by counting the number of colony-forming units per gram of tissue. RESULTS The results showed that TLR4-deficient mice developed less severe periodontitis after A. actinomycetemcomitans infection, characterized by significantly lower bone loss and inflammatory cell migration to periodontal tissues. However, the absence of TLR4 facilitated the A. actinomycetemcomitans dissemination. Myeloperoxidase activity was diminished in the periodontal tissue of TLR4(-/-) mice. We observed a significant reduction in the production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-1beta in the periodontal tissue of TLR4(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION The results of this study highlighted the role of TLR4 in controlling A. actinomycetemcomitans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayana Ramos Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Sun Y, Guo QM, Liu DL, Zhang MZ, Shu R. In vivoexpression of Toll-like receptor 2, Toll-like receptor 4, CSF2 and LY64 in Chinese chronic periodontitis patients. Oral Dis 2010; 16:343-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Morandini ACF, Sipert CR, Gasparoto TH, Greghi SLA, Passanezi E, Rezende MLR, Sant'ana AP, Campanelli AP, Garlet GP, Santos CF. Differential Production of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α, Stromal-Derived Factor-1, and IL-6 by Human Cultured Periodontal Ligament and Gingival Fibroblasts Challenged With Lipopolysaccharide FromP. gingivalis. J Periodontol 2010; 81:310-7. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Noack B, Görgens H, Lorenz K, Schackert HK, Hoffmann T. TLR4 and IL-18 gene variants in chronic periodontitis: impact on disease susceptibility and severity. Immunol Invest 2009; 38:297-310. [PMID: 19811440 DOI: 10.1080/08820130902846290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess whether genotypes in the Toll-like receptor 4 gene and in the promoter of the interleukin-18 gene are associated with the susceptibility to chronic periodontitis. 108 chronic periodontitis patients and 76 controls were genotyped for c.896A>G/1196C>T (TLR4 gene) and for c.-368G>C/ c.-838C>A (IL-18 promoter). There were no significant differences in genotype and allele distributions between the study groups. Periodontitis severity in patients with TLR4 c.896AG/1196CT genotype was significantly higher than wildtype carriers. The percentage of teeth with clinical attachment loss > or = 5 mm was 77.3% and 58.8%, respectively (p < or = 0.006, t-test). All subjects were further classified into carriers and non-carriers of at least one variant of each gene. A logistic regression analysis adjusted for gender, smoking, and age showed no association between gene variant carrier status and periodontitis (OR = 1.98, 95% CI 0.61-6.39). The results did not show that IL-18 and TLR4 variants have an effect on the susceptibility to chronic periodontitis. Considering the low number of periodontitis patients carrying TLR4 variants (11%), a comparison of the periodontitis severity depending on the genotype has to be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Noack
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Jagannathan M, Hasturk H, Liang Y, Shin H, Hetzel JT, Kantarci A, Rubin D, McDonnell ME, Van Dyke TE, Ganley-Leal LM, Nikolajczyk BS. TLR cross-talk specifically regulates cytokine production by B cells from chronic inflammatory disease patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7461-70. [PMID: 19917698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic systemic inflammation links periodontal disease and diabetes to increased incidence of serious comorbidities. Activation of TLRs, particularly TLR2 and TLR4, promotes chronic systemic inflammation. Human B cells have been generally thought to lack these TLRs. However, recent work showed that an increased percentage of circulating B cells from inflammatory disease patients express TLR2 and TLR4, and that TLR engagement on B cells resulted in unexpected changes in gene expression. New data show that B cells from inflammatory disease patients secrete multiple cytokines in response to different classes of TLR ligands. Furthermore, the B cell response to combinations of TLR ligands is cytokine- and ligand-specific. Some cytokines (IL-1beta and IL-10) are predominantly regulated by TLR4, but others (IL-8 and TNF-alpha) are predominantly regulated by TLR2, due in part to TLR-dictated changes in transcription factor/promoter association. TLR2 and TLR9 also regulate B cell TLR4 expression, demonstrating that TLR cross-talk controls B cell responses at multiple levels. Parallel examination of B cells from periodontal disease and diabetes patients suggested that outcomes of TLR cross-talk are influenced by disease pathology. We conclude that disease-associated alteration of B cell TLR responses specifically regulates cytokine production and may influence chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Jagannathan
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Receptor recognition of and immune intracellular pathways for Veillonella parvula lipopolysaccharide. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1804-9. [PMID: 19828771 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00310-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Veillonella parvula is an anaerobic gram-negative coccus that is part of the normal flora of the animal and human mouth and gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. Oral V. parvula is involved in the development of early periodontal disease as well as different types of serious infections. Present data on molecular mechanisms responsible for innate immune response against Veillonella are very scanty. The aim of this study was to investigate the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways responsible for V. parvula lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to identify the intracellular pathways induced by this recognition. V. parvula LPS stimulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of cells with a TLR4 antagonist significantly reduced TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in PBMC stimulated with either Veillonella or Escherichia coli LPS. However, V. parvula LPS was 10- to 100-fold less active than E. coli LPS for cytokine induction. TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 were released in wild-type and TLR2(-/-), but not TLR4(-/-), mouse macrophage cultures. V. parvula LPS was able to activate the human PBMC p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). A specific p38 MAPK inhibitor strongly inhibited V. parvula LPS-induced TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10. In conclusion, V. parvula LPS is able to induce cytokine production in both human and murine in vitro models, although it is less effective than Enterobacteriaceae LPS. V. parvula LPS-stimulated cytokine induction, as well as p38 MAPK activation, are TLR4-dependent features.
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The Pellino family: IRAK E3 ligases with emerging roles in innate immune signalling. Trends Immunol 2008; 30:33-42. [PMID: 19022706 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the emerging roles of the Pellino family of E3 ubiquitin ligases as upstream mediators in Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways that lead to activation of MAP kinases and transcription factors. The functional importance of the Pellino family as RING-like-domain-containing proteins with intrinsic ubiquitin E3 ligase activity that can catalyse polyubiquitylation of the key TLR signalling molecule IRAK1 is discussed in detail. The importance of Pellino proteins as novel targets for mediating negative regulation of TLR signalling is also explored. This new knowledge and understanding of Pellino biology begins to fill some long-standing voids in our understanding of TLR signalling.
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Noack B, Görgens H, Lorenz K, Ziegler A, Hoffmann T, Schackert HK. TLR4 and IL-18 gene variants in aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:1020-6. [PMID: 18983635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to assess the association of different genotypes with increased aggressive periodontitis susceptibility by studying functional relevant variants in the pathogen-recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and variants in the promoter region of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18). MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and eleven patients with aggressive periodontitis and 80 periodontally healthy controls were genotyped for four functional variants in the TLR4 gene (c.896A>G and c.1196C>T) and in the IL-18 promoter (c.-368G>C and c.-838C>A). The genotype and allele frequencies, as well as the frequency of combined genotypes were compared between study groups. RESULTS There were no statistical differences in genotype and allele frequencies within the four variants between the groups. All study subjects were further classified into carriers and non-carriers of at least one variant of both genes. The logistic regression analysis adjusted for gender and smoking showed no association between carrier status of at least one variant of both genes and periodontal status (OR=1.41, 95% CI: 0.43-4.70). CONCLUSIONS Our results reject the hypothesis that functionally relevant IL-18 and TLR4 gene mutations have a major effect on aggressive periodontitis susceptibility alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Noack
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany.
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