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New way to obtain the poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide) blend filled with nanohydroxyapatite as biomaterial for 3D-printed bone-reconstruction implants. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.110997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2747-2760. [PMID: 33791834 PMCID: PMC8012020 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A homeostatic balance exists between the resident microbiota in the oral cavity and the host. Perturbations of the oral microbiota under particular conditions can contribute to the growth of non-oral pathogens that are hard to kill because of their higher resistance to antimicrobials, raising the probability of treatment failure and reinfection. The presence of these bacteria in the oral cavity has been proven to be associated with several oral diseases such as periodontitis, caries, and gingivitis, and systemic diseases of importance in clinical medicine such as cystic fibrosis, HIV, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, it is still controversial whether these species are merely transient members or unique to the oral cavity. Mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between the oral microbiota and non-oral pathogens can also occur, though the mechanisms used by these bacteria are not clear. Therefore, this review presents an overview of the current knowledge about the presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity, their relationship with systemic and oral diseases, and their interactions with oral bacteria.
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3
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Pihl M, Galli S, Jimbo R, Andersson M. Osseointegration and antibacterial effect of an antimicrobial peptide releasing mesoporous titania implant. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:1787-1795. [PMID: 33763981 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Medical devices such as orthopedic and dental implants may get infected by bacteria, which results in treatment using antibiotics. Since antibiotic resistance is increasing in society there is a need of finding alternative strategies for infection control. One potential strategy is the use of antimicrobial peptides, AMPs. In this study, we investigated the antibiofilm effect of the AMP, RRP9W4N, using a local drug-delivery system based on mesoporous titania covered titanium implants. Biofilm formation was studied in vitro using a safranine biofilm assay and LIVE/DEAD staining. Moreover, we investigated what effect the AMP had on osseointegration of commercially available titanium implants in vivo, using a rabbit tibia model. The results showed a sustained release of AMP with equal or even better antibiofilm properties than the traditionally used antibiotic Cloxacillin. In addition, no negative effects on osseointegration in vivo was observed. These combined results demonstrate the potential of using mesoporous titania as an AMP delivery system and the potential use of the AMP RRP9W4N for infection control of osseointegrating implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pihl
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Silvia Galli
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ryo Jimbo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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4
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Muñoz M, Comtois-Bona M, Cortes D, Cimenci CE, Du Q, Thompson C, Figueroa JD, Franklin V, Liu P, Alarcon EI. Integrated photothermal decontamination device for N95 respirators. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1822. [PMID: 33469049 PMCID: PMC7815715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the COVID-19 global pandemic has infected over 25 million people worldwide and resulted in the death of millions. The COVID-19 pandemic has also resulted in a shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) in many regions around the world, particularly in middle- and low-income countries. The shortages of PPE, such as N95 respirators, is something that will persist until an effective vaccine is made available. Thus, devices that while being easy to operate can also be rapidly deployed in health centers, and long-term residences without the need for major structural overhaul are instrumental to sustainably use N95 respirators. In this report, we present the design and validation of a decontamination device that combines UV-C & B irradiation with mild-temperature treatment. The device can decontaminate up to 20 masks in a cycle of < 30 min. The decontamination process did not damage or reduce the filtering capacity of the masks. Further, the efficacy of the device to eliminate microbes and viruses from the masks was also evaluated. The photothermal treatment of our device was capable of eradicating > 99.9999% of the bacteria and > 99.99% of the virus tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Muñoz
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
- Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Maxime Comtois-Bona
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
- Biomedical Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada
| | - David Cortes
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
- Biomedical Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Cagla Eren Cimenci
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Qiujiang Du
- Cardiac Function Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Collin Thompson
- Occupational Health, Safety and Biosafety, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Juan David Figueroa
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Vivian Franklin
- Laboratory Research Resources, Office of Research Services, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Peter Liu
- Cardiac Function Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Emilio I Alarcon
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada.
- Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada.
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5
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Yong YY, Ong MWK, Dykes G, Choo WS. Betacyanin-inhibited biofilm formation of co-culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on different polymer surfaces. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 368:6041720. [PMID: 33338235 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are bacteria that cause biofilm-associated infections. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of combined betacyanin fractions from Amaranthus dubius (red spinach) and Hylocereus polyrhizus (red pitahaya) against biofilms formed by co-culture of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa on different polymer surfaces. Various formulations containing different concentrations of the betacyanin fractions were investigated for biofilm-inhibiting activity on polystyrene surfaces using crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy. A combination of each betacyanin fraction (0.625 mg mL-1) reduced biofilm formation of five S. aureus strains and four P. aeruginosa strains from optical density values of 1.24-3.84 and 1.25-3.52 to 0.81-2.63 and 0.80-1.71, respectively. These combined fractions also significantly inhibited dual-species biofilms by 2.30 and reduced 1.0-1.3 log CFU cm-2 bacterial attachment on polymer surfaces such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene and silicone rubber. This study demonstrated an increase in biofilm-inhibiting activity against biofilms formed by two species using combined fractions than that by using single fractions. Betacyanins found in different plants could collectively be used to potentially decrease the risk of biofilm-associated infections caused by these bacteria on hydrophobic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yi Yong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michelle Wei Kim Ong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gary Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, 6102, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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6
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Identification and Characterization of Quorum-Quenching Activity of N-Acylhomoserine Lactonase from Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080483. [PMID: 32764492 PMCID: PMC7459623 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) are used as quorum-sensing signals in Gram-negative bacteria. Many genes encoding AHL-degrading enzymes have been cloned and characterized in various microorganisms. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are present on the skin of animals and are considered low-virulent species. The AHL-lactonase gene homologue, ahlS, was present in the genomes of the CNS strains Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Staphylococcus sciuri. We cloned the candidate ahlS homologue from six CNS strains into the pBBR1MCS5 vector. AhlS from the CNS strains showed a higher degrading activity against AHLs with short acyl chains compared to those with long acyl chains. AhlS from S. sciuri was expressed and purified as a maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusion. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that regulates several virulence factors such as elastase and pyocyanin by quorum-sensing systems. When MBP-AhlS was added to the culture of P. aeruginosa PAO1, pyocyanin production and elastase activity were substantially reduced compared to those in untreated PAO1. These results demonstrate that the AHL-degrading activity of AhlS from the CNS strains can inhibit quorum sensing in P. aeruginosa PAO1.
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7
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Guo J, Yoshida K, Ikegame M, Okamura H. Quorum sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone: An all-rounder in mammalian cell modification. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:16-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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8
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Jordana-Lluch E, Garcia V, Kingdon ADH, Singh N, Alexander C, Williams P, Hardie KR. A Simple Polymicrobial Biofilm Keratinocyte Colonization Model for Exploring Interactions Between Commensals, Pathogens and Antimicrobials. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:291. [PMID: 32161578 PMCID: PMC7054238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin offers protection against external insults, with the skin microbiota playing a crucial defensive role against pathogens that gain access when the skin barrier is breached. Linkages between skin microbes, biofilms and disease have not been well established although single-species biofilm formation by skin microbiota in vitro has been extensively studied. Consequently, the purpose of this work was to optimize and validate a simple polymicrobial biofilm keratinocyte model for investigating commensal, pathogen and keratinocyte interactions and for evaluating therapeutic agents or health promoting interventions. The model incorporates the commensals (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus luteus) and pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which form robust polymicrobial biofilms on immortalized keratinocytes (HaCat cells). We observed that the commensals reduce the damage caused to the keratinocyte monolayer by either pathogen. When the commensals were combined with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, much thinner biofilms were observed than those formed by the pathogens alone. When P. aeruginosa was inoculated with S. epidermidis in the presence or absence of M. luteus, the commensals formed a layer between the keratinocytes and pathogen. Although S. aureus completely inhibited the growth of M. luteus in dual-species biofilms, inclusion of S. epidermidis in triple or quadruple species biofilms, enabled M. luteus to retain viability. Using this polymicrobial biofilm keratinocyte model, we demonstrate that a quorum sensing (QS) deficient S. aureus agr mutant, in contrast to the parent, failed to damage the keratinocyte monolayer unless supplied with the exogenous cognate autoinducing peptide. In addition, we show that treatment of the polymicrobial keratinocyte model with nanoparticles containing an inhibitor of the PQS QS system reduced biofilm thickness and P. aeruginosa localization in mono- and polymicrobial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jordana-Lluch
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vanina Garcia
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander D H Kingdon
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nishant Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Williams
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kim R Hardie
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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9
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Singh PK, Yadav VK, Kalia M, Dohare S, Sharma D, Agarwal V. Pseudomonas aeruginosa auto inducer3-oxo-C 12-HSL exerts bacteriostatic effect and inhibits Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:612-619. [PMID: 28804019 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has evolved the 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C4-HSL based quorum sensing system which is responsible for the regulation of various virulence factors and helps to dominates over other bacterial species. Staphylococcus epidermidis has frequently been reported with P. aeruginosa while the role of C4-HSL and 3-oxo-C12-HSL on the S. epidermidis had widely been unexplored, and as per our knowledge, this is the first report on the impact of C4-HSL and 3-oxo-C12-HSL overS. epidermidis growth and biofilm. We found that among the two AHL molecules; only 3-oxo-C12-HSL was able to exert a significant effect in all the experiments including growth and biofilm of S. epidermidis. 3-oxo-C12-HSL at 100 μM and 200 μM concentrations were able to initiate the apparent transient type of planktonic growth inhibition in S. epidermidis. Microscopic analysis and biofilm quantification assay showed the inhibitory effect of 3-oxo-C12-HSL against S. epidermidis biofilm, initial attachment, and EPS production. The study concludes that P. aeruginosa associated 3-oxo-C12-HSL exerts the inhibitory effect on S. epidermidis growth and biofilms and thus it may also help Pseudomonasto dominate under the co-infection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
| | - Manmohit Kalia
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
| | - Suhaga Dohare
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
| | - Deepmala Sharma
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
| | - Vishnu Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India.
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10
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Hotterbeekx A, Kumar-Singh S, Goossens H, Malhotra-Kumar S. In vivo and In vitro Interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus spp. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:106. [PMID: 28421166 PMCID: PMC5376567 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of polymicrobial infections is increasingly being recognized especially in a biofilm context wherein multiple bacterial species—including both potential pathogens and members of the commensal flora—communicate, cooperate, and compete with each other. Two important bacterial pathogens that have developed a complex network of evasion, counter-inhibition, and subjugation in their battle for space and nutrients are Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Their strain- and environment-specific interactions, for instance in the cystic fibrosis lung or in wound infections, show severe competition that is generally linked to worse patient outcomes. For instance, the extracellular factors secreted by P. aeruginosa have been shown to subjugate S. aureus to persist as small colony variants (SCVs). On the other hand, data also exist where S. aureus inhibits biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa but also protects the pathogen by inhibiting its phagocytosis. Interestingly, such interspecies interactions differ between the planktonic and biofilm phenotype, with the extracellular matrix components of the latter likely being a key, and largely underexplored, influence. This review attempts to understand the complex relationship between P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus spp., focusing on S. aureus, that not only is interesting from the bacterial evolution point of view, but also has important consequences for our understanding of the disease pathogenesis for better patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Hotterbeekx
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of AntwerpWilrijk, Belgium
| | - Samir Kumar-Singh
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of AntwerpWilrijk, Belgium.,Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology, University of AntwerpWilrijk, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of AntwerpWilrijk, Belgium
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of AntwerpWilrijk, Belgium
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11
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Mai-Prochnow A, Clauson M, Hong J, Murphy AB. Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ in their sensitivity to cold plasma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38610. [PMID: 27934958 PMCID: PMC5146927 DOI: 10.1038/srep38610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric-pressure plasma (CAP) is a relatively new method being investigated for antimicrobial activity. However, the exact mode of action is still being explored. Here we report that CAP efficacy is directly correlated to bacterial cell wall thickness in several species. Biofilms of Gram positive Bacillus subtilis, possessing a 55.4 nm cell wall, showed the highest resistance to CAP, with less than one log10 reduction after 10 min treatment. In contrast, biofilms of Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, possessing only a 2.4 nm cell wall, were almost completely eradicated using the same treatment conditions. Planktonic cultures of Gram negative Pseudomonas libanensis also had a higher log10 reduction than Gram positive Staphylococcus epidermidis. Mixed species biofilms of P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis showed a similar trend of Gram positive bacteria being more resistant to CAP treatment. However, when grown in co-culture, Gram negative P. aeruginosa was more resistant to CAP overall than as a mono-species biofilm. Emission spectra indicated OH and O, capable of structural cell wall bond breakage, were present in the plasma. This study indicates that cell wall thickness correlates with CAP inactivation times of bacteria, but cell membranes and biofilm matrix are also likely to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryse Clauson
- CSIRO Manufacturing, PO Box 218, Lindfield NSW 2070 Australia.,National Engineering School of Agronomy and Food Science, Nancy, France
| | - Jungmi Hong
- CSIRO Manufacturing, PO Box 218, Lindfield NSW 2070 Australia.,School of Physics, University of Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia
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12
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Hempenstall A, Grant GD, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Johnson PJ. Pyocyanin inhibits both nitric oxide-dependent and -independent relaxation in porcine coronary arteries. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:186-91. [PMID: 25399964 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor pyocyanin (PCN) on the contractile function of porcine coronary arteries was investigated in vitro. Artery rings (5 mm) were suspended in organ baths containing Krebs' solution for the measurement of isometric tension. The effect of PCN on resting and precontracted coronary arteries was initially investigated with various agents. Arteries were precontracted with prostaglandin (PG) F2α or potassium chloride and endothelium-dependent relaxations were induced by various agents in the presence of PCN. Pyocyanin (0.1-10 μmol/L) evoked small-amplitude, dose-dependent contractions in resting porcine coronary arteries. In addition, PCN amplified the contractile response to PGF2α , but did not alter responses to carbachol. Pyocyanin (0.1-10 μmol/L) significantly inhibited endothelium-dependent relaxations evoked by neurokinin A. Pyocyanin also inhibited relaxations evoked by diethylamine nitric oxide (a nitric oxide donor), forskolin (an adenylate cyclase activator), dibuytyryl-cAMP (a cAMP analogue), 8-bromo-cGMP (a cGMP analogue) and P1075 (a KATP channel activator), but not isoprenaline (β-adrenoceceptor agonist). These results indicate that physiological concentrations of PCN interfere with multiple intracellular processes involved in vascular smooth muscle relaxation, in particular pathways downstream of nitric oxide release. Thus, PCN may alter normal vascular function in patients infected with P. aeruginosa.
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13
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Pompilio A, Crocetta V, De Nicola S, Verginelli F, Fiscarelli E, Di Bonaventura G. Cooperative pathogenicity in cystic fibrosis: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia modulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence in mixed biofilm. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:951. [PMID: 26441885 PMCID: PMC4584994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken in order to understand more about the interaction occurring between S. maltophilia and P. aeruginosa, which are frequently co-isolated from CF airways. For this purpose, S. maltophilia RR7 and P. aeruginosa RR8 strains, co-isolated from the lung of a chronically infected CF patient during a pulmonary exacerbation episode, were evaluated for reciprocal effect during planktonic growth, adhesion and biofilm formation onto both polystyrene and CF bronchial cell monolayer, motility, as well as for gene expression in mixed biofilms. P. aeruginosa significantly affected S. maltophilia growth in both planktonic and biofilm cultures, due to an inhibitory activity probably requiring direct contact. Conversely, no effect was observed on P. aeruginosa by S. maltophilia. Compared with monocultures, the adhesiveness of P. aeruginosa on CFBE41o- cells was significantly reduced by S. maltophilia, which probably acts by reducing P. aeruginosa's swimming motility. An opposite trend was observed for biofilm formation, confirming the findings obtained using polystyrene. When grown in mixed biofilm with S. maltophilia, P. aeruginosa significantly over-expressed aprA, and algD-codifying for protease and alginate, respectively-while the quorum sensing related rhlR and lasI genes were down-regulated. The induced alginate expression by P. aeruginosa might be responsible for the protection of S. maltophilia against tobramycin activity we observed in mixed biofilms. Taken together, our results suggest that the existence of reciprocal interference of S. maltophilia and P. aeruginosa in CF lung is plausible. In particular, S. maltophilia might confer some selective "fitness advantage" to P. aeruginosa under the specific conditions of chronic infection or, alternatively, increase the virulence of P. aeruginosa thus leading to pulmonary exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pompilio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy ; Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Crocetta
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy ; Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation Chieti, Italy
| | - Serena De Nicola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy ; Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabio Verginelli
- Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation Chieti, Italy ; Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Di Bonaventura
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy ; Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation Chieti, Italy
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14
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Vandecandelaere I, Coenye T. Microbial composition and antibiotic resistance of biofilms recovered from endotracheal tubes of mechanically ventilated patients. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 830:137-55. [PMID: 25366226 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11038-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In critically ill patients, breathing is impaired and mechanical ventilation, using an endotracheal tube (ET) connected to a ventilator, is necessary. Although mechanical ventilation is a life-saving procedure, it is not without risk. Because of several reasons, a biofilm often forms at the distal end of the ET and this biofilm is a persistent source of bacteria which can infect the lungs, causing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). There is a link between the microbial flora of ET biofilms and the microorganisms involved in the onset of VAP. Culture dependent and independent techniques were already used to identify the microbial flora of ET biofilms and also, the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms obtained from ET biofilms was determined. The ESKAPE pathogens play a dominant role in the onset of VAP and these organisms were frequently identified in ET biofilms. Also, antibiotic resistant microorganisms were frequently present in ET biofilms. Members of the normal oral flora were also identified in ET biofilms but it is thought that these organisms initiate ET biofilm formation and are not directly involved in the development of VAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vandecandelaere
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Souto R, Silva-Boghossian CM, Colombo APV. Prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in subgingival biofilm and saliva of subjects with chronic periodontal infection. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:495-501. [PMID: 25242933 PMCID: PMC4166274 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. are important pathogens associated with late nosocomial pneumonia in hospitalized and institutionalized individuals. The oral cavity may be a major source of these respiratory pathogens, particularly in the presence of poor oral hygiene and periodontal infection. This study investigated the prevalence of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in subgingival biofilm and saliva of subjects with periodontal disease or health. Samples were obtained from 55 periodontally healthy (PH) and 169 chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. DNA was obtained from the samples and detection of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. was carried out by multiplex and nested PCR. P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. were detected in 40% and 45% of all samples, respectively. No significant differences in the distribution of these microorganisms between men and women, subgingival biofilm and saliva samples, patients ≤ 35 and > 35 years of age, and smokers and non-smokers were observed regardless periodontal status (p > 0.05). In contrast, the frequencies of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in saliva and biofilm samples were significantly greater in CP than PH patients (p < 0.01). Smokers presenting P. aeruginosa and high frequencies of supragingival plaque were more likely to present CP than PH. P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. are frequently detected in the oral microbiota of CP. Poor oral hygiene, smoking and the presence of P. aeruginosa are strongly associated with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Souto
- Instituto de Microbiologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de JaneiroRJ Brazil Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carina M Silva-Boghossian
- Departamento de Clínica Odontológica Faculdade de Odontologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de JaneiroRJ Brazil Departamento de Clínica Odontológica, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Vieira Colombo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de JaneiroRJ Brazil Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most common cause of primary bacteremia and infections of indwelling medical devices. The ability to cause disease is linked to its natural niche on human skin and ability to attach and form biofilm on foreign bodies. This review focuses on the S. epidermidis clinical syndromes most commonly encountered by clinicians and future potential treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Rupp
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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17
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May JG, Shah P, Sachdeva L, Micale M, Kruper GJ, Sheyn A, Coticchia JM. Potential role of biofilms in deep cervical abscess. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:10-3. [PMID: 24275082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deep neck abscesses are complex head & neck problems that can lead to significant complications including life threatening infections. It is understood that the pathology of these infections is primarily polymicrobial. Although broad spectrum antibiotics can be effective for small abscesses, larger abscesses can be recalcitrant and difficult to treat with antibiotics. It has been demonstrated for several infectious diseases, including some of head & neck, that biofilm phenotypes present a unique model for recurrence and chronicity of infectious diseases. It is suspected that biofilm phenotypes could play a crucial role in the recalcitrance of large deep neck abscesses. This study presents initial evidence indicating the presence of polymicrobial biofilms in deep neck space infections. METHODS Fourteen samples obtained via biopsy of abscess walls from deep neck spaces of patients undergoing surgical drainage. Eight patients were male and 6 were female. All but one patient were pediatric with ages ranging from 18 months to 32 years. All samples were processed and analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Electron micrographs of 12 out of 14 specimens showed discrete biofilm architecture with individual bacteria, both rods and cocci, embedded within the matrix. This was starkly different from tissue surfaces devoid of biofilms. CONCLUSIONS This initial evidence suggests that biofilm phenotypes could play a role in the pathogenesis and recalcitrance of deep neck infections, particularly in larger abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G May
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Penn State Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Priyanka Shah
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Livjot Sachdeva
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mark Micale
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Gregory J Kruper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Anthony Sheyn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Penn State Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James M Coticchia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Pihl M, Arvidsson A, Skepö M, Nilsson M, Givskov M, Tolker-Nielsen T, Svensäter G, Davies JR. Biofilm formation byStaphylococcus epidermidison peritoneal dialysis catheters and the effects of extracellular products fromPseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathog Dis 2013; 67:192-8. [DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pihl
- Department of Oral Biology; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö; Sweden
| | - Anna Arvidsson
- Department of Biomaterials; Sahlgrenska Academy; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - Marie Skepö
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Lund University; Lund; Sweden
| | - Martin Nilsson
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | | | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Gunnel Svensäter
- Department of Oral Biology; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö; Sweden
| | - Julia R. Davies
- Department of Oral Biology; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö; Sweden
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Seth AK, Geringer MR, Hong SJ, Leung KP, Galiano RD, Mustoe TA. Comparative analysis of single-species and polybacterial wound biofilms using a quantitative, in vivo, rabbit ear model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42897. [PMID: 22905182 PMCID: PMC3414496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent literature suggests that chronic wound biofilms often consist of multiple bacterial species. However, without appropriate in vivo, polybacterial biofilm models, our understanding of these complex infections remains limited. We evaluate and compare the effect of single- and mixed-species biofilm infections on host wound healing dynamics using a quantitative, in vivo, rabbit ear model. METHODS Six-mm dermal punch wounds in New Zealand rabbit ears were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus strain UAMS-1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1, or both, totaling 10/6 colony-forming units/wound. Bacterial proliferation and maintenance in vivo were done using procedures from our previously published model. Wounds were harvested for histological measurement of wound healing, viable bacterial counts using selective media, or inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α) expression via quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Biofilm structure was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For comparison, biofilm deficient mutant UAMS-929 replaced strain UAMS-1 in some mixed-species infections. RESULTS Bacterial counts verified the presence of both strains UAMS-1 and PAO1 in polybacterial wounds. Over time, strain PAO1 became predominant (p<0.001). SEM showed colocalization of both species within an extracellular matrix at multiple time-points. Compared to each monospecies infection, polybacterial biofilms impaired all wound healing parameters (p<0.01), and increased expression of IL-1β and TNF-α (p<0.05). In contrast, mixed-species infections using biofilm-deficient mutant UAMS-929 instead of wild-type strain UAMS-1 showed less wound impairment (p<0.01) with decreased host cytokine expression (p<0.01), despite a bacterial burden and distribution comparable to that of mixed-wild-type wounds. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that mixed-species biofilms have a greater impact on wound healing dynamics than their monospecies counterparts. The increased virulence of polybacterial biofilm appears dependent on the combined pathogenicity of each species, verified using a mutant strain. These data suggest that individual bacterial species can interact synergistically within a single biofilm structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil K. Seth
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKS); (TAM)
| | - Matthew R. Geringer
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Seok J. Hong
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kai P. Leung
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Galiano
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Mustoe
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKS); (TAM)
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Seth AK, Geringer MR, Galiano RD, Leung KP, Mustoe TA, Hong SJ. Quantitative comparison and analysis of species-specific wound biofilm virulence using an in vivo, rabbit-ear model. J Am Coll Surg 2012; 215:388-99. [PMID: 22704819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although bacterial biofilm is recognized as an important contributor to chronic wound pathogenesis, differences in biofilm virulence between species have never been studied in vivo. STUDY DESIGN Dermal punch wounds in New Zealand white rabbit ears were inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or left uninfected as controls. In vivo biofilm was established and maintained using procedures from our previously published wound biofilm model. Virulence was assessed by measurement of histologic wound healing and host inflammatory mediators. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and bacterial counts verified biofilm viability. Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)-deficient P aeruginosa was used for comparison. RESULTS SEM confirmed the presence of wound biofilm for each species. P aeruginosa biofilm-infected wounds showed significantly more healing impairment than uninfected, K pneumoniae, and S aureus (p < 0.05), while also triggering the largest host inflammatory response (p < 0.05). Extracellular polymeric substance-deficient P aeruginosa demonstrated a reduced impact on the same quantitative endpoints relative to its wild-type strain (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our novel analysis demonstrates that individual bacterial species possess distinct levels of biofilm virulence. Biofilm EPS may represent an integral part of their distinct pathogenicity. Rigorous examination of species-dependent differences in biofilm virulence is critical to developing specific therapeutics, while lending insight to the interactions within clinically relevant, polybacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil K Seth
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Guggenheim M, Thurnheer T, Gmür R, Giovanoli P, Guggenheim B. Validation of the Zürich burn-biofilm model. Burns 2011; 37:1125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pihl M, Chávez de Paz LE, Schmidtchen A, Svensäter G, Davies JR. Effects of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:504-12. [PMID: 20579097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is often found in chronic infections, including cystic fibrosis lung infections and those related to chronic wounds and venous ulcers. At the latter sites, P. aeruginosa can be isolated together with Staphylococcus epidermidis, and we have therefore explored the effect of clinical isolates and laboratory strains of P. aeruginosa strains on colonization by S. epidermidis in dual-species biofilms. Biofilm formation was assayed using 16S rRNA FISH and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Among the six P. aeruginosa strains tested, one particular strain, denoted 14:2, exerted a significant inhibitory effect, and even after 6 h, S. epidermidis levels in dual-species biofilms were reduced by >85% compared with those without P. aeruginosa. Interestingly, strain 14:2 was found to be negative for classical virulence determinants including pyocyanin, elastase and alkaline protease. Therefore, we suggest that less virulent phenotypes of P. aeruginosa, which may develop over time in chronic infections, could counteract colonization by S. epidermidis, ensuring persistence and dominance by P. aeruginosa in the host micro-habitat. Further studies are required to explain the inhibitory effect on S. epidermidis, although extracellular polysaccharides produced by P. aeruginosa might play a role in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pihl
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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