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Schmid G, Wandrey C. Purification and partial characterization of a cellodextrin glucohydrolase (beta-glucosidase) from Trichoderma reesei strain QM 9414. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 30:571-85. [PMID: 18581436 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260300415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A beta-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.21) was isolated from the culture filtrate of fungus Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 grown in continuous culture with biomass retention. The crude extracellular enzyme preparation was fractionated by a three-step purification procedure [chromatography on Fractogel HW-55 (S) and Bio-Gel A 0.5 plus final preparative isoelectric focusing] to yield three beta-glucosidases with isoelectric points at pH 8.4, 8.0, and 7.4. Only one enzyme (pi 8.4) met the stringent criterion of being homogeneous according to titration curve analysis. This enzyme was then characterized not to be a glycoprotein, although the native protein contained 35% carbohydrate (as glucose). It was found to have an apparent molar mass of 7 x 10(4) g/mol (SDS-PAGE), exhibited its optimum activity towards cellobiose at pH 4.5 and 70 degrees C (30 min test), and lost less than 3% activity at 50 degrees C over a period of 7 h. The K(M) values towards cellobiose and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside were determined to be 0.5mM and 0.3mM, respectively. The enzyme hydrolyzed cellodextrins (cellotriose to cellooctaose) by sequentially splitting off glucose units from the nonreducing end of the oligomers. The extent of the observed transfer reactions varied with the initial substrate concentration. No enzyme activity towards microcrystalline cellulose or carboxymethylcellulose could be detected. The classification of the enzyme as beta-glucosidase or exo-beta-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase is discussed with respect to the exhibited hydrolytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schmid
- Institut für Biotechnologie der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH, D-5170 Jülich, Federal Republic of Germany
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Uzbas F, Sezerman U, Hartl L, Kubicek CP, Seiboth B. A homologous production system for Trichoderma reesei secreted proteins in a cellulase-free background. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1601-8. [PMID: 22080343 PMCID: PMC3275749 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent demands for the production of biofuels from lignocellulose led to an increased interest in engineered cellulases from Trichoderma reesei or other fungal sources. While the methods to generate such mutant cellulases on DNA level are straightforward, there is often a bottleneck in their production since a correct posttranslational processing of these enzymes is needed to obtain highly active enzymes. Their production and subsequent enzymatic analysis in the homologous host T. reesei is, however, often disturbed by the concomitant production of other endogenous cellulases. As a useful alternative, we tested the production of cellulases in T. reesei in a genetic background where cellulase formation has been impaired by deletion of the major cellulase transcriptional activator gene xyr1. Three cellulase genes (cel7a, cel7b, and cel12a) were expressed under the promoter regions of the two highly expressed genes tef1 (encoding translation elongation factor 1-alpha) or cdna1 (encoding the hypothetical protein Trire2:110879). When cultivated on D: -glucose as carbon source, the Δxyr1 strain secreted all three cellulases into the medium. Related to the introduced gene copy number, the cdna1 promoter appeared to be superior to the tef1 promoter. No signs of proteolysis were detected, and the individual cellulases could be assayed over a background essentially free of other cellulases. Hence this system can be used as a vehicle for rapid and high-throughput testing of cellulase muteins in a homologous background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Uzbas
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Sabanci University, Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Sezerman
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Sabanci University, Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lukas Hartl
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 166-5, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 166-5, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 166-5, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Béguin P, Gilkes NR, Kilburn DG, Miller RC, O'neill GP, Warren RAJ. Cloning of Cellulase Genes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/07388558709113595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Roy SB, Ghosh AK, Sengupta S, Sengupta S. Development of high-molar-mass cellobiase complex by spontaneous protein-protein interaction in the culture filtrate of Termitomyces clypeatus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1994; 39:463-70. [PMID: 8549993 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The 450 kDa cellobiase from Termitomyces clypeatus which migrates as a single band on IEF, PAGE and SDS-PAGE, was found to possess appreciable sucrase activity. The fungus produced sucrase and cellobiase constitutively in different media but with different activity ratios. The kinetics of secretion of the two enzymes was similar under in vivo and in vitro conditions. HPGPLC analysis of the culture filtrates indicated the presence of both sucrase and cellobiase in the same protein fractions of different molar mass, even in the 30-kDa protein fraction. No free sucrase or cellobiase could be detected in the culture filtrates. It was also observed that fractionation of cellobiase by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation was different with different amounts of associated sucrase activity present in the culture filtrate. The (NH4)2SO4-precipitated cellobiase fraction also contained cellobiases in proteins of widely varied molar mass ranges. However, none of the low-molar mass proteins other than the 450-kDa enzyme could be purified, as all low-molar-mass fractions spontaneously aggregated to the 450-kDa enzyme. Hydrophobic chromatography of the (NH4)2SO4-precipitated fractions followed by HPGPLC of the eluted active fraction yielded both cellobiase-free sucrase and a very low sucrase-containing cellobiase fraction. The cellobiase fraction, homogeneous in PAGE, was also a high-molar-mass protein complex dissociating into a number of protein bands on SDS-PAGE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Roy
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta, India
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Sprey B, Bochem HP. Formation of cross-fractures in cellulose microfibril structure by an endoglucanase-cellobiohydrolase complex from Trichoderma reesei. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 106:239-43. [PMID: 8454189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An endoglucanase-cellobiohydrolase complex from Trichoderma reesei culture fluids was purified by means of preparative isoelectric focusing. The cellulase complex had a common apparent isoelectric point (pI) of 3.8. Beyond this pI, the electrophoretic mobilities of endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase were different under conditions of titration curves. The effect of this endoglucanase-cellobiohydrolase complex on Sinapis cellulose microfibril ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy after metal shadowing of the specimen. By the action of this cellulase complex, the microfibril structure was converted into an amorphous form of cellulose. Moreover, the hydrolase complex induced visible cross-fractures within the cellulose microfibril structure. The mean cellulose microfibril length of 1.2 microns was reduced to 0.9 microns in the presence (12 h) of this cellulase complex by the formation of shorter microfibril fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sprey
- Institut für Biotechnologie des Forschungszentrums Jülich, FRG
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Sprey B, Bochem HP. Effect of endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase fromTrichoderma reeseion cellulose microfibril structure. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Specka U, Mayer F, Antranikian G. Purification and Properties of a Thermoactive Glucoamylase from
Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:2317-23. [PMID: 16348541 PMCID: PMC183570 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.8.2317-2323.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial glucoamylase was purified from the anaerobic thermophilic bacterium
Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum
and characterized. The enzyme, which was purified 63-fold, with a yield of 36%, consisted of a single subunit with an apparent molecular mass of 75 kDa. The purified enzyme was able to attack α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in various α-glucans, liberating glucose with a β-anomeric configuration. The purified glucoamylase, which was optimally active at 70°C and pH 5.0, attacked preferentially polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen, amylopectin, and maltodextrin. The velocity of oligosaccharide hydrolysis decreased with a decrease in the size of the substrate. The
K
m
values for starch and maltose were 18 mg/ml and 20 mM, respectively. Enzyme activity was not significantly influenced by Ca
2+
, EDTA, or α- or β-cyclodextrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Specka
- Institut für Mikrobiologie der Georg-August Universität Göttingen, 3400 Göttingen, and Arbeitsbereich Biotechnologie I, Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Denickestrasse 15, 2100 Hamburg 90, Germany
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Novel carbohydrase “complex” from solid-state cultures of the aerobic fungus Penicillium capsulatum. Enzyme Microb Technol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(91)90004-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schmid G, Wandrey C. Evidence for the lack of exo-cellobiohydrolase activity in the cellulase system of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414. J Biotechnol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(90)90121-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hofer F, Weissinger E, Mischak H, Messner R, Meixner-Monori B, Blaas D, Visser J, Kubicek CP. A monoclonal antibody against the alkaline extracellular β-glucosidase from Trichoderma reesei: reactivity with other Trichoderma β-glucosidases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(89)90088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sprey B. Characterization of cellulases in an extracellular fraction fromTrichoderma reeseiunder conditions of isoelectric focusing (IEF). FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Sprey B. Complexity of cellulases fromTrichoderma reeseiwith acidic isoelectric points: A two-dimensional gel electrophoretic study using immunoblotting. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Purification of cellobiohydrolase I fromTrichoderma reesei using monoclonal antibodies in an immunomatrix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sprey B. Localisation of β-glucosidase in Trichoderma reeseicell walls with immunoelectron microscopy. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Effects of tunicamycin on secretion and enzymatic activities of cellulase fromTrichoderma reesei. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02660119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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