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Role of Dissimilative Pathway of Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris): Formaldehyde Toxicity and Energy Metabolism. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071466. [PMID: 35889185 PMCID: PMC9321669 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Komagataella phaffii (aka Pichia pastoris) is a yeast able to grow in methanol as the sole carbon and energy source. This substrate is converted into formaldehyde, a toxic intermediary that can either be assimilated to biomass or dissimilated to CO2 through the enzymes formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FLD) and formate dehydrogenase, also producing energy in the form of NADH. The dissimilative pathway has been described as an energy producing and a detoxifying route, but conclusive evidence has not been provided for this. In order to elucidate this theory, we generated mutants lacking the FLD activity (Δfld1) and used flux analysis to evaluate the metabolic impact of this disrupted pathway. Unexpectedly, we found that the specific growth rate of the Δfld1 strain was only slightly lower (92%) than the control. In contrast, the sensitivity to formaldehyde pulses (up to 8mM) was significantly higher in the Δfld1 mutant strain and was associated with a higher maintenance energy. In addition, the intracellular flux estimation revealed a high metabolic flexibility of K. phaffii in response to the disrupted pathway. Our results suggest that the role of the dissimilative pathway is mainly to protect the cells from the harmful effect of formaldehyde, as they were able to compensate for the energy provided from this pathway when disrupted.
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Kruis AJ, Bohnenkamp AC, Patinios C, van Nuland YM, Levisson M, Mars AE, van den Berg C, Kengen SW, Weusthuis RA. Microbial production of short and medium chain esters: Enzymes, pathways, and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gao P, Jiang Q, Xu Y, Xia W. Biosynthesis of acetate esters by dominate strains, isolated from Chinese traditional fermented fish (Suan yu). Food Chem 2018; 244:44-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mattanovich D, Sauer M, Gasser B. Industrial Microorganisms: Pichia pastoris. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807796.ch19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diethard Mattanovich
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH); Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Sauer
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH); Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; CD-Laboratory for Biotechnology of Glycerol; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH); Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
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Kaszycki P, Walski T, Hachicho N, Heipieper HJ. Biostimulation by methanol enables the methylotrophic yeasts Hansenula polymorpha and Trichosporon sp. to reveal high formaldehyde biodegradation potential as well as to adapt to this toxic pollutant. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5555-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Park YC, Shaffer CEH, Bennett GN. Microbial formation of esters. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:13-25. [PMID: 19714327 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Small aliphatic esters are important natural flavor and fragrance compounds and have numerous uses as solvents and as chemical intermediates. Besides the chemical or lipase-catalyzed formation of esters from alcohols and organic acids, small volatile esters are made by several biochemical routes in microbes. This short review will cover the biosynthesis of esters from acyl-CoA and alcohol condensation, from oxidation of hemiacetals formed from aldehydes and alcohols, and from the insertion of oxygen adjacent to the carbonyl group in a straight chain or cyclic ketone by Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. The physiological role of the ester-forming reactions can allow degradation of ketones for use as a carbon source and may play a role in detoxification of aldehydes or recycling cofactors. The enzymes catalyzing each of these processes have been isolated and characterized, and a number of genes encoding the proteins from various microbes have been cloned and functionally expressed. The use of these ester-forming organisms or recombinant organisms expressing the appropriate genes as biocatalysts in biotechnology to make specific esters and chiral lactones has been studied in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheol Park
- Department of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
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Metabolism and cometabolism of cyclic ethers by a filamentous fungus, a Graphium sp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:5514-22. [PMID: 19581469 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00078-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Graphium sp. (ATCC 58400) grows on gaseous n-alkanes and diethyl ether. n-Alkane-grown mycelia of this strain also cometabolically oxidize the gasoline oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). In this study, we characterized the ability of this fungus to metabolize and cometabolize a range of cyclic ethers, including tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 1,4-dioxane (14D). This strain grew on THF and other cyclic ethers, including tetrahydropyran and hexamethylene oxide. However, more vigorous growth was consistently observed on the lactones and terminal diols potentially derived from these ethers. Unlike the case in all previous studies of microbial THF oxidation, a metabolite, gamma-butyrolactone, was observed during growth of this fungus on THF. Growth on THF was inhibited by the same n-alkenes and n-alkynes that inhibit growth of this fungus on n-alkanes, while growth on gamma-butyrolactone or succinate was unaffected by these inhibitors. Propane and THF also behaved as mutually competitive substrates, and propane-grown mycelia immediately oxidized THF, without a lag phase. Mycelia grown on propane or THF exhibited comparable high levels of hemiacetal-oxidizing activity that generated methyl formate from mixtures of formaldehyde and methanol. Collectively, these observations suggest that THF and n-alkanes may initially be oxidized by the same monooxygenase and that further transformation of THF-derived metabolites involves the activity of one or more alcohol dehydrogenases. Both propane- and THF-grown mycelia also slowly cometabolically oxidized 14D, although unlike THF oxidation, this reaction was not sustainable. Specific rates of THF, 14D, and MTBE degradation were very similar in THF- and propane-grown mycelia.
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Park YC, San KY, Bennett GN. Characterization of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and 3 from Neurospora crassa FGSC2489. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:349-56. [PMID: 17516063 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a key enzyme in the production and utilization of alcohols. Some also catalyze the formation of carboxylate esters from alcohols and aldehydes. The ADH1 and ADH3 genes of Neurospora crassa FGSC2489 were cloned and expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli to investigate their alcohol dehydrogenation and carboxylate ester formation abilities. Homology analysis and sequence alignment of amino acid sequence indicated that ADH1 and ADH3 of N. crassa contained a zinc-binding consensus sequence and a NAD(+)-binding motif and showed 54-75% identity with fungi ADHs. N. crassa ADH1 was expressed in E. coli to give a specific activity of 289 +/- 9 mU/mg using ethanol and NAD(+) as substrate and cofactor, respectively. Corresponding experiments on the expression and activity of ADH3 gave 4 mU/mg of specific activity. N. crassa ADH1 preferred primary alcohols containing C3-C8 carbons to secondary alcohols such as 2-propanol and 2-butanol. N. crassa ADH1 possessed 5.3 mU/mg of specific carboxylate ester-forming activity accumulating 0.4 mM of ethyl acetate in 18 h. Substrate specificity of various linear alcohols and aldehydes indicated that short chain-length alcohols and aldehydes were good substrates for carboxylate ester production. N. crassa ADH1 was a primary alcohol dehydrogenase using cofactor NAD(+) preferably and possessed carboxylate ester-forming activity with short chain alcohols and aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Cheol Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Hartner FS, Glieder A. Regulation of methanol utilisation pathway genes in yeasts. Microb Cell Fact 2006; 5:39. [PMID: 17169150 PMCID: PMC1781073 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-5-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylotrophic yeasts such as Candida boidinii, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia methanolica and Pichia pastoris are an emerging group of eukaryotic hosts for recombinant protein production with an ever increasing number of applications during the last 30 years. Their applications are linked to the use of strong methanol-inducible promoters derived from genes of the methanol utilisation pathway. These promoters are tightly regulated, highly repressed in presence of non-limiting concentrations of glucose in the medium and strongly induced if methanol is used as carbon source. Several factors involved in this tight control and their regulatory effects have been described so far. This review summarises available data about the regulation of promoters from methanol utilisation pathway genes. Furthermore, the role of cis and trans acting factors (e.g. transcription factors, glucose processing enzymes) in the expression of methanol utilisation pathway genes is reviewed both in the context of the native cell environment as well as in heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz S Hartner
- Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis GmbH, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Gonzalez CF, Proudfoot M, Brown G, Korniyenko Y, Mori H, Savchenko AV, Yakunin AF. Molecular basis of formaldehyde detoxification. Characterization of two S-formylglutathione hydrolases from Escherichia coli, FrmB and YeiG. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14514-22. [PMID: 16567800 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600996200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli genes frmB (yaiM) and yeiG encode two uncharacterized proteins that share 54% sequence identity and contain a serine esterase motif. We demonstrated that purified FrmB and YeiG have high carboxylesterase activity against the model substrates, p-nitrophenyl esters of fatty acids (C2-C6) and alpha-naphthyl acetate. However, both proteins had the highest hydrolytic activity toward S-formylglutathione, an intermediate of the glutathione-dependent pathway of formaldehyde detoxification. With this substrate, both proteins had similar affinity (Km = 0.41-0.43 mM), but FrmB was almost 5 times more active. Alanine replacement mutagenesis of YeiG demonstrated that Ser145, Asp233, and His256 are absolutely required for activity, indicating that these residues represent a serine hydrolase catalytic triad in this protein and in other S-formylglutathione hydrolases. This was confirmed by inspecting the crystal structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae S-formylglutathione hydrolase YJG8 (Protein Data Bank code 1pv1), which has 45% sequence identity to YeiG. The structure revealed a canonical alpha/beta-hydrolase fold and a classical serine hydrolase catalytic triad (Ser161, His276, Asp241). In E. coli cells, the expression of frmB was stimulated 45-75 times by the addition of formaldehyde to the growth medium, whereas YeiG was found to be a constitutive enzyme. The simultaneous deletion of both frmB and yeiG genes was required to increase the sensitivity of the growth of E. coli cells to formaldehyde, suggesting that both FrmB and YeiG contribute to the detoxification of formaldehyde. Thus, FrmB and YeiG are S-formylglutathione hydrolases with a Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio F Gonzalez
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
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Smith CA, O'Reilly KT, Hyman MR. Characterization of the initial reactions during the cometabolic oxidation of methyl tert-butyl ether by propane-grown Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:796-804. [PMID: 12570997 PMCID: PMC143618 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.2.796-804.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial reactions in the cometabolic oxidation of the gasoline oxygenate, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), by Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5 have been characterized. Two products, tert-butyl formate (TBF) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), rapidly accumulated extracellularly when propane-grown cells were incubated with MTBE. Lower rates of TBF and TBA production from MTBE were also observed with cells grown on 1- or 2-propanol, while neither product was generated from MTBE by cells grown on casein-yeast extract-dextrose broth. Kinetic studies with propane-grown cells demonstrated that TBF is the dominant (> or = 80%) initial product of MTBE oxidation and that TBA accumulates from further biotic and abiotic hydrolysis of TBF. Our results suggest that the biotic hydrolysis of TBF is catalyzed by a heat-stable esterase with activity toward several other tert-butyl esters. Propane-grown cells also oxidized TBA, but no further oxidation products were detected. Like the oxidation of MTBE, TBA oxidation was fully inhibited by acetylene, an inactivator of short-chain alkane monooxygenase in M. vaccae JOB5. Oxidation of both MTBE and TBA was also inhibited by propane (K(i) = 3.3 to 4.4 microM). Values for K(s) of 1.36 and 1.18 mM and for V(max) of 24.4 and 10.4 nmol min(-1) mg of protein(-1) were derived for MTBE and TBA, respectively. We conclude that the initial steps in the pathway of MTBE oxidation by M. vaccae JOB5 involve two reactions catalyzed by the same monooxygenase (MTBE and TBA oxidation) that are temporally separated by an esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of TBF to TBA. These results that suggest the initial reactions in MTBE oxidation by M. vaccae JOB5 are the same as those that we have previously characterized in gaseous alkane-utilizing fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A Smith
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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13
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Kordic S, Cummins I, Edwards R. Cloning and characterization of an S-formylglutathione hydrolase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 399:232-8. [PMID: 11888210 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2002.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA from Arabidopsis thaliana resembling S-formylglutathione hydrolase (SFGH), an enzyme with putative roles in formaldehyde detoxification in animals and microorganisms, has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant Arabidopsis enzyme (AtSFGH) was a dimer composed of 31-kDa subunits. Like SFGHs from other sources, AtSFGH had thioesterase activity toward S-formylglutathione and carboxyesterase activity toward 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate. Unlike other SFGHs, the enzyme from Arabidopsis actively hydrolyzed S-acetylglutathione. AtSFGH activity was inhibited by heavy metals and sulfhydryl alkylating agents, but was insensitive to serine hydrolase inhibitors, suggesting that the enzyme was a cysteine-dependent hydrolase. Although Atsfgh transcripts were determined in plants and cultures of Arabidopsis, the respective enzyme could not be detected in planta after the esterase activities present were resolved using isoelectric focusing. Instead, Arabidopsis contained several carboxyesterases active toward alpha-naphthyl acetate, which were all sensitive to inhibition by the serine hydrolase inhibitor paraoxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kordic
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Nakagawa T, Miyaji T, Yurimoto H, Sakai Y, Kato N, Tomizuka N. A methylotrophic pathway participates in pectin utilization by Candida boidinii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:4253-7. [PMID: 11010867 PMCID: PMC92293 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.10.4253-4257.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii S2 was found to be able to grow on pectin or polygalacturonate as a carbon source. When cells were grown on 1% (wt/vol) pectin, C. boidinii exhibited induced levels of the pectin-depolymerizing enzymes pectin methylesterase (208 mU/mg of protein), pectin lyase (673 mU/mg), pectate lyase (673 mU/mg), and polygalacturonase (3.45 U/mg) and two methanol-metabolizing peroxisomal enzymes, alcohol oxidase (0.26 U/mg) and dihydroxyacetone synthase (94 mU/mg). The numbers of peroxisomes also increased ca. two- to threefold in cells grown on these pectic compounds (3.34 and 2.76 peroxisomes/cell for cells grown on pectin and polygalacturonate, respectively) compared to the numbers in cells grown on glucose (1.29 peroxisomes/cell). The cell density obtained with pectin increased as the degree of methyl esterification of pectic compounds increased, and it decreased in strains from which genes encoding alcohol oxidase and dihydroxyacetone synthase were deleted and in a peroxisome assembly mutant. Our study showed that methanol metabolism and peroxisome assembly play important roles in the degradation of pectin, especially in the utilization of its methyl ester moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakagawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan.
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Kaszycki P, Kołoczek H. Formaldehyde and methanol biodegradation with the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha in a model wastewater system. Microbiol Res 2000; 154:289-96. [PMID: 10772150 DOI: 10.1016/s0944-5013(00)80002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In search of the optimal way to reduce the hazards of environmental contamination by formaldehyde (FD) and methanol the use of unconventional yeasts is proposed as exemplified by the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. In a very simplified environment of a model wastewater solution, H. polymorpha cells were able to grow on, and metabolize formaldehyde and methanol, applied as sole carbon sources, at concentrations typical for wastewaters of the chemical industry. Several experimental conditions were tested for cell growth and biodegradation kinetics. It was found that the yeast culture inoculated at low cell density was able to grow on initial FD levels up to 400mg/l and the biomass yield was dependent on both, the amount of total carbon added and the physiological state of the cells. When high density of pre-adapted cell culture was used, the methylotrophs were fully viable and able to degrade formaldehyde present at initial concentrations up to 700 mg/l. The maximum limiting FD consumption rate was determined as approx. 400 mg/1 per hour. Methanol, at concentrations up to 2%, was easily utilized and did not have a negative effect on cell growth and respiration. It is suggested that in real wastewaters the eukaryotic microorganisms--in contrast to bacteria--might reveal greater adaptation potential to toxic levels of formaldehyde as well as to other wastewater constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kaszycki
- University of Agriculture, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Horticulture, Kraków, Poland
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Van Spanning RJ, de Vries S, Harms N. Coping with formaldehyde during C1 metabolism of Paracoccus denitrificans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(99)00065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kusano M, Sakai Y, Kato N, Yoshimoto H, Tamai Y. A novel hemiacetal dehydrogenase activity involved in ethyl acetate synthesis in Candida utilis. J Biosci Bioeng 1999; 87:690-2. [PMID: 16232539 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(99)80135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/1998] [Accepted: 02/16/1999] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acetate ester synthesis was studied in vitro with the ethyl acetate-producing yeast Candida utilis. The level of enzyme activity observed for the NAD+-dependent hemiacetal dehydrogenase acting on hemiacetal, which was produced non-enzymatically from an alcohol and an aldehyde, was much greater than that for the other enzyme involved in ester synthesis, alcohol acetyltransferase. The level of ethyl acetate synthesis in vivo approximately paralleled the hemiacetal dehydrogenase (HADH) activity. The results suggest that the main pathway for ethyl acetate synthesis in C. utilis involves a novel hemiacetal dehydrogenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kusano
- Central Laboratories for Key Technology, Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd., 1-13-5 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
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Sakai Y, Murdanoto AP, Konishi T, Iwamatsu A, Kato N. Regulation of the formate dehydrogenase gene, FDH1, in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii and growth characteristics of an FDH1-disrupted strain on methanol, methylamine, and choline. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:4480-5. [PMID: 9226256 PMCID: PMC179282 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.14.4480-4485.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural gene (FDH1) coding for NAD(+)-dependent formate dehydrogenase (FDH) was cloned from a genomic library of Candida boidinii, and the FDH1 gene was disrupted in the C. boidinii genome (fdh1 delta) by one-step gene disruption. In a batch culture experiment, although the fdh1 delta strain was still able to grow on methanol, its growth was greatly inhibited and a toxic level of formate was detected in the medium. In a methanol-limited chemostat culture at a low dilution rate (0.03 to 0.05 h[-1]), formate was not detected in the culture medium of the fdh1 delta strain; however, the fdh1 delta strain showed only one-fourth of the growth yield of the wild-type strain. Expression of FDH1 was found to be induced by choline or methylamine (used as a nitrogen source), as well as by methanol (used as a carbon source). Induction of FDH1 was not repressed in the presence of glucose when cells were grown on methylamine, choline, or formate, and expression of FDH1 was shown to be regulated at the mRNA level. Growth on methylamine or choline as a nitrogen source in a batch culture was compared between the wild type and the fdh1 delta mutant. Although the growth of the fdh1 delta mutant was impaired and the level of formate was higher in the fdh1 delta mutant than in the wild-type strain, the growth defect caused by FDH1 gene disruption was small and less severe than that caused by growth on methanol. As judged from these results, the main physiological role of FDH with all of the FDH1-inducing growth substrates seems to be detoxification of formate, and during growth on methanol, FDH seems to contribute significantly to the energy yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sakai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan.
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Murdanoto AP, Sakai Y, Konishi T, Yasuda F, Tani Y, Kato N. Purification and properties of methyl formate synthase, a mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase, participating in formaldehyde oxidation in methylotrophic yeasts. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:1715-20. [PMID: 9143107 PMCID: PMC168467 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.5.1715-1720.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl formate synthase, which catalyzes methyl formate formation during the growth of methylotrophic yeasts, was purified to homogeneity from methanol-grown Candida boidinii and Pichia methanolica cells. Both purified enzymes were tetrameric, with identical subunits with molecular masses of 42 to 45 kDa, containing two atoms of zinc per subunit. The enzymes catalyze NAD(+)-linked dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group of the hemiacetal adduct [CH2(OH)OCH3] of methanol and formaldehyde, leading to the formation of a stoichiometric amount of methyl formate. Although neither methanol nor formaldehyde alone acted as a substrate for the enzymes, they showed simple NAD(+)-linked alcohol dehydrogenase activity toward aliphatic long-chain alcohols such as octanol, showing that they belong to the class III alcohol dehydrogenase family. The methyl formate synthase activity of C. boidinii was found in the mitochondrial fraction in subcellular fractionation experiments, suggesting that methyl formate synthase is a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Adh3p. These results indicate that formaldehyde could be oxidized in a glutathione-independent manner by methyl formate synthase in methylotrophic yeasts. The significance of methyl formate synthase in both formaldehyde resistance and energy metabolism is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Murdanoto
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan
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Harms N, Ras J, Reijnders WN, van Spanning RJ, Stouthamer AH. S-formylglutathione hydrolase of Paracoccus denitrificans is homologous to human esterase D: a universal pathway for formaldehyde detoxification? J Bacteriol 1996; 178:6296-9. [PMID: 8892832 PMCID: PMC178503 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.21.6296-6299.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Downstream of flhA, the Paracoccus denitrificans gene encoding glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, an open reading frame was identified and called fghA. The gene product of fghA showed appreciable similarity with human esterase D and with the deduced amino acid sequences of open reading frames found in Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutating fghA strongly reduced S-formylglutathione hydrolase activity. The mutant was unable to grow on methanol and methylamine, indicating that the enzyme is essential for methylotrophic growth. S-Formylglutathione hydrolase appears to be part of a formaldehyde detoxification pathway that is universal in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Harms
- Department of Microbial Physiology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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