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Efficient Adsorption and Extraction of Glutathione S-Transferases with Glutathione-Functionalized Graphene Oxide-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Composite. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28010340. [PMID: 36615535 PMCID: PMC9821976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are important type-II detoxification enzymes that protect DNA and proteins from damage and are often used as protein tags for the expression of fusion proteins. In the present work, octa-aminopropyl caged polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OA-POSS) was prepared via acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and polymerized on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) through an amidation reaction. Glutathione (GSH) was then modified to GO-POSS through a Michael addition reaction to obtain a GSH-functionalized GO-POSS composite (GPG). The structure and characteristics of the as-prepared GPG composite were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravity analysis, and surface charge analysis. The specific binding interactions between glutathione and GST gave GPG favorable adsorption selectivity towards GST, and other proteins did not affect GST adsorption. The adsorption behavior of GST on the GPG composite conformed to the Langmuir isotherm model, and the adsorption capacity of GST was high up to 364.94 mg g-1 under optimal conditions. The GPG-based solid-phase adsorption process was applied to the extraction of GST from a crude enzyme solution of pig liver, and high-purity GST was obtained via SDS-PAGE identification.
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Abstract
Many potentially toxic electrophilic xenobiotics and some endogenous compounds are detoxified by conversion to the corresponding glutathione S-conjugate, which is metabolized to the N-acetylcysteine S-conjugate (mercapturate) and excreted. Some mercapturate pathway components, however, are toxic. Bioactivation (toxification) may occur when the glutathione S-conjugate (or mercapturate) is converted to a cysteine S-conjugate that undergoes a β-lyase reaction. If the sulfhydryl-containing fragment produced in this reaction is reactive, toxicity may ensue. Some drugs and halogenated workplace/environmental contaminants are bioactivated by this mechanism. On the other hand, cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases occur in nature as a means of generating some biologically useful sulfhydryl-containing compounds.
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Labade CP, Jadhav AR, Ahire M, Zinjarde SS, Tamhane VA. Role of induced glutathione-S-transferase from Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) HaGST-8 in detoxification of pesticides. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:612-621. [PMID: 28923727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) based detoxification of pesticides in Helicoverpa armigera and its potential application in eliminating pesticides from the environment. Dietary exposure of a pesticide mixture (organophosphates - chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, pyrethroid - cypermethrin; 2-15ppm each) to H. armigera larvae resulted in a dose dependant up-regulation of GST activity and gene expression. A variant GST from H. armigera (HaGST-8) was isolated from larvae fed with 10ppm pesticide mixture and it was recombinantly expressed in yeast (Pichia pastoris HaGST-8). HaGST-8 had a molecular mass of 29kDa and was most active at pH 9 at 30°C. GC-MS and LC-HRMS analysis validated that HaGST-8 was effective in eliminating organophosphate type of pesticides and partially reduced the cypermethrin content (53%) from aqueous solutions. Unlike the untransformed yeast, P. pastoris HaGST-8 grew efficiently in media supplemented with pesticide mixtures (200 and 400ppm each pesticide) signifying the detoxification ability of HaGST-8. The amino acid sequence of HaGST-8 and the already reported sequence of HaGST-7 had just 2 mismatches. The studies on molecular interaction strengths revealed that HaGST-8 had stronger binding affinities with organophosphate, pyrethroid, organochloride, carbamate and neonicotinoid type of pesticides. The abilities of recombinant HaGST-8 to eliminate pesticides and P. pastoris HaGST-8 to grow profusely in the presence of high level of pesticide content can be applied for removal of such residues from food, water resources and bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali P Labade
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhilash R Jadhav
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mehul Ahire
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Smita S Zinjarde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Vaijayanti A Tamhane
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
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Functional analysis of genetic polymorphism in Wuchereria bancrofti glutathione S-transferase antioxidant gene: impact on protein structure and enzyme catalysis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 192:10-20. [PMID: 24188745 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Wuchereria bancrofti glutathione S-transferase (Wb-GST) is referred as a promising chemotherapeutic target for lymphatic filariasis. GST represents the major class of detoxifying enzymes of the tissue dwelling parasitic helminths. Though many inhibition studies were carried out for Wb-GST, understanding its genetic distribution in parasite population is necessary to develop ideal inhibitor. Our genetic polymorphic studies exposed the existence of three variant Wb-GST alleles in the four endemic regions of India. Moreover, it also revealed the variability in the distribution of Wb-GST alleles in the studied population. Therefore we cloned, expressed and purified the recombinant variant Wb-GST proteins to study the mutation impact on its structure and hence on its catalysis. Among the studied mutations, the I60F/G78S substitutions in the N-terminal domain and loop region connecting the two domains of Wb-GST lowered the affinity for glutathione and its analog, S-hexyl glutathione. Moreover, molecular modeling and docking studies revealed that the I60F/G78S mutations affected the proximity of Trp38 and Arg95 in glutathione binding site resulting in weaker interaction with S-hexyl glutathione. Besides, the variants also had lower affinity (Ki) and higher IC50 values for well-known GST inhibitors. Interestingly, the Wb-GST variant proteins showed enhanced catalytic efficiency for lipid peroxidation products which are produced due to oxidative stress. Thus, our study provides evidence for the functional impact of mutations on Wb-GST protein and also spotlights the mechanisms of parasite survival against the host oxidative stress environment.
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Ravindran C, Varatharajan GR, Rajasabapathy R, Vijayakanth S, Kumar AH, Meena RM. A role for antioxidants in acclimation of marine derived pathogenic fungus (NIOCC 1) to salt stress. Microb Pathog 2012; 53:168-79. [PMID: 22809619 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salinity tolerance a key factor helps in understanding the ionic homeostasis in general, which is a fundamental cellular phenomenon in all living cells. Here, a marine derived pathogenic fungus was examined for its adaptation under salt stress using antioxidant properties. The aqueous extracts of halophilic fungus exhibited different levels of antioxidant activity in all the in vitro tests such as α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(·)), Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Assay (HRSA), Metal chelating assay and β-carotene-linoleic acid model system. The antioxidant capacity of marine fungus exposed to high salt condition showed an increase in activity. In addition, the production of intra and extracellular antioxidant enzymes of the fungus at various salt stresses were analyzed and discussed for their possible role in the stress mechanism. The marine derived fungus was identified as Phialosimplex genus, which is associated with infections in dogs. Thus the present study elucidates that the scavenging activity is one of the protective mechanisms developed in the fungus to avoid the deleterious effect of salt stress. In addition, the study also helps in understanding how the pathogenic fungus tackles the oxidative burst i.e. hypersensitivity reaction performed by host to kill the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnarajan Ravindran
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India.
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Carvalho MB, Tavares S, Medeiros J, Núñez O, Gallart-Ayala H, Leitão MC, Galceran MT, Hursthouse A, Pereira CS. Degradation pathway of pentachlorophenol by Mucor plumbeus involves phase II conjugation and oxidation-reduction reactions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 198:133-42. [PMID: 22074894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution by pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a critical concern worldwide and fungal bioremediation constitutes an elegant and environment-friendly solution. Mucorales from the Zygomycota phylum are often observed to be competitive in field conditions and Mucor plumbeus, in particular, can efficiently deplete PCP from media. The pathway for PCP degradation used by this fungus has not been investigated. In this study, PCP-derived metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, including tetra- and tri-chlorohydroquinones and phase II-conjugated metabolites. Amongst the latter are the previously reported glucose, sulfate and ribose conjugates, and identified for the first time in fungi sulfate-glucose conjugates. A PCP transformation pathway for M. plumbeus is proposed, which excludes the involvement of cytochrome P-450 and extracellular ligninolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B Carvalho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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Ravindran C, Naveenan T. Adaptation of marine derived fungus Chaetomium globosum (NIOCC 36) to alkaline stress using antioxidant properties. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases: important roles in the metabolism of naturally occurring sulfur and selenium-containing compounds, xenobiotics and anticancer agents. Amino Acids 2010; 41:7-27. [PMID: 20306345 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases are pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-containing enzymes that catalyze β-elimination reactions with cysteine S-conjugates that possess a good leaving group in the β-position. The end products are aminoacrylate and a sulfur-containing fragment. The aminoacrylate tautomerizes and hydrolyzes to pyruvate and ammonia. The mammalian cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases thus far identified are enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism that catalyze β-lyase reactions as non-physiological side reactions. Most are aminotransferases. In some cases the lyase is inactivated by reaction products. The cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases are of much interest to toxicologists because they play an important key role in the bioactivation (toxication) of halogenated alkenes, some of which are produced on an industrial scale and are environmental contaminants. The cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases have been reviewed in this journal previously (Cooper and Pinto in Amino Acids 30:1-15, 2006). Here, we focus on more recent findings regarding: (1) the identification of enzymes associated with high-M(r) cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases in the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions of rat liver and kidney; (2) the mechanism of syncatalytic inactivation of rat liver mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase by the nephrotoxic β-lyase substrate S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine (the cysteine S-conjugate of tetrafluoroethylene); (3) toxicant channeling of reactive fragments from the active site of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase to susceptible proteins in the mitochondria; (4) the involvement of cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases in the metabolism/bioactivation of drugs and natural products; and (5) the role of cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases in the metabolism of selenocysteine Se-conjugates. This review emphasizes the fact that the cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases are biologically more important than hitherto appreciated.
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Abstract
Many potentially toxic electrophiles react with glutathione to form glutathione S-conjugates in reactions catalyzed or enhanced by glutathione S-transferases. The glutathione S-conjugate is sequentially converted to the cysteinylglycine-, cysteine- and N-acetyl-cysteine S-conjugate (mercapturate). The mercapturate is generally more polar and water soluble than the parent electrophile and is readily excreted. Excretion of the mercapturate represents a detoxication mechanism. Some endogenous compounds, such as leukotrienes, prostaglandin (PG) A2, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2, and hydroxynonenal can also be metabolized to mercapturates and excreted. On occasion, however, formation of glutathione S- and cysteine S-conjugates are bioactivation events as the metabolites are mutagenic and/or cytotoxic. When the cysteine S-conjugate contains a strong electron-withdrawing group attached at the sulfur, it may be converted by cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases to pyruvate, ammonium and the original electrophile modified to contain an –SH group. If this modified electrophile is highly reactive then the enzymes of the mercapturate pathway together with the cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases constitute a bioactivation pathway. Some endogenous halogenated environmental contaminants and drugs are bioactivated by this mechanism. Recent studies suggest that coupling of enzymes of the mercapturate pathway to cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases may be more common in nature and more widespread in the metabolism of electrophilic xenobiotics than previously realized.
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Shankar J, Gupta PD, Sridhara S, Singh BP, Gaur SN, Arora N. Immunobiochemical Analysis of Cross-Reactive Glutathione-S-Transferase Allergen from Different Fungal Sources. Immunol Invest 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/imm-47383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Burns C, Geraghty R, Neville C, Murphy A, Kavanagh K, Doyle S. Identification, cloning, and functional expression of three glutathione transferase genes from Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42:319-27. [PMID: 15749051 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the genome of the human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, revealed the presence of several putative glutathione transferase (GST) open reading frames. Three A. fumigatus GST genes, termed gstA, B, and C, were cloned and recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. Functional analysis of recombinant gstA-C confirms that the enzymes exhibit GST activity and glutathione peroxidase activity. RT-PCR confirmed low basal expression of gstA and gstC which was markedly up-regulated (at least 4x-10x) in the presence of either H2O2 or 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). GstB expression was only observed in the presence of CDNB. These results demonstrate for the first time the existence of three functional GSTs in A. fumigatus and strongly suggest a role for these enzymes in the response of the organism to both oxidative stress and xenobiotic presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Burns
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Abstract
Glutathione (GSH; gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine), a non-protein thiol with a very low redox potential (E'0 = 240 mV for thiol-disulfide exchange), is present in high concentration up to 10 mM in yeasts and filamentous fungi. GSH is concerned with basic cellular functions as well as the maintenance of mitochondrial structure, membrane integrity, and in cell differentiation and development. GSH plays key roles in the response to several stress situations in fungi. For example, GSH is an important antioxidant molecule, which reacts non-enzymatically with a series of reactive oxygen species. In addition, the response to oxidative stress also involves GSH biosynthesis enzymes, NADPH-dependent GSH-regenerating reductase, glutathione S-transferase along with peroxide-eliminating glutathione peroxidase and glutaredoxins. Some components of the GSH-dependent antioxidative defence system confer resistance against heat shock and osmotic stress. Formation of protein-SSG mixed disulfides results in protection against desiccation-induced oxidative injuries in lichens. Intracellular GSH and GSH-derived phytochelatins hinder the progression of heavy metal-initiated cell injuries by chelating and sequestering the metal ions themselves and/or by eliminating reactive oxygen species. In fungi, GSH is mobilized to ensure cellular maintenance under sulfur or nitrogen starvation. Moreover, adaptation to carbon deprivation stress results in an increased tolerance to oxidative stress, which involves the induction of GSH-dependent elements of the antioxidant defence system. GSH-dependent detoxification processes concern the elimination of toxic endogenous metabolites, such as excess formaldehyde produced during the growth of the methylotrophic yeasts, by formaldehyde dehydrogenase and methylglyoxal, a by-product of glycolysis, by the glyoxalase pathway. Detoxification of xenobiotics, such as halogenated aromatic and alkylating agents, relies on glutathione S-transferases. In yeast, these enzymes may participate in the elimination of toxic intermediates that accumulate in stationary phase and/or act in a similar fashion as heat shock proteins. GSH S-conjugates may also form in a glutathione S-transferases-independent way, e.g. through chemical reaction between GSH and the antifugal agent Thiram. GSH-dependent detoxification of penicillin side-chain precursors was shown in Penicillium sp. GSH controls aging and autolysis in several fungal species, and possesses an anti-apoptotic feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Pócsi
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 63, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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Dhar K, Dhar A, Rosazza JPN. Glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes from Streptomyces griseus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:707-10. [PMID: 12514067 PMCID: PMC152383 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.1.707-710.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An inducible, cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) was purified from Streptomyces griseus. GST isoenzymes with pI values of 6.8 and 7.9 used standard GST substrates including 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. GST had subunit and native M(r)s of 24 and 48, respectively, and the N-terminal sequence SMILXYWDIIRGLPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajari Dhar
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Cha CJ, Kim SJ, Kim YH, Stingley R, Cerniglia CE. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a novel class glutathione S-transferase from the fungus Cunninghamella elegans. Biochem J 2002; 368:589-95. [PMID: 12196209 PMCID: PMC1223007 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2002] [Revised: 08/20/2002] [Accepted: 08/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The structural gene for glutathione S-transferase (CeGST1-1) in the fungus Cunninghamella elegans was cloned by screening a cDNA library using a degenerate oligonucleotide probe based on the N-terminal sequence of the purified protein. Open reading frame analysis indicated that the cegst1 gene encodes a protein of 210 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 25% sequence identity with the sequence of the Pi-class GST from Danio rerio (zebrafish). Similarity was also shown with the Alpha-class GST from Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke; 23% identity), the Mu class from Mus musculus (22%) and the Sigma class from Ommastrephes sloani (squid; 21%). Further screening of a cDNA library with the cegst1 gene probe revealed the presence of another GST isoenzyme (CeGST2-2) in this fungus, which shows 84% sequence identity with CeGST1-1 at the amino acid level. Reverse transcription PCR revealed that cegst2 was also expressed at the mRNA level in the fungus C. elegans. Both cegst genes were overexpressed in Escherichia coli using the expression vector pQE51, displaying specific activities with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene of 2.04 and 0.75 micromol/min per mg of protein respectively. Both enzymes exhibited a similar substrate specificity and inhibition profile, indicating that CeGST1-1 and CeGST2-2 belong to the same GST class. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that Tyr(10) in the N-terminal region is essential for catalysis of CeGST1-1. We propose from these results that the CeGSTs are novel Gamma-class GSTs and designated as GSTG1-1 and GSTG2-2 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Cha
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, U.S.A
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Cho YW, Park EH, Fuchs JA, Lim CJ. A second stress-inducible glutathione S-transferase gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1574:399-402. [PMID: 11997110 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(01)00363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A second glutathione S-transferase gene (GST II) was isolated from the chromosomal DNA of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The nucleotide sequence determined contains 1908 bp including an open reading frame of 230 amino acids that would encode a protein of a molecular mass of 26843.4 Da. The amino acid sequence of the putative GST II is very homologous with that of the previously isolated GST gene (GST I) located in the same chromosome III of S. pombe. The cloned GST II gene produces the functional GST in S. pombe, and it gives much higher GST in the stationary phase than in the exponential phase. Regulation of the GST II gene was studied using the GST II-lacZ fusion. The synthesis of beta-galactosidase from the fusion plasmid is greatly enhanced by the treatments with oxidative stresses such as menadione and mercuric chloride. It is also induced by o-dinitrobenzene, one of the GST substrates. NO-generating S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine has a weak induction effect on the expression of GST II gene. These results indicate that the S. pombe GST II gene is involved in the oxidative stress response and detoxification. However, physiological meaning on the existence of the two similar GST genes in S. pombe remains unknown yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Wook Cho
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
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Sheehan D, Meade G, Foley VM, Dowd CA. Structure, function and evolution of glutathione transferases: implications for classification of non-mammalian members of an ancient enzyme superfamily. Biochem J 2001; 360:1-16. [PMID: 11695986 PMCID: PMC1222196 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione transferases (GSTs; also known as glutathione S-transferases) are major phase II detoxification enzymes found mainly in the cytosol. In addition to their role in catalysing the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to glutathione (GSH), these enzymes also carry out a range of other functions. They have peroxidase and isomerase activities, they can inhibit the Jun N-terminal kinase (thus protecting cells against H(2)O(2)-induced cell death), and they are able to bind non-catalytically a wide range of endogenous and exogenous ligands. Cytosolic GSTs of mammals have been particularly well characterized, and were originally classified into Alpha, Mu, Pi and Theta classes on the basis of a combination of criteria such as substrate/inhibitor specificity, primary and tertiary structure similarities and immunological identity. Non-mammalian GSTs have been much less well characterized, but have provided a disproportionately large number of three-dimensional structures, thus extending our structure-function knowledge of the superfamily as a whole. Moreover, several novel classes identified in non-mammalian species have been subsequently identified in mammals, sometimes carrying out functions not previously associated with GSTs. These studies have revealed that the GSTs comprise a widespread and highly versatile superfamily which show similarities to non-GST stress-related proteins. Independent classification systems have arisen for groups of organisms such as plants and insects. This review surveys the classification of GSTs in non-mammalian sources, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, insects and helminths, and attempts to relate them to the more mainstream classification system for mammalian enzymes. The implications of this classification with regard to the evolution of GSTs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sheehan
- Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Mardyke, Cork, Ireland.
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Cha CJ, Coles BF, Cerniglia CE. Purification and characterization of a glutathione S-transferase from the fungus Cunninghamella elegans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 203:257-61. [PMID: 11583857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cunninghamella elegans grown on Sabouraud dextrose broth had glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The enzyme was purified 172-fold from the cytosolic fraction (120000 x g) of the extract from a culture of C. elegans, using Q-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography and glutathione affinity chromatography. The GST showed activity against 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, 4-nitrobenzyl chloride, and ethacrynic acid. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel filtration chromatography revealed that the native enzyme was homodimeric with a subunit of M(r) 27000. Comparison by Western blot analysis implied that this fungal GST had no relationship with mammalian alpha-, mu-, and pi-class GSTs, although it showed a small degree of cross-reactivity with a theta-class GST. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme showed no significant homology with other known GSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Cha
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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